Nature

Coral reefs are an essential cornerstone of the marine ecosystem. These reefs are homes to thousands of aquatic species and provide protection to coastlines. There has been a phenomenon occurring over the past two decades known as coral bleaching. Coral bleaching occurs when water becomes warm which causes algae to be released from their tissues.

This causes coral to turn white and put them at high risk of catching disease and eventually dying. Fish that use coral reefs for habitat also become more susceptible to predators when the reefs are bleached. Massive bleaching events occurring from 2014-2017 have caused major coral loss in the Great Barrier Reef and the Japanese reefs.

The major impacts of this mass bleaching have already been seen with 75% of fish biodiversity lost. While there are many different factors that go into the bleachings, they are mainly caused by climate change and anthropogenic causes. If the remaining healthy reefs continue to receive thermal stress, a domino effect could ensue potentially catastrophic for the marine ecosystem.

Introduction

The ocean comprises of different ecosystems, one of which, is the coral reefs. Coral reefs are a diverse aquatic ecosystem that are made up of calcium carbonate. While they only cover 0.1% of the oceans, coral reefs provide living space for 25% of all the marine species (Jones & McCormick 2009). Not only do they provide aquatic species with a habitat, but they provide protection to coastlines and also deliver an aesthetic value to tourism as well. Coral reefs are typically found in shallow waters in tropical areas.

Coral bleaching is a phenomenon that occurs when there is a breakdown in the relationship between scleractinian corals and their algal symbionts (Guest & Baird 2012). Coral bleaching is driven by a few different factors. Pollution, rising ocean temperatures and storm runoff are some of the major causes for coral reef degradation.

It is a common misconception that reefs are dead when they become bleached. This is not the case, reefs only become more susceptible to diseases when they are bleached. Diseases such as red-band and black-band are what kill the coral and make them unrecoverable.

Massive bleaching events have been occurring at an alarming rate over the last ten years. Reefs in Australia, Japan and the Caribbean’s have all seen mass bleaching events negatively affecting their coral reefs. There isn’t one concrete reason for coral bleachings, but there are an assortment of factors believed to be generated by anthropogenic causes.

Some of these anthropogenic factors are direct like overfishing and pollution while others are indirect such as climate change and thermal stress. The consequences for coral bleaching have been seen to produce a catastrophic domino effect that can cause suffering for aquatic organisms and entire marine ecosystems.

This paper will provide further analyses on causes of coral bleachings as well as how the phenomenon can cause a negative impact on the entire marine ecosystem. Studies that have been conducted on major reefs will be used to support the notion that these reefs have been harmed by anthropogenic causes as well as natural causes.

Effect Coral Bleaching has on the Entire Marine Ecosystem

The effect coral bleaching on the entire marine ecosystem is nearly impossible to quantify. Coral reefs are home to many different fish throughout the ocean that depend on the reef for survival (Jones & McCormick 2009). While it is easy to say that fish depend on the reefs for survival it is important to take a look at the relationship between the fish and the coral reefs.

75% of reef fish species declined in abundance and 50% declined to less than half of their original numbers (Jones & McCormick 2009. In a study by Jones and McCormick, they surveyed the feeding models and habitat use by species in 20 reef fish families. Results also showed that ~11% of 538 species had an obligate association with living corals. This would mean these species would have to adapt to exist without the reefs or that these species would inevitably die off.

Another effect that coral bleaching has on the marine ecosystem is the impact it can have on coastlines. The structure of the coral reefs helps provide a buffer that protects the coastlines from waves and flooding events. Australia saw their reefs go through a massive bleaching event and the coastline received some damage as a result. The result of a damaged coastline will raise the risk of having flooding events or serious damage from natural hazards such as a coastal storm (Hooidoink 2013).

How Climate is Affecting the Coral Reefs

Climate change has emerged as the main factor that has been contributing to coral reef bleaching. Climate Change has contributed to the warming waters, which causes the corals to expel algae and results in the white color. Bleaching has been consistent among coral taxa and there was a mass bleaching event in South East Asia.

This can be telling about how areas more susceptible to warmer weathers can negatively impact the health of the coral reefs (Guest & Baird 2012). Thermal stress is considered to be any change created in temperature that can lead to the degradation of material. In the case of coral reefs, it is one of the main factors that has been contributing to bleaching. There have also been studies done that examine how coral reefs adapt to thermal variance.

Understanding the adaptation to climate will further provide more information on how coral reefs handle different temperatures. In 2010, a study was conducted by researchers to see if coral reefs in more thermally variable environments less susceptible to severe bleaching during episodes of elevated sea temperatures (Guest and Baird 2012).

Based on their study, they concluded that reefs in thermally variable environments would be less susceptible to elevate sea temperatures if they have already undergone a massive bleaching event. Corals are seen to have low evolution potential and scleractinian are evidence of this since they have exhausted their capacity to adapt to rising sea temperatures.

Another climate factor that contributes to coral reef thermal stress is ocean acidification. Ocean acidification is where carbon dioxide is dissolved into the ocean and decreases the pH of the ocean. It creates a negative impact by destroying reefs, as well as the calcium carbonate shells of several marine species. One way in which ocean acidification damages coral reefs is that it reduces coral diversity (Hoegh & Bruno 2010).

Increasing emissions of CO2 in the atmosphere cause global temperatures to rise which results in more frequent coral bleaching. Recent data suggests that the thresholds will soon be exceeded for acidities correlated with atmospheric CO2. If atmospheric CO2 rises above 450ppm it could push coral reefs into a negative carbon balance (Hoegh-Guldberg & Bruno 2011). A negative carbon balance would be bad for the oceans because it means that the global temperatures would be rising.

The 400-450ppm range has been identified in other key ocean components such as loss of polar sea ice, melting of Greenland and the melting of Western Antarctic ice sheets. These thresholds can be used to predict large scale consequences for oceanic ecosystems. If the atmospheric CO2 rises above the threshold it can trigger the system into a wide amount of irreversible changes which could leave permanent damage on the coral reefs (Hoegh-Guldberg & Bruno 2011).

While ocean acidification a major problem for the coral reefs it is seen as more of a problem long term for the health of the reefs. Studies have shown that when doubling the atmospheric CO2 to 560 ppm, coral calcification decreases almost 40% through restriction of aragonite formation (Hoegh-Guldberg & Bruno 2011). It has been projected that ocean acidity will decrease by as much as 0.4 pH by the end of the century, this will be detrimental to coral reef accretion because pH levels will drop below the required levels to sustain the reefs. The acidity can be different from region to region.

For example, the Great Barrier Reef in Australia can attain high levels of aragonite quicker than any region around the United States. The reason aragonite and pH cause a problem for the coral reefs is that the reefs are made of a high-magnesium calcite skeleton. This means that they are very sensitive, which causes skeleton losses. It can also weaken coral growth growth that can harm the settlement of the coral (Hoegh-Guldberg 2007).

Bleaching locations can be accurately predicted by using degree heating week index. It can show how much thermal stress is being accumulated in an area, and whether or not it is significant to the coral’s health. To date, the DHW index has been nearly perfect, but conservative, predictor of bleachings around the world.

For 23 of 24 virtual stations monitored, bleaching has been reported in all cases when the NOAA has issued a coral-bleaching alert (Eakin, Lough & Heron 2009). In 1998, a reef in the western Indian Ocean was negatively associated with the DHW index. The areas were seen to have a massive loss of coral cover (Mccalanahan & Weil 2009). The DHW index will continue to help researchers predict events where coral loss can occur, and find patterns throughout different regions to understand why other areas are more under stress than others.

Human Contributions and Impact on Bleaching

While there are few natural factors that play a role in coral bleaching, there are many anthropogenic factors that contribute to the bleachings of the coral reefs. One contribution humans have to the degradation of the coral reefs is by in putting plastic waste into the ocean. There was plastic debris on 17 genera from eight families of reef-forming corals.

When the corals come in contact with the plastic debris, the chance of getting a disease increased by 4% across all eight of the regions (Lamb et al. 2018). This is concerning considering how increased plastic is contributing to ocean pollution. It is projected by 2025 that the cumulative quantity of plastic waste entering the marine ecosystem will increase by one order of magnitude (Lamb et al. 2018).

Reefs are seen to be more susceptible to various diseases when interacting with plastics. This mechanism is still being investigated but the influence that plastic debris has on development has been seen throughout regions where plastic dumping is high.

Human population size around coastal regions and waste management systems also play a part in plastic contamination. It has been estimated that 80% of the plastic debris that enters the ocean is dumped in via land (Lamb et al. 2018). Four countries (Australia, Myanmar, Thailand and Indonesia) were studied based on the levels of plastic waste that they were contributed to the ocean.

This study was conducted from 2011-2014 and the model showed that 88% of mismanaged plastic waste was entering the ocean from these Asian-Pacific countries. These levels added up to 804,214 metric tons of plastic over the course of the years. Nine of these Asian-Pacific countries ranked in the top ten when it came to plastic polluting countries globally (Lamb et al. 2018).

If this trend continues, 11.1 billion items of plastic debris will be put onto the coral reefs along the Asia-Pacific coast lines. This is also seen as more of a generous estimation since it does not include China and Singapore since they fall outside the range of the model.

Another anthropogenic factor that contributes to coral bleaching is overfishing. Overfishing occurs when more fish are caught than the system can support. While it might not seem like it would directly impact coral reefs, some fish play a major role in maintaining coral reefs ecosystem processes (Burke & Reytar 2011).

This becomes a serious issue when it is seen from an economic standpoint because most under developed countries around shore lines need to catch fish for their local businesses and countries’ economy. Overfishing can result in a chain reaction that would be catastrophic for these economies due to declining coral, and in turn would cause habitat loss for other species. Benthic communities along the coast of North America have suffered the most from these events.

Besides plastics, there are other forms of pollution that can play a big role in degradation of the coral reefs. Certain events such as fertilizer and nutrient run off into the oceans can damage the reefs. Runoff from agricultural supplies can result in microalgae blooms, resulting in a reduction of abundance and impairment of growth in coral reefs. This also reduces competitive reef behavior rand ultimately push reefs to ecologically collapse (Burke & Reytar 2011).

Agriculture is a key part of society along the coastlines so fertilizer run off is to be expected but it continues to harm reef communities. One of the main problems that reef communities have run into due to fertilizer addition is hypoxia. The coral tissues become deprived of oxygen, which ultimately damages the coral. Finding a solution is tricky since many communities rely on agriculture to keep their economy going.

How Major Reefs Around the World Have Been Impacted

To understand the severity of the coral bleaching, the major reefs around the world can be used as examples to show how the reefs have been affected from bleaching events over the last two decades. One of the biggest and famous reefs is the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. This reef is home to some of the most diverse species in the oceans and serves as as a major tourist attraction for people all over the world. In 2016, a proportion of the reef experienced extreme bleaching.

Around >60% of the coral was bleached, which was four times higher compared to 1998 or 2002 (Hughes 2017). This signifies how bad the bleachings has gotten over time, as well as how corals are more likely to undergo another bleaching event. Only 8.9% of corals escaped the 2016 bleaching unharmed while 42% of corals were unharmed in 2002 and 44% in 1998 (Hughes 2017). This trend shows how the Great Barrier Reef handles repeated bleaching events over time. The Great Barrier Reef is at high risk for being progressively more damaged as time goes on if another bleaching event occurs.

Reefs in the Caribbean have also experienced a massive decline over time. Elevated water temperatures set off a mass bleaching event in 2005. This caused around 90% of the corals to undergo thermal stress and start to appear completely white. Before bleaching in 2005, the mean coral cover among sites was 21.4% with three sites having more than 20% coral cover. Through sampling in 2006, mean coral cover among the sites dropped to 10.3% with no site having over 20% coral cover (Miller & Muller 2009).

It is also not uncommon to see corals regain color as time passes after a bleaching event but it is still likely for the reef to be very vulnerable to another bleaching event. For six years the coral cover was monitored in the Caribbean region and researchers used the Spearman Rank Correlation to see if there was a correlation between coral disease and water temperatures. The results before a bleaching event were statistically significant as the Mennebeck Reef increased by 23% in 2000 to 26.7% in 2004.

The S. Fore reef increased from 17% in 2002 to 19.6% in 2005. After the bleaching event the Newfound Reef decreased coral cover from 18% to 13% over the course of six years (Miller & Muller). This significant loss in coral cover is a serious concern for the Caribbean region since their economy is heavily reliant on the marine ecosystem. Degradation of these reefs could lead to a major economic collapse if a protection plan is not put into place.

The third major reef that has seen serious impacts from mass bleaching events are the reefs near the Japanese coastlines. The Ryukyu reefs experienced extensive bleaching in 2016 that saw the Ishigaki Island had 90% bleached of its coral bleached. Sekisei Lagoon and Shiraho Reef saw 40% and 55% of their coral’s bleached respectively (Kayanne & Suzuki 2016). The event in 2016 started in the Mariana Islands, made its way to the Great Barrier Reef and finished on the Japanese coastlines.

While this had a major impact on reefs, this was not the first mass bleaching event that occurred throughout these areas. Between 1997-1998, these areas went through a strong El Niño event that ended up going through the Ryukyu Islands (Kayanne & Suzuki 2016). The National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) was able to confirm the coral bleaching via DHW, the highest value being the one in Ishigaki. The Japanese reef, along with the other reefs, help provide significant data to reinforce the notion that many of the major reefs around the world are under risk of serious ecological collapse.

Analyzing these three major reefs provide the data to support the idea that the reefs are in danger of collapsing. Figure 1 compares three major coral reef sites cover loss from 2000-2008 and 2009-present. The uptick in cover loss for each reef site supports the idea that sequential bleaching events destroy the coral cover.

The extent of these bleachings vary and as stated earlier, corals in different regions are more prone to bleachings after they have already occurred in the past. The major reefs being negatively impacted by bleachings show how serious this issue is in the marine ecosystem.

Conclusion

Using different studies, projections, and data it can show how important reefs are important to the entire biosphere. As stated before, consequences are still unfolding on how bleaching is continuing to negatively affect coral reefs all around the world. The chain reaction of coral reefs collapsing not only just impacts fish people and different species all around the world. To help minimize this problem, underdeveloped countries must be taught about that importance of coral reefs so they can protect and be more conscious about them. Another solution would be to create regulations for plastic waster and overfishing.

For example, putting fishing quotas for coastal countries would be an important step in salvaging the remainder of coral reefs. Maintaining anthropogenic causes is also crucial since there are natural factors that will continue to put stress on the reefs such as warming waters. The reefs are tolerant of some stress but when it becomes more than one factor, the reefs begin to breakdown. Proper education of the consequences of coral bleaching should be implemented globally to raise awareness of why this large scale problem.

There are conservation efforts being put into play to help spread awareness amongst the public and take care of current reefs.. There has been a group formed known as the Coral Restoration Foundation and their main objective is to protect reefs as well as create nursery’s to help maintain reefs that are growing.

The NOAA has also created their own conservation program known as the Coral Restoration Program which is similar to the Coral Restoration Foundation in that they both aim to maintain the health of current reefs. If projections hold up, the reefs will be completely gone around the year 2025 and it could collapse the entire marine ecosystem.

The Big Bang Theory is a theory attempting to clarify what occurred toward the start of the universe and the early advancement of the universe. Researchers and physicists have discovered that our universe had a start. Be that as it may, before the universe was made, there was nothing, not in any case space or time existed. Be that as it may, after, our universe was made. The Big Bang theory clarifies what occurred during and after the universe was made. Although there were numerous theories attempting to clarify how the universe developed, the Big Bang theory was the most famous.

The Big Bang begins by saying there was nothing and after that there was something, this is on the grounds that it is extremely obscure what existed previously. Forms of the theory propose that the mass known as the universe originated from space. A few specialists differ that the mass originated from space since they trust that space did not exist before The Big Bang. They trust that space appeared as the universe did.

Every one of these theories and the diverse clarifications for them should stay unanswered because we presently cannot seem to think of the way to explain the mystery. Similar to the few theories of what existed before our universe, there are distinctive theories on what caused the theory of how things came to be. A few specialists trust that there was a blast that made the mass be tossed out into space like the name of the theory, a huge explosion.

There are renditions of this thought that theorize the impact happened from some sort of old obscure form of energy. Others on the hand, trust that since nothing existed before the enormous detonation there could not in any way, shape, or form have been a blast and that the mass just showed up. This also is another unanswered inquiry in the theory of the enormous blast that will stay unanswered on the grounds that we cannot demonstrate or refute any of it.

The theory that space did not exist before the big bang theory was further elaborated during the sixties and seventies. The notion was based on Einstein’s Theory of Relativity about time, and was proposed by British scientists Steven Hawking, George Ellis, and Roger Penrose. The three of them added onto the original theory to include the belief that space and time did have a finite beginning. They calculated that space, time, matter, and all energy began inside the singularity, but still did not offer and answer as to what it was that the singularity appeared in.

The beginning of the universe according to the Big Bang Theory, started off as a very small, very hot mass. This mass has been said to have been only a few millimeters long and 10 billion degrees but didn’t last this way for very long. The size and temperature are believed to have only remained this way for a few seconds before it started evolving. The whole theory bases its ideas off of the belief that the universe started off as small as a pebble and eventually grew to be the size of the universe that we know it as now.

The temperature change between the first remnants of the universe and the universe as it is now is a fairly large change. It would be easy to question whether this theory is true or not, had it not been for the evidence that was found in the late sixties. The notion was first thought of in 1948 by Ralph Adler and a team of other scientists. They believed that if the universe was as hot as we thought it was, there should be some kind of evidence of the afterglow that resulted from the grouping of electrons and nuclei.

This combination formed neutral atoms, which allowed light to be seen and is now known as cosmic microwave background. CMB as it is also called, was accidentally discovered when two radio astronomers picked up higher than normal temperatures of 2.725 degrees Kelvin from a radio receiver they were building. Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson’s discovery found this cosmic microwave background permeated throughout the galaxy, proving that such high temperatures did exist.

An explanation on the small size of the universe in the beginning is that it is a singularity, which is described by physics as a zone. These types of zones contain gravitational pressure that is immensely powerful. This powerful type of pressure contained finite matter that was compacted into infinite density. The way it is explained makes it seem as if all the possibilities of the universe were housed inside of an object small enough to fit inside one’s hand, which is pretty hard to believe.

After this small mass known as the universe came to exist, it used the power of the gravitational pressure to expand. This was some expansion because it took the small mass from the size it was to the size we now know the universe to be. One suggestion about the rapid increase in size is that over time the mass cooled and began to expand. It is believed that the universe continued to go through expansion and slowed down over time.

The universe is still expanding now, just at a very slow rate. The phenomenon of expansion was first discovered by Edwin Hubble, and appropriately named Hubble’s Law. Hubble’s Law does not just stop at the theory of our expanding universe, it also covers the expansion of other galaxies. It has been proposed that other galaxies around us are moving further and further away from us.

The farther away the galaxies get the faster they are moving. It is possible that the moving galaxies can reach the speed of light, and will be too far away from us to see from our galaxy. If they reach such speeds then there will be no way to bridge the gap that will be created because as Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity explains, there is nothing in the universe that can travel faster than the speed of light.

Expansion is a huge aspect of the Big Bang Theory, without it there would be no theory and proposedly no universe either. Some scientific experts take the expansion theory yet another step further. They believe that galaxies go through a series of expansion and compression rather than a onetime occurrence of expansion. It is proposed that we are in the middle of an expansion phase right now. If this is true then there will be a time when the universe compresses back to its original state. There has yet to be proof of this theory because we haven’t experienced any signs of our galaxy compressing.

The expansion mentioned in the Big Bang Theory can also suggest that there are other universes in existence. Physicists believe that when the small mass known as the beginning of the universe began to expand, it could have done so in such a rapid way with such force that it let off different sections. These sections are thought to have potentially grown at different rates, causing a difference in time and space. These differences could result in other universes with completely different traits than ours. Although more research needs to be done, physicists feel very strongly on their theory of a multiverse.

The rapid expansion is also responsible for the matter found within it. During the great expansion of the universe, some matter decayed and others combined to form atoms. The atoms that were formed eventually made the stars and the planets contained in our universe. A Belgian priest named Georges Lemaitre actually proposed that our universe started off as a primordial atom. Seeing as the universe we know now is made up of a large number of atoms, it is only right to look back at their first existence in relation to the Big Bang Theory.

Some experts believe that protons, electrons, and neutrons were in existence since the beginning of the universe. Helium and hydrogen atoms are said to have been created because of the big bang, with hydrogen being one of the most important atoms.

The whole theory and all the little ones that came about because of the first Big Bang Theory still does not address every one inquiries of the universe, or what may be past it. They do offer loads of clarifications and conceivable answers yet such a large number of things are still left open to question. I would find the entire thing difficult to accept in the event that it were not for a portion of the logical disclosures like the infinite microwave foundation.

Indeed, even with these logical revelations despite everything I cannot be as sure as certain individuals are that the enormous detonation is the reason for the universe, or that any piece of the theory is even right. It might simply be that the clarification and the theory all in all is simply outside my ability to understand, however I feel like without recognizing what was in presence before The Big Bang it is hard for us to know reality about what truly occurred.

Works Cited

• “Big Bang Theory.” Men’s Health, vol. 34, no. 2, Mar. 2019, p. 113. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=134442823&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
• Veneziano, Gabriele. “The Myth of the Beginning of Time.” Scientific American, vol. 311, Oct. 2014, pp. 78–89. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=98843282&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
• Cartwright, Jon. “THE BIG BANG: Did the Mass-Giving Particle Make the Universe Too. (Cover Story).” New Scientist, vol. 234, no. 3129, June 2017, pp. 30–33. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(17)31118-1.
• NADIS, STEVE. “Ripple Effect.” Discover, vol. 40, no. 4, May 2019, pp. 50–57. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=135250276&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
• Gefter, Amanda. “Bang Goes the Theory. (Cover Story).” New Scientist, vol. 214, no. 2871, June 2012, pp. 32–37. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(12)61696-0.

The big bang is a complex topic. As we don’t know everything about the if bang, but we do know a lot about it. With all the scientist’s research over the years this is what they have come up with.
The expression “advancement” commonly states to the organic development of living things. notwithstanding the movements by which planets, stars, systems, and the universe are shaped and change over some undefined time frame, are likewise sorts of “advancement.”

In all cases there is a colossal measure of change after some time, however the procedures included are very unique. In the late 1920s the American stargazer Edwin Hubble made a fascinating and significant revelation. Hubble mentioned objective facts that he translated as demonstrating that inaccessible stars and cosmic systems are retreating from Earth toward each path. Besides, the speeds of downturn increment in extent with separation, a revelation that has been affirmed by various and rehashed estimations since Hubble’s time. The ramifications of these discoveries is that the universe is growing.

Hubble’s speculation of an extending universe prompts certain findings. One is that the universe was more consolidated at a past time. From this derivation came the recommendation that all the as of now watched issue and vitality known to mankind were at first consolidated in a little and interminably hot mass. A colossal blast, known as the Big Bang, at that point sent source of matter and vitality extending every which way.

This Big Bang theory prompted increasingly testable derivations. One such conclusion was that the temperature in profound space today ought to be a few degrees above total zero. Perceptions demonstrated this reasoning to be right. The Cosmic Microwave Background Explorer (COBE) satellite propelled in 1991 affirmed that the foundation radiation field has precisely the range anticipated by a Big Bang source for the universe.

As the universe extended, as indicated by current logical understanding, matter gathered into mists that started to consolidate and turn, shaping the precursors of cosmic systems. Inside cosmic systems, including our very own Milky Way world, changes in pressure made gas and residue structure particular mists. In a portion of these mists, where there was adequate mass and the correct powers, gravitational fascination made the cloud breakdown.

In the event that the mass of material in the cloud was adequately compacted, atomic responses started and a star was conceived. Some extent of stars, including our sun, framed in a straightened turning plate of material. On account of our sun, the gas and residue inside this plate impacted and accumulated into little grains, and the grains framed into bigger bodies called planetesimals (“little planets”), some of which arrived at distances across of a few hundred kilometres. In progressive stages these planetesimals combine into the nine planets and their various satellites. The rough planets, including Earth, were close to the sun, and the vaporous planets were in progressively far off circles.

The periods of the universe, our world, the nearby planetary group, and Earth can be assessed utilizing modem logical techniques. The age of the universe can be gotten from the watched connection between the speeds of and the separations isolating the cosmic systems. The speeds of far off worlds can be estimated precisely, yet the estimation of separations is increasingly unsure. In the course of recent decades, estimations of the Hubble extension have prompted evaluated ages for the universe of between 7 billion and 20 billion years, with the latest and best estimations inside the scope of 10 billion to 15 billion years.

A plate of residue and gas, showing up as a dull band in this Hubble Space Telescope photo, cuts up a sparkling cloud around a very youthful star in the group of stars Taurus. Comparative circles can be seen around other close by stars and are thought to give the crude material to planets. The age of the Milky Way system has been determined in two different ways. One includes concentrating the watched phases of development of various measured stars in globular bunches.

Globular groups happen in a black out corona encompassing the focal point of the Galaxy, with each bunch containing from a hundred thousand to a million stars. The low measures of components heavier than hydrogen and helium in these stars show that they more likely than not framed from the get-go throughout the entire existence of the Galaxy, before a lot of substantial components were made inside the underlying ages of stars and later conveyed into the interstellar medium through supernova blasts (the Big Bang itself made basically hydrogen and helium iotas). Evaluations of the periods of the stars in globular bunches fall inside the scope of 11 billion to 16 billion years.

The worlds outside of our own are moving endlessly from us, and the ones that are most remote away are moving the quickest. This implies regardless of what cosmic system you happen to be in, the various worlds are moving endlessly from you.However, the universes are not traveling through space, they are moving in space, since space is likewise moving. At the end of the day, the universe has no middle; everything is moving endlessly from everything else.

On the off chance that you envision a matrix of room with a world each million light years or somewhere in the vicinity, after enough time passes this framework will loosen up so the cosmic systems are spread to each 2,000,000 light years, etc, perhaps into infinity.The universe incorporates everything in presence, from the littlest molecule to the biggest world; since shaping some 13.7 billion years back in the Big Bang, it has been growing and might be endless in its extension.

The piece of the universe of which we have information is known as the noticeable universe, the locale around Earth from which light has had the opportunity to reach us.One renowned similarity to clarify the extending universe is envisioning the universe like a portion of raisin bread batter. As the bread rises and grows, the raisins move more distant away from one another, however they are as yet stuck in the mixture. On account of the universe, there might be raisins out there that we can’t perceive any more since they have moved away so quick that their light has never arrived at Earth. Luckily, gravity is responsible for things at the nearby level and keeps our raisins together

Not long after the Big Bang, primordial protons and neutrons shaped from the quark–gluon plasma of the early Universe as it cooled underneath two trillion degrees. A few moments later, in a procedure known as Big Bang nucleosynthesis, cores framed from the primordial protons and neutrons. With regards to the arrangement of our Solar System, the most broadly acknowledged view is known as the Nebular Hypothesis.

Basically, this hypothesis expresses that the Sun, the planets, and every single other item in the Solar System framed from shapeless material billions of years back. At the time it was generally concurred that stromatolites were the most seasoned known lifeforms on Earth which had left a record of its reality. Accordingly, if life started on Earth, this happened at some point between 4.4 billion years back, when water fume originally melted, and 3.5 billion years prior.

The theory of how things came to be is significant for us to comprehend on the grounds that it layout a system clarifying how the universe was made and separates the course of events wherein things were made and framed. We can consider proof to be this hypothesis as innovation is always progressing and improving.

We can see more distant into our universe and see hints of radiation left over in our cosmic system from that underlying development. anyway its imperative to likewise recall that The Big Bang hypothesis is a Theory and not truth. Sadly we don’t have any observers and despite the fact that its a sound hypothesis there are a wide range of speculations and convictions about how the universe was made. Ideally this web mission helped you to realize what the Big Bang Theory is and how it was set up just as how its advanced and changed after some time

Although ocean or marine pollution has a long history, meaningful international laws were enacted only in the twentieth century to deal with it. Concerns over marine pollution were expressed at several United Nations conventions regarding sea and ocean legislation in the early 1950s. Many scientists believed that the oceans are so vast that they have immense potential to dilute and hence making the pollution harmless.

Marine pollution drew international media attention after the 1967 crash of an oil tanker named Torrey Canyon and the 1967 Santa Barbara oil spill off the coast of California. Marine pollution was much discussed at the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm. A treaty was signed in the same year to prevent marine pollution from dumping of waste and other substances into the sea, also known as the London Agreement. The London Accord did not ban marine pollution, rather it produced two black and grey lists under which banned substances were blacklisted and controlled substances were put on the gray list by national authorities.

Long and Short Essay on Ocean Acidification in English

Here long and short essay on ocean acidification is provided to help you with the topic in your examinations or other competitions.

These ocean acidification essay have been written in simple language to convey the facts on marine pollution.

After going through the essay you would be able to know that what ocean acidification is and the signs of ocean acidification; impacts or effects of ocean acidification and measures that should have been taken to lessen it.

You can use the essay on ocean acidification in your school assignments on ocean acidification or in discussions on the subject with your classmates and teachers.

You will also get aware about the things that are not good for the health of oceans and other water bodies.

Ocean Acidification Essay – 1 (200 Words)

Oceanography is the science that studies oceans for their physical, chemical, geological and biological aspects. Knowledge of oceans is fundamental, because according to accepted principles, the seas are the center of the origin of life on earth.

Since their origin, humans have had relationships with the oceans. Their first approach to understand the maritime world as a source of food and means of communication was practical and utilitarian.

The most recent research in oceanography has focused on the effects of global climate change on the dynamics of oceans. Now the ocean water is also becoming acidic due to climate change and human activities. Acidicity is increasing in the ocean. Organic acid lowers the pH level of water, thereby increasing acidicity.

The carbon dioxide emitted from combustion of fossil fuels is also absorbed by the seas and oceans. The sea and oceans are losing its biology due to the turbulence. Climate change, the warming of our oceans, rising sea level and increasing acidification are the reality that threatens our food security and the entire life of the earth.

A large part of the Great Wall of Australia’s coral reef has already suffered significant damage. This subject is a great matter of concern and through debates and movements; it must discussed world-wide.

Ocean Acidification Essay – 2 (300 Words)

The oceans are getting warmer due to increasing global temperature. The acidicity of ocean water is increasing; marine organisms like corals and oysters are increasingly facing difficulties to survive.

71 percent of our Earth’s upper surface, i.e. 362 million square kilometers of land, is always submerged in water, 90 percent of which is divided between three oceans – the Atlantic, Pacific and the Indian. Of all the water available on earth, 97 percent of it is in the womb of these three oceans. Half of all the animals that live on Earth live in these oceans. It can be inferred from this that how wide the oceans have importance for life and climate on earth.

Coral is a thermometer of the increasing disease of the oceans. Richard Spinrod, deputy director general of the US Department of Ocean Research, said that the amount of carbon dioxide gas our oceans have already tied to their vast waters is equivalent to 38 thousand giga tons – 50 times more than atmospheric carbon dioxide. One Giga ton is equal to one billion ton.

Spinrod said that even then the oceans are digesting twenty million tons of new carbon dioxide every day. The result is that the carbonic acid formed by the chemical reaction between carbon dioxide and water has made the water of the oceans one-third more acidic, that is, than it was a hundred years ago. This is the main reason for the death of aquatic animals like corals, oysters etc.

The host of the World Ocean Conference, Indonesia, wants that the seas and oceans, like forests, should also be considered as accumulators of carbon dioxide. In this way, those countries that have a long coastline and wide oceanic watershed should also get the financial benefits of being helpful in .

Ocean Acidification Essay – 3 (400 Words)

Introduction

According to a study published in the journal ‘Science’, increasing sediments of the oceans may start dissolving sediments that form coral reefs by the end of this century. Based on this study, the team of researchers has predicted changes in the corals, including several factors, including the current rate of coral formation and sediment dissolution.

Effect of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reef

Coral reefs are very sensitive to acidification of oceans and are hugely threatened by it.

What is a Coral Reef?

The coral reefs are formed by the formation of calcium carbonate of organisms called coral polyps, as well as carbonate sediment that has been accumulating on these organisms for thousands of years. The corals are hard-lime-like primitive organisms. Their biological name is Cilentrata polyps. Within the hard surface of these corals, the colored algae Zooxanthellae are found in symbiotic relationship. Coral reefs are commonly found in abundance in the warm and shallow waters, especially in the Pacific Ocean, in the proximity of many warm or subtropical islands.

The coral reefs are considered to be the hotspot of the world’s marine biodiversity and are also called marine rainforests.

The Following Conditions are Helpful for the Construction of Corals:

• The corals are mainly found in the tropical areas, as they require a temperature of 20 ° C – 21 ° C to survive.
• Corals are found at lower depths because there is a lack of sunlight and oxygen at greater depths.
• Clean and non-depressant water is necessary for the development of corals because the corals have their faces closed and they die.
• Sea currents are beneficial for the corals because they provide food for the corals. For this reason less corals are found in closed seas.

The coral reefs are formed by the formation of calcium carbonate of organisms called coral polyps, as well as carbonate sediment that has been accumulating on these organisms for thousands of years.

Ocean Acidification and Challenges for the Survival of Coral Reefs

Oceanic acidification is defined as a continuous decrease in the pH of seawater. After entering the oceans, carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid, which increases the acidity of the ocean and lowers the pH of sea water. Oceanic acidification prevents coral organisms from forming their rigid skeletons. This is caused by the oceans absorbing large amounts of human-generated carbon dioxide emissions.

When any change in temperature, light or nutrition causes stress on the corals; they expel the symbiotic algae Zooxanthellae that inhabit their tissues, causing the coral to turn white. This phenomenon is called coral bleaching. At present, the process of coral construction is also in danger. The occurrence of coral bleaching was observed in the corals of Lakshadweep in 1998.

Conclusion

So, Ocean Acidification is not good for the life of Coral Reefs on earth, thus disturbing the balance of life in ocean because Coral Reefs are the hotspot of marine biodiversity, also called marine rainforests. In order to save the marine biodiversity, we must work towards the reduction and prevention of Ocean Acidification.

Ocean Acidification Essay – 4 (500 Words)

Introduction

When carbon dioxide dissolves in ocean water, a chemical reaction causes the formation of organic acids (H₂CO₃), which increases the amount of hydrogen ions in the water, which increases the acidity of the ocean. PH value of water decreases. This process is called ocean acidification.

In other words, when there is a change in the basic chemistry of the ocean due to continuous decrease in the sea pH value, it is called ocean acidification.

Absorption of carbon dioxide by the ocean helps reduce the climate impact of carbon dioxide emissions, but at the same time negatively impacts the pH value of the ocean.

Effects of Ocean Acidification

1: Effect of Acidification on the World’s Oceans

Estimates of future carbon dioxide levels based on trade as a normal emissions scenario indicate that ocean surface waters may have increased acidity levels by about 150 percent by the end of this century.

2: Effect of Ocean Acidification on the Sea Life

Research suggests that ocean acidification will be a driver for substantial changes in ocean ecosystems in this century. An organism can withstand fluctuations in various pH levels during its lifetime. However, a more acidic environment harms marine species such as mollusks, corals and some varieties of plankton. The shells and skeletons of all these are less dense or weak.

3: Effect of Ocean Acidification on Human

Changes in marine ecosystems will also have a significant impact on human society, which also depends on the goods and services provided by these ecosystems. Following are the effects of ocean acidification on human:

• Food: Mollusks like oysters and mussels losses by ocean acidification will cause food insecurity. It is estimated that the value of mollusk losses by ocean acidification will be more than US$ 100 billion.
• Coastal Conservation: Marine ecosystems such as the coral reef protect the shorelines from the devastating action of storm reefs and cyclones, which shelter the only habitable land for many island nations. This protective function of reefs prevents loss of life, property and erosion.
• Carbon Storage and Climate Regulation: The ability of the ocean to absorb CO₂ decreases as ocean acidification increases. More acidic oceans are less effective in mitigating climate change.
• Ways to Protect from Ocean Acidification
• Carbon Dioxide Emissions Reduction: Today, we use fossil fuels for transportation, industry, and households. In recent times, the consumption of renewable energy resources is increasing and large sum of money is being invested in it but we need to do more, as this is the only way to reduce the percentage of CO₂ in the atmosphere.
• Ocean Management: Since species and ecosystems are already vulnerable and threatened; the protected areas, laws and policies that aim to protect those species must be established and enforced. In this way, the health of marine biodiversity can be improved.

Conclusion

When people are aware of things happening in their environment, they are more likely to respond positively to rules, regulation, and policies that aim to correct things that are wrongly done. Individuals need to find and share information from reliable sources. People should invest in education and provide information on these environmental issues, and everyone should be a part of its solution.

Long Essay on Ocean Acidification – 5 (600 words)

Introduction

71 % of the Earth is covered with water, 97 % of it is found in the seas and oceans, and only 3 % of it is potable, out of which 2.4 % is deposited in the glaciers of North and South Pole and only 0.6 % of the water is in rivers, lakes and ponds. Our ocean acts like a carbon sink that absorbs a quarter of the carbon dioxide generated by humans which causes changes in the basic chemistry of the ocean.

What is Ocean Acidification?

When carbon dioxide dissolves in ocean water, the chemical reaction produces organic acids H₂CO₃, which increases the amount of hydrogen ions in the water, which increases the acidity of the ocean and that of sea water. This process is called ocean acidification. In other words, when there is a change in the basic chemistry of the ocean due to continuous decrease in the pH value, it is called ocean acidification. Absorption of carbon dioxide by the ocean helps reduce the climate impact of carbon dioxide emissions, but at the same time negatively impacts the pH value of the ocean.

Concept and Importance of pH Scale

The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic. A pH greater than 7 is basic. The pH value of ocean water affects marine ecosystems and food chains if sustained unnaturally. Sea creatures such as coral, echinoderms, crustaceans and mollusks are severely affected.

The Causes of Ocean Acidification

Ocean chemistry is constantly changing due to the following reasons:

• Industrial revolution
• High concentration of carbon dioxide in ocean water
• Use of fossils fuel
• Cement manufacturing
• Change in land use
• Rising levels of carbon dioxide in the ocean
• Increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
• Chemical reactions are caused by high concentration of hydrogen ions
• Reduction of carbonate ions
• Loss of Biodiversity
• Changes in Biogas Production Techniques
• Lack of environmentally friendly laws and regulations

Plastic – as a Main Source of Pollution in Oceans

Sea or ocean debris is mainly waste thrown by humans that floats or swings in the sea. 80 % of marine debris is plastic, an ingredient that has been accumulating very rapidly since World War II. The plasticity in the seas can weigh up to million metric tons. Discarded plastic bags and other plastic waste that enters the seas are a threat to wildlife and the fisheries industry. This threatens the aquatic life trapping, breathlessness and ingestion.

Solution of the Problem

Marine pollution is often difficult to control because pollution transcends international borders, making it difficult to make and implement regulations. Perhaps the most important strategic policy to reduce marine pollution is education. There are two ways to reduce this overall level of pollution. Firstly either to reduce the human population, or find a way to reduce the ecological footprint left by a common human. The second way is for humans to spread less pollution personally. This requires social and political will, as well as to create awareness so that more people respect the environment and harm it less.

Conclusion

Most anthropogenic pollution enters the ocean. Byrne Jenson wrote in his article, “anthropogenic pollution can decrease the biodiversity and productivity of marine ecosystems, thereby reducing and depleting human seafood resources”. Most people are unaware of the harmful effects of sources of marine pollution and therefore fewer steps can be taken to deal with this situation. In order to make the public aware of all the facts, intensive research is needed to give full details of the situation. And then this information should be conveyed to the public.

There is no doubt that the rivers merge into the seas and oceans. It means that the domestic and industrial contaminated water, pesticides, fertilizers, heavy metals, urban and industrial solid waste, agricultural waste, nuclear waste, polythene etc. which flow along the river, all eventually get into the seas and oceans. It is estimated that about 30-35 million kg of plastic packing material and bags are dumped directly into the sea. While about 200 million tones of plastic waste reaches the oceans through various rivers.

Chemicals emanating from plastic pollution are damaging those bacteria present in the ocean, which produce oxygen up to 10 percent. The exposure of chemicals emitted by plastic pollution is blocking the growth of these micro-organisms, affecting the gene cycle. In a study, it has been found that exposure to chemicals emitted by plastic pollution affected the growth of bacterial groups (Prochlorococcus), leading to a decrease in oxygen production. The group of green microorganisms is called Prochlorococcus. It is the most photosynthetic organism. Through photosynthesis, these organisms produce carbohydrates and oxygen in the sea. These bacteria are considered to be the most responsible for photosynthesis in the ocean.

Long and Short Essay on How Plastic Bags are Harmful to Marine Life in English

Here some long and short Essay on How Plastic Bags are Harmful to Marine Life in English are given into different words limits according to the need and requirement of students.

These essays will provide you the information about the reason, effect and consequence of plastic pollution in seas and oceans that has become a matter of concern for the entire world.

In these How Plastic Bags are Harmful to Marine Life Essay you will find out that how human is responsible for this kind of pollution and what measures should be taken to overcome from it so that the marine life will become safe.

You can use these essays on the harmful effect of plastics on marine life in your school assignments on harmful effect of plastic or in discussions on the subject with your classmates and teachers.

Essay on How Plastic Bags are Harmful to Marine Life – 1 (200 words)

Marine pollution has always been a problem since the advent of large-scale agricultural activity and industrialization. The marine environment is contaminated and polluted through various sources and forms.

The increasing dependence of the human population on plastics has filled the oceans and the land with pollution, 80 percent of the debris found in the oceans consists of plastic. The plastic thrown and dropped into the seas is a major threat to marine life and wildlife, as it sometimes causes problems for wildlife and also becomes a cause of death. The increasing level of plastic dumped in the oceans is causing harm to aquatic life as well as to external life by causing problems such as suffocation.

Chemicals, industrial and agricultural waste, radioactive materials and plastic etc are some of the significant sources of marine pollution. Majority of plastic in oceans and water bodies comes from urban settlements without any proper waste disposal mechanism.

Plastic bags can stay in water for centuries and though they break down into smaller parts, they don’t chemically disintegrate. Fishes and turtles often confuse plastic with their natural prey and ingest it causing serious damages to their digestive system.

Essay on How Plastic Bags are Harmful to Marine Life – 2 (300 words)

Sea debris is mainly waste thrown by humans that floats or swims in the sea. Eighty percent of marine debris is plastic; an ingredient that has been accumulating very rapidly since World War II. The plasticity present in the oceans can be equal to one hundred million metric tons. Discarded plastic bags and other plastic waste that enters the seas are a threat to the wildlife and fisheries industry.

This poses a risk of life of marine animals and species getting stuck, breathlessness and ingestion. Fishing nets, usually made of plastic, can be left or lost in the seas by fishermen. These nets, known as ghost nets, can trap fish, dolphins, sea turtles, sharks, dugongs, crocodiles, seabirds, crabs, and other animals, disrupting their movement, causing starvation, biting meat or limbs and Infection can occur and organisms that come to the sea surfaces to breathe die of suffocation.

Many animals that live in the sea or depend on them can swallow the wastes, as they often look like their prey. Plastic waste, when gross and entangled, is difficult to swallow and can remain permanently stored in the stomach or intestine of these animals, blocking food passage and death from hunger and infection.

Plastic keeps on accumulating because it is not biodegradable like other substances. They definitely photo-degrade when exposed to sun rays, but they do this only in dry conditions, because water stops this process.

Photo-degraded plastic decomposes into even smaller pieces in marine environments, while the remaining polymers decompose to the molecular level. When floating plastic particles photo-degrade in the shape of zooplankton, the jellyfish try to swallow them and thus the plastic enters the seafood chain.

The poisonous additives used in the production of plastic materials dissolve in the surrounding environment when they come in contact with water. Water-borne pollutants collect and magnify on the surface of plastic waste and make plastic even more dangerous in the ocean than it is on land.

Essay on How Plastic Bags are Harmful to Marine Life – 3 (400 words)

Introduction

Do you know that every year 13 million tons of plastic is depositing on the sea surface. This figure is so large that if plastic waste continues to spread in the sea at the same pace, then within a few years it will become a disaster for all forms of life. According to statistics released by the United Nations, one truck per minute of plastic waste is dumped into the sea, 50 percent of which is single-use plastic.

Impact of Plastic Deposits on Oceans

These wastes accumulating in the sea surface are having an impact on the ecology of the sea. Plastic is not biodegradable, so it exists for thousands of years without changing its condition. Due to the salinity of the seawater, it is divided into small pieces which are easily ingested by fish or other sea creatures.

Research suggests that this plastic ingested by marine organisms affects their fertility as well as reduces their life expectancy. Plastic waste is also fatal for various types of algae that grow on the sea surface. It obstructs the sun’s rays which play an important role in the growth of algae.

Damage the Economy

Since, an integral part of the human diet is found in marine organisms and other types of marine products, the harmful effects of plastic cannot be avoided. This shows how important it is to prevent plastic waste from accumulating on the ocean surface. According to the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), marine pollution is causing US $ 13 billion damage annually.

Complete Ban on Plastic

The growing plastic deposits in the seas and oceans have attracted the attention of the entire world towards the management of plastic waste. Many leading countries of the world including several US states have started to ban single-use plastic sequentially. As a rule, the use of polythene of thickness less than 50 microns is banned, but this is proving insufficient. More steps have to be taken forward to control the waste generation. France is the first country in the world to ban single-use plastics in 2016, as well as completely stop all such use by 2025. Uganda completely banned the use of plastic bags in 2008.

Conclusion

India produces 56 lakh metric tons of plastic waste every year, a large part of which goes to the seas and oceans through rivers and streams. Therefore, India also needs to be aware of this problem. India has also started efforts in this direction, but there is no concrete rule here.

Essay on How Plastic Bags are Harmful to Marine Life – 4 (500 words)

Introduction

In our lives, almost everything is related to plastic. But now plastic is affecting the global environment, especially plastic waste has changed the entire planet, and now these small plastics debris have also had a big impact on the marine ecosystem, resulting in the decrease in the number of fish and other creatures as well as the aquatic vegetation in the seas and oceans.

How does Plastic Waste Reach the Oceans?

There are three main reasons or means for this:

• First, people who go to the sea shore i.e. the beach throw plastic garbage there.
• Second, ships or boats dump large amounts of plastic waste in the ocean.
• And thirdly, rivers carry a large amount of garbage along with them to the sea.

How much Waste is received from the Rivers in the Sea?

Quoting a research printed in 2017, it has been written that plastic waste from 1.15 to 2.41 million tons, i.e. 24 lakh tons, goes to the seas and oceans every year. And this is being done only through rivers. A study conducted on 20 major rivers found that most of Asia’s rivers are transporting this waste to the oceans, and that plastic waste from rivers around the world makes up 67 percent of the marine waste.

Where does this Plastic Waste come from?

In the last 70 years, plastic demand has increased widely. According to the report of Plastic Ocean Society, more than 300 million tons of plastic is being produced in the world every year. Half of this plastic is used for disposable items and is discarded once used. The result is that every year from 8 million to 10 million tons of plastic reaches into the seas and oceans.

Where is Plastic used on a Large Scale?

It is estimated that an American or European person uses about 100 kilograms of plastic a year and most of it is used for pack casing. On the other hand, if we talk about Asia, then this figure per person is 20 kg per year.

Waste which is not Destroyed

The use of plastic has gained momentum because it remains for a very long time, i.e. it cannot be completely destroyed. Plastic is broken into particles due to exposure to the heat of the sun. The plastic found in the sea does not face the same temperature, in other words it is not even exposed to direct sunlight, so it takes more time to destroy marine plastic waste. And by the time the old plastic waste reaches the verge of destruction, by then the new garbage has come in huge quantities.

Sea Life is being Destroyed

Many species of sea birds and organisms are being destroyed by unwanted intake of plastic. It is also being seen that seaside frogs, turtles and other coastal creatures eat plastic under the deception of jelly and get sick or die.

Conclusion

Another important aspect is that the exercise to make sea water potable has started because drinking water crisis has engulfed many parts of the whole world. In such a situation, the amount of drinking water that you will have in your hands in the future due to the waste of plastic waste in the sea will also be like slow poison.

Essay on How Plastic Bags are Harmful to Marine Life – 5 (600 words)

Introduction

Most of the garbage thrown by the people on the seashore and beaches has the largest amount of plastic bags. Most plastic bags become useless once used, and when dumped into many water-bodies such as rivers, lakes etc., and eventually reach the oceans. On reaching the oceans, it spreads into many places through ocean currents. Many sea creatures eat them in deception and die.

The plastic floating in the sea looks like jelly-fish to sea creatures, especially as it poses a threat to sea-turtles that eat jelly-fish as their food, because they mistakenly eat it as their food and it gets trapped inside their stomach, which eventually leads to their death. Similarly, other sea creatures also die by eating plastic waste spread in the oceans around the world, which is a matter of great concern.

What can be done to Conserve Marine Life?

Plastic bags spread across the ocean have become a very large scale problem, which mankind needs to consider seriously. For this, we first need to ban the throwing of plastic near the seashore and in aquatic places. We should adopt fully biodegradable plastic bags, which are made from trees and plants and are environment friendly. We should set up a complete recycling system for plastic bags.

We need to create awareness among the general public on this issue and educate people about the use of plastics. Along with this, we need to encourage research to protect marine life from the fatal consequences of plastics. The use of plastic in those places and areas should be completely banned by identifying those areas where a large amount of plastic is disposed of.

Prevention is Better than Cure

Government should ban the use of plastic bags altogether, because this is the best solution to this problem. In order to promote such restrictions, governments all over the world should impose heavy tax on plastic bags.

In this case, already some well-known countries like Spain, Croatia, Greece and Israel have already imposed heavy tax on the use of plastic bags, which has led to a huge reduction in the use of plastic bags in these countries. Taking lessons from these countries, we also need to fix taxes on the use of plastic bags and reduce their production.

Public Awareness is Mandatory for Conserving Marine Life

We have already identified the problem of how plastic bags are reaching the sea and now there is a need to take meaningful initiative on this problem. We need to enact stringent laws to prevent plastic production to keep the marine environment clean. Along with this, we also need to follow such rules strictly.

Apart from this, we need to make more and more people aware of this problem and give information about all the rules related to it. It is important to increase public awareness of disposal of plastic bags among people regarding this subject. Apart from all this, we also need to develop a system in which the use of plastic bags is minimal. In other words, we should only encourage the use of recyclable plastic bags or complete ban on all types of plastic bags is the best solution to this problem.

Conclusion

Throwing of plastic bags in open areas is a major problem as it eventually gets into the seas and oceans through drains and flowing water bodies. Plastic bags are a serious problem for marine life, which includes many types of animals. This is the time when we need to understand the serious consequences on marine life. It is our responsibilities and duty to protect the marine life from further damage. Therefore, mankind, assuming its responsibility towards marine animals, should use plastic bags in such a way that it does not reach the rivers, seas and other water sources.

As part of my geography coursework, I writing a piece on the rainforest, it’s ecosystems and it’s relevance to the world as a whole. I will produce a piece which is informative and helps to highlight the rainforest and I will demonstrate my knowledge and understanding of it’s workings, and greater implications for the wider world. We are all familiar with the rainforests, but do we really understand them or have any real knowledge of them? These questions I will seek to answer in this piece of work.

Rainforest form an integral part of the earth’s biosphere, covering around 2% of the earth’s surface and being present in every continent except Antarctica. A rainforest is a forest characterized by its extremely heavy rainfall (which is usually a mammoth 1750 to 2000mm each year! ). These rainforests form two common subtypes; the temperate and the tropical rainforests. Over a fifth of the world’s water can be found within the boundaries of the rainforest, and similarly, so can a large chunk of the world’s wildlife. The rainforest is estimated as being home to around 50% of the world’s plants and animals.

If you were to take a sample of a 4 mile patch in the rainforest, then you would probably find around 1,500 flowering plants, 150 species of butterflies, 400 species of birds, and of course 750 species of trees- which just goes to highlight how expansive the forest’s flora and fauna is. Most people will commonly associate the rainforest with its vast abundance of trees, and indeed, this is true. As with all forests, the rainforest’s trees are the very base of its ecosystems, and form a structure of layers based on height and shared characteristics.

At the base of the rainforest is the forest floor, this is a dark and damp area- receiving only 2% of the forest’s sunlight, and a large amount of collected water. It is dark, warm and humid; and it is difficult for common plants and animals to survive in; so it is only really a habitat to specially adapted organisms. Just above the forest floor comes the shrub layer, it is very dark- covered by the canopy, but can provide a habitat to specially adapted plants which are usually small, but with large leaves so that they can catch as much of the minimal light which shines through as possible.

Above this is comes the understorey. It is a lot darker than the layers above, but has a larger amount of sunlight than the layers beneath (though it still only claims a mediocre 5% of the forest’s sunlight). It hosts quite a large array of lizards, snakes, wild cats and birds who have adapted to its environment, and there are plenty of insects to be found there, too. Also, many of the infant trees on the understorey layer may grow to reach the canopy. Above this again, is the canopy layer.

This layer has by far the greatest biodiversity, and hosts the largest amount of trees, plants, animals and other wildlife (it is estimated as housing a quarter of the world’s insect population! ). The trees are very tall here; usually ranging from 30 meters to 24 meters in height, but some can grow even taller and reach into the emergent layer. And the emergent layers are the tallest trees which surpass the canopy and form a new layer. These trees can often reach up to 70 m in height!

This air is usually very sunny and hot, as there are no other layers to keep out the heat and light. Animals must be specially adapted to this very high, light and hot layer; and animals such as monkeys, birds and butterflies are usually best suited to it. It’s no surprise that the rainforest’s plants have many human uses too. Everyday things which we consume come from the rainforests. Some of these include coffee, cocoa, hardwoods, rubber and latex.

No doubt the rainforest is a huge source of income for Brazil and contributes a substantial amount to its Gross National Product. The plants of the rainforest also have great scientific and medicinal qualities. Indigenous peoples of the rainforest have utilized the health properties of the plants for thousands of years, and modern western medicine often originates in the rainforest. It is estimated that around 2,000 different plant species have anti-cancer properties, and indeed many of them are being used in anti-cancer treatment today.

Less than 1% of rainforest plants have been tested for medicinal applications though- so who knows what answers the rainforest may hold for future medicine. It is impossible to overestimate the importance of the rainforest to both the whole world’s geography and human society, and difficult to imagine just how different our lives would be without products derived from the rainforest. And in conclusion, I can’t think of anything more vital to the earth’s ecosystem than the rainforest.

Nature plays an important role In Frankincense, although to the deader familiar with romantic poetry, it may seem that nature Is somewhat less Important or less central than the role It plays, but from the novel’s opening, the importance of the reader getting a sense of physical place is established by situating the text within a particular environment, the qualities of which will both mirror and contradict the inner states of the main characters. Even from the very beginning of the novel, theme of nature is incorporated into Shelley work. The icy wilderness in which the novel begins and ends is the barren land of isolation from human warmth ND companionship, Into which Walton foolishly sails and Into which Frankincense Is Inexorably led by the monster, whose inescapable destiny is It”. Later, on the morning after Victor gives life to his creation, he says, “Morning, dismal and wet … As if I sought to avoid the wretch whom I feared every turning of the street would present to my view’. When Victor is scared or upset the weather is nasty to complement the way that he is feeling in certain situations.

And also Victor notes that the landscape of the Orkney and that of his native country are quite distinct. His ascription of the Orkney Is cold, barren, gray, and rough. In contrast, he recalls Switzerland as colorful and lively and the landscape as teeming with blue lakes that reflect the brilliant blue sky. It is symbolic, of course, that Victor has chosen such a barren place to create the companion for the Creature. The contrast between the two places is as stark and distinct as the differences between Frankincense’s Creature and the human world.

The Creature occupies a world that is bleak, that Is attacked on all sides by an unforgiving set of conditions. Victor, his family occupies a world that as beauty, even though each has had to deal with occasional harsh realities. These appropriate pairings of characters with their environments will be re-emphasized throughout the novel, and the physical qualities of the environments will provoke contemplative thought for most of the main characters, especially Victor. By chapter five of the first volume, Shelley creates a connection between Victor and nature.

Instead of describing his moods with metaphor, as In earlier images, she describes his recovery from grave Illness through his affinity with nature. Although nursed by is closest friends, It Is the breathing of the alarm that finally gives him strength: We passed a fortnight in these perambulations: my health and spirits had long been restored, and they gained additional strength from the salubrious air I breathed, the natural incidents of our progress … The air is not simply necessary for life; Victor is so taken with it that he actually gains strength from it that he had not had before.

Another role of nature is a deep understanding of the mysterious forces of nature by Victor Frankincense. So Victor acknowledges tense Tortes when en says: It was ten secrets of heaven and earth that I desired to learn; and whether it was the outward substance of things, or the inner spirit of nature and the mysterious soul of man that occupied me, still my inquires were directed to the metaphysical, or, in its highest sense, the physical secrets of the world. It is the great force of nature that drives Victor into his scientific pursuit in the first place.

When lightening shreds the tree in front of Victor’s eyes he is doomed for life. On the night that Victor first gives life to his creation, it is dark and dreary. Victor makes his declaration of purpose hen he says, “more, far more will I achieve: treading in the steps already marked, I will pioneer a new way, explore unknown powers, and unfold to the world the deepest mysteries of creation”. In Victor’s case, an obsession with the nature of science pushes him to cross the boundary that separates the forces of human power and nature when he decides to construct his creation.

Along with his own feelings of ambition, Victor also constructs his creation because of the want to bring about change in his society. And when he creates life from lifeless matter to bring change n his society, readers are forced to use their imagination to give life to this creation themselves. Later, when Victor returns home on receiving word of Williams death, he notes that “Night closed all around; and when I could hardly see the dark mountains, I felt still more gloomily.

This picture appeared a vast and dim scene of evil, and I foresaw obscurely that I was destined to become the most wretched of human beings”. At the end of the novel during Victor’s honeymoon, “the wind, which had fallen in the south, now rose with great violence in the west”, before Elizabeth is ordered by the creation. In conclusion, the natural settings in “Frankincense” play a vital role in enhancing the impact of the story and progression of the plot and characters.

What has been said so far, then, is that man attempts to control nature believing to be the master over all. In fact, man’s effect is Just that, an unnatural one, in that it works against nature instead of with nature. The question then, is why man is unable to emulate nature, why he is unable to work with nature without harming it in some way, as we have seen above. One answer is that man is unable to see ahead, hat he refuses to see the purpose in everything that nature does.

Victor Frankincense is so obsessed with his mother’s death and with his desire to remove it, that he does not see the purpose that death has. So, Just because mankind has the power to do something, does not necessarily mean that he must, or should. Instead, perhaps he should respect the natural course of things. And nature surrounds us during our whole life, and it has a great influence on us, as well as on our mood and behavior. Resources: http://www. Gutenberg. Org/files/84/84-h/84-h. HTML http://Ankara. English. Upend. Demesnes/nature. HTML