Ocean

Oceans around the world are turning into dustbins and all this waste is leaving a serious impact on the marine life conditions. The International Coastal Cleanup Initiative has detected how much waste is being dumped in the oceans around the world in just 24 hours and the answer is surprising.

Investigation has revealed that 9 crore 20 lakh kg of garbage is collected from oceans and rivers around the world in just 24 hours. Not only this, towels can be made up to 28 kilometers long with ropes, threads thrown on the beaches. Every year around 8 million metric tons of plastic is going into the oceans.

Rich countries with good recycling units accuse Southeast Asian countries for dumping of waste in the oceans. But upon investigation, it is found that the accusers themselves are shedding a lot of garbage.

Long and Short Essay on Ocean Dumping in English

We have provided below Essay on Ocean Dumping in various word counts for the benefit of readers to collect the information about the illegal dumping of garbage into seas and oceans causing a great danger for marine ecosystem.

Following Ocean Dumping Essay will help the students up to senior secondary level to complete the assigned task by their school and will prove useful in various kinds of competitions such as debates, essay writing and prepare speeches.

So, go through these essays and find your own needed ones:

Ocean Dumping Essay – 1 (200 words)

We get many economic benefits from the sea, for example, fish, tourism, minerals, medicines, new energy, trade and traffic. According to estimates, the value of all products derived from the sea is $ 2.5 trillion. If the steps are not taken now, our oceans will be the biggest victims of garbage dumping.

Climate change has become the biggest challenge in the world at this time. The condition of the ocean is also deteriorating very quickly. The United Nations Conference to Save the Oceans was held in 2017 the UN Head Quarters, New York, United States. In this, various countries, institutions and trade groups vowed to save the sea.

Today, the biggest danger of pollution is not only for the Earth but also for the oceans. Due to this, the marine flora and fauna present in the bottom of oceans is rapidly disappearing. Every year more than one million birds and one lakh marine creatures are dying due to plastic pollution in the sea.

According to scientists, we get ten percent of the oxygen we use for breathing, from the oceans. The micro-bacteria present in the ocean emit oxygen, which is very important for life on earth.

Scientists have found in the study that these bacteria are not able to flourish due to plastic pollution in the sea. Due to this, the amount of oxygen in the sea is also continuously decreasing and there is a great danger to humans, including animals and birds.

Ocean Dumping Essay – 2 (300 words)

The first United Nations Conference to save the Oceans was held in 2017 at UN Head Quarter at New York, United States. In this conference, several countries, institutions and trade groups vowed to save the sea. This is the first time that 193 member countries of the United Nations along with educational, scientific, civil society activists and business executives were present. Everyone took the initiative to suggest ways to keep the ocean healthy and vibrant along with trading of money in the sea. The importance of the conference has increased further in the wake of the USA announcing the exit from the Paris Climate Change Agreement.

In the last two centuries 525 billion tons of waste have gone into the oceans. If there were no seas, the Earth’s average temperature would have risen further. Garbage, carbon dioxide and waste have been polluting the sea for decades.

This conference was held at the time when all kinds of waste generated on land are going into the oceans. The Global Integrated Marine Assessment released at this conference says that the ability to absorb pollution in the oceans is complete.

But unfortunately, we know very little about the oceans spread around us. The Indian Ocean has been studied very rarely. One reason behind this may be that the countries whose borders the Indian Ocean is connected with are very poor and cannot spend a lot of money on research. So far, two international expeditions have been sent to study the ocean. A campaign was sent in 2015. But the purpose of this expedition is mainly limited to the discovery of new grounds for fishing. By the end of the five-day conference, representatives of various countries who attended the conference took voluntary resolutions to keep the oceans clean and safe.

Ocean Dumping Essay – 3 (400 words)

Introduction

Ocean dumping refers to the mixing of chemicals, waste, polluted water and debris into the oceans, which is very harmful for marine biodiversity. This is the reason why ocean dumping is known as the main factor of marine pollution because already used pesticides and fertilizers etc. are also disposed off in the sea. So the threat to marine life is not only from toxic waste but also there are also many other pollutants.

Causes of Ocean Dumping

Ocean pollution has become a significant problem today. For this we all need to work together because the cleanliness of the oceans is affected by many human activities. The main causes of ocean pollution are as follows:

• Toxic waste disposal
• Origin of excessive amount of waste on land
• Oil spill
• Marine mining
• Domestic sewage

Effects of Ocean Dumping

The oil spills in the oceans by many tankers and marine vessels blocks the respiratory system of marine organisms so that their organs do not get the oxygen present in the water. In addition, it also affects their food and reproductive process activities and reduces their body temperature.

As these pollutants and materials degrade, they begin to absorb oxygen present in the ocean atmosphere. Due to which the level of oxygen present in sea water starts to decrease and it causes many problems for marine biodiversity.

When these toxic pollutants are mixed in the ocean water and are ingested by the organisms as food, it also affects humans as they consume these marine organisms as their food. This causes many harmful diseases, among which hepatitis, cancer and central nervous system problems are prominent.

Ocean Dumping Act

The Marine Conservation Research and Sanctuary Act, enacted by the US Congress in 1972, emphasize two main points:

• No waste should be disposed of intentionally in the sea.
• Also, no such work should be permitted.

Conclusion

There has been a decrease in marine pollution in the recent past, but if we do not work together to eliminate pollution from our land, then the results can be quite devastating. In today’s time, global warming has become the biggest problem for us and if we do not take measures to control it, our future generations will also have to bear the burden. Therefore, we have to stop this garbage disposal in the sea and many important steps have to be taken to stop it, so that this problem like Ocean dumping can be overcome.

Ocean Dumping Essay – 4 (500 words)

Introduction

Man has been throwing litter and other harmful materials into all the oceans since the beginning of history. Putting debris in the sea is a serious problem affecting the human race as well as marine life around the world. There are many different materials that are released into the sea. This litter thrown in seas and oceans by human kind is seriously harmful to the marine life as well as the mankind.

Effect of Plastic Dumping

Needless to say that plastic is a blessing to humanity. It is light, durable, cheap to produce and can be used in many ways. Unfortunately, it has been proven that the things which make life easier are also deadly for flora and fauna. The increasing level of plastic dumped in the oceans is causing harm to aquatic life as well as to external life by causing problems such as suffocation. Plastic items become a minefield for wildlife and since they are not biodegradable, they can float in water for years.

Mixing of Contaminated Water

Wastewater is dumped into the ocean along with waste. Sewage comes from the town and cities that drains the rivers and eventually the ocean. Waste water is primarily made up of organic waste from food, animals and humans. But lot of toxic materials released by industries is mixed in the water and released through drains, reaches the oceans via rivers.

Some of these impurities are soaps and detergents and dangerous germs and chemicals that can be toxic. The discharge of wastewater has given rise to areas where there is excess accumulation of microbes which consume excess dissolved oxygen in the water and impede the prosperity of other life forms.

Lead and Other Toxic Materials

Another major problem facing the world’s oceans and flora and fauna is the introduction of highly toxic substances into the sea. These substances can be incredibly harmful to plants and animals.

It is already negative that any type of living organism is damaged by humans who carelessly dump their waste into the ocean, but when there is some poison in the lower levels of the food chain, there is a high probability that it will have bad and indirectly affect the human life as well. One particularly harmful substance in the seas and oceans is lead. Lead can cause severe damage to the brain, kidneys and reproductive system of animals and causes congenital malformations in humans.

Effects on Human Life

There is no doubt that dumping debris into the ocean can be harmful to the ecosystem of our planet, but some people may not realize the damage they themselves do. In many parts of the world the economy depends on the fishing industry, but this industry may be in danger if the fish population is at risk.

Many fishermen believe that marine life around the world is disappearing by throwing debris into the sea and, as the rest of the population is affected, consumption of seafood can be harmful to humans. Swimmers may also suffer the consequences. Medical waste thrown into the sea can expose swimmers to serious diseases such as HIV and hepatitis.

Conclusion

Ocean dumping is not only harmful for the humans and animals but also for all the lives on earth. Toxic waste materials getting dumped into the ocean causing risk to the life in ocean as well as life outside the ocean because it is polluting the wide range of water body which is not good for life on earth in future.

Ocean Dumping Essay – 5 (600 words)

Introduction

Decades ago, plastic was invented for the convenience of the people, but gradually it has now become a cancer for the environment. Due to plastic and polyethylene, earth and water as well as air are being polluted. In recent times, aquatic organisms present in both sweet and salty water bodies have started showing side-effects due to plastic garbage thrown into them. Despite this, there has been no decrease in sales of plastic and polyethylene. In such a situation, there is a need to discuss on its production and disposal seriously.

Plastic Pollution in Oceans

Mostly, there is no organic corrosion of plastics. This is the reason why currently produced plastic waste will remain in the environment for hundreds of thousands of years to come. The discarded plastic slowly decomposes and its chemicals begin to dissolve in the surrounding environment. It breaks down over time into smaller components and enters our food chain.

It is very important to clarify here that plastic bottles are not only a problem, but also some small forms of plastic, which are called microbids. These are very dangerous elements. They are often used in beauty products. They enter into the body of sea-birds and aquatic creatures with their food.

Efforts are being Made to Solve this Problem

Realizing the seriousness of the problem of disposal of plastic waste, awareness is being spread globally, as well as new option is being invented for its solution. Recently, an enzyme has been created by Japanese scientists that can break down plastic bottles on their own.

According to environmental experts, this will prove to be a revolutionary discovery in the field of environmental pollution. It is possible that it can help to solve the problem of plastic pollution. During the laboratory tests, this enzyme was successful in chemical conversion of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into its basic component.

Disadvantage of Ocean Pollution

With the storage of vast water spread over the vast area of ​​the earth, the oceans give shelter to many small and delicate ecosystems in and around them, which gives rise to different kinds of flora and fauna in those places. Increasing pollution in the oceans is becoming a matter of concern. Billions of tons of plastic waste are dumped into the ocean every year. The amount of heavy metals and saline pollution reaching into the ocean alone amounts to millions of tons per year.

Effect on Marine Ecosystem

Marine biodiversity is affected by the daily exposure of toxic chemicals. These toxic chemicals also have a bad effect on the growth of marine vegetation. The coral reef area in the oceans is an example of one such ecosystem that symbolizes immense biodiversity is in danger nowadays. It also affected the life of birds and other creatures living in oceans.

Efforts to Make the Oceans Pollution Free

The usefulness of the ocean in the ecosystems that sustain life on Earth is necessary for the maintenance of the balance of the ocean’s ecosystem so that our future will be secure. Oceans are extremely useful due to their social, cultural and economic importance. Every year 8 June is celebrated as World Ocean Day for the purpose of awareness of oceans.

Conservation of the oceans and their sustainable use has also been included in the goals of sustainable development under the aegis of the United Nations.

Conclusion

The problem of pollution is increasing day by day across the world. Plastic waste is a problem which is most worrisome because it is a substance which takes a long time to be destroyed. Dr. Marcus Erickson, who researches the ocean, says that we have to think seriously about plastic recycling and also have to discharge our responsibilities individually; only then this earth can be safe. Obviously we need to work more seriously in this direction.

Alizadeh-Choobari, O, & Najafi, M. 2018. Extreme weather events in Iran under a changing climate. Climate Dynamics. 50: 249-260.

The researchers reviewed monthly and yearly weather records from sixteen “ground stations across Iran” (Alizadeh-Choobari and Najafi, 2018) from 1951 to 2013. The research indicated that Iran is experiencing an increase in temperature “by 1.3 C since 1951” and the “1990s was warmer than any other decade” (Alizadeh-Choobari, et. al, 2018). The weather in Iran is switching to have more warmer days and less colder days. They have also noticed that the drier areas of the region are experiencing more droughts than ever before. The amount of precipitation have “decreased by 2% per decade (-8 mm per decade) for the period 1951 to 2013” (Alizadeh-Choobari, et. al, 2018). Parts of Iran that were considered a “semi dry climate” are now becoming “extremely dry” (Alizadeh-Choobari, et. al, 2018). However, colder and high altitude are experiencing an overabundance of precipitation.

Cooper, C., Swindles, G., Savov, I., Schmidt, A., & Bacon, K., (2018). Evaluating the relationship between climate change and volcanism. Earth-Science Reviews. 177. 238- 247.

The researchers reviewed how volcanos and the climate change will interact with one another. As the temperatures increase they believe that we will see an increase in the amount of volcanic eruptions. They believe that the volcanic eruptions will then in turn effect the temperature which could help cool the surface area and planet. However, the eruptions of the volcanoes will release “sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide” in the form of ash into the atmosphere which can “dramatically alter the Earth’s climate for several years to decades” (Cooper, Swindles, Savov, Schmidt and Bacon, 2018). The release of these chemicals into the air can impact the citizens living in the area causing them to get sick or have to evacuate the region. The research also states that the melting of glaciers could cause a “decompression” (Copper, et. al, 2018) on the Earth’s mantle which could cause a volcano to erupt. They state that a small move or shift of the glacier can be significant enough to cause the eruption.

Dahl, K. A., Fitzpatrick, M. F., & Spanger-Siegfried, E. (2017). Sea level rise drives increased tidal flooding frequency at tide gauges along the U.S. East and Gulf Coasts: Projections for 2030 and 2045. Plos ONE, 12(2), 1-23.

The researchers reviewed data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, tide gauges and based on projections of rising sea levels to estimate and “determine the frequency of minor tidal flooding events” (Dahl, Fitzpatrick and Spanger-Siegfield, 2017). The study focused on the fifty-two locations along the East and Gulf coasts. They are trying to determine how the rising sea levels will impact communities with tidal flooding in 2030 and 2045. The study showed that flooding will increase at these locations as the sea rise. They state that places that have only minor flooding now will have more extensive tidal flooding by 2045. Some of the communities could double or triple the amount of tidal floods that they receive annually. This can result in people losing homes, lives and confined to their homes with no way out. They suggest that communities begin to prepare now before the flooding starts.

Fassnacht, S. R., Cherry, M. L., Venable, N. H., & Saavedra, F. (2016). Snow and albedo climate change impacts across the United States Northern Great Plains. Cryosphere, 10(1), 329- 339.

The researchers reviewed data from twenty weather stations to see how much snow fell in the Northern Great Plains between November through to March from 1981 to 2010. The Northern Great Plains includes “western parts of Kansas, Nebraska and South Dakota” and “eastern parts of Colorado and Wyoming” (Fassnacht, Cherry, Venable, Saavedra, 2016). They were looking to see if the rise in average temperatures due to global warming was affecting the amount of snow that fell in this areas. There objective was to see if the total amount of snow and number of days that snow fell was being reduced over the years.

They also wanted to see if these changes “impacted modelled albedo over the winter” months (Fassnacht, et. al, 2016). The results showed that the majority of the station had more days with less snow then days with an increase in snow fall. Seven of the stations that had a decrease in the amount of snow fall also saw that there was a decrease in the “winter energy balance” (Fassnacht, et. al, 2016). However, “four of the stations saw an increase in the winter energy balance” (Fassnacht, et. al, 2016). They also point out that the change in temperature and weather patterns over all of the stations and areas are not consistent with one another. They results also showed that the solar radiation levels had increase but only slightly.

Gutmann, E. D., Rasmussen, R. M., Changhai, L., Ikeda, K., Bruyere, C. L., Done, J. M., Garre, L., Fris-Hansen, P., & Veldore, V. (2018). Changes in hurricanes from a 13-yr convection-permitting pseudo-global warming Simulation. Journal of Climate. 31(9): 3643-3657.

The study focused on “the thermodynamic effects of changes in climate on a collection of hurricane characteristics” (Gutmann, Rasmussen, Changhai, Bruyere, Done, Garre, Fris-Hansen, and Veldore, 2018). The study examined thirty-two hurricanes that occurred from 2001 to 2013. They then attempted to recreate these hurricanes using a “high-resolution regional climate modeling experiment” (Gutmann, et. al, 2018) along with information obtained from the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. They then applied a simulated “pseudo-global warming methodology” (Gutmann, et. al, 2018) to the modeling experiment.

The study looked at wind speed, amount of precipitation, and air temperature and was able to duplicate thirty of the hurricanes. The results showed an increase in wind speeds with some reaching over 50 mph. They also believe that we may have more category 3 to 5 hurricanes due to the increase of wind speeds seen in this study. The study also revealed that the amount of precipitation would dramatically increase to “rates by approximately 24%” (Gutmann, et. al, 2018). With more precipitation falling from the storms we will experience more flooding.

Kim, D, Park, S, Woo, S, Jeong, K, & Lee, E. 2017. Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge around the Southeastern Coast of Korea. Journal of Coastal Research. 79: 239-243.

Researchers wanted to examine the effects of global warming and the rising sea levels on the intensity and frequently of storms on the coast of Korea. They reviewed the sea levels and surge heights trends over the last forty years on the southern and eastern coastlines. The results showed that there was a decrease in the amount of storms that had actually touched landfall over the last decade. However, the data did relieve that the surge heights where higher on the southern coast. They believe that the rise of surges is higher because the southern coast is where the typhoons occur. The researchers did state that atmospheric pressure on the southern coast is affected by climate change.

Liu, Q., & Liu, S. (2016). Response of glacier mass balance to climate change in the Tianshan Mountains during the second half of the twentieth century. Climate Dynamics, 46(1/2), 303-316.

The researchers reviewed annual reports from the “World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS)” and “directly measured mass balance data from 1957 to 2009” (Liu and Liu, 2016) to see if there are historical differences in the sizes of the glazier throughout the years. Their study showed that each of the five glaziers in Tianshan are “decreasing in total ice volume and mass balance” (Liu, et. al, 2016). The study did show that each glazier is changing at different rates and they believe it is due to there location. They also state that each glacier has different response to climate change and the increase in temperature.

Masciopinto, C., Liso, I. S. (2016). Assessment of the impact of sea-level rise due to climate change on coastal groundwater discharge. Science of the Total Environment, 569: 672- 680.

Researchers conducted a study in Murgia and Salento in Italy to forecast how the rising sea levels will affect the fresh groundwater reserves in the twenty-second century. In their study they collected “ultrasonic sea-level measurements collected at three tide-gauge stations from 2000 to 2014” (Masciopinto and Liso, 2016). The results of the study show that the groundwater in these towns and coastal peninsula could be depleted with fresh water by the twenty-second century. They note that countries such as Spain and Mexico are already experiencing the effects of sea water intrusion in their groundwater. This intrusion has polluted the water and left the water unusable for drinking or irrigation.

Seager, R, Naik, N, Vogel, L. (2012). Does global warming cause intensified interannual hydroclimate variability?. Journal of Climate. 25: 9. 3355-3372.

The researchers wanted to know if the “interannual precipitation (P) minus evaporation (E)” (Seager & Vogel, 2012) would increase as the climate becomes warmer during the twenty-first century. They compared yearly data from “the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 3 (SMIP3)” (Seager et. al, 2012) to see if there were differences in circulation and humidity between the twentieth and the twenty-first centuries. There studied showed that the “total interannual P – E” did increase to “40% or more over the equatorial Pacific and at high latitudes” (Seager et. al, 2012). However, the most common increase was by 10% across the globe. Yet they found that “eastern subtropical Pacific Ocean” and “subtropical Atlantic and southwestern North America” (Seager et. al, 2012) that the amount is actually decreasing. Their research also showed that as the humidity would increase in the warmer atmospheres. However, they note that there will be a decrease in humidity over “equatorial Atlantic Ocean, northeast Brazil and Southern North America” (Seager et. al, 2012).

Ürusan, A., Uzel, T., & Eren, K. (2014). Calculation of Greenland and Antarctica Glaciers’ Weights Causing Some Earthquakes and Volcanic Activities. Acta Physica Polonica, A, 125(2).

The researchers explain how the weight of the Greenland and Antarctica glaciers hold down “plates on the mantle of earth” (Ürusan, Uzel and Eren, 2014). They explain that due to climate change the ice from the glaciers is melting which can then release the pressure on these tectonic plates. This can cause the plates to cause earthquakes and cause “more volcanic activities” (Ürusan et. al, 2014) in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. They believe that the “melting of the Greenland glacier may trigger a newer potential active fault between Gakkel Ridge and Pacific Ridge” (Urusan et. al, 2014).

Wu, P., Ridley, J., Pardaens, A., Levine, R., & Lowe, J. (2015). The reversibility of CO induced climate change. Climate Dynamics, 45(3/4), 745-754.

The researchers conducted an experiment to see if there is a way to reverse or reduce climate change by lowering the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and oceans. The study showed that there is no way to reverse the effects of CO2 in order to completely reverse climate change. They found that the sea levels are “particularly sensitive to the rate of CO2 reduction” (Ridley, Pardaens, Levine and Lowe, 2015). They saw that reducing the CO2 in the ocean caused the sea levels to rise even higher. They also state that “thermal expansion of the oceans continues for many decades after CO2 concentration starts to decrease” (Ridley et. al, 2015).

Abyssal Zone Steven Jevan 10. 2 Located deeper than 2000 meters underneath the ocean surface, lies a biome that we have barely seen and realize. This unbelievable and incredible biome is called the abyssal zone. With a depth reaching down to 6000 meters, it is impossible to inhabit this biome. Conversely, certain organisms have managed to keep their survival in this very biome through particular processes. Initially, the abyssal zone and the living organisms inside it, suffers the extreme conditions. The word “abyss” is taken from a Greek word, which means “bottomless sea”.

The abyssal zone itself is located between 2000 and 6000 meters underneath the ocean surface. It is located under the bathyal zone and above the hadal zone. In this depth, sunlight is unable to penetrate through. Therefore, this zone is filled with complete and perpetual darkness. At the same time, in a location this deep, the pressure is unbearable to humans. It is written that, “Because water pressure increases one atmosphere every 33 feet in depth, animals in the abyssal zone must be able to withstand tremendous amounts of pressure. ” (Abyssal). Therefore, animals must be able to withstand up to 11,000 psi.

It is incredible how certain organisms are able to survive in this depth, since this amount of pressure would crush a human immediately. Moreover, since the depth oh this biome is extremely deep, the temperature varies from 0 to 4 degrees Celsius. In addition to that, the salinity of the water in the abyssal zone range between 34. 6 and 35. 0 parts per thousand. We do no realize it, but the abyssal zone covers 60% of the earth and 83% of the oceans. So with these abiotic factors and harsh conditions mentioned, we tend to ask the question, “How is it possible for organisms to inhabit this biome? ”

As mentioned before, it is almost impossible for organisms to inhabit this biome, but through particular process, it is possible. Generally speaking, fish that lives near the bottom of a sea is categorized as demersal fish. However, demersal fishes are then divided again into two types based on their habitat, coastal and deep-water. As you can see, the fish th at lives in the abyssal zone are categorized as deep-water demersal fish. Examples of these fishes are the: deep-water angler fish, giant grenadier, giant squid, viper fish, etc. There are two ways in which organisms can survive in this biome.

First of all, the predators could find their prey. In the abyssal zone, it is extremely dark. However, some fish posses a luminous object to act as bait. For instance, the deep-water angler fish owns a luminous object in its spine. Since the biome is extremely dark, the only luminous object will attract the other fish’s attention. The second way to survive this biome is through the process of chemosynthesis, rather than photosynthesis. Chemosynthesis is a process in which carbon molecules and nutrients are converted into organic materials using the oxidation of inorganic molecules.

Rather than using sunlight as the source of energy, chemosynthesis uses the oxidation of inorganic molecules as the source of energy. In the abyssal zone, there is a steady and much higher concentration of nutrient salts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and silica compared in the waters above. Britannica states that, “This is because abyssal and hadal waters are the reservoir for the salts from decomposed biological materials that settle downward from upper zones, and the lack of sunlight prevents their uptake by photosynthesis. (Abyssal Zone). Also, there is a special term given to the leftovers of animals, plants, and non-living matters that drift down to the lower zones of the ocean, it is called marine snow. In the abyssal zone, the primary producers are bacteria. These bacteria can also be referred as chemotrophs, or chemosynthetic autotrophs. Therefore, the process of chemosynthesis plays a vital role in the survival of those organisms in the abyssal zone. I have to admit that the abyssal zone is a remarkable and incredible biome in this earth.

Under those harsh and extreme circumstances, the abyssal zone is able to maintain its own organism richness. I find it very hard to believe, but it is what exists in this world. Based on research, the abyssal zone is relatively safe from the harmful effects in the upper part of the earth. The abyssal zone is located so deep and shallow under the ocean surface that it is not affected by the problems associated in the ocean surface. In the long run, certain organisms have managed to keep their survival in this very biome through particular processes.

The abyssal zone, which is almost inhospitable, turns out to be a habitat for certain organisms. I must say that this biome is phenomenal and implausible. Works Cited • Abyssal. Web. 1 Sept. 2009. . • Abyssal Zone. Wikipedia. Web. 1 Sept. 2009. . • Abyssal zone. Britannica. Web. 2 Sept. 2009. . • Autotroph. Web. 2 Sept. 2009. . • Chemosynthesis. Wikipedia. Web. 1 Sept. 2009. . • Chemosynthesis. Web. 2 Sept. 2009. . • Demersal fish. Wikipedia. Web. 2 Sept. 2009. . • Marine Snow. Web. 2 Sept. 2009. . • Pelagic fish. Wikipedia. Web. 2 Sept. 2009. . • What is Chemosynthesis? Web. 2 Sept. 2009. .

Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places.

Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route.

Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities.

Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places.

Case Study of the Indian Ocean Tsunami On December 26, 2004, the Indian Ocean earthquake, or the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, caused a tsunami that killed 230,000 people and was recorded as the deadliest tsunami in known history. The earthquake was recorded as between 9. 1 and 9. 3 on the Richter scale, the second largest earthquake ever recorded. It was also recorded as the longest one, triggering earthquakes as far away as Alaska. Following the disaster, a worldwide effort raised billions of dollars in tsunami relief. Consequences

The initial toll by the U. S. Geological Survey was 283,100 dead. However, actual figures counted 229,886. About one-third of the dead are children because they were least able to fight the waters. Additionally, nearly 9,000 foreign tourists were dead or missing. The disaster affected Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, the Maldives, Somalia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Seychelles and others in South East Asian. In some areas, drinking water supplies and farm fields are contaminated for the long term by the ocean’s salt waters.

The United Nations stated that the relief effort will be the costliest in history and reconstruction may take up to ten years. One of the biggest fears was the spread of diseases, which prompted non-governmental organizations and relief agencies to increase humanitarian aid. Furthermore, the economic impact is devastating on both the national and local levels. Costal fishing communities are some of the poorest in the region, and fishing exports account for substantial earnings of the countries. Nearly two-thirds of the fishing fleet and infrastructure were destroyed.

The earthquake and ensuing tsunami changed the seabed in the Malacca Straits, and new navigational charts would have to be created. Additionally, tourism is greatly impacted as foreigners canceled their trips to South East Asian. The disaster also has a great environmental impact as it inflicted severe damage on ecosystems such as mangroves, coral reefs, forests, coastal wetlands, vegetation, sand dunes and rock formations, animal and plant biodiversity and groundwater. The spread of wastes and industrial chemicals further polluted waters and threaten ecosystems.

The invading seawater also contaminated freshwater, destroying the critical environment habitable for coral reefs. Citizen Response The public was generous in donating to tsunami aid. For instance, in the United Kingdom, the public donated nearly US$600,000,000. Compared to the government, the donation was quite substantial, averaging around $10 per person, including the homeless and children. Government Response Governments and humanitarian organizations responded by providing sanitation facilities and fresh drinking water to prevent a wave of diseases from increasing the death toll.

The quick response mitigated and contained diseases such as cholera, diphtheria, dysentery, and typhoid that could have inflicted even more damage. Also, there was a substantial movement to bury bodies to prevent the spread of disease. Globally, countries provided over US$3 billion in aid. The government of Australia pledged nearly US$820 million and the United States pledged $950 million. In the US, a joint effort by former Presidents George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton led the effort to provide private aid to tsunami victims.

The Boxing Day Tsunami of 2004 must go down in human history as one of our greatest ever disasters. A magnitude 9. 0 earthquake, the most powerful to hit anywhere in the last 40 years, created tidal waves in the Indian Ocean that killed at least 225,000 people in 11 countries. Sri Lanka was hit quite hard, with over 32,000 dead and approx. 5 percent of the population there left homeless. In Indonesia more than 150,000 were killed and over 12,000 lost their lives in India, most in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In Thailand there were more than 5,000 deaths many of whom were foreign tourists.

The devastation to services, property and buildings from the effects of the Tsunami was so immense that international appeals were launched for aid to the victims, of unprecedented proportions. The disaster spawned immediate and renewed scientific interest in Tsunamis from researchers all over the world. How Tsunamis are formed, where they may strike, their likelihood of occurrence of any significance, their characteristics and ways in which their potentially devastating effects may perhaps be mitigated, are questions that many researchers are seeking answers to.

Whilst Tsunamis are not an entirely new phenomena, and a significant amount of scientific literature can be found that addresses many of these questions (Bryant, 2001), it is clear that much still needs to be done to gain a better understanding of Tsunami wave-structure interaction effects on buildings and building elements n a key issue with respect to structure integrity and survival against the effects of a Tsunami. Indian Ocean Tsunami (26th December 2004) The Indian Ocean tsunami (sometimes called the Boxing Day tsunami in the UK) was caused by a 9. 1 magnitude earthquake.

The earthquake occurred under the Indian Ocean NW of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The earthquake was at a depth of 30km and caused a huge rupture that triggered waves of up to 30m in height. The giant tsunami affected many countries around the Indian Ocean. The hardest hit was Indonesia, where up to 170,000 people were killed (exact figures are unknown because many bodies were never recovered). In total about 230,000 people are believed to have lost their lives, with a further 125,000 injured and over 1. 5 million displaced (again these figure vary because not all bodies were recovered or injured recorded).

The tsunami killed locals and tourists alike, many tourists were killed because they were on beaches or in hotels near the beach. Many local who work in the tourism or fishing industry were also effected. In many fishing villages fatalities were actually higher amongst women, because many men were at sea fishing (if you are out of sea, past where the sea bed shallows, tsunami actually appear as big ripples and will not destroy the boats). The Indian Ocean tsunami triggered one of the biggest humanitarian efforts of all time. Below is a summary of some of the different responses at different scales.

Campaign to make awareness about ocean pollution Background The current environmental issue of ocean pollution in Dubai which is spreading rapidly due to lack of awareness. Gulf countries depend heavily on seawater desalination for drinking water. But experts warns that pollution of gulf water could soon make it impossible to treat seawater for human consumption. According to ram Prasad a oil and gas expert in Dubai claims that increasing urbanisation led to dumping of sewage, hazardous waste and toxic chemicals in to the sea (Janardhan, 2004) Target Public

Ocean pollution is a sector which is not taken seriously. There is awareness’ in the government but the regulations and rules must change to reduce the impact and make the public more aware about the situation. The primary target of the campaign is to make the main governmental authorities involved in water resource management to take an action about the current ocean pollution. Getting attention of main governmental authorities such as : * The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries The Ministry of Electricity and Water * The General Water Resources Authority * The Federal Environmental Agency Objective The primary objective is to get the attention on governmental authorities to take the matter in to their hands by cooperating . for example oil spill is a serious issue how can they help to prevent it? What new laws could be built? Secondary objective is to make the general public aware of ocean pollution so that they won’t contribute to it. Message

The message of the campaign would be “SAVE THE WATERS” which would influence the authorities and public to act upon it. Strategy/ channel and tactics Our stragedy of awareness is mainly based on media. Trough social networking sites to spread the message. Organising events to grab the public attention. News letters on leading newspapers such as gulf news sponsored by authorities. Timetable The time table would contain the days where campaigns will be held. Time and locations. Timetable

What is Blue Ocean Strategy? by Nattida Sae-Iw MBA Student What is Blue Ocean Strategy? Let’s start with the metaphors To understand the term of Blue Ocean, imagine a market universe composed of two sorts of oceans: Red Oceans and Blue Oceans. Red Oceans represent the existing market space which is known market. Companies in red oceans are competitive-base; they are fighting each other and aim to get a bigger market share from their competitors. The world now is globalized, the competitions are fiercer than ever, they are battling on the same demand thus this is bloody competition.

That’s why it’s called red oceans. Blue Oceans are new, defined as unknown market space. In blue oceans, competition is irrelevant because the rules of the game are waiting to be set. Blue oceans are the opportunity for highly profitable growth. The space is new, no battle so it’s clear market, that’s why this is called Blue Ocean. Productivity ManagementCreativity Management Companies are always successful in the red ocean. How many companies tend to follow the right side of the diagram? Most of companies are tending to follow the left side as that’s normal practice and easier.

The right side is a risk taking and companies are trying to avoid it. The red ocean is always matter and is a fact of business life. However, with exceeding demand and more competitors, companies need to go beyond competing. To grow business opportunity, the companies need to create blue oceans. Unfortunately, blue oceans are uncharted and large. Without guideline and frameworks to create blue oceans is seen to be risky. Therefore, there are some methodologies to help on how to create them. According to the article, it can be summarized that the basic structure of creating blue oceans are as follows: Focus on Future, answer yourself with these questions whether you are ready to create blue oceans. Simple questions you need to challenge you are really blue color. How Blue is your strategy: 1. Creating new demand instead of striving to do better than competitors 2. Looking for non-customers instead of getting a bigger share of customers 3. Challenging assumptions and reconstructing industry 4. Voluntary participating self- initiated teams 5. Executing strategies while conserving time and resources • Strategies Canvas – Capture both current state and also demand side of alternatives 1.

Do dimension on graph: value factors that are important, what your industry focuses on. Graph the company then graph for your own 2. Look at the frameworks 3. Try to answer 4 questions (New value curve) and review what does the industry curve look like? And what does your company’s curve look like? Then apply four actions frameworks to build a winning strategy. Reduce: Which factors should be reduced well below the industry’s standard? Eliminate: Which of the factors that the industry takes for granted should be eliminated? Raise: Which factors should be raised well above the industry’s standard?

Create: Which factors should be created that the industry has never offered? Blue Ocean is not about taking risk and also not avoiding risk. It’s maximizing opportunities and minimizing risks. Blue Ocean focuses on six different risks that are associated with formulations strategy. o Search risk – How you come up with the right idea? o Planning risk – Not just let strategic tools store in document shelf. Create a big picture and make it visualized. o Scale risk – To make sure you are going out to the ocean, not just a pool and try to reach beyond existing demand. Business model risk – Get the strategic sequence right o Organizational risk – Strategy must come together with good resources. o Management risk – Motivation which is associated with people’s attitudes and behaviors. 4. Execute – After lying out the tools and frameworks in the formulation and then motivating people to act on and execute a blue ocean strategy. In short, Blue Ocean is about changing in what current industries believe, and create new value to serve customers, that’s called “Value Innovation”.

Focusing on non-customers and find out why they are non-customers then provide high value to them and change them from non-customers to be your customers (Create and capture new demand). Besides, the creation of Blue Ocean is about driving costs structure down while driving value up for buyers. This systematic process is all about Blue Ocean point of view. ———————– Managing cost Quality Control Assets Utilization Operational Efficiency Growth/ Innovation Creativity methods New Brand Development Global Reach