History of Cricket

Cricket is a sport that originated in England in the 16th century. It became very popular around Europe and then expanded down to South Asia. Cricket was introduced as a sport in South Asia around 1880. Cricket highly affected India and its relationship with Britain and Pakistan in different ways to their communities and sports teams. For Cricket was a sport that united many countries, but also also created different problems for their communities and sports teams. It has caused main problems such as the caste system, the rivalry against polo, and the religious conflict.

As Cricket became a famous sport, it brought together castes from different levels and countries to play. In (Doc.2), it is said that Prince Ranjitsinhji, an Indian cricketer, has joined the Sussex team in England, even though he is of a different race. The author’s point of view was that it’s surprising how the English would accept an Indian to play in their own team. The purpose of the author’s document was to show how a sport like cricket can unite both countries and show that they are both equal, even when the English saw Indians lower than their state of power. It seems that they were equal on the field, but when outside, they see each other as complete opposites

When cricket was popular at the time, the English also played another sport called polo, which is played with horses and mallets. Although England played both sports, India and Pakistan only play cricket. From (Doc.10), the Pakistan Cricket Board see cricket as the only sport that can bring together both countries and they want it that way. It also says from (Doc.1) that Indian cricket players have argued that the English should play in another turf because they are not able to play cricket in their court. The purpose for these documents is to show that South Asia only want cricket because it makes them compatible with the British, unless polo becomes the most played sport that can stop both teams from being unified. But not only can cricket bring apart countries, it can bring apart religions.

From 1912 to 1936, there was the Quadrangular Tournament held in Bombay, India where Europeans, Muslims, Hindus, and Parsis played against each other. From (Doc.7), (Doc.8), and (Doc.9), it explains how Indians and Pakistanis from different religions view this horrible tournament. It’s purpose is to show how absurd it is to have a cricket tournament have religions go against each other when they are from the same country. For instead of making it an actual competition for the South Asians, it just made it like some sort of war against their separate religions.

Cricket became a bridge that brought South Asia and Europe closer. Through Cricket, South Asia was changed politically, becoming more united as the sport dispersed throughout it’s countries. It also helped diverse religions and other diverse, social factors come together in the same sports arena. We can only hope that diversity would be reflected in every aspect of our day to day life. We can always hope.

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Shalimar the Clown Salman Rushdie

The Clown Salaam Rushed The story begins with chapter Linda”. India is a young girl, ambassador’s daughter. His father is Max Pulls, American former ambassador to India, and now the counter-terrorism chief. In this chapter writer describes her wish to know more about her dead mother and reason why her father don’t want to talk about her mother’s death. The plot of this chapter is settled in Los Angles in ass. There she met her father’s chauffeur who was known as Shalom The Clown. His real name was Oman, but later the writer describes the reason of him being called like that.

Shalom always looked suspicious to India, and her suspicions about him made sense when she realized that Shalom was responsible for her father’s death. Reading that scene made me realism Shalom was cold assails. It was horrible when he slashed Man’s throat with a kitchen knife outside Indian’s apartment. Second chapter Is called Bonny. That’ s again name, and one of the main characters. It bring us back in year 1960, where we learn the real through about Man’s murder. Bonny was a young girl who lived in Kashmir together with Oman, know as Shalom the clown.

When they et, they fell in love, and only when they had 14 years they got married. Nobody believed in their marriage. Claimer’s father Abdullah refused their marriage because he thought there Is no relationship between Hindu and Muslim. Kashmir was once a paradise on earth where all people, Muslim an Hindu lived together. It was the place full of happiness and peace. Shortly after their marriage Bonny moved to anaphora place because she wanted to become famous dancer and there she met her second choice, Max Pulls, who fell in with her and got her apartment in Delhi.

Shortly after she got pregnant and she got India, but she gave her the name Kashmir. When Shalom noticed her betrayal, she went from sweetest, gentlest, and most open of any human being in Pacing” too cold assails. Bonny was killed, and Max and his daughter went back to America together with Man’s new British wife, who gave Kashmir name India. Shalom, who once worked as a Phasing’s clown, got a job in a organization called lord Mullahs”, which was Muslim organization made to fight with Hindus. He Joined various Jihad organization and became terrorist.

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Independent Reading: I Am Malala

Table of contents

Cultural Connections

Malala Yousafzai is the protagonist, narrator, and author of . She is born into a religious Pakistan family in Swat during a time of women oppression. Housefly makes a point to write about her happiness and freedom before Taliban took over. Her Pakistan heritage encourages many cultural traditions including dressing conservatively. Women are instructed to show respect by wearing burkas, which covered their face and body. The role of women is to cook and care for their families, “We’d [women] be expected to cook and serve our brothers and fathers.

While boys and men could roam freely about town, my mother and I could not go out without a male relative to accompany us, even if it was a five-year-old boy! This was the tradition”. Malala is a smart girl who had correct morals and beliefs. Her two priorities are religion and education. Malala does not agree with Taliban laws, including the emphasis of education only available for men. Malala’s father, too, believes that such a thing was wrong. Her father and the holy Quran support her to stick up for what she believed in.

She speaks on behalf of the community and those ho were afraid to speak up, “The more interviews I gave, the stronger I felt and more support we received”. This courage leads her to win the Noble Peace Prize. Written in her perspective, Mall uses many of her own experiences throughout the novel. “She [Amoeba] always says, ‘l have four brothers, and if I do even the slightest thing wrong they can stop me from going to school”. Malala explains both the history of women oppression and her own personal experiences to depict the horrible conditions in Pakistan.

 Vocabulary in Context

Charisma: compelling charm that can inspire devotion in others; “Even today people elk of Mr.. Bout as a man of great charisma”. This word attracted me because it is in 100 Words to Make You Sound Smart. It promotes Mr. Bathtub’s character. Chapatti: unleavened flattered made from flour and water; “My mother made our usual breakfast of sugary tea, chapattis, and fried egg”. This word attracted me because I was unfamiliar with it. It describes the food Mammal’s culture ate on a normal day.

Martyr: a person who is killed because of their religious beliefs; “Some of the girls refused, saying that their teachers had taught them that to become a martyr s a glorious thing”. This word attracted me because I was unfamiliar with it. It encourages religion as the number one priority in their culture. Unexamined: Islamic soldiers; “The unexamined will find you wherever you go’. I chose this word because it is an Urdu term. It describes the threat to Mammal’s father, telling him to shut down his school.

Blasphemous: profound; “Muslims widely considered it blasphemous and it provoked so much outrage that it seemed people were talking of little else”. I chose this word because it reminded me of ‘lurid’ from 100 Words to Make You Sound Smart. It describes how angry Muslims were about the book published that was considered a parody of the Prophet’s life. Burma: a long garment that covers everything from head to toe that Muslim women wear in public; “Wearing a Burma is like walking inside big fabric shuttlecock with only a grille to see through and on hot days it’s like an oven”.

This word attracted me because it was surrounded by similes. It describes the clothing women had to wear, supporting the idea that women do not have it easy. Aba: affectionate Urdu term meaning “father”; “Aba, I am confused. ‘ I told my father”. This word attracted me because ABA means father in Hebrew, too. This word describes how Mall was bilingual as sometimes she refers to her father in Urdu.

Barbaric: exceedingly brutal; “If anything the Taliban became even more barbaric”. This word attracted me because my brother used to use it frequently in his vocabulary. This word describes how cruel and powerful the Taliban became. Commiserated: express sympathy or pity; “When I was born, people in our village commiserated with my mother and nobody congratulated my father”. This word attracted me because I was unfamiliar with it. It describes the tragedy that it was to be a girl at the time.

Autonomous: having self- government; “… We went with the newly created Pakistan but stayed autonomous”. This word attracted me because I was unfamiliar with it. It is used to describe the independence once Britain divided from India.

Writers’ Reflection

Throughout the novel, despite all of her misfortunes, Mall manages to keep a strong and optimistic attitude. Even in the hospital while she was struggling to survive, Mall does not want to seek revenge on the people that hurt her, “I didn’t even think a single bad thought about the man who shot me? I had no thoughts of revenge? I Just wanted to go back to Swat. I wanted to go home” (282). This quotation shows how Mall never had bad intentions.

She believes that if one takes revenge for wrongdoings done to them, the fighting would go on and on, “There is no time limit” (39). Malala’s writing is consistent in that she effectively delivered personal and emotional stories. She uses figurative language including imagery and similes to create a picture in readers’ minds to help them further understand her perspective, Our words were like the eucalyptus blossoms of spring tossed away on the wind”. This quotation explains how her voice was not heard right away.

It took time and effort, and so will most things people speak up for. She teaches readers not to give up on what matters to them. She uses a metaphor to describe the relationship between her and her father. “… L was his universe” (246). Together, they worked to get their voices heard. The diction throughout the novel is mostly informal. However, towards the end when she wins the award and meets highly respected officials, her beech becomes more formal, “l will request you all, and I will request that if you can help us in our education, so please help us”.

Overall, I enjoyed Yousafzai’s story. I think that she shared many important lessons. Reading the book in her perspective opened my eyes and made me grateful to have as much freedom as I do. It amazes me that I am the same age as Malala, for she has accomplished so much in her life. Malala Yousafzai is an inspiration to me and an inspiration to all.

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My last farewell

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Export of Pakistan Textiles

Textile industry has been the bulwark of Pakistan’s economy. It contributes more than 60% to the total export earnings of the country, accounts for 46% of the total manufacturing and provides employment to 38% of the manufacturing labor force. The availability of basic raw material for textile industry, cotton, has played a principal role in the growth of the industry. Although the growth in the textile sector has been impressive during the four decades after independence (but imbalanced in favor of narrow base of low value added products), stagnation has set in due to certain changes in the global and the domestic factors.

With the movement of textile production from developed countries towards less developed countries, Pakistani producers are losing their competitive advantage. Pakistan Textile export is mainly for USA and Europe. Pakistan stands in top ten textile export countries. Pakistan has good quality raw cotton which has a good demand in all over the world. The average growth of Pakistan textile industry is reasonably high at the moment Pakistan has more than 7,000 textile industries and their export is approximately 3,000 million square meters per year. Pakistan share of textiles in world trade is about 9 percent.

Two major reasons exist for reviewing the literature. The first, the preliminary search that helps you to generate and refine your research ideas. The second, often referred to as critical review, is part of research project proper. (Sharp and Howard, 1996) Most research books argue that this critical review of literature is necessary. After through studies of different Export and import books and literature, I have found that only a small portion is dedicated to the buyers’ and sellers’ behavior and most of the focus is given to, how to export and import.

No doubt these were not adequate information to compete my research that’s why I decided to search more and more information on topic and now hopefully I have gathered adequate information to deal with my Research methodology and to support my arguments. And this information, gathered from journal and articles will focus on the British and Pakistani textiles buyers’ and sellers’ perspective. The literature used in this research will also help in analyzing the issues and results critically either by comparing different point of views of different authors or by quoting statements in the favor of results.

To gain product’s knowledge I will use my observations and company documents. Primary literature sources (also known as grey literature) are the first occurrence of a piece of work. They include published sources such as reports and some central and local government publications such as white papers and planning documents. They also include unpublished manuscripts sources such as letters, memos. There are so many published sources available from where I can get enough information about my research topic.

Pakistani government published so much material on the export of Pakistan Textile industry. I read that publications and I got a good idea about the behavior of the Pakistani sellers’ and also about the buyers’ of the Pakistani Textile products. I also reviewed the reports, which are published by the British government about the import of the textile products from different countries. This is also helpful for my research topic. Secondary literature sources such as books and journals are the subsequent publications of primary literature.

These publications are aimed at a wider audience. They are easier to locate than primary literature as they are better covered by the tertiary literature. There is book by Nasim Yousaf with the title Export ; Import Apparel and Textiles from Pakistan will be quite helpful for my research. In this book there is so much information about the Pakistani textile industry and there is also some information about the buyers’ and sellers’ behavior.

There is also enough information about the topic in so many articles and journals, which are written, by the Pakistani authors and British authors. From these articles and journals I got so much information about my topic. This will be helpful for me in the future. Tertiary literature sources also called search tools, are designed either to help to locate primary and secondary literature or to introduce a topic. They therefore include indexes and abstract as well as encyclopedias and bibliographies.

Export Promotion Bureau of Pakistan has a uploaded a website and on that website I found so much relevant material about my research topic. In that website there is so much information about the, share of Pakistani textile products in the international market, the information about the main buyers and sellers of textiles products, about the quality of the Pakistani textile products, in that website they also discussed the buyers’ expectation from the Pakistani seller. So this website of Export Promotion Bureau Pakistan is also a good source or information for my research topic.

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Nike and Child Labor

I. Identification 1. The Issue Nike has been accused of using child labor in the production of its soccer balls in Pakistan. This case study will examine the claims and describe the industry and its impact on laborers and their working conditions. While Pakistan has laws against child labor and slavery, the government has taken very little action to combat it. Only a boycott by the United States and other nations will have any impact on slavery and child-based industries. Futhermore the U. S constitution states that child labor is an illegal and inhumane practice and any U.

S. company found guilty practicing and encouraging it will be prosecuted. GATT and WTO prohibits member nations, like the United States, from discriminating against the importation of goods made by children. Are dolphins becoming more important than children? A question making WTO to reconsider the children’s appeal of the third world. 2. Description Brief about the tradition of child labor in Pakistan Pakistan has a per-capita income of $1,900 per year -meaning that a typical person survives barely on $5 per day.

And that’s nonot all, Pakistan has a traditional culture where earning of one person goes on feeding 10 mouths; and with the high rate of inflation it becomes difficult for a low income population to survive. Child labor is spread all over Pakistan but has the greatest impact in the north-west of punjab province, that is Sialkot. Pakistan has a population of approximately 1 million and is an important centre for the production of goods for export to international markets, particularly sporting goods. In 1994, exports from Sialkot brought income of almost US$ 385 million into the Pakistan economy.

Sialkot is thus one of the world’s most important centres for production of sporting goods. Child labor exists in Sialkot both in the export sector and the domestic sector. This fact has been well documented and reported by the international media for several years but nothing has been done about it. In Pakistan it is clearly documented that child labor is against the law, but the government carries lack of willingness to do anything about it. Provision for education is very limited, due to the fact that very low priority is given to education in the national budgets. Education receives around 3% of he total gross domestic product when compared to over ten times of this amount spent on military. Gender and other forms of discrmination plus adding to the lack of political will, gives the clear picture of the existence of child labor in Pakistan. Nike as a helper or exploiter to IIIrd World Recently if you go to a shop to buy your child a new soccer ball. There is a good possibility that the ball has been made by someone your child’s age or even younger. About half of the world’s soccer ball are made in Pakistan, and each one of them passes through a process of production where child labor is involved.

This problem not only pertains to Pakistan but is worldwide. More than 200 children, some as young as 4 and 5 years of age, are involved in the production line. Majority of these children work in Asia, e. g in the nations of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Indonesia. Nike is characterized of making its equipments in countries which are in the developing phase, having very cheap labor, authoritarian government and lack of human rights appeal and union movement. In doing this it has made greater margins on the cost of mere cents to its workers.

So Nike success story is not based on good name and advertising alone but also attached to it is the tears of tortured workers and child labor. A columnist ‘Stephen Chapman’ from Libertarian newspaper argues that “But why is it unconscionable for a poor country to allow child labor? Pakistan has a per-capita income of $1,900 per year – meaning that the typical person subsists on barely $5 per day. Is it a a revelation – or a crime – that some parents willingly send their children off to work in a factory to survive?

Is it cruel for Nike to give them the chance? ” (source: http://www. raincity. com/~williamf/words96. html) Stephen argues that the best way to end child-labor is to buy more of the products that children produce. This would increase their demand, and as they will produce more, they will earn more, hence giving themselves chane to rise above poverty level and thus also benefiting the families of the children and as well as the nation. However, the issue is not that simple.

Increasing the demand of the products produced by child labor means encouraging more child labor, encouraging more birth rates, more slavery, increasing sweatshops and discouraging education – as parents of the children working in factories would want them to work more and earn more. If this happened to be the case, then more and more children will be bought and sold on the black market, leading no end to this problem. By encouraging more child labor, you are not only taking away those innocent years from them but also the right to be educated and the right to be free.

Nike – a good chess player As a good chess player Nike always thinks ahead of its movement. It does not launch its production directly in to the developing country, such as Pakistan, but instead it subcontracts it to them by selecting a local firm. When doing this, the local firm, in this case SAGA sports, has to abide by the Nike’s international rules and regulations when producing its goods. And it is the duty of the international firm (NIKE) to monitor its subcontracted production units and hold it to tight scrutuny.

But this is not what really happens. Both Nike and the local production company aims to minimize cost and earn the highest amounts of profit thus involving themselves in illegal practices, such as child labor, a practice which is not so highlighted by the government of the host developing country. So what happens when you question Nike about its labor practices? An answer comes that it is not they who are involved in this illegal labor practices but it is the local subcontracter who is doing so.

This is wrong to say as Nike and SAGA sports both benefits with access to cheap child labor in Pakistan. And if Nike cannot control its subcontracted plants, it means they have not implemented their rules and regulations effectively and is not abiding by the international standards which they have set for themselves. Nike’s entrance in to the Pakistani markets was the part of its long term strategic planning. It is false to explain that Nike didn’t knew that child labor is an ages-old practice in Pakistan.

Nike went into Pakistan, having full knowledge of the favorable conditions prevailing in terms of child labor and has taken no precautions whatsoever to prevent the use of child labor in the production of its soccer balls. Instead Nike has made a profit from its Pakistani contractors who inturn has used bonded child labor in the production process. Critically analyzing the situation, “Why Nike always land up in places having cheap or bonded labors or in places where it can easily get away with illegal labor practices? ” Examples incude: Vietnam, China, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh and India.

Nike simply bases its operations on finding the lowest-cost labor to make its products. Twelve-year-old girls work in Indonesian sweatshops 70 hours a week making Nike shoes in unhealthy plants. According to a Foulball campaign report, Nike has refused twice to have a check in their Saga-managed center in Pakistan while on the other hand Nike’s rival Reebok readily granted access to its Moltex-managed center in Pakistan. Nike has the habit of hiding behind its good public image and its effective means of promotions and advertising.

Nike attempts to create a good public image by offering charity, donating equipments and never passing an opportunity to remind the public that it has set up stitching centers in places such as Sialkot, Pakistan. How it all started – Consumer awareness 1996 When the June, 1996 issue of Life magazine carried an article about child labor in Pakistan, Nike knew that it was in trouble. The article’s lead photograph showed 12-year-old Tariq surrounded by the pieces of a Nike soccer ball which he would spend most of a day stitching together for the grand sum of 60 cents.

In a matter of weeks, activists all across Canada and the United States were standing in front of Nike outlets, holding up Tariq’s photo. And yet, Nike has not done an especially good job of scrutinizing the subcontractors with which it’s working. Nor has it been open about its labor practices in the way public companies should be expected to be. Cameramen have been pushed out of factory floors. Supervisors at a plant in Vietnam apparently beat workers being paid 20 cents an hour and refused to allow them to leave their work posts.

Indonesian labor organizers has been put behind bars. And, most troubling, nearly all the soccer balls made in Pakistan have been revealed to be made by young children getting paid just cents a day. Nike chairman Phil Knight also acknowledged that a shipment of soccer balls Nike purchased in Pakistan in the year 1996 was made by a subcontractor using child labor in “horrible conditions. ” Although 1996 was the first year in which real public attention was focused on Nike’s labor practices abroad, it’s important to recognize that manufacturing shoes n low-wage countries was, from the start, a crucial part of Phil Knight’s plan for his company. In other words, American jobs have not been shipped abroad. On the contrary, Nike has never made shoes in the United States. Its first factories, built in the 1960s, were in Japan, when that country was still a part of the Third World. And since thirty years Nike have migrating from nation to nation, arriving as countries install the necessary mechanisms for orderly business operations and leaving as living standards become too high to make manufacturing profitable.

Nike “not Just do it but Do it right. ” This is the first time that Nike has had to face real questions about its labor practices abroad, the first time that it has felt a public-relations impact. At this point, that impact does not seem at all devastating. While in the short run Americans are generally horrified by the issue of child labor and has expressed concern over the working conditions in foreign factories, Nike should take immediate actions in order to provide remedy to all the activism it faces, otherwise it can prove devastating for the company’s image in the long run.

The basic truth about Nike is that its only real strength is its good name. Nike rules because of all the good things people associate with the company: sharp ads, Michael Jordan, Tiger Woods, little Penny, and Michael Jordan again. If “beaten workers” and “child labor” get added to that list, then Nike’s greatest asset will be lost. Now the burden is on the company both to do a better job of implementing company-wide global standards of conduct and also to improve its openness to the media. The more you hide, after all, the more people think you have something to hide.

Every hand that goes up, hurts Nike in the public eye. And when you’re a consumer company, that’s the only eye that matters. Consumers — “Just don’t do it. ” When a person states that he/she is working for Nike, it gives a very good status symbol. But what if the person is a 9 – year old child? What image will it give you as a consumer when you buy ththose products or brands that employ child labor? Consumers should take an immediate action in order to eradicate child labor practices discharged by these multinational U.

S corporations. This can only be done by not buying their products which are produced in the third world and which have suspicion of a child being involved in the process. Child labor is a human rights issue. What is more of a human right than growing up as a free person, attending school without being held in bondage? 3. Related Cases Nike labor practices in Vietnam Nike in Indonesia Nike labor practices in China 4. Draft Author: Faraz Azam (June 1999) Note Date

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Kashmir Conflict

INTRODUCTION: The Kashmir dispute is the oldest unresolved international conflict in the world today. Pakistan considers Kashmir as its core political dispute with India. So does the international community, except India. The exchange of fire between their forces across the Line of Control, which separates Azad Kashmir from Occupied Kashmir, is a routine affair. Now that both India and Pakistan have acquired nuclear weapons potential, the possibility of a third war between them over Kashmir, which may involve the use of nuclear weapons, cannot be ruled out.

Kashmir may be a cause to a likely nuclear disaster in South Asia, which should be averted with an intervention by the international community. Such an intervention is urgently required to put an end to Indian atrocities in Occupied Kashmir and prepare the ground for the implementation of UN resolutions, which call for the holding of a plebiscite to determine the wishes of the Kashmiri people. Cause of the Kashmir dispute :- India’s forcible occupation of the State of Jammu and Kashmir in 1947 is the main cause of the dispute.

India claims to have ‘signed’ a controversial document, the Instrument of Accession, on 26 October 1947 with the Maharaja of Kashmir, in which the Maharaja obtained India’s military help against popular insurgency. The people of Kashmir and Pakistan do not accept the Indian claim. There are doubts about the very existence of the Instrument of Accession. The United Nations also does not consider Indian claim as legally valid: it recognizes Kashmir as a disputed territory. Except India, the entire world community recognizes Kashmir as a disputed territory.

The fact is that all the principles on the basis of which the Indian subcontinent was partitioned by the British in 1947 justify Kashmir becoming a part of Pakistan: the State had majority Muslim population, and it not only enjoyed geographical proximity with Pakistan but also had essential economic linkages with the territories constituting Pakistan. History of the dispute:- The State of Jammu and Kashmir has historically remained independent, except in the anarchical conditions of the late 18th and first half of the 19th entury, or when incorporated in the vast empires set up by the Mauryas (3rd century BC), the Mughals (16th to 18th century) and the British (mid-19th to mid-20th century). All these empires included not only present-day India and Pakistan but some other countries of the region as well. Until 1846, Kashmir was part of the Sikh empire. In that year, the British defeated the Sikhs and sold Kashmir to Gulab Singh of Jammu for Rs. 7. 5 million under the Treaty of Amritsar. Gulab Singh, the Maharaja, signed a separate treaty with the British, which gave him the status of an independent princely ruler of Kashmir.

Gulab Singh died in 1857 and was replaced by Rambir Singh (1857-1885). Two other Maharajas, Partab Singh (1885-1925) and Hari Singh (1925-1949) ruled in succession. Gulab Singh and his successors ruled Kashmir in a tyrannical and repressive way. The people of Kashmir, nearly 80 per cent of who were Muslims, rose against Maharaja Hari Singh’s rule. He ruthlessly crushed a mass uprising in 1931. In 1932, Sheikh Abdullah formed Kashmir’s first political party—the All Jammu & Kashmir Muslim Conference (renamed as National Conference in 1939). In 1934, the Maharaja gave way and allowed limited democracy in the form of a Legislative Assembly.

However, unease with the Maharaja’s rule continued. According to the instruments of partition of India, the rulers of princely states were given the choice to freely accede to either India or Pakistan, or to remain independent. They were, however, advised to accede to the contiguous dominion, taking into consideration the geographical and ethnic issues. In Kashmir, however, the Maharaja hesitated. The principally Muslim population, having seen the early and covert arrival of Indian troops, rebelled and things got out of the Maharaja’s hands. The people of Kashmir were demanding to join Pakistan.

The Maharaja, fearing tribal warfare, eventually gave way to the Indian pressure and agreed to join India by, as India claims, ‘signing’ the controversial Instrument of Accession on 26 October 1947. Kashmir was provisionally accepted into the Indian Union pending a free and impartial plebiscite. This was spelled out in a letter from the Governor General of India, Lord Mountbatten, to the Maharaja on 27 October 1947. In the letter, accepting the accession, Mountbatten made it clear that the State would only be incorporated into the Indian Union after a reference had been made to the people of Kashmir.

Having accepted the principle of a plebiscite, India has since obstructed all attempts at holding a plebiscite. In 1947, India and Pakistan went to war over Kashmir. During the war, it was India, which first took the Kashmir dispute to the United Nations on 1 January 1948 The following year, on 1 January 1949, the UN helped enforce ceasefire between the two countries. The ceasefire line is called the Line of Control. It was an outcome of a mutual consent by India and Pakistan that the UN Security Council (UNSC) and UN Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP) passed several resolutions in years following the 1947-48 war.

The UNSC Resolution of 21 April 1948–one of the principal UN resolutions on Kashmir—stated that “both India and Pakistan desire that the question of the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan should be decided through the democratic method of a free and impartial plebiscite”. Subsequent UNSC Resolutions reiterated the same stand. UNCIP Resolutions of 3 August 1948 and 5 January 1949 reinforced UNSC resolutions. Nehru’s betrayal :- India’s first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru made a pledge to resolve the Kashmir dispute in accordance with these resolutions.

The sole criteria to settle the issue, he said, would be the “wishes of the Kashmir people”. A pledge that Prime Minister Nehru started violating soon after the UN resolutions were passed. The Article 370, which gave ‘special status’ to ‘Jammu and Kashmir’, was inserted in the Indian constitution. The ‘Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly’ was created on 5 November 1951. Prime minister Nehru also signed the Delhi Agreement with the then ‘ruler’ of the disputed State, Sheikh Abdullah, which incorporated Article 370. In 1957, the disputed State was incorporated into the Indian Union under a new Constitution.

This was done in direct contravention of resolutions of the UNSC and UNCIP and the conditions of the controversial Instrument of Accession. The puppet ‘State’ government of Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed rushed through the constitutional provision and the people of Kashmir were not consulted. In 1965, India and Pakistan once again went to war over Kashmir. A cease-fire was established in September 1965. Indian Prime Minister Lal Bhadur Shastri and Pakistani president Ayub Khan signed the Tashkent Declaration on 1 January 1966.

They resolved to try to end the dispute by peaceful means. Although Kashmir was not the cause of 1971 war between the two countries, a limited war did occur on the Kashmir front in December 1971. The 1971 war was followed by the signing of the Simla Accord, under which India and Pakistan are obliged to resolve the dispute through bilateral talks. Until the early 1997, India never bothered to discuss Kashmir with Pakistan even bilaterally. The direct foreign-secretaries-level talks between the two countries did resume in the start of the 1990s; but, in 1994, they collapsed.

This happened because India was not ready even to accept Kashmir a dispute as such, contrary to what the Tashkent Declaration and the Simla Accord had recommended and what the UNSC and UNCIP in their resolutions had stated. The government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, after coming to power in February 1997, took the initiative of resuming the foreign secretaries-level talks with India. The process resumed in March 1997 in New Delhi. At the second round of these talks in June 1997 in Islamabad, India and Pakistan agreed to constitute a Joint Working Group on Kashmir.

But soon after the talks, India backtracked from the agreement, the same way as Prime Minister Nehru had done back in the 1950s by violating his own pledge regarding the implementation of UN resolutions seeking Kashmir settlement according to, as Mr. Nehru himself described, “the wishes of the Kashmiri people. ” The third round of India-Pakistan foreign secretaries-level talks was held in New Delhi in September 1997, but no progress was achieved as India continued dithering on the question of forming a Joint Working Group on Kashmir.

The Hindu nationalist government of prime minister Atal Behari Vajpaee is neither ready to accept any international mediation on Kashmir, nor is it prepared to seriously negotiate the issue bilaterally with Pakistan. ” Popular uprising since 1989 ” Since 1989, the situation in Occupied Kashmir has undergone a qualitative change. In that year, disappointed by decades-old indifference of the world community towards their just cause and threatened by growing Indian state suppression, the Kashmiri Muslim people rose in revolt against India.

A popular uprising that has gained momentum with every passing day—unlike the previous two popular uprisings by Kashmiris (1947-48, first against Dogra rule and then against Indian occupation; and 1963, against Indian rule, triggered by the disappearance of Holy relic), which were of a limited scale. The initial Indian response to the 1989 Kashmiri uprising was the imposition of Governor’s Rule in the disputed State in 1990, which was done after dissolving the government of Farooq Abdullah, the son of Sheikh Abdullah. From July 1990 to October 1996, the occupied State remained under direct Indian presidential rule.

In September 1996, India stage-managed ‘State Assembly’ elections in Occupied Kashmir, and Farooq Abdullah assumed power in October 1996. Since then, the situation in the occupied territories has further deteriorated. Not only has the Indian military presence in the disputed land increased fundamentally, the reported incidents of killing, rape, loot and plunder of its people by Indian security forces have also quadrupled. To crush the Kashmiri freedom movement, India has employed various means of state terrorism, including a number of draconian laws, massive counter-insurgency operations, and other oppressive measures.

The draconian laws, besides several others, include the Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act, 1990; Terrorist and Disruptive Activities Act (TADA), 1990; the Jammu & Kashmir Public Safety Act, 1978 (amended in 1990); and the Jammu & Kashmir Disturbed Areas Act, 1990. Most densely soldiered territory :- The Indian troops-to-Kashmiri people ratio in the occupied Kashmir is the largest ever soldiers-to-civilians ratio in the world. There are approximately 600,000 Indian military forces—including regular army, para-military troops, border security force and police—currently deployed in the occupied Kashmir.

This is in addition to thousands of “counter-militants”—the civilians hired by the Indian forces to crush the uprising. Since the start of popular uprising, the Indian occupation forces have killed thousands of innocent Kashmir people. There are various estimates of these killings. According to government of India estimates, the number of persons killed in Occupied Kashmir between 1989 and 1996 was 15,002. Other Indian leaders have stated a much higher figure. For instance, former Home Minister Mohammad Maqbool Dar said nearly 40,000 people were killed in the Valley “over the past seven years. Farooq Abdullah’s 1996 statement estimated 50,000 killings “since the beginning of the uprising. ” The All-Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC)–which is a representative body of over a dozen Kashmiri freedom fighters’ organizations—also cites the same number. Estimates of world news agencies and international human rights organizations are over 20,000 killed. Indian human rights violations in Occupied Kashmir include indiscriminate killings and mass murders, torturing and extra-judicial executions, and destruction of business and residential properties, molesting and raping women.

These have been extensively documented by Amnesty International, US Human Rights Watch-Asia, and Physicians for Human Rights, International Commission of Jurists (Geneva), Contact Group on Kashmir of the Organization of Islamic Countries—and, in India, by Peoples Union for Civil Liberties, the Coordination Committee on Kashmir, and the Jammu and Kashmir Peoples’ Basic Rights Protection Committee. Despite repeated requests over the years by world human rights organizations such as the Amnesty International, the Indian government has not permitted them any access to occupied territories.

In 1997, it even refused the United Nations representatives permission to visit there. Settling the Kashmir Issue For decades, India has defied with impunity all the UN resolutions on Kashmir, which call for the holding of a “free and fair” plebiscite under UN supervision to determine the wishes of the Kashmiri people. Not just this. A massive Indian military campaign has been on, especially since the start of the popular Kashmiri uprising in 1989, to usurp the basic rights of the Kashmiri people.

Killing, torture, rape and other inhuman practices by nearly 600,000 Indian soldiers are a norm of the day in Occupied Kashmir. The Kashmir problem will be solved the moment international community decides to intervene in the matter—to put an end to Indian state terrorism in Occupied Kashmir and to implement UN resolutions. These resolutions recommend demilitarization of Kashmir (through withdrawal of all outside forces), followed immediately by a plebiscite under UN supervision to determine the future status of Kashmir.

The intervention of the international community is all the more necessary, given the consistent Indian opposition to both bilateral and multilateral options to settle the Kashmir issue. Such an intervention is also urgently required to stop the ever-growing Indian brutalities against the innocent Muslim people of Kashmir, who have been long denied their just right to self-determination. Averting a Nuclear Disaster:- If the world community failed to realize the gravity of the Kashmir problem now, there is the very likelihood of Kashmir once again becoming the cause of another war between India and Pakistan.

And, since both the countries have acquired overt nuclear weapons potential, and since India led by Hindu nationalists has clearly shown its aggressive intentions towards Kashmir after declaring itself a nuclear state, a third India-Pakistan war over Kashmir is a possibility, a war that may result in a South Asian nuclear catastrophe. The world community, therefore, has all the reasons for settling Kashmir, the core unresolved political dispute between Islamabad and New Delhi.

Like many other international disputes, the Kashmir issue remained a victim of world power politics during the Cold War period. When the dispute was first brought to the UN, the Security Council, with a firm backing of the United Sates, stressed the settlement of the issue through plebiscite. Initially, the Soviet Union did not dissent from it. Later, however, because of its ideological rivalry with the United States, it blocked every Resolution of the UN Security Council calling for implementation of the settlement plan.

In the post-Cold War period—when cooperation not conflict is the fast emerging norm of international politics, a factor that has helped resolve some other regional disputes—the absence of any credible international mediation on Kashmir contradicts the very spirit of the times. An India-Pakistan nuclear war over Kashmir? Or a settlement of the Kashmir issue, which may eventually pave the way for setting up a credible global nuclear arms control and non-proliferation regimes? The choice is with the world community, especially the principal players of the international system. Efforts to end the crisis: The 9/11 attacks on the United States resulted in the U. S. government wanting to restrain militancy in the world, including Pakistan. They urged Islamabad to cease infiltrations, which continue to this day, by Islamist militants into Indian-administered Kashmir. In December 2001, a terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament linked to Pakistan, resulted in war threats, massive deployment, and international fears of a nuclear war in the subcontinent. After intensive diplomatic efforts by other countries, India and Pakistan began to withdraw troops from the international border on 10 June 2002, and negotiations began again.

Effective 26 November 2003, India and Pakistan agreed to maintain a ceasefire along the undisputed international border, the disputed Line of Control, and the Siachen glacier. This is the first such “total ceasefire” declared by both powers in nearly 15 years. In February 2004, Pakistan increased pressure on Pakistanis fighting in Indian-administered Kashmir to adhere to the ceasefire. The neighbours launched several other mutual confidence-building measures. Restarting the bus service between the Indian- and Pakistani- administered Kashmir has helped defuse the tensions between the countries.

Both India and Pakistan have decided to cooperate on economic fronts. On 5 December 2006, Pakistani President Pervez Musharaff told an Indian TV channel that Pakistan would give up its claim on Kashmir if India accepted some of his peace proposals, including a phased withdrawal of troops, self-governance for locals, no changes in the borders of Kashmir, and a joint supervision mechanism involving India, Pakistan, and Kashmir. Musharraf stated that he was ready to give up the United Nations’ resolutions regarding Kashmir.

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