Nursing

Chamberlain College of Nursing. Transcript Organization and Time Management Starting a new venture can be exciting and challenging. You’re pleased to begin a new phase In your life, yet concerned about how you’ll handle all of the new responsibilities. You may already have a Job, family. And other commitments, and now you’ve added school to the list. Are there enough hours in the day?

One way to answer this question is to take a serious look at how much time you Penn working, sleeping, caring for your family, and engaging in outside activities. Ask yourself what could be consolidated, eliminated, or delegated to someone else to allow you more time for school. The Question As a nurse, you already have many organizational and time management skills that you put to use every day in your job. Think about your skills, and then click to view the answer.

Your Answer The Expert Says If you are a staff nurse, each morning you check the assignment board to see which tenants you’ll care for that day, gather your report sheets, and enter the conference room. You’ll listen to reports focusing on the Important issues and Jotting down notes to help you remember the Items later In the day. Chances are that you have a system for taking report that even involves writing the important issues in certain locations on your report sheet for easy retrieval later. As you leave the conference room, you’re thinking about meds due in the next hour and organizing your medication cart.

You aka rounds on your patients and do assessments next. Whether you use a written list or a mental one, you’ve already determined what Important events need to be taken care of during your shift. Who Is going to surgery and needs the preoperative checklist completed? Who is going home and needs discharge teaching and confirmation of transportation? Who is a flirt-day posts patient and needs the dressing changed and to be up in a chair? Who needs blood? On top of all that, you’re prepared for the unexpected admissions or emergencies.

You know who your aide is for the day and what you’ll be delegating to that person. You then remember that you have a staff meeting at 1 p. M. , so you’ll need to plan your schedule a little differently today to make time to attend that Important meeting. The day doesn’t end when you’re done at work. Tonight is your son’s hockey game, so you’ll be there after work. See? You already have much experience organizing and managing your time! How can you use all those great skills to promote success as an online student? Compare

According to the Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary (2009), power is simply the capacity to exercise control and influence over others, in so doing, a certain possession of authority must be apparent. The root word, or etymology, of power sprouted from the Anglo-French poer, and Vulgar Latin potere, which mean “to be able” and “acting with potency”, respectively (Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary, 2009; Marquis and Huston, 2003, p. 184). And as common knowledge to everyone, power and leadership are terms which are often associated with each other.

Certainly, in order for a leadership to be effective, an appreciable degree of power is required to support it, thereby exemplifying the relationship between power and leadership (Marquis and Huston, 2003). Additionally, the illustration below enumerates the types of power that leaders may employ, and their corresponding sources: (Adapted from Marquis and Huston, 2003, pp. 187, 202) 2. Describe a situation where one may use a transformational leadership style and what type of power would you use.

According to Friedman (2000), transformational leadership is a leadership style that utilizes a high level of motivation among the subordinates in order to achieve better and greater performances that can eventually lead to positive and desirable outcomes. Moreover, transformational leadership involves a shared vision that inspires an organizational unit to accomplish its goals, as well as boosting the organization’s confidence (Friedman, 2000; Marquis and Huston, 2003). In short, vision is the essence of a transformational leadership (Marquis and Huston, 2003).

A hospital’s nursing services department, which encompasses the nursing staff and its heads, is a situation or scenario to which transformational leadership is applicable and conducive. In this regard, according to Tyrrell (1994, p. 93, as cited in Marquis and Huston, 2003, p. 19), the nurse supervisor or nurse manager (nursing head, director) can be referred to as a “transformational leader” who can motivate and empower the nursing staff to render excellent patient care and attain quality nursing services.

In this regard, the referent type of power can be used by the leader (nurse supervisor or nurse manager), which is exactly corresponding to transformational leadership, as this type of power is obtained through association with others (in this case, the supervisor or manager associates with the nursing staff) (Marquis and Huston, 2003). 3. Find any article that focuses on a societal/organizational problem. Summarize the article and using a leadership theory as a framework, explain how a leader might approach the problem.

An article entitled “Case of Lemons” (found in Marquis and Huston, 2003, pp. 199-200 [Learning Exercise 8. 3]), which is based on a real event, deals with an organizational difficulty involving the nursing director (Ms. Jones), the hospital administrator (Ms. Smith) and the assistant hospital administrator (Mr. Black). The issue revolves around a possible dispute between the newly-appointed assistant hospital administrator, Mr. Black, and the nursing director, Ms. Jones. This is because Mr.

Black wants to extend the scope of his power by taking the hiring of new nurses under his management and supervision. As a background, the recruitment and hiring of new nurses are previously covered by the nursing service department, which is under the directorship Ms. Jones. Upon hearing the idea, Ms. Jones got angry as an initial reaction but she kept her feeling to herself. Eventually, Ms. Jones conceived a good idea which she immediately presented to Ms. Smith, the hospital director. Ms. Jones suggested that the hiring personnel can be under the command of Mr.

Black, but the personnel will still be situated inside the nursing department office. In this manner, Ms. Jones can still monitor the recruitment process while the personnel are under Mr. Black’s supervision. Eventually, Ms. Smith found the idea of Ms. Jones an exemplary one, which is also acceptable for Mr. Black. Hence, Ms. Jones exhibited self-control, stayed professional, managed her composure and bounced back despite the seemingly odd situation. The abovementioned case exemplified a laudable leadership style, as manifested by the nursing director.

As explicated by the leadership theory, Ms. Jones played the roles of a decision maker, communicator, facilitator, influencer, critical thinker, and a creative problem solver (Marquis and Huston, 2003), which pave the way for the resolution of the issue. She also used her legitimate power as a nursing director, who is expressing her concerns to the prospective new nurses who will join her staff after the hiring process, and her charismatic power that motivated the hospital administrator and the assistant hospital administrator to agree with her suggestion.

Thus, she effectively approached the problem with core knowledge pertaining to the leadership framework.

References Friedman, J. P. (2000). Dictionary of Business Terms. 3rd Edition. New York: Barron’s Educational Series, Inc. Marquis, B. L. & Huston, C. J. (2003). Leadership roles and management functions in nursing theory and application (pp. 11-24, 184-207). Fourth Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. power. (2009). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved April 14, 2009, from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/power

Historical Figures of Nursing Whenever people mention or think of the history of nursing or nursing education many instantly think of Florence Nightingale or Clara Barton. Granted, Florence deserves credit for the advancements she made in nursing, but nursing goes back further than Florence Nightingale. One nurse, that little is known about is James Derham. James was born into slavery in approximately 1762, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. James was known to be owned by three different individuals, all of whom were doctors, one in Philadelphia, a British army surgeon, and a New Orleans physician (Hansen, A. 002). In the 18th century it was common for nursing education to be obtained through an apprenticeship, which is exactly how Derham became a nurse, assisting all three of his masters and learning from them. One of his masters, Dr. Robert Dove of New Orleans, encouraged Derham’s interest in medicine. James worked as a nurse and purchased his freedom in 1783 (Wikipedia). After purchasing his freedom, Dr. Derham opened a medical practice in New Orleans, by age 26 his annual earrings exceeded $3,000. 00 (Cobb, W. 1963). Dr.

James Derham is the first African-American to formally practice medicine in the United States, although he never received a medical degree (Nursetini, 2009). Dr. Derham was known to speak English, French and Spanish. Dr. Derham returned to Philadelphia where he specialized in throat diseases and diseases related to climate (Wikipedia). Dr. Benjamin Rush, the father of American medicine, spoke with Dr. Derham and had the following to say “I have conversed with him upon most of the acute and epidemic diseases of the country where he lives. I expected to have suggested some new medicines to him, but he suggested many more to me.

He is very modest and engaging in his manners. He speaks French fluently, and has some knowledge of Spanish” (Bennett, L. 1970). Derham disappeared around 1802, fate unknown (Nursetini). In 1960 New Orleans established the James Derham Middle School (now Junior High School) in his honor (Nursetini). Dr. James Derham demonstrated through his dedication to his profession what individuals can achieve with hard work. He overcame several barriers during his career, such as slavery and lack of a formal education, to become recognized as a professional who contributed to healthcare and the treatment of patients.

Another individual who has contributed significantly to the advancement of nursing is Margaret Sanger, birth control pioneer (Wardell, D). Margaret was born in 1879 in Corning, N. Y. , one of eleven children of Irish immigrants. Margaret’s mother had 18 pregnancies, becoming weaker and sicker with each one, dying in her 40’s. Margaret’s goal was to become a doctor and to help individuals like her mother. Unfortunately there wasn’t any money for Margaret to go to medical school, but two of her sisters supported her education finically to become a nurse.

Margaret was an OB Nurse working mostly in the East-Side/Lower East Side of New York City where she frequently received calls to help and tend to lower income women following self-induced abortions. The tragic case of Sadie Sachs is a well-known moment in the Sanger “saga. ” As Sanger herself saw it, the Sachs case marked the turning point of her life and the beginning of the U. S. birth control movement (Wardell, D. 1980). Sadie Sachs was a 28 year old woman, mother of three children who called out for help following a self-induced abortion and had blood poisoning.

Margaret stayed by Sadie’s bedside for three weeks, nonstop, until the crisis was over and Margaret’s 24/7 care was no longer needed. Margaret was present, when Sadie asked the physician caring for her, how to prevent another pregnancy. The physician told Sadie to have her husband sleep on the roof. Three months later, Margaret was called again to Sadie’s home, for the same reason. Ten minutes after Margaret’s arrival Sadie died. Margaret made her decision: “It was the dawn of a new day in my life…I knew I could not go back merely to keeping people alive…” (Wardell, D. 980). Margaret Sanger dedicated her career to educating women on birth control and contraception prevention. Sanger had significant barriers to overcome, including governmental law, which cited birth control information to be a crime, and lack of physician education on birth control and physician willingness to learn about birth control and their unwillingness to challenge the law. Margaret remained dedicated to her commitment and established the first U. S. birth control clinic in 1916 in Brooklyn, N. Y. , which was staffed by Sanger and her sister, both nurses.

The clinic was illegal and was raided by the NY city police. Margaret and her sister were arrested, Margaret served her time in prison, and Margaret’s sister served her time in a workhouse. Sanger eventually hired a physician, Dr. Hannah Stone, to staff her clinic and direct the new Clinical Research Bureau. Dr. Stone quickly became respected by her peers for her “competent care and eloquent statics” (Wardell, D. 1980). Again the clinic was raided, during the raid the police confiscated patient charts and private patient information, and this action finally got the attention, dissatisfaction and support of physicians.

A key to Margaret’s continued success with the clinic was her marriage to J. Noah Slee, who was the president of Three-in-One Oil Company. Slee not only supported Sanger finically, but shipped diaphragms from Germany to his Canadian factory and then smuggled the diaphragms into the U. S, in Three-in-One Oil boxes. Margaret published pamphlets and gave lectures on birth control throughout her career while trying to establish her clinic, all to educate women and to help prevent unwanted pregnancies, allowing women to make wise health decisions for them.

Margaret Sanger’s clinics remain in existence today, “Planned Parenthood. ” Margaret took a personal experience of what she saw in the care of her patient and dedicated her life’s work to educating patients, helping them to make safe health decisions and safe health practices, not seeking back alley care or help. Margaret was instrumental in developing the practices and availability of services that the majority of women in the U. S. take for granted currently.

Introduction

            The article ‘Confidence in controlling a SARS outbreak: Experiences of public health nurses in managing home quarantine measures in Taiwan’ is a 2006 publication authored by Chih-Cheng Hsu, Ted Chen, Mei Chang and Yu-Kang Chang and published in the American Journal of Infection Control, volume 34, issue 4. This article examines the level of confidence and the reasons behind the state of confidence in controlling the 2003 severe acute syndrome (SARS) epidemic among nurses in Taiwan. Hsu et al (2003) identify that the level of confidence depended on how serious the epidemic was perceived, daily reporting of the epidemic as well as the number of infected persons in a particular community.

Critique

            Public health nurses in Taiwan have portrayed professional confidence in the past as evidenced by their participation in eradicating malaria and implementing contraception policies. Nevertheless, the 2003 SARS epidemic met the nurses unprepared thus their professional confidence was at task. This was more so in ensuring that the home quarantine policy instituted by the National department of Health was successful yet health center nurses were not involved in coming up with the policy. With public health nurses being in contact with SARS infected patients and SARS suspected cases, most of them were greatly challenged since they lack the experience to handle the outbreak. In this study, Hsu and colleagues (2006) identified that a great majority of nurses (up to 72%) did not have confidence that the epidemic would be controlled in a short time. It was also evident that there were challenges encountered in the process of implementing the SARS quarantine policy. In specific, the nurses were concerned that they did not have enough protection against the virus. In addition, the public was not cooperative in the SARS control efforts not to mention that there was a communication breakdown between control agencies as well as non-existent standard operating procedures.

            While the Taiwan’s Department of Health responded promptly to the SARS outbreak, the measure did not consider the welfare of the public health nurses who were to have hands on job in the quarantine process. The safety of the nurse is paramount to ensuring that effective care is delivered (Cherry & Jacob, 2005). By failing to provide enough safety measures, nurses had to develop a pessimistic attitude towards success of containing SARS in Taiwan. In addition, it is notable that effective implementation of any policy depends on the participation of all stakeholders (McQueen, Jones & Jones, 2007). In this scenario, the public’s failure to adhere to quarantine procedures discouraged nurses from effectively handling the epidemic. While the public is to be blamed, the government and the quarantine program directors are mainly to blame due to poor communication concerning the seriousness of the outbreak. Furthermore, outdated information relayed to nurses failed to be in tandem with the situation on the ground.

            In controlling this epidemic, the Watson nursing model provides suggestions that can be effective. By recognizing that “caring can be effectively demonstrated and practiced only interpersonally” (Nursing Theories, 2010, para 2), the SARS quarantine policy would have focused on promoting the relationship between the nurse and the quarantined individuals. Due to the severity of the epidemic, provision of enough protective materials would have boosted nurses’ confidence to interact with the patients. Lack of confidence is indicative of lost faith and hope among nurses. Unfortunately, this is transmitted to the patient in the relationship between the patient and care giver. By focusing on building faith and hope in nurses and the public through provision of accurate and up to date data, nurses would have gained confidence on controlling SARS outbreak in Taiwan.

References

Cherry, B. and Jacob, S. R. (2005). Contemporary nursing: issues, trends, & management. 3rd Ed. ISBN 032302968X: Elsevier Health Sciences.

Hsu, C., Chen, T., Chang, M. and Chang, Y. (2006). Confidence in controlling a SARS outbreak: Experiences of public health nurses in managing home quarantine measures in Taiwan. American Journal of Infection Control, 34(4): 176-181.

McQueen, D. V., Jones, C. M. and Jones, C. (2007). Global perspectives on health promotion effectiveness. ISBN 0387709738:

Nursing Theories. (2010). Jean Watson’s philosophy of nursing. Retrieved 16, Aug. 2010 from http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Watson.html

Transition Nursing Process Discussion Group 3 Case Study Michael Martinez Is a 24-year-old Marine who was Involved In a motor vehicle accident (MBA) while on leave. His face hit the dashboard, resulting in a fracture of the mandible. Yesterday, he underwent a surgical incommensurable fixation, (wiring of the Jaw) for stabilization of the fracture. As a result of this surgery, he is unable to open his mouth and is limited to a liquid diet. The restricted diet will be necessary for 4 to 5 weeks until the fracture heals. One day post pop, his vital signs are 120/76, T-99. 2, P-82, and R- 20.

After medication, is pain level is 3/10. With the exception of facial bruising, his appearance is within normal Limits, Steps of the Nursing Process Patient Information Assessment Objective and subjective data will be entered here. The database presented In the case study will be used. Data is collected and verified from the primary (apt. ) and the secondary (family, friends, health professionals, and medical record). Analysis of this data provides the basis for development of the remaining steps in the nursing process. Subjective: Patient expresses disinterest in a liquid only diet Objective: wired Jaw Liquid diet Nursing Diagnosis

After analyzing the assessment data, formulate a priority nursing diagnosis. Remember, a nursing diagnosis is a statement describing the patient’s actual or potential response to a health problem that the nurse Is licensed and competent to treat. An actual diagnosis Is written In three parts: diagnostic label (problem) related to_ as evidenced/exhibited by_. A risk diagnosis is written in two parts: Risk for (diagnostic label) _ related to Nutrition: less than body requirements related to Inability to eat solid foods as evidenced by liquid diet post-surgery Planning Goals: Now is the time set patient centered goals.

Here you will develop expected selection of interventions based on six important factors outlined in your text. Please write the interventions you select below in implementation. Patient will be free of signs of malnutrition post dinner time each shift Implementation Here is where the nurse will carry out the plan of care. Then continue data collection and modify the plan of care as needed and document care provided. What nursing interventions will you provide to enhance patient outcomes? Assess patient’s weight every shift Calculate bowel sounds Evaluate total daily food intake Provide high calorie, nutrient-rich dietary supplements

Evaluation The purpose of evaluation is to support the effectiveness of nursing practice which is patient-centered and patient-driven. This phase measures the patient’s response to nursing interventions and progress towards achieving goals using five elements listed in the text. Did you achieve the goal for this nursing diagnosis? Will you continue the plan of care, revise the plan of care, or discontinue? Reassess patient’s lab value daily for signs of malnutrition. If malnourished call health care provider for further orders Patient will weight within 10% of normal body weight every morning

My most recent employment included working as a Rehabilitation vocational nurse in an in-patient Rehabilitation hospital. Typically I cared for 6-8 patients at a time, providing total care for each. I am IV certified with much experience in the field, particularly within pediatrics. I have worked with professional nurses, physical and occupational therapists, social workers, dietitians, physicians and more as part of a collaborative and comprehensive health care team.

Issues and Concerns Surrounding Transition For Practical/Vocational Nurse

A licensed practical or vocational nurse (LPN or LVN) is often the first step in one’s career toward becoming a certified professional nurse. The role of a vocational nurse differs significantly from the role of a professional nurse. Most nurses trained at this level have one year of study experience at a vocational or community college. A vocational nurse is used to working under the supervision of a licensed RN or professional nurse or physician (Quan, 2004).

There are multiple issues and concerns surrounding the transition to the role of professional nurse, none the least of which is the shortage of qualified nurse educators to provide guidance to LPN’s desiring a career as an RN (Quan, 2004). There are also multiple levels of education one may pursue as a professional nurse that must be considered (Quan, 2004). For example, while many hospitals in the past have offered three year courses allowing students to live in the hospitals, few of these programs still remain (Quan, 2004). Most vocational nurses now desiring a professional career must pursue their Bachelor of Science in Nursing or an associate’s degree in nursing. This requires much time, effort and of course, acceptance into a qualified nursing programs.

A vocational nurse must also have the ability to effectively transition to the role of a supervisor or leader, capable of making complex decisions and delegating tasks to others as part of their job responsibilities as a professional nurse.

Clinical Judgment in Autonomy and Accountability of Professional Nursing Practice

Professional nursing practice affords RN’s a relatively large amount of autonomy and accountability on the job. Professional nurses are often called on to use their own technical expertise and judgment to help manage and oversee patient care as part of members of a collaborative health care team (Shanbhag, 2002). They are accountable for the results of any decisions they make regarding patient care, even when those decisions involve delegating tasks to others.

In cases where professional nurses supervise the work functions of others, professional nurses must also be held accountable for patient outcomes and the outcomes of their underlings. Professional nurses are often afforded the ability to delegate tasks as they see appropriate to underlings including vocational nurses (Shanbhag, 2002). This requires not only a great deal of decision making ability but also the ability to differentiate among underling’s skills, qualifications and abilities. This will help them remain accountable for the actions of each member of their health care team.

A professional nurse is also more likely to be held accountable for patient’s outcomes as they often supervise the care of other nurses or health care assistants involved in patient care (Shanbhag, 2002). Most are expected to exercise “independent judgment” reserving the right to direct care in certain circumstance (Shanbhag, 2002). Professional nurses are also more likely to be held accountable for patient outcomes as well as the performance of those working under their direct supervision.

How Professional Nurse Collaborates with Others To Achieve Effective Patient Care

The best possible outcome for patients is only realized when professional nurses work as members of a multidisciplinary team, collaborating to ensure the best patient outcome. A professional nurse does not work alone but rather as a member of a comprehensive patient care team whose goals include optimizing patient outcomes. Members of this comprehensive health care team may include nursing assistants, professional nurses, primary care physicians, social workers, patients and family members (Coombs, 2004). For collaboration to work in the health care team it must often be defined in a non-hierarchical or cooperative manner based “on shared power and authority” assuming that each member of the team holds a certain level of knowledge, responsibility and influence that directly influences patient outcomes (Coombs, 2004).

Professional nursing requires many of the same leadership skills required of doctors or other management professionals. The primary leadership skills beneficial to the field include (1) the ability to establish, maintain and promote communication and interpersonal relationships, (2) the ability to delegate work tasks and oversee the work of others (3) the ability to make decisions based on one’s knowledge, skills and expertise (4) the ability to work as members of a collaborative team and (5) the ability to help create interdependency and promote knowledge sharing among all team members (Coombs, 2004). The ability to work collaboratively is a fundamental skill required of effective leaders (Miccolo & Spanier, 1993).

A professional nurse must first be able to provide coworkers, supervisors and underlings with clear communication and insight regarding his or her goals, methods, policies and programs. A professional nurse like any other member of a health care team is responsible for knowledge sharing. Anyone responsible for knowledge sharing within an organization must have the ability to develop communication skills among team members. Further, a leader knows how to delegate work tasks to ensure they aren’t overburdened by administrative or nursing tasks at any one point in time. This helps reduce burn out and promotes a more efficient and product team environment. A nurse must also rely on their own education, experience and knowledge to help make directed and responsible decisions within the health care environment. This will help the nurse work as an effective leader within the health care team, and promote cooperation among all team members.

Management of Nursing Care and Delegation

Professional nurses must act as managers, working to help build, create, maintain and manage effective partnerships or teams of workers within the health care environment. The management of nursing care involves identifying what members of the health care team are capable of carrying out certain roles, and assigning them those roles accordingly to ensure the patients basic needs are met, and to ensure a positive health outcome for patients treated under a professional nurses care.

Delegation of tasks is an autonomous task requiring independent decision-making capability. Since professional nurses tend to work in a role that requires leadership, independent thinking, decision making and accountability for patient outcomes, it naturally follows that professional nurses must learn how to delegate tasks appropriately. Proper use of delegation within the health care environment will also free up time for professional nurses to work with multiple patients and to address the many administrative functions and tasks that come along with the role of a professional nurse in today’s health care environment (Coombs, 2004).

The first hr after birth is a clip of peculiar sensitiveness for the female parent. Close contact with her babe during this clip facilitates the attachment procedure. Mother-baby bonding is enhanced when the bare neonate is placed on the female parent ‘s bare thorax. The female parent begins her scrutiny of her babe by researching the appendages and caput with her fingertips. Thereafter, she caresses her babe ‘s organic structure with her full manus before garnering her babe in her weaponries frequently in the en face place where eye-to-eye contact can be established. She talks to her babe with great emotion, looking for positive support from her spouse and other birth attenders. This sensitive period of interaction between the female parent and babe should advance ideal subsequently development of the babe.

Therefore, it is of import after a gestation period of nine months, non to divide the babe from his female parent instantly after birth unless otherwise contraindicated due to wellness grounds

A turning volume of research supports skin-to-skin contact between the female parent and the neonate in the immediate post-delivery period. Skin to clamber contact is defined as puting the bare newborn babe, prone covered across the dorsum with a warm cover, on the female parent ‘s bare thorax outright following birth.

A significant figure of surveies showed that early skin-to-skin contact between the female parent and the neonate is good to the neonate. Some of the benefits of skin-to-skin contact include stabilisation of the neonate ‘s organic structure temperature through thermoregulation, ordinance of bosom rate and ordinance of respiratory rate ( Wallace & A ; Marshal, 2001 ) . Additionally, early skin-to-skin contact facilitates the induction of breastfeeding, helps neonatal thermoregulation and promotes maternal-infant bonding ( Dabrowski, 2007 ; Wallace & A ; Marshal, 2001 ) . Skin to clamber contact may besides guarantee colonisation of the babe with the female parent ‘s ain tegument vegetation, for which the kid will hold some opposition ( Wallace & A ; Marshal, 2001 ) .

Despite its aforesaid benefits and despite the UNICEF ‘s Baby Friendly best pattern run which calls for early tegument to clamber contact. Nowadays, separation of female parents from their newborn babes at bringing has become a usual pattern despite the intensifying grounds that this may hold negative effects on the neonate. This pattern is still non being implemented in the labour room in Bahrain. This can be due to miss of labour room nurses knowledge about the benefits of skin-to-skin contact.

Study intent:

To measure the perceptual experience of labour room nurses about skin-to-skin contact.

Problem statement:

What is the perceptual experience of labour room nurses towards skin-to-skin contact between female parent and the neonate?

Research inquiries:

( 1 ) what do labour room nurses know about tegument to clamber contact? , ( 2 ) what are the factors labour room nurses place as barriers to execution of tegument to clamber contact, ( 3 ) what are the factors labour room nurses place as facilitators to execution of tegument to clamber contact?

Aims:

Identifying cognition degree of labour room nurses will assist in planing and implementing in-service instruction plans to educate nurses about the importance of skin-to-skin contact. Additionally, placing the barriers and facilitators of skin-to-skin contact will assist in planing intercessions to diminish the barriers and increase the factors that will ease skin-to-skin contact. This in bend will increase the execution of skin-to-skin contact in the labour suites in Bahrain.

Conceptual definition:

Skin to clamber contact: Puting the bare neonate on the female parent ‘s bare thorax instantly after birth.

Knowledge: Information about tegument to clamber contact

Barriers: Factors that decrease the likeliness of implementing tegument to clamber contact

Facilitators: Factors that encourage the execution of tegument to clamber contact

Operational definition:

Skin to clamber contact: puting the bare newborn babe, on his/her tummy covered across the dorsum with a warm cover, on the female parent ‘s bare thorax for at least 15 proceedingss get downing instantly after birth.

Cognition: the sum of information labour room nurses have about how to implement skin-to-skin contact and the benefits of skin-to-skin contact.

Barriers: the factors that prevent labour room nurses from implementing skin-to-skin contact.

Facilitators: the factors that help labour room nurses to implement skin-to-skin contact.

Literature reappraisal:

Skin-to-skin contact between the female parent and her neonate has been extensively researched and debated over the past 40 old ages. A thorough hunt of the literature revealed a big figure of surveies that focused on assorted facets of skin-to-skin contact including benefits to the female parent. However, the focal point of this reappraisal of the literature is on the benefits of skin-to-skin contact to the newborn and on the consequence of increasing nurse ‘s cognition on the rate of skin-to-skin execution in the labour room.

Five relevant articles were selected for inclusion in this paper. These included one meta-analysis, one literature reappraisal and three research surveies.

Benefits of skin-to skin contact:

Two of import benefits of skin-to-skin contact to the neonates are thermoregulation and increased success of suckling. Jonas et al. , ( 2008 ) investigated the relationship between thermoregulation and breast-feeding two yearss after birth in a sample of 47 mother-infant braces. They besides wanted to larn if this relationship would be affected by the disposal of extradural analgesia ( EDA ) and oxytocin ( OT ) during labour. The sample was divided into three groups: OT group ( n=9 ) , OT plus EDA group ( n=20 ) and control group ( n=18 ) . The research workers monitored the temperature of the babes at 5, 10, 20 and 30 proceedingss after the neonate was placed skin-to-skin on the female parent ‘s thorax and covered with cover. They found that the babies whose female parents received EDA during labour their temperature increased foremost but remain same in comparing to OT and control group, which the tegument temperature increased significantly.

Bystrova, et al. , ( 2007 ) investigated the effects of bringing ward patterns and early Suckling on maternal axillary and chest temperatures during the first 2 hours postpartum and related them to infant ‘s pes and alar temperatures. A sample of 176 mother-infant braces was randomized as follows: skin-to-skin contact group ( n=44 ) , which involved bare babies lying prone on their female parent ‘s bare thorax ; mother ‘s arm group ( n=44 ) , which involved appareled babies lying prone on their female parent ‘s thorax, and babies who were dressed and kept in the baby’s room ( n=88 ) . Maternal alar and breast temperatures, babies ‘ axillary, and pes temperatures were measured at 15-minute intervals from 30-120 proceedingss after birth. The fluctuation in chest temperature was highest in female parents in the skin-to-skin group and lowest in female parents of babies who were placed in the baby’s room. A positive relationship was found between the maternal alar temperature and the infant pes and alar temperature 90 proceedingss after the start of the experiment in the skin-to-skin and female parent ‘s weaponries group. No such relationship was established in nursery group. In add-on, foot temperature in babies from the skin-to-skin group was 2oC higher than those babies from the female parent ‘s weaponries group.

Bergstrom et al. , ( 2006 ) investigated the immediate maternal thermal response to skin-to-skin attention of newborn. In a sample of 39 female parents, the research workers measured the maternal tegument and alar temperatures instantly before skin-to-skin contact, so every 2minutes for 20minutes and eventually 10minutes after taking the newborn. They besides, measured the newborn ‘s brow, alar temperatures instantly before skin-to-skin contact, and twice after originating skin-to-skin, followed by a measuring 10minutes after newborn has been removed. Researchers found a positive relationship between maternal tegument temperatures in response to skin-to-skin contact, as a rapid thermic response established in maternal chest tegument instantly after skin-to-skin contact. It rose by o.5Celcius grade on norm the first 2minutes after skin-to-skin contact and dropped by 0.5Celcius grade 10minutes after newborn has been removed. Maternal alar temperature besides, raised 2minutes after induction of skin-to-skin but stayed changeless 10minutes after removed of the newborn from skin-to-skin place.

Anderson ( 2003 ) examined the relationship between early skin-to-skin contact and breast-feeding and found that skin-to-skin contact had positive effects on breast-feeding. In add-on, Anderson ( 2003 ) found that skin-to-skin contact improved infant-maternal bonding. Luclington ( 2004 ) discussed the positive physiological effects of kangaroo female parent attention ( KMC ) on babies ‘ temperature, weight, bosom rate and respiratory rate. The KMC is another nomenclature that describes skin-to-skin contact. Sloan ( 1994 ) found that babies who received KMC were less likely to develop pneumonia compared to the babies who did non have KMC. Tessier ( 2003 ) reported that the babies who received uninterrupted KMC had higher IQ degree compared to the other babies who did non have KMC. Johnston ( 2003 ) research showed that babies who received KMC demonstrated less hurting and Charpak ( 2005 ) showed that babies who receive KMC were discharged earlier than babies who did non have KMC.

A Meta-analysis of 23 surveies was done by Mori, Khanna, Pledge and Nakayama ( 2009 ) to analyze the physiological effects of skin-to-skin contact on the newborn. Consequences of this analysis showed that skin-to-skin contact had positive effects on the neonate ‘s bosom rate and organic structure temperature. However, no relationship was found between skin-to-skin contact and the neonate ‘s O impregnations ( Mori et al. , 2009 ) .

In drumhead, research on skin-to-skin contact indicates that this pattern has several benefits for both the female parent and the baby. Some of these benefits include ordinance of the baby ‘s organic structure temperature, increasing maternal-infant bonding, and bettering breast-feeding chances.

Design:

A descriptive, non-experimental design will be used to measure the perceptual experience of labour room nurses about skin-to-skin contact between the female parent and her neonate.

Sample:

The trying method that we will utilize in choosing our topics is convenience trying. The sample will include nurses who work in the labour suites of authorities infirmaries including Salmaniya Medical Complex and Jidhafs Maternity Hospital. The sample will dwell of 50 labour room nurses available on a indiscriminately selected twenty-four hours and displacement. The sample will be drawn from the two aforesaid infirmaries as follows: Jihafs Maternity Hospital ( n=20 ) , and Salmaniya Medical Complex ( n=30 ) .

Standards for inclusion of sample:

The sample for this survey will dwell of labour room nurses working in authorities infirmaries in Bahrain. Nurses take parting in this survey must hold at least five old ages labour room experience. Bahraini and non-Bahraini nurses will be included. Nurses with Associate Degree or Bachelors of Science Degree will be included.

Data bite instrument:

A self-report questionnaire consisting of 12 inquiries on skin-to-skin contact and four demographic informations inquiries will be used to roll up informations from the sample.

Pilot survey:

A pilot survey will be conducted to prove the dependability and cogency of the questionnaire. The sample for the pilot survey will dwell of a convenience sample of 10 labour room nurses from Salmaniya Medical Center.

The survey questionnaire will be modified as necessary based on the consequences of the pilot survey.

Data aggregation processs:

Permission to carry on the survey will be obtained from the head nursing services for infirmary. Following the blessing of the survey, the main nursing officer will administer an blessing missive to the nurses who are incharge of the labour suites in the three infirmaries.

The questionnaires will be manus delivered in certain envelopes to the labour room incharges of the two infirmaries who will administer the questionnaire to their staff nurses. Each one of the research workers will be responsible for presenting the envelopes to one of the three infirmaries. The topics will be given two hebdomads to finish the questionnaires and return them to the office of the incharge individual of the labour room. The nurse incharge will be asked by the research worker to remind her staff to return the envelops with the completed questionnaires to her office. The envelops will so be collected by one of the research workers.

Data analysis process:

The statistical bundle for the societal scientific disciplines ( SPSS-version 17 ) will be used to analyse the information. Descriptive statistics will be used to depict the sample features. Inferential statistics including Chi square will be used to analyse informations sing cognition degree of labour room nurses of skin-to-skin contact.