Network

The central aim is to observe the business processes and the business organization in place and prove ones analytical skills to understand how the business can be enveloped using a computer network infrastructure for making communication swift and successful sharing of information. The proposed network would entail better communication and save the organization on costs for facilitating one process to get the job done.

The departments concerned would be able to capture and share effectively valuable business information so as to remain synchronized with the latest events and take decisions accordingly saving time and costs.

Introduction Bead bar concentrate in producing beads jewellery for the customers. They are organized into three divisions’ namely studios, franchises and bead bar on board which demands to be brought to the same page for synchronization of activities. The proposed network design and the appropriate topology which would be an advantage to the firm for ensuring communication and sharing information to keep in synchronization with the current prospects of the business.

The following sections would take up the various network topologies to make the communication feasible and possible with regard to all the physical and network barriers. The network design would provide enough architecture which would give a clear picture of the interconnection of devices and the departments to facilitate the sharing of business information. The final segment discusses the pros and cons of the proposed topology in subject. Background information of Bead Bar: Bead Bar is departmentalized into three divisions namely studios, franchises and bead bar on board.

The current circumstance is incapacitated to link among them and thus creates inconsistencies in information sharing and knowledge about the company as a whole, at any given point of time. A computer network would make possible the process of getting the entire job done for every customer within an affordable time than usual. It would make sure that information regarding ones choice and preferences would be catered and stored for future benefits. The network would enrich the communication among the divisions which in turn would assist greater workability and functionality in operation.

Recommendation overview: The network proposal for the Bead Bar could be surrendered into LAN and WAN. The internal network within the divisions would have a LAN network; however the inter-department contact would be made feasible using WAN as they are geographically separated. The LAN network would make sure to connect the personnel of the particular department itself and the swift communication would be an outcome of it. For the LAN network, switches and hubs are used for connecting the particular division itself and for WAN routers are used for interconnecting each other.

Explanation of the Network Design: The three divisions of the company are interconnected using the network cable in a wired network using both LAN and WAN. Using LAN, the computers are interconnected within the same premises so that all the employees are able to communicate on demand. The head office possess central server where all the information is stored pertaining to all the departments in their database. The other premises are networked using the LAN technologies. The switch is two layered and used to take care of the storing and forwarding mechanism Tanenbaum (2003).

Using WAN the network connections are using the public data services and get connect to internet and using VPN technology, using login credentials. Network Topology: The LAN technology follows a star topology with connecting hubs. The interconnecting devices facilitate the use and sharing of information. Star topology promotes the efficient use of network resources. Advantages of the architecture: • Having a star topology takes less expensive in relation to mesh topology.

• In a star, every device needs only one link and one I/O port to inter-connect with a number of other devices (Forouzan, 2003). • The installation and configuration of the star topology is quite easy and makes possible the effective use of time and need. • The cabling requirement is less in compared with other technologies and any additions, deletions and movement involves only one connection between that device and hub. • Quite robust in nature; if one link fails the other connections do not cease to operate. This factor also enhances the fault identification and fault isolation mechanism.

• As long as the hub is in working condition, the monitoring of links are possible to detect link problems and bypass defective links. • A WAN is used for connecting to the internet so as to get connected with the other departments across geographic locations. • VPN technology is used to so that their develops a secured channel through which the user of the network can establish a secure connection for communication. It would possess proper login credentials for accessing information and makes sure that its encryption technology debars any tapping and illicit use of information.

• The database server would be responsible for storage of all data and information centrally and all the users access the information using their credentials. • The VPN technology makes sure that only authorized users are enabled to access information pertaining to the specified department and others would be debarred from the very system. Drawbacks of the architecture: • The VPN technology is quite expensive to implement and manage. • The expensive nature of the wireless switches and hubs is quite a disadvantage.

• The use of internet as a resource to map their requirements would take lesser cost and make efforts to create a virtual company but security measures must be a challenge to the organization in question. Conclusion The primary objective to inter-connect has been taken into description and the network topology has been elaborated to give shape to the entire network for interconnecting the various divisions in the company. The network architecture for the firm and the drawbacks are carefully noted and examined for their feasibility and cost factors.

The long term evaluation is made and it can be concluded that taking care of the network advantages would benefit the firm in the long run to achieve the amount of customer satisfaction in the long run. Furthermore the topology would be able to manage its resources and make a distinct move towards the very nature of their being. Further up gradations to the network can be managed effectively so that they are taken care for growth and envelopment of their future plans. References/ Bibliography Forouzan A. Behrouz (2003). TCP/IP Protocol Suite, second edition. Tata McGraw Hill. Tanenbaum, A. S (2003). Computer Networks, Pearson Education.

Bead bar specializes in making beads jewellery for the customers. They have three divisions’ namely studios, franchises and bead bar on board that requires to be connected for synchronization of activities. It is required to create a network design and the appropriate topology which would be of good to the company for communicating the requirements and sharing information to keep in synchronization with the current state of the business.

The network topology would be discussed which would make the communication feasible and possible with regard to all the physical and network barriers.

The network design is the architecture which would give a clear picture of the interconnection of devices and the departments to facilitate the sharing of business information. The final section discusses the pros and cons of the proposed topology in question. Background information of Bead Bar: Bead Bar as an organization is departmentalized into three divisions namely studios, franchises and bead bar on board. The present situation does not create a network among the divisions and thus creates inconsistencies in information sharing and knowledge about the company as a whole, at any given point of time.

A computer network would facilitate the process of getting the entire job done for every customer at a lesser time than usual. It would make sure that information regarding ones choice and preferences would be catered and stored for future benefits. The network would enrich the communication among the divisions which in turn would facilitate greater workability and functionality in operation. Recommendation overview: The network recommendation for the Bead Bar could be capitulated into LAN and WAN.

The internal network within the divisions would have a LAN network; however the inter-department communication would be made possible using WAN. Creating a LAN would create an internal network which can be made possible for connecting the personnel in the very department itself. For the LAN network, switches and hubs are used for connecting the sole division itself and for WAN routers are used for interconnecting each other. Explanation of the Network Design: All the three divisions of the company are interconnected using the network cable in a wired network using both LAN and WAN.

Using LAN the computers are interconnected within the office or building premises so that all the employees are able to get information on demand. The head office has a central server where all the information us stored in the database. The other offices are also networked using the LAN technologies. The switch is two layered and used to take care of the storing and forwarding mechanism as stated in Tanenbaum (2003). Using WAN the network connections are using the public data services and get connect to internet and using VPN technology, using login credentials.

Network Topology: The LAN technology follows a star topology with hubs. The interconnecting devices used facilitate the use and share of information. The hubs are used to store and forward the information. Star topology is used which would facilitate the efficient use of network resources (Star Topology). Advantages of the architecture: • Having a star topology would make it less expensive in relation to mesh topology. • In a star, each device needs only one link and one I/O port to connect it to any number of other devices (Forouzan, 2003).

• It makes the star topology easy to install and reconfigure with time and need. • Star topology requires far less cabling and any additions, deletions and moves involve only one connection between that device and hub. • It is quite robust in nature; if one link fails the others do not cease to operate. This factor also enhances the fault identification and fault isolation. • As long as the hub is in working condition, it is quite easy to monitor link problems and bypass defective links. • A WAN is used for connecting to the internet so as to get connected with the other departments across geographic locations.

• VPN technology is used to validate the user of the network so that the connection established is secure in nature. It would use the login name and password facilities to enable a secure way of handling data. • A database server is used so that all the information is stored centrally and all the users access the information using their credentials. • The VPN also makes sure that not all users would be able to access all for ms of data an data security and integrity is restricted using the login credentials. Drawbacks of the architecture:

• The VPN technology would be quite expensive to implement (VPN). • The cost of switches and hubs would be costly. • The use of websites where all the computers are used for accessing directly the internet would have made the architecture more accessible but security would have been less. Even the cost of web server would be incurred quite high. Conclusion The primary objective to connect has been taken into account and the network topology has been discussed to give shape to the entire network for interconnecting with the various divisions in the company.

The network architecture and the drawbacks associated with it are thoroughly examined for its feasibility and communication. The network topology would have an upper hand on the drawbacks and is quite sufficient to inter-connect the enterprise to capitalize on its resources. References/ Bibliography Forouzan A. Behrouz (2003). TCP/IP Protocol Suite, second edition. Tata McGraw Hill. Physinfo (2006). Network Topologies. Retrieved October 26, 2007 from http://physinfo. ulb. ac. be/cit_courseware/networks/pt2_1. htm

When you’re an entrepreneur, it’s easy to get into a habit of transactional networking (“I’ll do this for you, now you do this for me.”) And that makes sense: You’re always looking out for the best interest of your company, so you only seek out relationships that could have a clear benefit on your bottom line.

Related: 

But that move always turns into the same dialogue. And, while in some cases, there’s nothing wrong with a two-way street, when that’s the only way you build your network, it’s a sure thing that one day you’ll wake up at the short end of the stick.

So, here’s why you should get away from transactional networking:

1. People will assume you want something.

You know when you see a name pop up in your inbox and you know that person needs something from you without your having even read it? When you’re a transactional networker, it’s easy to become that person. Yet it’s also important to keep communication with people outside of the times when you need something. Share your triumphs, ask about their businesses or send helpful links or articles. 

It’s like the scenario of the professor who hears from a student only when he or she needs a letter of recommendation. The professor has no context of the student other than his or her asking for a favor. Not a good start to a recommendation. 

2. You’ll lose authentic relationships.

When a relationship is built off of a series of even exchanges, what happens when the scale becomes unbalanced? If you base your relationship solely off another person’s value to your company, the strength of your relationship will fluctuate based on your positive or negative exchanges.

For example, that person may ask you make a big introduction for himself or herself and be appreciative, but can’t return the favor on a similar scale. Your feelings toward the person might waiver because you didn’t get an even exchange. When your network is built off transactions, you lose authentic relationships.

Related: 

3. You’ll close yourself off to great people.

No matter how successful you are, you can always learn from other people. Even if they’re not entrepreneurs, or they’re not in your industry or not experienced in business at all, everyone knows something you don’t. So, when you only seek to build relationships with people who you feel are “above” you, or people who can clearly benefit your business, you close yourself off to a whole population of wonderful people.

As an entrepreneur in the , I’ve been to networking events and gatherings where some entrepreneurs in technology don’t further conversations or ask me questions about my company because they feel that we’re on different playing fields. Adam Braun, founder of , described in his book, , what it feels like when business people appear to lose interest in him after he says he has a non-profit.

I understand wanting to build relationships with people who have similar interests, but when you view everyone else outside of those interests as having lesser value, you’re missing opportunities to expand your horizons and meet great people.

4. You forget to just help each other out.

I remember when I was nineteen and trying to start my how many people offered their guidance and time to help me get started. I think a lot of us have a soft spot for young entrepreneurs and are more willing to put transactions aside to help the aspiring college entrepreneur, which is great and I’m forever grateful for all of the help I received when I started my own company.

But what happens when you get older and more seasoned? Do the favors expire because you’re supposed to know everything? It’s important to remember that none of us know everything and we’re all just trying to be a little bit better than we were yesterday. So why not help each other out?

Entrepreneurship is a lot more enjoyable when you build an authentic network of people in your life that want to see you succeed and whom you want to help them do the same. Just because someone else succeeds doesn’t lessen your opportunity to succeed in your own way.

Related: 

When talking about doing favors, set a great example for parameters in her article  by saying that if something takes less than five minutes and doesn’t jeopardize any of your client relationships, do it.

Introduction

This paper investigates the ground for the network resource optimization work needed to be done in the framework of Publish/Subscribe (PUBSUB) network [psirp]. This work forms part of the project which will be undertaken in Summer Term (2010-2011) in fulfilment of the Masters Degree (University of Essex). As the project title says “Lightpaths in Publish/Subscribe Internet Model”, the work is more focussed on developing the strategies for optimum utilization of the optical network to reflect data flows and the decisions made at routing layer of the information-centric network (ICN). As the project uses two different networking notions i.e. pubsub ICN model and optical networking concept, this paper researches the background for these fields and tries to argument how they are viable candidates for the future internet. It also explains where the proposed work will fit in big picture.

Since 1970’s (ARPANET) [isoc], internet has undergone immense transformations. Internet traffic is growing not just in statistical figures but also in different types of applications it is supporting today e.g. triple/ quadruple play services (voice, video, data). It is being accessed today in different forms i.e. fixed landline connections to WiFi hotspots. Key market players like Cisco predict that data hungry applications like video will remain at the heart of internet usage and will contribute to the majority of the internet revenues [cisco]. Though service providers see these strong earning opportunities, challenges are posed for them to keep customers happy while making optimum use of network resources to serve more customers. Progress in DWDM and EDFA technologies has spurred the desire of having all optical networks [alca][cam]. Number of networking bodies today are working on building efficient total optical solutions, which are gradually making to the market to leverage the very high transport capacity offered by them (in Terabits/s) [ rat].

Though service providers get away with the capacity constrain with the use of optical transport networks (OTN), they are facing problems managing t the IP layer causing possible performance bottlenecks. Blumenthal et al [blue] has thrown light on some of these problems like host-centric design i.e. more focus on host to host connectivity than information being delivered. This imposes lot of overhead (maintaining states) on the multicasting services such as news, IPTV, BBC iPlayer [marco2]. It needs more control information which consumes the data bandwidth. The design, by default favours the sender, giving him/her extra power to disseminate the content to desired hosts; this accounts to unnecessary traffic along with the possibility of untrustworthy content being received. Security and mobility were added as top up components [msc]. Attempts are being made to overcome these problems like moving to IP version 6, New Internet Routing Architecture (NIRA), Translating Relaying Internet Architecture integrating Active Directories (TRIAD), Routing on Flat Labels (ROFL) [msc] etc. But all these solutions are still based on underlying IP mattress. Networking experts across the world (Van Jacobson, David Clark, Dirk Trossen) [tow][arg][blue] are hinting at the green field efforts for redesigning the internet by keeping information at the centre of the design and envision this as the internet of the future.

This project focuses on deriving the optimum traffic handling strategies for the optical layer in context of the content centric network (CCN). The work will include building simulations for various network scenarios such as different topologies and data characteristics and verification of those with the test-bed. This paper, chronologically, explains the driving factors and motivation behind this work and also looks at its economical and commercial benefits. Proposal section describes the structure, scope and methodology of the project. Work plan breaks down the project into tasks and shows with the help of Gantt chart how are those placed in time. Finally paper concludes by summarising the outcomes of planning and background study.

Contextual Review

The contextual review illustrates the technical benefits of this project and also covers the other work done/being done in this area. It also mentions economical impact this will have and tries to foresee the market this work may help.

Technical Review

The body of this project is placed on two legs pubsub networking model and optical networking. The project greatly benefits from the earlier work done in these areas. As the work related to ICN is still in research phase, it makes sense to have a look at the technical driving factors after it and to re-view the optical network in context of that. One by one, it tries to elucidate the driving factors behind these fields, their advantages and gain of combining them.

Motivation behind Optical Networking

Due to advancements in DWDM and EDFA, more light wavelengths can be injected into the fibre tremendously increasing the fibre capacity in ranges of terabits [rat]. Research in optical network elements is making them reach longer distances without amplifiers i.e. reducing the network elements and points of failure in the network.

Having multiple wavelengths in the fibre facilitates on demand light path creation (using OADM) allowing effective on the fly bandwidth management [rat][marco1]. However changing the network dynamically is risky task and needs better control. The O-E-O switches allow the demarcation of control and data plane yielding greater speed and flexibility in data forwarding plane which is controlled by but decoupled from the routing layer [marco1]. This concept is similar to that of MPLS but as the current network owners are not ready to shred the already deployed equipments to reap their investments, hence Generic MPLS plays important role where the forwarding tables can be shared by multiple forwarding fabrics. Efforts have been made (Eiji Oki et al) [oki] to engineer the IP and optical networks using GMPLS. Their work is more close to the work this paper tries to present but in framework of CCN. Eiji also talks about concept of traffic grooming which is very much relevant.

Work done by Marco et al [marco1][marco2] experiment an optical switching based on various IP properties e.g. in [marco1]the IP packets heading to identical destinations are clubbed and switched together. In previous work, switching is applied to prolonged, huge IP flows. In Paper [marco2] Optical Flow Switching is explored which switches the flows of the IP traffic by dynamically setting up the links. It is similar to the work this paper proposes where switching decisions will be made by the content and its properties.

Flow switched optical network creates dynamic pass-through circuits at the intermediate nodes such that the data is forwarded from source to destination at the optical layer without any need to go to electrical layer. Further identical flows can be groomed together [marco2]. This feature encourages lot of equipment vendors and market players because of the economic benefit it offers. It takes load off the routing layer i.e. no need to make per hop decisions as in case of today’s IP networks; forwarding can be performed in hardware and hence faster than routing. This allows network operators to carry more customer traffic with the same infrastructural setup.

Motivation behind PUBSUB model

The work this paper presents is targeted for ICN. A number of network research bodies and market players together (PERSUIT, PSIRP, CCNx) [psirp][ccnx][needed] are already working on ICN designs and lot of work is being done in related areas. It does address the problems faced by IP networks and also add some new features of its own as described below.

Information-centric approach – The nature of the applications is becoming more demanding not just in size and format of the content (like Video and VoIP) but also in timely delivery. But for service providers managing overload of control information and accessing the domain named services is becoming challenge with IP paradigm. Dirk in his paper [arg] points out that keeping information at the centre of the design truly makes sense. It will be easy if the information is uniquely named and distributed reducing the middleware load and making it easy to access [arg].

Receiver focussed design – Receivers have power to choose the type of information they want to receive by subscribing only to that information. This benefits both end users and network providers; it inherently reduces the spam and possibility of attacks at the user end and results in sensible use of the network infrastructure for providers [msc].

Security and Mobility – Security and mobility will be embedded into the architecture unlike the add-ons in IP suite. With expected growth in mobile markets with 4G and entry of devices like smart phones, embedded mobility solution is a great asset for mobile players for efficient handling of their networks [ill][cisco].

Multicasting and Active Caching – In CCN, the edge network nodes actively monitor the content being accessed and caches the same if it is being accessed too frequently. This helps in reducing the redundant traffic through the core allowing fair utilization of the network [msc]. Multicasting is achieved through the innovative concept of zFilter [ill] which is performed at the forwarding layer. This makes it faster with most of the decisions made off the routing layer, which is attractive feature simplifying the task of network configuration.

Other work in progress – Apart from PSIRP, project like CCNx and 4WARD [ccnx][4ward] also put forward the notion of CCN for future internet. CCNx tries to get the desired content by naming it in levelled manner and 4WARD tries to find the efficient ways to route the data over heterogeneous networks [ill].

There are some strong advantages of combining optical networks with pubsub model e.g. both of them believe in local decision making than configuring end to end paths. Dynamic optical layer can share the pressure at the routing layer for efficient content delivery resulting in fair use of the infrastructure [marco1].

Economical and Commercial Review

Apart from the research bodies and universities, people from the key market players like BT and Ericsson, Xerox [ill][lipsin][ccnx] are also actively involved in the pubsub work, unlike the earlier internet designed by the government bodies [isoc]. This has two advantages; it allows addressing the practical problems faced by these companies right at the design level rather than added as patches later on. When it comes to actual deployment of the researched work, it will have ready acceptance from these industry players and their partners which is a big plus from commercial point of view.

The work directly affects to the companies in content distribution network like Akamai, Limelight Networks [cdn]. Inherent smart multicast and caching abilities open new opportunities to them allowing cost-effective data distribution.

Further Dirk in his paper [driver] comments that metadata databases in the CCN can be used for pricing the specific services in fair manner. This does not need any burden on data bandwidth such as deep inspection or bid packets to differentiate between the streams. Thus CCN may change the way the end user is charged.

Last point worth mentioning is CCN routers consume less electrical energy as compared to the current IP based content distribution strategies like P2P or content distribution networks [green]. Concepts like caching reduce the transit traffic helping in less energy consumption. Also less O-E-O conversions contribute to save the energy consumption at intermediate nodes.

Proposal

This project falls under PURSUIT [pursuit] which is continuation of the PSIRP project. This project will contribute to the forwarding plane related work of the PUBSUB networks, implemented using O-E-O routers. As PUBSUB uses optical networks in the ground, it is about optical traffic engineering i.e. creating on demand light paths in the network in order to make efficient use of resources. It can be explained with the figurexyz below.

Another important decision needs to be taken is when to shut down this light path i.e. if the traffic at node Y has minimised to earlier levels, so that optical layer has minimum number of wavelength to deal with.

The decision of cutting a new wavelength will be made based on two things,

Size of the content which is going to flow – In CCN, we can know beforehand the amount of data which will flow through the nodes by looking at its metadata. If the data consumes the substantial amount of wavelength capacity then it makes sense to cut a new wavelength.
Quality metrics at the intermediate nodes – Some quality metrics at the intermediate node such as delay might make a decision to cut another wavelength when it goes beyond some threshold.

So the project fully focuses on creating/destroying new wavelengths depending on the quality metrics at the electrical layer or based on the content.

The scope of this project is limited to building simulations and then verification of them using test-bed. The simulations will be performed using proprietary simulator to study the various networking scenarios e.g. for different delay thresholds and topologies. This will yield statistical graphs for number of wavelengths in the network and delay characteristics which can be studied further for optimization. Next step is verification of these results with the help of 3-node test –bed setup as shown in figurexyz. Though the work is limited to 3- node setup, it will serve as a prototype for the further research.

The work done can be gauged on two things,

The statistical results (graphs) generated from the simulations. Expectation is that, it will generate number of curves for delay vs number of wavelengths which will show some sweet spot where both of them are at the optimum level.
Results of the test-bed which will verify the rules of thumbs generated with simulation.

Project Plan

The project work can be broken down in the following tasks and subtasks.

Background Study – This includes numbers of things like,

• Understanding concept of PUBSUB and Optical Networking
• Literature Review
• Project Proposal

Study of a simulator – It is necessary getting acquainted with simulator before the project approaches simulation stage. Hence initial time of the project is assigned for it.

Generating Representative Traffic Model (RTM) – This step involves defining the data models for PUBSUSB network which will be part of metadata. This will help in identifying huge data flows by reading the metadata content.

Identifying Simulation Scenarios – This will decide what type of simulation scenarios to include e.g. networks with different topologies and data stream with different quality metrics and actually running these scenarios to collect the statistics. This can be further broken down in three cases.

• Modelling network with huge traffic flows
• Modelling network with different delays at intermediate nodes
• Modelling network with different delays and different topologies
• Modelling network with different types of traffic (if time permits)

1. Network Optimization – It is concerned with generating rules of thumb for particular traffic or topologies from statistics collected from the simulations.
2. Test-bed Verification – The rules of thumbs generated from optimization process will be verified for proof of principle using the 3-node test-bed setup.
3. Report writing and presentation – Last one month of the project is dedicated for report writing and for preparing the presentation.

References

1. Internet Society (ISOC) All About The Internet. (Undated). History of the Internet. [Online]. Viewed on : 2 March 2011. Available: http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/cerf.shtml (isoc)
2. Cisco Systems. (2010, June). Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Methodology, 2009-2014. [Online]. Viewed on: 2 March 2011. Available: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-481360.html (cisco)
3. Content Centric Networking (CCNx) Source. (Undated). Welcome |Project CCNx. [Online]. Viewed on: 2 March 2011. Available: http://www.ccnx.org/ (ccnx)
4. (Undated). The FP7 4WARD Project. Viewed on: 2 March 2011. Available: http://www.4ward-project.eu/ (4ward)
5. http://www.psirp.org/ (psirp)
6. http://www.fp7-pursuit.eu/PursuitWeb/ (pursuit)
7. http://gigaom.com/2007/08/06/cdn-price-wars/ (cdn)
8. Alcatel Optical Networks Tutorial (alca)
9. Arun Somani, Cambridge (cam)
10. The Rationale of Optical Networking (rat)
11. Illustrating a Publish-Subscribe Internet Architecture (ill)
12. Rethinking the Design of the Internet: The End-to-End Arguments vs. the Brave New World (blue)
13. Academic Dissemination and Exploitation of a Clean-slate Internetworking Architecture: The Publish-Subscribe Internet Routing Paradigm (msc)
14. Towards a new generation of information-oriented internetworking architectures (tow)
15. Greening the Internet with Content-Centric Networking (green)
16. Arguments for an Information-Centric Internetworking Architecture (arg)
17. Not Paying the Truck Driver: Differentiated Pricing for the Future Internet (driver)
18. LIPSIN: Line Speed Publish/Subscribe Inter-Networking (lipsin)
19. Optical IP Switching for dynamic traffic engineering in next-generation optical networks (marco1)
20. Optical IP Switching: A Flow-Based Approach to Distributed Cross-Layer Provisioning (marco2)
21. Dynamic Multilayer Routing Schemes in GMPLS-Based IP+Optical Networks (oki)