Ordinary People

Population Density is affected by many factors such as the relief, the climate, the vegetation, the soil, the natural resources and water supply.

In the UK, population density varies so much as for example, London has a high population density because it has a great relief which includes flat land which will be easy to build infrastructures but Scotland has a poor relief as it has mountains and hills which means it will be difficult to build infrastructures so therefore, less people will want to vive there since there is a sparse amount of infrastructures like hospitals, roads, shops and schools so traveling to these destinations will be long.

Factors like economic and social factors also affect the I-J as the economic factor can provide people transport, industrial areas, offices and ports. London has more Jobs than Scotland as it has more tertiary Jobs than primary Jobs which are paid more so this will populate London more as more people will come to London for Jobs.

The social actor will attract more people to populate but Scotland has less health care, houses, entertainment, education and tourist attractions than London so therefore, people will want to go to places that contain these as they don’t want to be bored. The vegetation factor populates Scotland as there are large grass areas, trees and fallow land which attracts people who like to live In grassy areas with clean air but London doesn’t have a lot of vegetation as It Is more urban than Scotland.

Introduction

Over the years there have been growing concerns of the students in minimizing the rising BSA population shifters. Like other universities, FEU Diliman is experiencing a high number of BSA students’ shifters and low academic performance in accounting course. Comments and voiced of sentiments of the shifters’ and academics led the researcher to question the factors affecting the shifters’ population and if the problem exists with the course.

Broad Field of Accountancy requires varying levels of competence, skills and intellectual abilities. According to the Theory of Intellectual Abilities (Sternberg, 1985; 1986:23), three kinds of intellectual abilities exist, namely analytical, creative and practical abilities. Measures of abilities tend to focus mainly on analytical abilities, whereas all three types of abilities need to be regarded as equally important especially in the course of BS Accountancy.

Several accounting organizations such as the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), the American Accounting Association (AAA), and the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA), as well as educators and professionals, are among those advocating the importance of the FCA (Geiger and Ogilby, 2000; Pincus, 1997; Vangermeersch,1997; the Accounting Education Change Commission, 1996; AAA, 1986).

Background of the Study

Far Eastern University Diliman organizes on a trimestral school calendar that makes it possible for all baccalaureate degree programs, except the Accountancy to complete in three years. Trimesters are 13 weeks each with 52 class contact hours for every three-unit subject.

At present, the College offers five degree programs namely, Bachelor of Science in Accountancy, and Information Technology; and Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, majors in Financial Management, Operations Management and Marketing. The estimated population of college department is approximately 1,200 students.

Bachelor of Science in Accountancy (BSA) is one of the most comprehensive courses in all universities. It is a program composed of subjects in accounting (financial, public and managerial), audit, administration, business laws and taxation. Its primary focus is not limited to business subjects, but to other fields as well, such as banking and finance, government, social services, education, and more.

The primary goal of accounting education in FEU Diliman is to produce competent professional accountants capable of making a positive contribution over their lifetimes to the profession and society in which they work. In the face of increasing changes that they will meet later as professional accountants, it is essential that students develop and maintain an attitude of learning to maintain their competence later as professional accountants.

In order for the University to achieve such mission, they implemented a new retention program. Accountancy tightens retention rules. The college decided to be stricter in screening the students. This is more of a ‘streamlining’ on who deserves to get into Accountancy. After completion of the program and passing the CPA licensure examination, the graduates can pursue a career in accountancy and related professions among the four major fields of accountancy: public practice, commerce and industry, government and education.

Every year, the range of students entering the said course is 150 to 200, however, by the end of every trimester BSA population is cut by 50% percent and continuously declining and the shifter’s population increases.

Accountancy students are aware of the policy implemented in FEU Diliman to maintain a grade not lower than 2.5 that makes them more focused and committed in their studies, however, there are factors affecting BSA students to shift to another course. Every term faces by BSA students seem like a judgment that

There are various factors that can influence a student in their academic performance whether negative or positive. And these factors will be discussed formally in this research paper.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to identify The Factors which affect the Shifters Population of BSA students in FEU Diliman S.Y. 2012-2013. Specifically, this study will attempt to answer the following questions:

1. Profile of the respondents (name, gender, year shifted)
2. Why did they choose BS in Accountancy?
3. Who influenced them to take the course BSA?
4. What are their grade ranges before they shift?
5. What are the common problems of the BSA students that lead them to shift courses?
6. What are the factors affect the shifter’s population of BSA students in FEU Diliman?
7. What leads these factors to affect the shifters’ population?
8. What actions did they take to improve academic performance?
9. How did they cope up with the shifting event happened?
10. Were they satisfied now?

Objectives of the Study

The main purpose of this research is to determine the factors which affect the Shifters’ Population of BSA students in FEU Diliman S.Y. 2012-2013. Specifically, this research attempts to answer the following objectives:

1. To find out the common reason why BSA students shift to another courses and how this affects their studies.
2. To produce a research-based data on why shifters’ population of BSA students keep on increasing.
3. To draw up list of problems of BSA students with their major subjects.
4. To understand why BSA students decided to shift to another course.
5. To determine what improvement was made for academic performance of the respondents.

Significance of the Study

The purpose of this study is to determine the factors which affect the shifters’ population of BSA students in FEU Diliman S.Y. 2012-2013. College students may be able to understand how to balance their life to achieve goal. This study is significant because it shows valid data and information that are helpful for every college students. Furthermore, it is beneficial to the following people who may read and analyze this study.

This study can be helpful for the development and improvement of the school’s curriculum. By this study they can identify the factors which results to increase the shifters’ population. And by this, they can construct solutions for higher standard of knowledge.

This study is significant especially to the students in Bachelor of Science in Accountancy; they will have information about the factors which affect the shifters’ population. In this case, they can avoid factors which can be negative to their academic performances that may lead them to shift course. And with this, population of shifters will be minimized.

This research contains information relevant for faculty. By reading and analyzing this study, they can understand the root of shifting. And can either help the students by improving their teaching skills and strategies or by guiding them toward a better future.

Parents are the most affected in the case of shifting because they have already dreamed about their child’s success, paid tuition fees and formulated high expectations. This study help them understand why BSA students shift courses, and can guide, support, and help their child cope up or avoid shifting.

Scope and Limitations

This study presents the factors which affect the shifters’ population of BSA students in FEU Diliman covers only the batch of BSA students for S.Y. 2012-2013. Any development and changes that may occur outside the covered year and course excluded from this study. The study covers all Bachelor of Accountancy on all year levels.

Definition of Terms

1. Bachelor of Science in Accountancy – (BSA) program is composed of subjects in accounting ( financial, public, managerial), audit, administration, business laws and taxation. Its primary focus is not limited to business subjects, but to other fields as well, such as banking and finance, government, social services, education, and more.
2. Factors – A constituent or element that brings about certain effects or results, or indicates a specific multiple, number, or quantity.
3. FAC – First Accounting Course curriculum.
4. Shifting – To transfer from one course to another.

As Gambia is an LEDC, they lack the funds to employ a vast amount of doctors to the area. This means that for every doctor, there are 14,536 patients meaning that the inhabitants don’t receive much healthcare. This has contributed to a relatively short life expectancy of just 54 years for a man and 57 years for a woman. The lack of healthcare available has also meant that there is an extremely high infant mortality rate of 73 per 1000 people, even though it is lower than it has been in the past. As many children die at an early age, parents tend to have a large number of children to help with daily tasks, to bring a higher income to the family and to look after the parents when they reach ill health. Gambia has a high birth rate of 40 per 1000 people because of this and in 2003, the average fertility rate was 5.13.

What are the positive and negative impacts?

Due the high birth rate, falling infant mortality rate and improvements in the level of healthcare available, the population has been increasing rapidly. In fact, Gambia’s population doubles every 28 years and in 2009, it is estimated to be around 1.7million people.

63.55% of the population is estimated to be aged below 25 years and only 3.36% of the population is aged over 65 years. This had meant that there is a high dependency ratio of 86:100 working people. Each working person has to earn enough to support 1.86 people including themselves, which makes trying to earn a living in an LEDC an even harder task than it already is.

In the future, it will become harder to find employment and accommodation and even more stress will be put on food resources, the infrastructure and the health service, which is already struggling. However, also in the future, there will probably be a large and cheap workforce. Overall, the Gambia’s youthful population is not an asset to the country.

What are the policies/solutions being put in place to help the situation?

One of the solutions to the youthful population of Gambia has been “The Gambia Family Planning Radio Project”. This was a 2-year education, information and communication campaign which used radio dramas (named “Fakube Jarra”) aimed at less-educated women in Gambia in order to better inform them about family planning options and change their attitudes to family life. This project was considered to be a success, based on the findings of a survey carried out on 400 randomly selected men and women in 1991. Those who had heard the radio drama could name more methods of contraception than those who had not and they tended to have more positive attitudes to family life. The most important observation was that those who had heard the radio drama were more likely to use a method of contraception than those who had not. The number of people using contraception increased from 10% to 27%, so it nearly tripled.

The Gambia Family Planning Association were the ones who initiated this radio campaign and they have also made many further attempts to alleviate the problems associated with a youthful population, such as running 8 family planning clinics throughout Gambia. The association focuses mainly on increasing awareness of the contraception available and knowledge of how to use it, whilst also encouraging smaller families and changing the attitudes of the adults living in Gambia. All in all, the results have been very positive.

Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IT Kanata Changing Population of China and its impact on the future economy and society of China- A Demographic comparison with India Veda Parka’s, M. Sc. Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanata Abstract: China had a population of Just 694,581,759 in the year 1964 and a GAP measure of216462 Million US Dollar in 1978. But today China has a population of 1. 34 Billion and a GAP of 7321508 Million US dollars. Population explosion in China was an outcome of high economic growth as well as a reason of heavy profits and surpluses f manufacturing industries in China.

Through this paper I Intend to compare the similar relation among other countries like Japan and Sweden. Aging population brings the availability of cheap labor down and hence impacts the economic performance of countries. I will examine fertility and mortality and age structure pattern of population in China and conclude that Aging population is one of the reason of China’s declining economic growth. Introduction China today is the most populated country in the world and the second strongest economy. China had a small population of 694,581,759 in 1964.

After the economic reforms of 1979, Chinese economy was rising and families were prospering which led to high fertility rate in China and China’s population started growing at striking rate (TFH = 5. 512 in 1970). The high number of Children in China who became young and entered labor force in the years starting from 1990 provided availability of cheap labor for industries, especially manufacturing industries. China’s export encouraging economic policies led to cheap exports for the world created heavy surpluses for the government and led China to become the second largest economy in 2009.

I try to answer question through my research, which are as follow: How changes in fertility and mortality in China changing China’s age structure? What effect China’s aging population will have in China’s social and economic conditions? What can be done now to tackle the problems that are being created by changing age structure in China? What needs to be done in India to bring down the rate of population growth and improve other demographic indicators? The reason this study is important is because a high population is like a hidden power, it has both positive effects as well as negative.

If seed correctly, then it can lead to development like in case of China and if mishandled can lead to economic and political instability. Most of the population of the world is concentrated in developing nations. If mixed with proper policies of human development, then these populations could find a way to high economic growth and better lives through their changing age structures. The outcomes of this study might help other nations in managing human development policies and also Economics By National and for those who are getting old in China.  The Demographic Dividend: A New Perspective on the Economic Consequences of Population Change by David E. Bloom, David Canning and Jayvee Seville. This paper discusses various theories related to connection between population and economic growth in detail.

The “Pessimistic” Theory

Population Growth Restricts Economic Growth. The “pessimistic” theory traces its lineage to Thomas Malthusian. Writing in the sass, Malthusian asked whether “the future improvement of society’ was possible in the face of ever larger populations.

He reached his famously dismal conclusion: “Taking the population of the world at any number, a thousand millions, for instance he human species would increase in the ratio of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 516, etc. And subsistence as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, etc. In two centuries and a quarter the population would be to the means of subsistence as 512 to 10; in three centuries as 4096 to 13, and in two thousand years the difference would be incalculable”(Malthusian, 1798). He was not the only one who wrote about pessimistic view of population expansion.

In year 1968, Paul Earlier came with is book, “Population Bomb”, where he declared that “In the sass hundreds of millions of people are going to starve to death” (Earlier, 1968). This view has always remained with the world and resulted in introduction of family planning policies thinking that reduced growth of population will result in increased growth of economy. One more pessimistic view is that even if world witness’s period of intensive economic growth, it will be consumed to sustain the increased population growth. So the living standards would never improve.

The “Optimistic” Theory

Population Growth Can Fuel Economic Growth. There are a different set of people who believe in the great power that population brings along. The population of the world has doubled in last 40 years but long with that average incomes have also increases by two- third. As Paul Earlier declared, “millions of people” didn’t die. In fact, most of the technical and social innovations have come in last 30 years, which is faster than any other period of time. As pressure on natural resources increased, innovative technologies to obtain more from fewer resources came up.

Green revolution is one such example where agriculture produce increased by 4 times with Just 1% extra land utilization. The “Neutralist” Theory: Population Growth Has No Significant Effect on Economic Growth More recently the neutral view towards population growth and economy has come up saying that population has very insignificant effect on economic growth. Adam Smith, in his book 3 where skills of worker were directed towards special division of work developed faster than other. Other factors like investment in human capital, openness to trade, economic policies played much more important role in economic growth.

On carrying out regression between economic growth rate and population growth rate, very small dependency was found (National Research Council, 1986). Population Aging and Economic Growth in China by Judith Banister, David E. Bloom, and Larry Rosenberg This paper discusses the possible effect of China’s aging problem on economic growth and social structure. With reducing fertility rate and increasing life expectancy, the population of the world is aging on an average. More than 2 billion people will be aged (age 60 or more) by 2050. For China, this is a serious issue since by 2050, 30% of its population will be aged.

Its dependency ratio (number of working age group population/ number of young and old population) is at its peak but will decline sharply in coming years. Decrease in labor force will make it arid for China to sustain the level of GAP growth that it maintains right now. Also, because of China’s one child policy, that single child finds it tough to take care of two parents and two grandparents. There is suddenly an increase in number of abandoned parents and grandparents. Government of China and other such countries will soon have to make changes in the employment policies and social arrangements so as to accommodate the changing age structure.

Several piece of information from this paper are later used in this paper. The Demographic Transition: Causes and Consequences by Owed Gallo This paper cuisses the cause and consequence of demographic transition. First, the decline in population growth reduced the dilution of the growing stocks of capital and infrastructure, increasing the amount of resources per capita. Second, the reduction in fertility rates permitted the reallocation of resources from the quantity of children toward their quality, enhancing human capital formation and labor productivity.

Third, the decline in fertility rates affected the age distribution of the population, temporarily increasing the fraction of the labor force in the population and thus mechanically increasing productivity per capita. Declining fertility rates and mortality rates have caused an increase in population but at the same time have increased the labor force which was directed towards development programs. Most of the data is derived from census and surveys conducted by National governments and UN agencies. All these results are exposed to the error of census and surveys. Although in developed countries these errors are smaller than countries like China and India where a large art of population is not reported and data are often adjusted and changed for political purposes. In China, data for Tibetan people is not accounted and in India people from Eastern India are often underreported.

Other reason as to why census data are not 100% correct is: There are many reasons why people might not get counted in the Census, including: privacy concerns, homelessness, low literacy levels and not enough time to fill out the forms. 5 Analysis A brief introduction to China It is the world’s most populous country, with a population of over 1. 3 billion. Covering approximately 9. Million square kilometers, the country is the world’s second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest by total area, depending on the definition of total area.

Since the introduction of economic reforms in 1978, China has become the world’s fastest-growing major economy. As of 2012, it is the world’s second-largest economy, after the United States, by both nominal GAP and purchasing power parity (POP), and is also the world’s largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods.

China India Population

Trends in India and China China and India have followed similar trends in almost all demographic indicators, they only differ in magnitude. China has been the most populous country in the world from old days. But according to UN estimates India will overtake China as the most populous country by year 2030. China’s population is subjected to grow till year 2020 and then due to reduced fertility rate and increased mortality rate the net population growth rate will become negative and the population will begin to decrease. In India, although fertility rate has come down but still the net population growth rate is positive and will be so for many decades.

The reason of such population explosion are very well explained by Population Demographic Theory, which takes in account changing patterns of fertility, mortality and life expectancy.

Demographic Transition

Theory Demographers (e. G. , Frank Intentions, Kinsley Davis, Angles Coal) characterized these three groups of countries, with their distinctive known as “demographic transition” which every society has to pass through:

1. The tags of high fertility and high mortality
2. The stage of declining mortality and high or medium fertility
3. The stage of low fertility and low mortality

The graphs for demographic transition for India and China are given in forthcoming analysis. Fertility Trends Both China and India have witnessed reduction in fertility rate, especially China for which fertility rates came down from 6. 11 to 1. 56 in 2010 and are projected to increase a bit to 1. 81 by the year 2050.  Trends in India and China In the late sass and early sass, the government advocated a “later, longer, fewer” lifestyle, encouraging people to marry later, have wide gaps between children and fewer children overall. It also instated the controversial one-child policy. This policy was introduced in 1978 and initially applied to first-born children from 1979.

It was created by the Chinese government to alleviate social, economic, and environmental problems 7 n China, and authorities claim that the policy has prevented more than 250 million births between 1980 and 2000, and 400 million births from about 1979 to 2011. These were attempts to curb population growth in a bid to help modernize the economy. The results of this policy are well reflected in the drop of TFH in China from ?6 in 1970 to? 3 in years 1980. In India also several family planning missions were introduced but none of them were implemented effectively and that’s why fertility in India is still quite high.

Reasons for declining Fertility:

• Education levels have increased significantly after the sass’s in both the countries. Increased education labor has enabled women and families to make better decision for having children.
• Family Planning Missions, Both India and China initiated family planning mission in the peak years of their population growth.

In India, National Family Welfare Program was launched in 1951; Urban Family Welfare Schemes were introduced in year 1983 and Reproductive and Child Health Program in 1997. All these schemes have definitely brought awareness among Indian Society to reduce the number of child bearing. In China, on the other hand the major policy decision in the name of Family planning schemes, was One Child Policy which officially restricts married, urban couples to having only one child, while allowing exemptions for several cases, including twins, rural couples, ethnic minorities, and parents without any siblings themselves. . Although this policy has much-faced criticism but has brought down fertility to satisfactory levels.

With increased awareness in masses about use of contraceptives have lowered birth rate. In India, many new projects were started regarding the same but people in India still hesitate to talk about contraceptives. The government of China also made sure that contraceptives are available to masses in all rural and urban localities. 4. Availability of economic pregnancy.

Life Expectancy and Mortality

Life expectancy is one major important demographic indicator that shows the level of growth and availability of medical infrastructure. China had rapid increases in life expectancy from 1965 to 1980 and then it increased smoothly.

For India also life expectancy but has always remained lower than China UT the gape is projected to reduce towards the year 2050. Increased life expectancy leads to increase in number of old people in the country and thus they become a liability to the nation instead of being an asset. India Life Expectancy Trends, China and India Mortality has declined all over the after the Second World War, like other factors China improved its death rate far more faster than India. The improvement that India achieved in 60 years, China achieved the name in only 25 years. In future China death rate is projected to go high because of death of old age population. High death rate will also become a reason of negative population growth rate in China in future.

Availability of better health care facilities has improved life expectancies in both countries. According to an article by Tania Breaking in The Guardian around 97% women in China gave birth in hospitals. In India these statistics are still are still very low, 47%.  Proper Health security plans in China have helped China to increase life expectancy. With higher income more people in China have access to hospital services. In India, health facilities are still away from a large segment of old people.  Another major achievement was that both countries were able to bring up the average age at first marriage.

When average age at marriage goes up, the age at first child goes up automatically. This enabled women to have a kid only when she was physically ready for it. This helped to reduce infant mortality rate as well as maternal mortality rate. Old people who are not very rich are also treated at good local hospitals. Aging and Dependency China has a very low death rate and high expectancy rate and this is causing the number of old people in the increase to threatening level. Total population of age 65 and above will cross 65 million by the year 2050 which will account for 26 % of total national population.

China’s aging population will lead to several economic and social problems in the future which will be discussed later in this paper. Age Structure China, 2050 Source: BBC. Mom 10 China is witnessing its least dependency ratio during current years. It will rise back to the levels of 65 as it was in 1975. High dependency ratio can be very threatening in a country like China, because the backbone of China’s economy is its vast labor force, with a decrease in labor force China is doomed to speculate a fall in its economic growth.

The ageing process in China has two distinguishing features. First, it has happened at a much faster rate than in other countries. According to UN figures, the ratio of those aged 60 and over across the world rose by 3 percentage points in the 0 years from 1950 to 2010, while in China it increased by 3. 8 percentage points in just the 10 years from 2000 to 2010. Secondly, China is one of a few countries in the world in which the population has aged before becoming rich or even moderately rich.

The UN considers a country to be ageing when 7% of its population is aged 65 or over – the threshold used to be 10% of a population being 60 years old or over. India Changing Dependencies ratio in China and India Effects and Consequences of Aging . Young population of China made a major contribution to rapid economic growth of China in a way that it provided abundant and cheap labor for Chinese industries. With aging population, industries will find it hard to find cheap labor for them and hence their profits are going to go down. It’s almost impossible for China to maintain its current growth rate in future.  In case of India, it is still a very young country with vast educated youth. Indian’s has its least dependency ration for years to come. In India future economic growth rate will be decided by the policy decisions that government take. With aging spreading fast in China, the institution of family is also breaking down.

Youth of that country is finding it hard to provide for two parents and two grandparents. The number of abandoned old people has increased significantly in China and along with that the number of old age houses has increased. But they are still not enough to contain all the elderly population. Demographic Transition Theory in China and India Both countries were passing wrought the high fertility and high mortality trends, then both mortality and fertility started to decline and China and India reached the second stage of demographic transition.

Some of the most famous studies are “The demography of China and India-2030” by Michael J. White and “A brief comparison between India and china as emerging economy in Asia”, by Dry. Fissile Mariachi Rigid. Both India and other nations of developing world have much to learn from China and its policies. The main idea that comes out this paper is that both countries made efforts to bring down population growth, fertility, mortality etc. UT what made difference is the fact that how efficiently these planning were implemented and executed.

Health care plans failed in India for a variety of reasons such as poor infrastructure, failing to provide private sector important role in health care and more recently the issue of corruption. Other factors that contribute to Chinese success are education and government policies. India was too late to bring economic reforms and that too for a short period of time. Most of the major reforms, related to health, education or other important issue took so many months and years in some cases, that their importance diminished by the time they were passed. Indian government’s failure in providing proper infrastructure for health care facilities made it impossible for health reforms to reach local masses. Number of physician per 1000 person is Just . 6 in India while it is 1. 51 for China . Only the rich in India have access to high tech medical care while poor still find it hard to take gains from basic health care. Educations also help a lot to tackle the issues of fertility and population growth.

Education is one of the most important investments that a government has to make in developing the human resources. Educated people are more likely to contribute to income generation; they take better decision for their family and social life. Literacy rate in India is 74 % as compared to 99% in China. Especially for women, literacy rate is 79% in China while it is mere 64% in India . Similar kind of analysis and results are exhibited by many other studies such as “Health care in India – Vision 2020, Issues and prospects” by R. Sardinian, “China and

India” by National Defense Research Institute and “Assessing the impact of fertility change and demographic nationalization on population structures in China and India” by Christopher Z Guillemot. The reason I carried out this study as to show how these two giant countries are moving in the same path but with great differences in the rate of change. What I expect from readers is to take the message that the solution lies within our hand. It’s onto our policy makers that how they tackle this problem and how they can implement those policies efficiently.

Recommendation

What can be done in India? A lot of policies and programs have been declared and initiated in India for family planning, education, girl education, gender equality and female employment, but most of them could not deliver the desired result. Our policymakers need to design a mechanism for tracking the performance of any scheme. There is a need to redirect the budget allocation for many such schemes to areas on a basis of a survey conducted without political influence. Most of the money of such programs is consumed by corrupt bureaucracy and middle man . In Attar Pradesh, more than One Trillion INNER was lost in corruption. The amount of medical care facilities that could have been achieved by that money is unimaginable. Government need to ensure that such cases are dealt with and they never occur again in India. Providing an efficient infrastructure for medical infrastructure should be government prime objective. Achieving low mortality rates and high life expectancy such as of China will not be possible with such shortage of doctors, hospitals, beds and medical colleges.

Even if there is no corruption, no horrifying on behalf of the government in the implementation of these programs, they still might prove to be ineffective if people don’t know about them. Most of the Indian Population, especially rural population doesn’t know about many Health programs that are run for them. Proper information about all facilities should reach villages through the medium of television and radios. 6. Education, one of the building blocks of human resource should be given importance. The law of Right to Education should be implemented and the loopholes of the law should be removed.

Small shows and miners should be organized in villages to persuade parents to send their daughters to school so that in their future they can become independent and have equal say in decision making. Increasing employment opportunities through small government programs will make women busy with their Jobs and they will delay marriage and pregnancy.  Government should continue their mission to bring awareness about use contraception among the masses.  What can be done in China? For China, situation is completely different.

Their almost all the policies are implemented efficiently. Education level is close to 100% ND female participation in labor force is quite high. The problem that China needs to solve is their aging population, sex ratio at birth and marriage squeeze. China’s fast economic growth is because of its export and needs to do economic restructuring to overcome the problem of lack of labor. Like India, China will also have to invest in IT sectors where cheap labor is not such an important factor.

Political Issues Regarding the Hipic Population Courtney Warner ETH/125 Cultural Diversity Instructor Michelle Ward Saturday May 8, 2010 Political Issues Mexican Americans, Puerto Rican Americans, Cuban Americans, and Dominican Americans have separate cultures but both include strong family bonds and religious beliefs. These cultural groups are classified into the Hipic American category because they share the Spanish language. “Although these groups share the same language each group has a different dialect and origin. Cuban and Dominican Americans have made the greatest developments in the social and political stand point.

Puerto Rican Americans have made progress on the homeland in the economic view. While some groups resist assimilation into the American lifestyle, others have embraced it. ” (Alba, 2006). Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and Dominican Americans have many resemblances but still remain separate in their ethnicity and are descendants from a variety of immigrants. The main reason for these groups immigrating to the United States was for a safe environment free of political issues occurring in their countries and to seek a better way of life.

Mexican Americans have attained both social and economic status, broken the language barrier, and achieved legal status in the United States. Most Mexicans that come to America are looking to work hard and overcome the obstacles they faced politically and economically in Mexico. The political issues facing Mexicans are typically the same as any foreign immigrant. Voting is a challenge. The voting of the Hipic population is down because the majority of Mexicans are not legal citizens which prevent them from voting. According to the Census Bureau (2008), it is estimated that 1. 7 to 2. million percent of the United States population is illegal immigrants. The Hipic population has not obtained political power equal to its proportion of population. Through years of protests and debates bilingual voting is now an option for counties with large numbers of non American speaking citizens. Bilingual education is also another very important political issue in the Mexican community. Originally schools in America only taught one language with the exception of extra credit language courses. With the rising number of immigrants the school boards in heavily populated Mexican communities are now offering bilingual classes.

Immigration laws are also a constant debate with Hipic members. After years of failed attempts at passing new immigration laws, with the new Obama administration hopes are high that immigration reform will be put back on the national agenda. English is the primary language of Puerto Rican Americans. English is taught in Puerto Rican elementary schools since Puerto Rico is commonwealth of the United States. Even though Puerto Rica is considered commonwealth it still has its own constitution, legislature, and governor but is subject to the rules and regulations of the United States.

The commonwealth status allows all Puerto Ricans American citizenship, making them migrants not immigrants. Puerto Rican American assimilation has been both successful and problematic. Puerto Ricans living in the United States and Puerto Rico are still experiencing issues with drug use and crime. Lack of educational opportunities and failure in family structures are also causing struggles in the Puerto Rican population. The political involvement of Puerto Ricans and other minorities in the United States is small in comparison to their population size.

Less than half of the Puerto Rican population has taken advantage of their voting privileges. Once Puerto Ricans become more settled as residents, they start to participate in politics. For most Puerto Rican residents their primary concern is to search for better economic conditions rather than become a member of a political party. The majority of these immigrants that chose this route are non-English speaking and not able to join or participate in an election. Instead, the immigrants are more likely to become members of religious organizations because they are accustomed to these religious ways in their country.

Religion plays a major role in family and political life. Recent discussion amongst Puerto Rican government officials is pushing for Puerto Rico to become a legitimate U. S. state. Cuban Americans have asserted themselves politically and economically in the Miami, Florida area and are becoming the dominant ethnic community. In Florida this is where the most noteworthy Cuban American political organizations, research centers, and cultural institutions exist. Between 1989 and 1990, 78% of Cuban Americans registered to vote in comparison to 49. 3% of Mexican Americans, and 49. 9% of Puerto Ricans.

Cuban Americans also seem to have a better economic security than other Hipic groups. The average Cuban American income in 1986 was roughly $26,700 which was more than $6,700 for all Hipic households. Cuban Americans are also highly educated; a vast majority has completed either college or graduate schooling. Cuban Americans are noted to be conservative politically and tend to vote for the Republican Party. The most important political organization in the Cuban American community is the Cuban American National Foundation (CANF). This organization is dedicated to restructuring U. S. olicy toward Cuba and removing Castro from Cuba. The CANF is also responsible for raising money for political purposes and lobbying elected officials. There has been much progress made in the Cuban American’s political role, they elected Cuban Americans to Congress and dominated the local political scene in the Miami area. However, the core issues still remain in the political debate of Cuban Americans; migration, Castro, and U. S. Republicanism. Dominicans view education to be a primary concern. Dominicans in the United States have fought one of their most important political battles over education.

It was in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, that they organized together to voice to the local board of education. The school board consisted of no Dominican citizens but the school itself had a majority or Dominican school agers. The Dominicans protested to put a Dominican on board and they were successful in their motives. This began the political mobilization for Dominicans in the education arena. Other important political issue’s the U. S. Dominican community is concerned with is the status of undocumented migrants into the United States, citizenship status, and the police violence towards Dominicans.

There have been several organizations and lobbies created to achieve these rights. As of now, Dominicans have not been involved in National politics, but have made efforts at local levels. The National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials (NALEO) is a research, policy, and education organization dedicated to “developing and implementing programs that promote the integration of Latino immigrants into American society, developing future leaders among Latino youth, providing assistance and training to the nation’s Latino elected and appointed officials and … conducting research on issues important to the Latino population”.

With the recent election of an African American into U. S. Presidency demonstrates how our society has evolved. The important fact to understand is not that we have a black president, but we have come to terms and not dismiss a candidate based on race. WE need to consider other important issues like this election has brought understanding that new opportunities have been made available for minorities in the political world. Our modern day society is beginning to change by taking positive steps in the right direction.

References Alba, R. (2006). Mexican Americans and the American dream. Political Science & Politics_. American Political Science Association. _ Retrieved April 30, 2009 from http://www. apsanet. org/imgtest/PerspectivesJun06Alba. pdf Ballasy, N. (2010). Top Puerto Rican Government Leaders Argue for Statehood on Capitol Hill. Retrieved from http://www. cnsnews. com/news/article/65006 Countries and Their Cultures. (2009). Multicultural America. Retrieved from http://www. everyculture. om/multi/index. html Mongillo, I. (2010) Yale-New Haven Teacher Institute. Puerto Rican Cultural Differences in Politics. Retrieved http://www. yale. edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1980/6/80. 06. 08. x. html NALEO Educational Fund. (2010). Action Urgently Needed on Comprehensive Immigration Reform. http://www. naleo. org/ Pew Hipic Center (2010). Key Issues for Hipic Voters Include Education, Economy and Health Care. Retrieved from http://pewhipic. org/newsroom/releases/release. php?

ReleaseID=14 Pew Research Center Survey (2006). Chapter 7: Ideology and Policy Issues. Retrieved from http://pewhipic. org/files/reports/75. 7. pdf Reshaping politics. Economist, 00130613, 1/9/2010, Vol. 394, Issue 8664 Retrieved from http://search. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/login. aspx? direct=true&db=a9h&AN=47437302&site=ehost-live Schaefer, R. (2006). Hipic Americans. Week Seven Reading: Chapter 9. Retrieved from ETH/125—Cultural Diversity website. References Insert References Here.

INTRODUCTION

This report is about the population crisis. It describes little about the population of world but its focus is on overpopulation in Pakistan.

The purpose of report is to make awareness that the base all the crisis in the country is huge increase in population. The food crisis, health crisis, etc are all due to overpopoulation. On independence the population of Pakistan was just 3 crore but within last few decades there was huge increase in population. Overpopulation is a condition where an organism’s number exceeds the carrying capacity of its habitat. In common parlance the term to the relationship between the human population and its environment, the Earth. A society is called overpopulated when the resources are less than the number of individuals there.

OVERPOULATION

Overpopulation is a condition where an organism’s numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitat. In common parlance, the term often refers to the relationship between the human population and its environment, the Earth. Overpopulation does not depend only on the size or density of the population, but on the ratio of population to available sustainable resources. It also depends on the way resources are used and distributed throughout the population If a given environment has a population of 10 individuals, but there is food or drinking water enough for only 9, then in closed system where no trade is possible, that environment is overpopulated; if the population is 100 but there is enough food, shelter, and water for 200 for the indefinite future, then it is not overpopulated. Overpopulation can result from an increase in births, a decline in mortality rates due to medical advances, from an increase in immigration, or from an unsustainable biome and depletion of resources. It is possible for very sparsely-populated areas to be overpopulated, as the area in question may have a meager or non-existent capability to sustain human life (e. g. the middle of the Sahara Desert).

The resources to be considered when evaluating whether an ecological niche is overpopulated include clean water, clean air, food, shelter, warmth, and other resources necessary to sustain life. If the quality of human life is addressed, there may be additional resources considered, such as medical care, education, proper sewage treatment and waste disposal. Overpopulation places competitive stress on the basic life sustaining resources, leading to a diminished quality of life. The rapid increase in human population over the course of the 20th century has raised concerns about the Earth’s ability to sustain a large number of inhabitants.

In 2009, the estimated annual growth rate was 1. 10%, and the world population stood at roughly 6. 7 billion. Current projections show a steady decline in the growth rate, and a population of around 9 billion by the year 2050. The scientific consensus is that the current population expansion and accompanying increase in usage of resources is linked to threats to the ecosystem. The InterAcademy Panel Statement on Population Growth, which was ratified by 58 member academies in 1994, called the expansion in human numbers “unprecedented”, and stated that many environmental problems were aggravated by the population expansion.

At the time, the world population stood at 5. 5 billion, and optimistic scenarios predicted a peak of 7. 8 billion by 2050, a number that current estimates show will be reached around 2030.

HISTORY OF POPULATION OF WORLD

If you were to take a standard sheet of writing paper . 1mm thick and cut it into two sheets, placing one atop the other, it would then be 2mm thick. Then, cutting the stack of two and making a stack of 4 sheets, it would then be 4mm thick. Believe it or not, if you continued to do this just one hundred times, doubling the size of the stack each time, the thickness of he stack would be 1. 334 x 1012 light-years. This is an example of exponential or geometric growth, where the rate of growth is always proportional to it’s present size. Exponential growth also applies to the the human population. It begins growing very slowly, but over generations the growth rate increases more and more rapidly, similar to a snowball affect. It took the human population thousands of years to reach 1 billion in 1804. However, it took only 123 years for us to double to 2 billion by 1927.

The population hit 4 billion in 1974 (only 47 years), and if we continue at our current rate, the human population will reach 8 billion in 2028. Doubling from our present count of 6. 8 billion to 13. 6 billion will have a much greater impact than our last couple doublings combined. Overpopulation isn’t just population density (amount of people per landmass). Overpopulation applies even moreso to the number of people in an area exceeding the resources and the carrying capacity of the environment necessary to sustain human activities.

So much focus is placed on the rapid population growth in third world countries. However, when we compare lifestyles of the rich countries vs. the poor countries, the rich countries are a much greater problem. For example, Americans constitute only five percent of the world’s total population, but consume 26% of the world’s energy. Just as much as the population size, we need to consider the resources consumed by each person, and the damage done by technologies used to supply them.

Overpopulation is when the number of people can not be permanently maintained without depleting resources and without degrading the environment and the people’s standard of living. Because we are rapidly using up resources around the world, virtually all nations are overpopulated. This applies even more so to the rich nations. As we use up the resources, the earth’s carrying capacity continues to decrease.

POPULATION OF PAKISTAN

The first Pakistan Census after the proclamation of independence of Pakistan was conducted in 1951. It was decreed that censuses have to be carried out once in 10 years.

The second census was conducted in 1961. However the third one was conducted in 1972 because of war with India. The fourth census was held in 1981. The fifth census was conducted delayed in March 1998. The sixth census of Pakistan is planned in October 2008.

POPULATION BY PROVINCE/REGION SINCE 1951

Today’s Snerue The above tables sumrazies the figures of population from first day till now. It is clear from above that in 1951 population of pakistan was not very large drastic change in population occurred after 1971. Now the growth rate of population is 1. percent which is worst growth rate of the world. Now Pakistan is on no:3 in terms of population in all the world.

MAJOR CRISIS DUE TO OVERPOPULATION

Following are some major crisis and problems which we facing due to overpopulation: Food Crisis Health Crisis Pollution Diseases Terrorism Governance Crisis Poverty Unemployment Now we will discuss all of them one by one: FOOD CRISIS The world financial experts have placed Pakistan on a list of 36 countries that face a serious food crisis, warning that if the situation worsens people may raid storage facilities for food.

Like rest of the world Pakistan is also facing food crisis, and it has two sides; one is unavailability of edibles and second is soaring prices due to gap in demand and supply of edibles. According to the website of UN International task force on global food crisis the price of food commodities has risen by 83 per cent over the last 36 months on international markets, and it is estimated that 854 million people are in a state of food insecurity around the world.

World prices of food grains have risen manifold in the last several months due to varied reasons including increased demand in emerging economies, to poor harvests and farming methods, oil prices, massive diversion of food grains for making bio-fuels, provision of land for bio-fuels, global warming, high population growth, changed eating habits, manipulative role of international financial markets with reduced role of national government.

United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon lead a concerted effort by 27 key UN agencies to tackle the growing crisis caused by a worldwide sharp rise in basic foodstuff prices at a conference in the Swiss capital Bern. In case of Pakistan, the food crisis comes hand in hand with an energy crisis and in uncertain political environment along with the extremist threats. It is expected that food and energy shortages could become worse this summer. Food shortages do not make a companion to long periods of energy outages (load-shedding).

This dangerous mix can bring the political plans of political shenanigans to dogs if these basic needs remain unmet. More problem appears to those economies that are not agriculture based and Pakistan is a wheat and rice producing country and should not have had to face an acute shortage. a very important question arises here how did it get to this stage? It is believed that Agriculture scientists will have to introduce modern technologies for high yield at low price to enable the government to cope with the persistent crisis of food shortage.

Even the UN Secretary general has said that agriculture is need to be improved for coup up current food crisis all over the world. After a quarter century of relative neglect, agriculture is back on the international agenda, sadly with a vengeance, Mr. Ban said in an address at the start of the three-day high-level segment of the annual meeting of the Commission for Sustainable Development (CSD). The onset of the current food crisis has highlighted the fragility of our success in feeding the world’s growing population with the technologies of the first green revolution and subsequent agricultural improvements, he added.

According to Daily Times an Economic analyst, Khalid Mahmood underlined the need for increasing agricultural yields though usage of hybrid seeds, better water management, increased role of government for ensuring effective safety and support mechanisms such as making a reservoir of food grain, and also public-private partnerships to overcome the crisis. The skyrocketing prices are jeopardizing the purchasing power of financially crumbling consumers. The price of food items such as vegetables, chicken and meat has increased by more than 20 percent just in one month, which has further made the half of the population of country food insecure.

It is stated that 50 percent of the population is talking less calories recognized for average human need, 20 percent out of those 50 percent population, bottom line people were the greater suffers and were miserably struggling to meet their basic food needs even by compromising on their non-food expenses. The current crisis would further worsen if the government is failed to come up with an informed policy and decisions, the majority of the people particularly the poor would be the greater sufferer, however their attention is more towards the political issues and people are suffering due to energy and food shortage.

There are several lacunae in domestic policy recognized and role of the previous government primarily for not realizing the strength of the crisis that was coupled with poor decisions making including the management failure in the worse crisis of 2007 when even international oil prices were not so high, unavailability of fresh seeds and finally the export of rice which directly increased the need of wheat.

The previous government paid less attention to demand and supply management, rather tried to address the issue properly and developing long term measures; it waged ineffective ad-hoc measures such as subsidies while oil-driven economy of Pakistan is facing serious shortage of energy resulting in increased cost of production and transportation. The situation of food shortage in Pakistan calls for a multi-sectoral strategy to address this serious issue. it is also important to note that Ministry of Finance alone cannot provide a solution to the worsening problem.

Pakistan needs cohesive strategy including the focus on revising the import parity; pricing formula and revised structure of taxes levied on petroleum products, further demand and supply management in energy sector, agriculture, and communication. it is also suggested that the Planning Commission of Pakistan should take lead in formulating proposals in this regard. The culture of accountability of the political leadership which was responsible for current energy deficit and the resultant price hikes; is also needed.

Another important point in this regard is atta smuggling to Afghanistan though NWFP atta dealers saythat the atta was exported to Afghanistan under the trade policy and a regulatory tax of Rs500 is charged on every bag of 100-kg exported to Afghanistan. It is also said that Currently, there is no smuggling on Afghanistan level and whatever is transported to Afghanistan is legal, and is on accordance with an agreement signed between Pakistan and Afghanistan, that is an open lie. Interestingly President George W. Bush has urged Afghan Govt. o gain self food sufficiency to reduce food pressure on Pakistan in SHARM El-SHEIKH Egypt. Government is taking steps to curb this situation; Minster for Privatization and Investment Syed Naveed Qamar has directed Utility Stores Corporation (USC) to ensure sufficient supply and other necessities on its outlets across the country. Syed Naveed Qamar, The minister said that the government was making all-out efforts to provide essential items like atta, ghee and sugar to the people in sufficient quantity.

Furthermore the government has warned the wheat hoarders to offer their wheat by Monday (May 19) to the public sector procurement agencies; otherwise their stocks will be confiscated. A detailed briefing on current wheat situation was given to the Minister for Food, Agriculture and Livestock Mr. Nazar Muhammad Gondal by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock.

HEALTH CRISIS

According to a report approximately there are 15000 births per day in Pakistan. For these children at least 15 hospitals each with 400-500 beds are required which is not possible.

No rich state can provide such huge facility on daily basis then how can Pakistan? After all it is develop country. We are facing health crisis now a days just due such large birth rate. In 1970s health facilities were available to everyone because at that time our population was just 1. 5 crore which is nothing as compared to today’s population.

POLLUTION

For the first time ever human enterprise may be impacting planet earth in a permanent way. How is this possible? What are we doing now that humans have not been doing for millennia? Several obvious things come to mind.

We are creating some very long-lasting waste material as a by-product of generating energy. This includes radioactive waste, and it also includes carbon dioxide, the major contributor to the planetary greenhouse. We are putting gases into the atmosphere and substances into the ground that take a very long time to be absorbed into the general biosphere. We are removing old growth timber faster than it can replace itself. We are flushing substances into the world ocean that can affect the entire oceanic food chain. Only three of these items are “new,” radioactive waste and manmade long-lasting gases and waste materials.

Humans have been doing the remainder for as long as humans have existed. Why, then, are we only now experiencing a global impact? The simple answer is—too many people. Planet earth has an amazing ability to absorb and take into stride incredible amounts of “stuff. ” Our biosphere has evolved an entire range of mechanisms for cleaning itself up after both non-human and human input. Overload the system, however, and it grinds to a halt. A stream continuously surrounded by a herd of bison will become as contaminated and unfit for further use as one overloaded with human sewage.

Yet each can handle reasonable levels of contamination. The problem usually is not what, but how much. The remaining problems are not really problems—they all are just symptoms of an underlying problem: too many people. So long as we address only the symptoms, the problem will remain unsolved, and—because of its nature—will continue to grow. World-wide we are extending the average human life-p; world-wide we are reducing infant mortality; world-wide, across the human spectrum, we are reducing disease and death. With the exception of some industrialized nations, however, the world-wide birth-rate is going up.

It doesn’t take an advanced degree to see where all this leads. An overflowing world population will ultimately overload our planet’s short-term ability to handle everything we throw at it. Increasing greenhouse temperatures, polluted groundwater, single species forests, dying abyssal food chains—these may just be the beginning. In the final analysis, fortunately, planet earth is self-regulating. Unfortunately, this self-regulation is on a time scale that dwarfs human experience.

DISEASES

Disease is not a severe problem when it is on a small scale.

We can handle them easily when few people are affected. Now as our population is very huge diseases spread very rapidly because everyone has a social life also. When diseases become common in a large number of masses then it is very difficult to provide sufficient treatment to all of them. Attack of “ Dangi” last year is the obvious example.

TERRORISM

Terrorism is simply a state of insecurity. There are a number of causes of terrorism one of them is poverty which is due to overpopulation. Thus, we can say that overpopulation is one of the causes of “ Terrorism “.

In our country the basic biological needs ( food, shelter and cloth ) are not being satisfied. Some extremists and Mullahs ensure people that they will satisfy there basic needs if you come with us. The poor people have no other choice thus they shake hand with Mullahs. When state is not providing basic needs to masses and these extremists are providing then people will go with them. Thus people feel no hesitation in destroying their country on the command of these people. Terrorism started majorly during and after General Zia’s Era and there was huge increase in population during the period of Zia. There were only 500 “ Madrasas” in 1977 but in 1987 their number reached 2000.

GOVERNANCE CRISIS

When people are not getting proper food, health facilities etc and other basic facilities then it means that government is doing nothing or in other words we can say that government is unable to govern the state. Now a days this all is happening in Pakistan. Most of the people blames government for this but government is not solely responsible for it. Its major reason overpopulation. Government can run a state with small population very smoothly but it is very tough to handle millions of people.

POVERTY

Poverty is majorly due to overpopulation. When there are scarce resources and a population of billions then how people can live a life of boom. Pakistan has a population of approximately 17 crore and resources for only 12. 5 crore then the remaining people have to lead a life full of poverty. In 1970s the the resources were more than the number of individuals but afterwards we just increased our population not resources. Therefore, we are facing such a worst situation.

UNEMPLOYMENT

Employment is very important for any individual to live a happy life.

But unfortunately it is not available to everyone in Pakistan, its major reason is overpopulation. The 60% of our population is less in 25 years in age. The population of Pakistan is considered as most young population of the world. It is impossible for any government to provide jobs to such a huge number of people. When a large number of people have no jobs then economic growth would be nothing.

MAJOR CAUSES OF OVERPOPULATION

• Decline in the Death Rate: he fall in death rates that is decline in mortality rate is one fundamental causes of overpopulation. Owing to the dvancements in medicine, man has found cures to the previously fatal diseases. The new inventions in medicine have brought in treatments for most of the dreadful diseases. This has resulted in an increase in the life expectancy of individuals. Mortality rate has declined leading to an increase in population. Owing to modern medications and improved treatments to various illnesses, the overall death rate has gone down. The brighter side of it is that we have been able to fight many diseases and prevent deaths. On the other hand, the medical boon has brought with it, the curse of overpopulation.
• Rise in the Birth Rate: Thanks to the new discoveries in nutritional science, we have been able to bring in increase in the fertility rates of human beings. Medicines of today can boost the reproductive rate in human beings. There are medicines and treatments, which can help in conception. Thus, science has led to an increase in birth rate. This is certainly a reason to be proud and happy but advances in medicine have also become a cause of overpopulation.
• Migration: Immigration is a problem in some parts of the world. If the inhabitants of various countries migrate to a particular part of the world and settle over there, the area is bound to suffer from the ill effects of overpopulation. If the rates of emigration from a certain nation do not match the rates of immigration to that country, overpopulation makes its way. The country becomes overly populated. Crowding of immigrants in certain parts of the world, results in an imbalance in the density of population.
• Lack of Education: Illiteracy is another important cause of overpopulation. Those lacking education fail to understand the need to prevent excessive growth of population. They are unable to understand the harmful effects that overpopulation has. They are unaware of the ways to control population. Lack of family planning is commonly seen in the illiterate lot of the world. This is one of the major factors leading to overpopulation. Due to ignorance, they do not take to family planning measures, thus contributing to a rise in population. Viewing the issue of increasing population optimistically, one may say that overpopulation means the increase in human resources. The increase in the number of people is the increase in the number of productive hands and creative minds.

But we cannot ignore the fact that the increase in the number producers implies an increase in the number of consumers. Greater number of people requires a greater number of resources. Not every nation is capable of providing its people with the adequate amount of resources. The ever-increasing population will eventually leave no nation capable of providing its people with the resources they need to thrive. When the environment fails to accommodate the living beings that inhabit it, overpopulation becomes a disaster.

SUMMARY

This report is about population crisis which is the most severe problem of present world.

Pakistan is one of those countries whose population has increased dramatically and now the population of Pakistan is approximetly 20 crore. All major crisis and problems which Pakistan is facing are majorly due to overpopulation. The big reasons of overpopulation are decline in death rate, increase in birth rate and lack of education. If population growth would not be controlled then Pakistan will have a population of 40 crore in 2030.

CONCLUSIONS

From all above discussion it is concluded that overpopulation is the most important problem that we are facing now a days.

If it is not controlled now then we have to face some severe crisis in near future. Our population is increaing rapidly and if it keep on growing at the same rate then in 2030 the population of pakistan will become largest population fo the world. It is obvious that that with all our efforts we can not manage such a huge population. Thus, we have to take some steps to control population. Our resources are not as much to feed such a large population due to which we are facing food crisis, health crisis, etc. Pakistan is a developing country and it can not increase its resources to such a graet extent.

Due to overpopulation in the near future Pakistan will have to face civil war.

RECOMMENDATIONS

• Following are some recommendations to control overpopulation:
• Educate people regarding population crisis
• Encourage Immigrations Career Opportunities For The Women
• Develop policies like one or two children each
• Do not allow refugees to enter in Pakistan

REFERENCES

1. www. google. com
2. www. wikipedia. com
3. www. ask. com
4. www. census. gov. pk
5. www. times. com
6. www. answers. com

It is considered general knowledge that slavery was one of the biggest struggles this nation faced. However, many forget that the strife did not end when slavery was abolished. Reconstruction laid a heavy hand on this country and nearly tore it apart. Booker T. Washington explains this concept in his famous tree analogy.

“Before our freedom, a giant tree was growing in the garden [slavery], which all considered injurious to the progress of the whole nation. The work to be done was direct and simple-destroy the hurtful tree. The work before us now is not the destruction of a tree, but the growing of one. Slavery presented a problem of destruction; freedom presents one of construction. This requires time, patience, preparation of the soil, watering, pruning, and most careful nursing” (Washington, 50).

Booker T. Washington became a representative of the black population during this turbulent time. However, he was met with much criticism due to his controversial ideas and public speeches. The white citizenry largely appreciated his pacifying tone, but many of the blacks were irritated by the inactive agendum Washington was suggesting. Some of Booker T. Washington”s ideas were practical and worthwhile, however some of his theories contained many contradictions and fallacies. I agree with his ideology to a point, but at certain times, I feel that he is too much of a pacifist.

Washington stressed repeatedly in his speeches the importance of an industrial education. His own contribution to this was the Tuskagee Institute. It taught young blacks a trade that was practical, so they would be able to easily find a job, and begin earning income. Washington”s thought was that an industrial education was far more important than a liberal education. He believed that a liberal education was a waste of time, because there weren”t any immediate benefits, or instantaneous wage earning possibilities.

Washington”s point was that the blacks needed money at once, so they should excel at what they already know. African Americans already had the skills they learned from slavery, which was mostly farming and agriculture. He thought that they should utilize that knowledge in the work force. “…let the Negro begin right where he is by putting the greatest amount of intelligence, of skill, and dignity into the occupations by which he is surrounded” (Washington 42).

Many blacks did not like that suggestion, because they felt that they had been trapped in the agriculture business because of slavery, and they did not want to go back to that way of life. It would mean no change in labor and little chance that the white employer would treat them any better than they had in the past. The ex-slaves wanted experiences in life that they never before had the opportunity to have. They wanted a liberal education, because it had been denied to them in the past. They wanted to rise out of working the fields.

Washington believed in sticking to one thing and excelling at it. He thought that blacks should learn a trade and become the best at it, so there is no room for discrimination.

“Whenever in the South, for example, the Negro is the carpenter, let him realize that he cannot remain the carpenter unless people are sure that no one can excel him as a carpenter. This black carpenter should strive in every way possible to keep himself abreast of the best woodwork done in the world. He should be constantly studying the best journals and books bearing on carpentry. He should watch for every improvement in his line” (Washington 42).

Personally, I think that B.T. Washington was right in aspiring to use the skills one already had, however I don”t think it is right to deny anyone the chance of stepping up and bettering themselves. Washington claims this change will happen, but it will occur gradually. “The second or third generation of this black man”s family need not be carpenters, but can aspire successfully to something higher because the foundation has been laid” (Washington 43). However, the black man, at this time, did not want gradual change. They wanted the change they deserved, and they wanted it right away. In my opinion, Washington”s idea to learn a trade to have an immeidate source of income is a good one. It is practical and promotes a way for blacks to meet financial needs. Nonetheless, it is important to have a well-rounded education if the change for bigger and better places is to ever take place.

Another problem with Washington”s dogma, is that he is lumping all black people into one category. He is assuming that all of the ex-slaves will not mind going back to the same labor force they were in pre-abolishment. That is untrue. Many African-Americans at this time had untapped interests that they wanted to pursue. Many would actually be more talented in other fields. When slavery was abolished, this implied freedom for blacks. Freedom is all about the ability to choose. In taking choices away from the ex-slaves, Washington is stifling independence.

As the representative man of his time, Booker T. Washington made several public speeches. In these orations, it was quite evident that he was aspiring to be as diplomatic as possible. He sought to keep the whites on his side, even amongst the most racially controversial issues. In regarding crime, he not only chastised white people for the heinous hate crimes that were rampant, but he also admonished the black people for their criminal acts.

“…idleness and crime should cease, and that no excuse be given the world to label any large proportion of the race [blacks] as idlers and criminals…bring to punishment those who commit crime, when proper legal procedure is sure…we consider no legal punishment to severe for the wretch of any race who attempts to outrage a woman [lynching]. The lesson for the other portion of the nation to learn is that…the same laws should be made to apply to the Negro and the white man whether it relates to citizenship, the protection of property, the right to labor, or the protection of human life” (Washington 49).

The manner in which Washington addressed the mixed crowd was filled with diplomacy, and therefore, did not anger the white citizens. Booker T. Washington realized that this was intelligent, because he knew that if he aroused the whites, the black population would have a much more difficult time in their rise through reconstruction.

During all his addresses to the public, B. T. Washington stressed economics. He did this to speak to the white population about racial equality in terms that they thought would benefit the entire nation. Racial equality would lead to a better economy, and since the South was almost destitute after the civil war, the Southern whites were willing to listen to anything that would help the financial situation. “It is not only the duty of the Negro to thus put himself in possession, but it is also the plainest duty of the white man…No state can have the highest civilization and prosperity with one-third of its population down. This one-third will prove a constant millstone about the neck of the other two-thirds” (Washington 43).

Economics, Washington also said, would bring about political and racial equality. He argued that once African-Americans obtained money, property, and/or other tangible goods, they would be given more respect, and hence, equality. “…when he [the black man] has paid the cost-paid the price of his freedom-it will appear in the beautiful, well-kept home, In the increasing bank account, in the farm…” (Washington 42).

I don”t agree with B.T.W.”s theory on this. Just because one has material commodities, this does not guarantee them respect or equality of any kind. The white southerners were brought up on racist beliefs. A black man”s wealth will not change the white bigot”s opinion. If anything, the whites will just begin to resent the black man. Moving up financially, was a good idea for the black race, as long as they protested equality simultaneously, because equality would not just appear along with financial stability.

Agitation was not one of Washington”s endeavors. He believed that blacks should not provoke the white populace. He states in one of his articles, “Vastly more courage is often shown in one”s ability to suffer in silence…” (Washington 48). This enraged many blacks. They had already been ‘suffering in silence” through the endless years of slavery. Washington averred that rather than agitation, the black move upward should be a constant struggle.

“The wisest among my race understand that the agitation of questions of social equality, is the extremest folly, and that progress in the enjoyment of all the privileges that will come to us must be the result of sever and constant struggle rather than of artificial forcing” (Washington 140). Washington needed to realize that no political changes would come about without the black population demanding them. If the African-Americans did not command civil rights, the whites would never have bothered to change their ways. In this situation, speaking out is necessary.