Pakistan

Statement of the problem

This research deals with Social realistic perspectives. The researcher will focus on the culture and treatment of the women in Pakistani tribal areas. Jamil Ahmed is well-known Pakistani author who tried to highlight the social, economic and gender problems in his writings. The main focus of the novel is Social realistic study of the novel “The Wandering Falcon”. It express the culture of Pakistani tribal areas and represents the situation of woman in tribal areas.

Introduction

Social Realism involves individual, social and cultural changes in all the spheres of life with their intricacies, and nuances: facts about family, the class, the marriage, the school, the politics, the inter-relation, economy, morality, religion, and educational standards. It relates a lot of social readjustments and social maladjustments like unemployment, youth unrest, industrial indiscipline, crime, war and their causes and consequence. Social Realism means the illustration of social reality as it is in literature.There should be a point one to one connection among the society depicted in literature and the real actual society.

Jamil Ahmad a Pakistani civil servant has an implausible sequence of events, become a literary star. He was born in 1931 in Punjab and joined the Pakistani civil service in 1951 — having lived through the tumult of the creation of Pakistan out of Islamic regions of northern India. He did his job in Federally Administered Tribal Areas, the realm where Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan meet, and he fall in love with the isolated tribes and their fading lifestyle.

The Wandering Falcon is a novel in which Ahmad followed Mark Twain’s recomendation to write down what he knows. And what he knows is all the more fiction-worthy for his lived experience among these enduring people, much feared and tiny well-known. This Land is made in natural beauty and ruled by antique traditions and internecine enmity, seems to possess a lifetime’s work for Ahmad. The region itself becomes the tragic leading role of this exceedingly proficient first novel, revealing both its intractably determined character and also the fortunes of the people it crushes in its untiring battle in opposition to modernity.

Literature Review

The researcher will developed her ideas of social realism through the thoughts and models of realism of Mary Ann Evans( George Eliot) and the views of William Dean Howells and Mulk Raj Anand. Social realism is not a new idea or current phenomenon. The writings of Balzac, Charles Dickens, George Eliot, Mulk Raj Anand, Raja Rao, Henrik Ibsen and G. B. Shaw are the superb and well-known samples of Social Realism in literature.

The term ‘Social Realism’ is combination of two words Social and Realism. “Social” is an umbrella term that covers all the aspects like social, political, religious, economical and cultural life of the human beings and “Realism” refers to the ways of depiction the life as it is. Howell describes realism is neither a lot of nor but the truthful presentation of the.

“Pakistani Bride” is one of the factual portrait of Pakistani Tribal Society and their behaviour of women.It describes the endurance battle of the main feminine character Zaitoon. She desires Flexibility from coldblooded Pakistani tribal society where she has been hitched. The novel highlights the real picture of women with connection to tribal conventions.

Traditions for hundred years violent and striking create a rigid structure for life in the wild, astonishing place where Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan meet—the Federally Administered Tribal Lands (FATA). The people who live there are persistently subjected to extremes— of geography and of culture.

“The Wandering Falcon” begins with the story of a young couple, refugees from their tribe, who travelled to the middle of nowhere to escape the vindictive punishments meted upon those who disobey the boundaries of wedding and family. Their son Tor Baz descended each chiefs and outlaws becomes “The Wandering Falcon” the major character who travels all over the tribes, the mountains and the plains, in the towns and tents that include the homes of the tribal people.

Jamil Ahmad wrote a remarkable story of a world of custom and compassion, of affection and cruelty, of hardship and survival, a place fragile, unknown, and unforgiving.

Research questions

1. What kind of Social Realistic perspectives does Jamil Ahmed present in his novel Wandering Falcon?
2. How does Jamil Ahmed depict women’s Social treatment in his novel “The Wandering Falcon”?
3. How does author depicts the Political, Religious and cultural treatment of women in The wandering Falcon?

Research objectives

The research is intended to answer to answer the given questions

• To know the social reality of women in Tribal areas as depicted in “The wandering Falcon.”
• To know the Political,Religious,Cultural and Economic situation of woman in Tribal areas.

Significance of the study

The research is proposed to interrogate the concept of social realism associated with women in Pakistani Tribal areas in Ahmed’s “The wandering Falcon”. It is also intended to draw attention to the tribal culture and the treatment of women in tribal community with reference to Jamil Ahmad’s novel “The Wandering Falcon”. This research will also help to understand the rules and circumstances of Pakistani tribal society.

Research methodology

In order to interrogate the social Realistic perspectives with the reference of Females the research will rely and examine the various aspects of Tribal society and its conditions of living.The text of the novel will be analyzed through several characters in different situations created by the author .In order to tackle the problem, the study will be qualitative and descriptive in nature.

Along with analysis of the text of “The Wandering Falcon” other helping material like reviews of different scholars, interviews and biographies of the author will be observed.. The research will depend upon textual analysis in this regard. Further, the researcher will evaluate the texts by keeping in view the critical Social realistic theory.

References

1. Ahmad, Jamil. The Wandering Falcon New York. Riverhead Books, 2011. Print.
2. Akbar, A. (2018). The Wandering Falcon, By Jamil Ahmad. [online] The Independent. Available at: www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-wandering-falcon-by-jamil-ahmad-2308547.html [Accessed 20 May 2018]
3. Sidhwa, Bapsi (1990) The Pakistani Bride. New Delhi: Penguin Books India
4. New Standard Encyclopedia (Chicago: 1980) 89
5. Falcon and Ahmad, J. (2018). The Wandering Falcon. [online] Goodreads.com. Available at: www.goodreads.com/book/show/11297377-the-wandering-falcon [Accessed 20 May 2018].

Terrorism in Pakistan Mohammad Safdar Social 10-1AP Mr. Brash December 16, 2010 Terrorism is a curse. The War on terror has increased the terrorism all over the world.

One example of this is the situation in Pakistan. Terrorism had a dire affect on Pakistan economy and society. Terrorism has increased the rates of unemployment and poverty. Terrorism is pushing Pakistani severity toward collapse. It has affected the flow of Foreign Direct Investment FDI. It has damaged the Pakistan’s export. Background to the War on TerrorThe War on terror was the U.

S reaction to 9/11. On the morning, 19 al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners. The hijackers intentionally crashed two of the airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing everyone on board and many others working in the buildings. Both of the buildings collapsed within two hours, destroying nearby buildings and damaging others. The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, just outside Washington, D. C.The fourth and final plane crashed into a field near Shanks Ville in rural Pennsylvania after some of its passengers and flight crew tried to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington, D.

C. No one was saved from any of the flights. The U. S responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror, attacking Afghanistan. They believed that Al Qaeda and its founder Osama Bin Laden, who attacked the twin towers were hiding in Afghanistan. After that, the war spread rapidly and it reached Pakistan’s north side.Impact on Economy One of the most significant factors that has been negatively affected by terrorism is Pakistan‘s Growth Domestic Rate (GDP).

Consumers who were used to going out on a daily basis and buying a large amount of goods have been afraid of to do so in recent years. This has caused a large decrease in consumer spending and that has had a very negative impact on Pakistan’s economy. As the GDP growth rate has gone down from 8. 40% in 2004-05 to 5. 80% in 2007-08 and more recently it has reduced to 2. 10% in 2008-09(The Business Exchange).According to experience curves and studies that have been conducted, it has been concluded that it will take the Pakistan economy about 33 years to double its size.

(Oluwatimilehin, 2009) Pakistan’s economy has been negatively effected by the terrorism. The ratio of unemployment and poverty has increased after the terrorism. Population of Pakistan was 168. 23 million by 2009, and out of this 25-30% of population lives below the poverty line but before terrorism it was between 18-24%. Unemployment rate in Pakistan has risen from 7% to 15. 2% after the war on terror.Pakistan is an agricultural country but people are still starving to death (CIA fact book).

One of the reasons for that is smuggling of foods to Afghanistan. Even on the Eid-ul-Azah Muslim’s (festival of sacrifice) there was a shortage of animal for sacrifice because of the smuggling of animals to Afghanistan. Foreign investment (FDI) is the backbone of most of the country’s economy. Foreign investment helps economy to grow at faster rate. Terrorism has greatly affected the foreign investment in Pakistan. Foreign investment is decline to $ 910. 20 Million from $1.

Billion in 08-09. Due to decline in investment poverty and unemployment rises. Poverty has reached to 34. 4% from 30. 5% in 2008-09. Analysts refer to the plummeting foreign direct investment (FDI) as a sign of weakening investor confidence as a result of increase in terrorism. According to the State Bank of Pakistan, FDI has shrunk to $463 million during the first quarter of the current financial year from $1.

117 billion the previous year and that reflect the low risk appetite for long term investment in Pakistan. Security concern largely impact the flow of FDI into a country.If a country is unsafe for investment than investor will move to other safer place. The low investor’s confidence could be dangerous for the Pakistan’s economy. Foreign investors are not the only one who doesn’t want to invest in Pakistan. Local businessmen of Pakistan are also afraid of investing more money under the existing security and economic conditions. (Jamal, Nasir) War on terror has damage the Pakistan’s budget.

An Institute of Public Police (IPP) report called ‘State of the Economy: Emerging from the Crisis’ estimated in May that terrorism has cost Pakistan’s economy a strenuous amount of Rs380 billion in 2008 alone.The cost of power shortages, the second heaviest drag on; the economy, was Rs210 billion. Pakistan’s government is decreasing budget from other main things like health, infrastructure, and education and they are spending most of their budget on security. Despite the government’s claims that education is its top priority, public spending on it after the war on terror declined to 1. 8 percent of the GDP from 2. 6 percent in 1990. Pakistan is becoming failure state because of spending less money on education.

(Jamal, Nasir) Pakistan’s manufacturing sector recorded the feeble growth in a decade during the outgoing financial year 2007-08.Manufacturing posted a growth of 5. 4% during the first nine months of financial year against the target of 10. 9% and 8. 1% of last year. Extensive manufacturing, accounting for 69. 5 % of total manufacturing registered a growth of 4.

8 % in the current financial year 2007-08 against the target of 12. 5% and last year’s achievement of 8. 6 %. High political tension, worse law and order situation, growing power shortages, cumulative impact of monetary tightening and rising cost of doing business are responsible for poor growth of manufacturing in 2007-08.Longer term view shows us that the manufacturing growth exhibit’s a moderating trend. . From 2000-01, the large-scale manufacturing sector as a result of a becoming fast larger economy, moved from highest point to another and reached its very high point at 19.

9 per cent in 2004-05. During the last three years the large-scale manufacturing sector is showing signs of reasonable along with a subsequent slowing down of the economy and has registered a growth of 4. 8 per cent during the current financial year.The government can play an important role in providing manufactures firms to compete in the world economy by providing technological up-gradation in production and by improving law and order situation. (Zaiby, P. 2009) Pakistan’s trading has been hardly affected by the terrorism and the War on Terror. Pakistan carry most of it trade with the United States and the European Union and in addition, 50% of its exports are to US and European Union.

Nevertheless, due to terrorism threats on Pakistan, government from other countries discourages their citizens to go to Pakistan.Some big companies had interest in purchasing textile and that is the Pakistan’s largest export product, but they have taken their business to the neighbor countries such as India, Bangladesh, Singapore, and Hong Kong because of terrorism. The foreign buyers have taken complete advantage of the situation to produce goods at lower values. Pakistan’s knitwear is better than it competitors but get the lowest rates due to the disapproval of direct contact with outside businessmen. According to sources exports have gone down from $19. 22 billion to $6. billion dollars within the reduction of imports.

The trade balance/shortfall is -4. 5(billion $) and one of the reasons for this is terrorism and terrible government policies. (Oyeleke Oluwatimilehin) Tourism is one of major money making industry for Pakistan, but sustaining terror activities in Pakistan have negatively impacted the tourism business, especially after the terrorism increased in Pakistan. One of the major terror activities that discouraged the tourism was Marriot Hotel attack occurred on 20 September 2008 which left 60 people dead.The Swat valley, once famously known as the Switzerland of Pakistan is under the Drone attacks by US military because they want to kill Taliban militants, and to prevent Taliban from taking control of the valley. In the latest Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report (TTCR) launched on 2009 by World Economic Forum, Pakistan stands at 113, two places down from last year. The reasons for the terrible performance by Pakistan are government sedentary in improving infrastructure facilities and high security concerns of the tourists.

Pakistan earned $200mn from 800,000 in 2007 and last year they were able to attract only 400,000 people and earned half of the previous income. . (Jose Roy, 3/12/2009) Impact on Society The War on Terror has affected Pakistan’s society mentally. It has created confusion among the people that who is the Taliban’s supporter and what they are doing is right or wrong. It has created fear among the people. People are scared of stepping out of their house. They are even scared of sending their kids to the school.

On October 21, 2009 Taliban suicide bombers attacked Pakistan’s International Islamic University in Islamabad which killed 4 people and at least 18 people were wounded in the suicide attack. After the attack, Pakistani Interior Minister Rehman Malik told reporters that country was in a state of war. He ordered all the schools and universities to be closed until any other notice. Pakistani Interior Minister Rehman Malik called for national unity and he said we should be standing against these terrorists, and Insha’Allah we will defeat them. (Terror central)Taliban brainwashes kids with vision of virgins. Lt. Col.

Yusuf tells us that when they got to that part of the story it was shocking for them. Standing in the middle of what the Pakistani military says was a brainwashing center — for children. According to Pakistani military that children between the ages of 12-18 are turned from innocent youngsters to cold blooded killers, want to blow themselves in pieces as suicide bombers. The discovery of the compound was first reported in Pakistani media on December 2009. Yusuf said his military took it over after three days battle with militants.They use to paint the wall with brightly colour paintings in clear contrast to the barren and harsh landscape surrounding it. Taliban told children that this was what waits for them in heaven.

Each of the painting have river flowing through it. Some of the paintings have people playing in the water and others have women lining the banks. Children were told that these are the rivers of milk and honey, and that the women will be waiting for them in the Jannat (heaven) and they will be live in the company of Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) (January 05, 2010|By Arwa Damon, CNN). Killing is only obligatory when facing warfare and armed combat not when facing kufr.

For this reason, neither women are to be killed nor children, or the elderly, nor the blind nor those worshippers who do not fight, rather do we fight against those who fight us. This was the way of the Messenger of Allah in dealing with the people of the earth, he used to fight those who fought against him until they either entered into the deen, make an agreement or treaty with him or came under his authority via paying the jizya. This is what he used to instruct his armies if they fought against heir enemies, as has preceded from the Hadeeth of Buraydah”. (“Ahkaam Al Udh-Dhimmah”, Vol 1, Page 17). The quote show us that the Prophet Muhammad never allowed the killing of innocent even during the war, than how could the people who kill innocent people will live with his company. He also said that the killing of one innocent person is the killing of whole mankind. The US launched 44 drones attacks in 2009, more than previous year the pinnacles of America’s drone achievement was in August, when they killed Tehreek e Taliban (TTP) leader Baitullah Mehsud.

Despite the fact that they killed Baitullah Mehsud, but they also killed 700 innocent civilians in the attacks. With such a bulky civilian toll and so little to show for it, it is no wonder that Pakistani people have been up in arms over the strikes. On June 22, 2009 the US struck at a house officials called a “suspected militant hideout,” burying a few locals inside. When others people went to the place to rescue them, they launched another missile, killing 13 innocent Pakistanis. When they held a funeral procession on June 23, the US hit that too, apparently on the belief that Baitullah Mehsud might be among the bereaved person.He wasn’t but the attack killed at least 80 more innocent people. (Ditz, January 02, 2010) Madrassas is a college or school where students are taught about Islam.

Madrassa are labeled as the main cause of extremism but they are not stoking extremism or militancy. Fewer than 10% people attend Madrassa in Pakistan. The main cause of the extremism is poor public education. The study report found out that the literacy rate in Pakistan is raised to 56% and it is among the lowest outside of sub-Saharan Africa, and we need to increase the supply of schools in Pakistan.The research found out that the high literacy rate is the main cause of violence and that demand for education inside Pakistan “went beyond the limits of the government’s ability to provide it. In addition, Pakistan’s public school system is “highly corrupt” with teaching positions handed out in return for political favours and teachers are paid low wages. The way Pakistan’s education is set up it is contributing to encourage militancy.

The exclusive focus on Madrassas as a security challenge – which is especially found frequently in the west – needs to be corrected. (BBC, 24 June 2010) To conclude, the war on terror has to be stopped.Pakistan has faced lots of bad things in supporting of the U. S War on Terror and to make this world a safer place, but we have never been appreciated for all the sacrifices that we have make for this world. We have never been appreciated for 3,117 martyred soldiers and 8000 innocent citizens . We have always been told to “do more“. “Do more” is a word that foreign governments use to say that the Pakistan efforts on the War on Terror are not enough.

“Do more” is become a curse for 3,117 martyred Pakistani soldiers and for 8000 innocent citizens of Pakistan.References: Ditz, (January, 2010). US Killed 700 Civilians in Pakistan Drone Strikes in 2009. Retrieved from http://news. antiwar.

com/2010/01/02/us-killed-700-civilians-in-pakistan-drone-strikes-in-2009/ Damon, (2010).

The importance of recruitment and selection practices also known as Human Resource Management (HRM) could not be taken lightly. All national and multinational organisations rely on its most important resource – the people working in it – to carry out its goals and visions. Organisations do not work without the people. The Human Resource therefore takes care of a very essential component of the organisation. Thus, it deserves to be given due consideration and importance.

The proposed research will be focused upon to investigate the comparison of HR practices in Pakistan and UK multinational organisations. In the recent past so many research findings have been produced about the implementation of HR practices in Pakistan but it is evident that HR practices are not fully implemented and what are the main causes and factors due to which these practices are not implemented. On the other hand the HR practices in developed countries like United Kingdom play important in the success of the multinational organisations. Thus along with comparison this study will also reveal the effect of HRM practices in developed countries like United Kingdom and under developed countries like Pakistan.

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Introduction:

This chapter summarizes a brief overview of the entire dissertation. In this context, this chapter presents a brief introduction of the identified objectives. Background section of this chapter details research conducted to conclude main area of research. Some others topics include literature review, methodology, findings and results. Rest of this chapter has been organized as follows.

1. In section 1, we present aims and objectives of our research study.
2. Section 2 presents background study and research challenges are covered in section
3. At last in section 4 we present organization of this dissertation.

International projects that are increasing their actions universally are uncovered to increase knowledge in the variety of ways according to their situation. They are familiar with choosing problem among an internationally consistent strategy & a nearby adaptive strategy in their global individual source strategies.

Asia is the best rising district on the earth (Economist 2003, 2005; Fortune 2004) plus is motionless under-researched evaluated to Europe as well as the United States. The financial systems of the nations underneath learning are frequently grouped jointly as being underpinned by “Asian principles” although restricted traditions, organizations, as well as work powers vary in every of the chosen states. Known the local variation in financial expansion, the assortment of state permits examination of move together to higher financial systems such as Singapore as well as less-developed financial systems such as Thailand plus Indonesia.

The instant region of attention of this learning is the relocate of Human Resource strategies and their performance in United Kingdom headquarters (HQ) and supplementary in Pakistan. To know about how they use their HR practices and HR department to motivate their employees so that their performance should be at their best just like the HQ employees who has been working in a developed country. To know about the contrast of these employees the researchers is working on these variables, Motivation, Training and hiring of the employees.

After studying Japanese organizations western writers and parishioners have found that workforce management (utilization) is one of the main reasons of their success. This has a great influence on the writers, parishioners and the researchers to consider proper use of workforce in western organizations. Later on this style was termed as ‘Human Resource Management’ or HRM. At present, many organizations has functional personnel department known as Human Resource (HR) with the basic aim of managing their employees in an efficient manner.

1.2 Realistic Background:

At the same time as those kinds of keys are essential as well as sufficient to accomplish several of the managerial Human Resource jobs, the excellence of recompense, expansion plus guidance procedure – to name immediately a little – are not optimized with the similar severity in each state as those relating to the manufactured goods plus services that the own MNEs proffer. This require for the Human Resource purpose to competition the excellence of the manufactured goods as well as service commerce has lead to a rising attention of the MNEs’ headquarters in global Human Resource.

People working individually or collectively for the organisation are the essential and most valued elements of human resource management. HRM is considered as a strategic and detailed approach for the management of the organisation. ‘Personnel’ management term was used before the concept of HRM. According to Grant and Oswick (1996) of practitioners views on HRM said “There is and always was a gradual evolution of personnel management. I see HRM as just the latest stage of this evolution.” In Pakistan the HRM process is in developing or infancy stage. In Pakistan and other under developed countries the HRM practices are not fully implemented.

According to Beer et al, Human Resource Management affects the relationship between organisations and employees with the decision making. According to Pettigrew and Whip (1991) HRM is a total set of knowledge, skills and attitude that a firm need to compete. It includes matters like hiring, firing and training and actions concerning people such as employee relations, compensations and development. Such actions and matters can be brought up together through the creation of human resource management philosophy. HRM is the reflection of policies and objectives set by the management. These policies and objectives closely related and interlinked to each other. To obtain the objective of the organisation HRM function of planning pertains to arriving at an efficient process. It helps the company to achieve its goals. Organisation gathers and coordinates the resources needed to implement the plan. Human resource management organize the company structure form the relationships and allocate the resources to attain the objectives. Directing refers to the human resource management function that leads and supervises employees to attain the company objectives. Finally, controlling is confirming if the plan is carried out in actual situation.

1.3 Research Aim and Objectives:

1.3.1 Research Aim:

According to previous studies and researches the researchers have done allot of hard work on the specific field of HRM but this research only comprise the developed countries where human resource management plays an important role in the development of multinational organisations. However less consideration has been given and not too much research has been done with context to under developed countries like Pakistan.

Mostly the comparison revealed from past journals, books and magazines has shown that either one country has been thoroughly researched or two developed or under developed countries are compared. But this research tends to draw attentions towards the adaption of human resource management techniques and their behaviour in multinational organisations of both developed country like United Kingdom where HR practices are fully implemented and under developed country like Pakistan where HRM techniques are not used on same footings as of developed country and their results.

1.3.2 Research Objectives:

1. To investigate about the status and nature of HR practices with respect to both countries.
2. To conduct studies pertaining to human resources of both countries.
3. To understand the influence of cultural, social, economic, political and business environment on HR practices with respect to Pakistan and UK.
4. To suggest improvements to current HR standards imposed in Pakistan and UK.
5. To suggest suitable model of HR.
6. To give recommendation for successful implementation of HRM model.

1.4 Organisation of Work:

Introduction

All possible steps will be taken in order to make easy for readers about the finding of research. This dissertation is structured into SEVEN categories which are:

1. Literature Review
2. Research Methodology
3. Findinds
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion&Recomendations
6. Reflection Report

The layout of chapters for this report is as follows:

1.4.1 Literature Review

Literature review is one of the important sections of our work. We understand that literature review provides a based to understand the importance of HR activities in GISO. The term HR activities here imply role and practices of HRM, SHRM and its implementation in GISO. This chapter also focuses on the strategy and elaborates the link between strategy and HRM in the selected GISO.

1.4.2 Research Methodology

The main aim of this chapter is to discuss different methods and techniques for investigation in selected area. We will discuss research philosophy principle (positivism, realism and interpretive), qualitative analysis, secondary and primary data and also different types of interviews. In this chapter conclusions are made to identify various approaches and techniques needed to conduct our research study.

1.4.3Findings and Results

Research findings and derived results are presented in this chapter. These results are drawn from the interview and data collection from the managers/owners of the selected GISO’s.

1.4.4 Conclusion

This chapter presents research finding and derived results of our research study. In this chapter focus is also given on the aims and objectives of our research especially in the context of HR activities in the selected GISO’s. One important aspects of this chapter is the listed factors and reasons that are derived. We believe these factors and reasons can persuade business managers and owners to integrate HR and business strategies in selected GISO’s. Moreover, they can also be helpful in promoting the whole idea among the GISO’s.

1.4.5 Reflection

This chapter presents our own reflection in terms of learning process based on research findings and conclusions of carried out research study.

1.6.6 References

We have studied different books, academic papers and articles to build the foundation of our project. In references section we have listed all of literature we have studies in our research study.

Chapter 2

Literature Review

2.1 Preface:

The preceding section initiated and summarized this learning. This section presents the literature review of this study, which is related to the shift of strategies as well as performance in global individual source organization.

Primarily, an integrative structure for learning global individual source matters is obtainable. Next the general idea of literature argues present thoughts in the close relative regulations (Perry 2003). These are initial, global individual source organization, next, nationwide, educational as well as lawful dissimilarities among United Kingdom as well as Pakistan, third, international projects & their collision on individual source matters, plus the instant regulation, shift of individual source strategies as well as perform from international projects headquarters to auxiliary.

2.2 Integrative structure of planned Global Individual Source Organization (GISO):

This part begins with the introduction of an integrative structure of planned global individual source organization. Its arrangements as well as inferences for this section are discussed. This structure is believed in determining an idea inside the field of Planned Global Individual Source Organization (PGISO) moreover it is extensively used as a structure for study plus educational coaching in the field of global Human resource. The frame is motionless suitable and present, in spite of the rising attention inside the field of Global Individual Source Organization (PGISO) more than the last 10 years (Evans 2003; Fisher & Haertel 2004; Rowley & Benson 2004; Schuler & Budhwar 2002). As Pawan and Bahadur says ‘The impact of HRM policies on organisational performance is fully mediated by

employee skills, attitudes, and behaviour. The paper concludes that although the motivation to perform HRM policy domain causes organisational performance, through employee attitudes, it may be supported that organisational performance positively moderates the effectiveness of this HRM policy domain, raising thus the question of reverse causality”(Anastasia, katou,Bahadur,2009).

The HRM is concerned with the effective and efficient use of the organizations’ human resources. Hence, the human resource management runs the operations and as part of the functions of the HR departments is to attract the potential employees and by attracting the best applicants it is important that the HR management already prepared the strategies to help the hired employees perform well. Through the use of job analysis, the employees that are hired were trained and the expected them to perform the appropriate function effectively (Zafar, 2005). As in the words of Paul Gooderham”HRM promotes firm performance and firms have sufficient managerial autonomy to select HRM practices independently”(Gooderham and Nordhaug 2009).

2.3 Hierarchy of Human Resource themes (what is GISO and how it works):

Schuler (1994; 2003) plus others (Briscoe 1996; Nankervis; Rowley & Benson 2003) observed a hierarchy in the difficulty of human resources (HR) themes. The base is individual source organization in the firm at the nationwide stage. Individual Source Organization (ISO) comprises the majority human resources management jobs, such as payroll, as well as the themes of employing, presentation organization, preparation, expansion, recompense as well as advantages, as fine as manual labour relationships (Dowling, Schuler & Welch 1994). Further difficulty is new when leaving single stage senior to Global Individual Source Organization (GISO), which comprises Individual Source Organization (ISO) as well as inserts the confronts of general, educational as well as lawful dissimilarities among the states of the firm’s actions (Adler 1986; Briscoe 1995; Dowling, Schuler & Welch 1994; Fisher & Hartwell 2003).

2.4 Global Individual Source Organization (GISO)

This part describes an impression of GISO within the literature by talking about numerous obtainable GISO replicas. Three directions of MNE strategies towards GISO are argued.

2.4.1 Definition of Global Individual Source Organization (GISO):

GISO descriptions are widespread; GISO matters merely discover features of Human Resource Management in MNEs (Briscoe 1995). For others ‘planned global individual source organization is no further than the request of GISO to the global or global commerce background’ (For this study a clear-cut explanation of Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) is used:

GISO comprise of a compilation of strategies as well as perform that an international project uses to run the limited as well as non-local staff; it has in nations other than their residence nations. (Acclimatized from: Dowling, Schuler & Welch 1994)

2.5 Obtainable Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) Replicas

Some theoretical replicas look for to explain plus forecast how MNEs may demeanor Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) on a theoretical stage from a worldwide, planned viewpoint (Evans 1989, Pucik & Barsoux 2002; Milliman, Von Glinow & Nathan 1991; Nankervis, Compton 1999; Schuler 1993; Taylor, Beechler & Napier 1996). What MNEs in fact perform as well as, further highly, how they accomplish it is not so fine filed. Afterward replicas identify additional interior also exterior issues to clarify MNEs’ options of Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) schemes.

2.6 Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) Courses & policies

An explorative GISO course is single in which the close relative firm’s Human Resource Management scheme is being moved to its dissimilar associates. This policy highlights incorporation crossways the entire associates. The unenthusiastic feature of such an explorative GISO policy is its rigidity. This might show the way to an ethnocentric course from Head Quarters (HQ) plus as a result, associates may be resisted to the compulsory perform (Adler 2001).

The next, an adaptive GISO course is single in which every associate expands its personal Human Resource Management scheme, dazzling the restricted surroundings. The unenthusiastic feature of such an adaptive GISO policy is it’s require of internationally suitable principles as well as perhaps a group of incompetence due to the manifold formations of comparable strategies as well as schemes (Roberts,. 2000).

The third, an integrative GISO course, together unites individuality of the close relative corporation’s Human Resource Management scheme with individuals of its global associates, as well as tries to obtain ‘the most excellent’ Human Resource Management strategies plus employ them all through the association. Shifting of Human Resource Management strategies as well as performance happens plus can go away in several ways, among associates or from single associate to Head Quarters (HQ) or from Head Quarters (HQ) to an associate (Taylor, Beechler & Napier 1996). If realized fine, the integrative strategy is obviously the attractive win-win answer. The likely unenthusiastic feature is that the last GISO strategies of an MNE might symbolize the lowest ordinary denominator quite than surroundings global principles (Kostova 1999).

Containing recognized the dissimilar alternatives of GISO in words of an explorative, adaptive as well as integrative strategy; the query is how to make a decision which alternative to decide.

2.7 Nationwide, Educational as well as lawful dissimilarities among United Kingdom & Pakistan:

This part primarily contrasts the states United Kingdom plus Pakistan on a macroeconomic stage plus after that continues to talk about a structure for relative learning on Human Resource Management matters. Moreover, civilization is described as well as a contrast of the educational dissimilarities of the nations founded on four writers’ replicas, is offered.

Chart 2.7.1: Essential details concerning United Kingdom & Pakistan

Contrast United Kingdom / Pakistan

1. Populace(millions) 83.518.7
2. GDP (billion US$) 2259451.2
3. GDP for each head(US$) 35,1002,400
4. Labour force(millions) 31.45%55.77
5. Inflation rate 3.3 %13.4%
6. Joblessness 7.9 %15%
7. Faith 71.6% Christian 95 %Muslims

2.7.2 Relative Structure Sensible:

Relative learning on state stages countenances the difficulty of opposing styles plus information (Rowley & Benson 2002). Nonetheless an effort is completed underneath to present a precis of the nations beneath learning, relating the relative structure of Velma, Kocher plus Lansbury (1996) in chart 2.8.2.

Chart 2.7.2: Structure Functional for relative learning of United Kingdom & Pakistan

United Kingdom / Pakistan

Employment AssociationWide exercise of skill to amplify suppleness plus output of labour force.Mainly prejudiced by attendance of American MNEs’ local Head Quarters.

Ability ConfigurationFine skilled labour force with stress on occupational preparation plus sensible learning.Management drives elevated stages of teaching.Extremely incomplete attempt from the confidential division.

Recompense schemesAlthough an elevated earnings state, genuine incomes have been in refuse for years. Comparatively consistently dispersed disburse levels between businesses & occupations.Earnings have been continually increasing in actual words with elevated manifolds of compensate levels as the standard. Pakistan is not a contemptible work site any longer.

Service SafetyElevated servicesafety as well as labour force faithfulness with lawful defence of the labour force in recessions that creates saversCautious to get bigger in improvements.Extremely livelywork marketplacewithout compulsion on company to offerEnduring service or work safety.

Business Supremacy: Communal negotiating & well-built locations of the combinations that are as well symbolized on the panels of managers (co- willpower). Communally awfully steady.Corporatist scheme where the country forces work in a position secondary to administration financial rule. Generally steady.

2.8 Employment Association (United Kingdom & Asia):

United Kingdom utilizes skill to enlarge suppleness plus output of the labor force, Pakistan is powerfully prejudiced by American MNEs containing their Asia Head Quarters in Pakistan. Thailand is prejudiced in its job association by Buddhism as well as the physically powerful attendance of the kingdom & Indonesia, being quite rigid, utilizes its plentiful labor force with not a lot attempt to amplify output. (Briscoe 1995; Kamoche 2000; Lawler & Siengthai 1998; Verma, Kochan & Lansbury 1995).

2.9 Ability Configuration:

Pakistan have a profusion of inexpert work, with lacks in guidance as well as accomplished work, at the same time in Pakistan the administration vigorously forces for elevated stages of teaching as well as guidance. In United Kingdom the importance is on sensible learning, intensely entrenched in the scheme throughout professional guidance (Briscoe 1995; Kamoche 2000).

2.10 Recompense schemes:

United Kingdom is elevated earnings kingdom with Pakistan being a contemptible work state. Whereas incomes plus salaries are dispersed comparatively consistently in United Kingdom, creating it extremely luxurious for low accomplished work, where as Pakistan is further used to elevate manifolds of disburse levels (Herkenhoff 2000; Kamoche 2000).

2.11 Service Safety:

The additional Asian nations have lively work marketplaces as well as small employee faithfulness with the United States being the responsibility replica for Pakistan. The United Kingdom work marketplaces is very much controlled plus defended, therefore not self-motivated, with elevated employee devotion. United Kingdom defends their labour force lawfully in opposition to suspends, resultant in extra cautious developments throughout financial improvements (Briscoe 1995; Lawler & Siengthai 1996).

2.12 Importance of Training in an organisation:

One of the important element of HRM beside selection and hiring of employees is the training of employees. It is an essential tool for an organisation and plays an important role in enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of the employees. It is beneficial for both the employee and the employer because when an organisation provides effective training to its employees they will in return be able to put that training in practice. Training is also important for employees to help them to cope themselves with the rapid or slow changes within the organisation. That is the reason that organisations put high regard on giving training to its employees Wright et al (1992).

With the help of effectively conducted training programmes a large number of potential benefits can be obtained by individuals as well as organisations. With respect to their position trainees may gain greater intrinsic or extrinsic job satisfaction. Intrinsic satisfaction comes from performing a task well and extrinsic job satisfaction may be derived from extra earnings gained by performing well in an organisation which can also become the cause of enhancement of career and promotion prospects both inside and outside the organisation. On the other hand organisations benefits from increase in employee work performance and productivity Welch (1994).

2.13 Human Resource Practices in UK and Pakistan:

To evaluate the present structure of HRM with respect to both countries, the author would also analyse the key factors affecting on HRM, which include, culture, political, economic social context, Institutions, education system and the present structure of HR in Pakistan, but the focal point of this study would be training practices of multinational banks having branches both in UK and Pakistan. According to Peter F. Drucker “People are definitely the company’s greatest assets. It doesn’t make a difference whether the product is cars or cosmetics. A company is as good as the people keep it.”

2.13.1 HR Practices in Pakistan:

Pakistan was established on August 14, 1947. Today in 2011, sixty three years later, Pakistan is still experiencing growing pains. As a young nation Pakistan is facing a number of struggles to become a sustainable development country so that along with the national companies foreign companies should also do investment here. For this reason it is struggling hard to attain sustainable development particularly in the field of Human Resource management. From past 2 decades as the business started to grow up and foreign investment started to come in the country a large number of obstacles have been seen particularly in the field of improving and managing the human resource effectively. At this point Pakistan, the human resource management situation in Pakistan is far from being excellent. In some private sectors, HR department is present but it is not fully functional. The Army in Pakistan is a bit organized but still experiences some lapses in other areas. The multinational companies fair better in the human resource department because they have management tools perfectly in place.

The human resource techniques used in Pakistan in past need to be re-examined because they only managed to create a group of unskilled qualified man power and unproductive organizations. The issues or problems surrounding the human resource management all falls under the functions of HRM discipline. The issues revolve around several aspects such as:

Job Analysis and Design:

The function of human resource management is to monitor constantly the everyday performance of the organisation as everyday has new performance implication Guest, D (2001). In Pakistan most of the times the employees found themselves in an overlapping situation. One of the main reasons for this is that the job description and specifications are not properly outlined. This results in a situation where employees found themselves in an overlapping situation and take pressure and burden of work which makes them less productive and stops them to achieve their targets of job.

Work Flow Process:

In Pakistan the work flow process is not given much attention and is not implemented very well. This results in finishing a task longer time than in routine. In order to complete a task those processes are also done which are not necessary for the accomplishment of the task. Consequently, people end up doing more work that does not lead to the achievement of their goals. It also makes the management process seemed more complicated and time-consuming Singh K (2004).

Recruitment and Selection:

Nepotism and mal are the main hurdles which are responsible to curtail the process of hiring and selection in many government and private organisations. However with the introduction of new procedures the recruitment and selection process is getting better. In the private sector things look rosier since hiring is based on the qualifications of the applicant. Even if he is referred by the incumbent still the person they will hire needs to come up with certain performance standards to be able to remain in the organization.

Work Environment:

The office environment in Pakistan does not meet the standard of health and safety and sanitation standards. This is particularly noticeable in the government sector. The office does not provide a hospitable working environment that encourages productivity. The rooms usually do not have proper seating arrangements and cleanliness is ignored. However with the establishment of multinational companies and banks the environment on whole is getting better as they follow strict international standards of health and safety.Hierarchy:

Government sector hierarchy is quite complicated in Pakistan. Expressing the point of view is quite difficult which can cost the employee his job. The officers in higher positions demand following of protocols complete with paraphernalia which costs money for the government. In the private sector, hierarchy is sometimes ignored where as in multinational organisations it is on very small scale.

Working Hours:

Working in the government requires that the employee report for work at 8am in the morning everyday even if they don’t do anything at that time. The employees usually come in at 8 then hop on a government vehicle to visit various offices for networking, socialize. At lunchtime they go home, rest then come back at 5pm in the evening and work until 9pm. This working technique allows worker to be committed to their jobs and learn hard work and perseverance.

Performance Appraisal:

The ACR in the government can either make or break careers. It is not unusual to see bending or distorting of appraisal to make the report more favourable to the employee. One report could spell a huge difference in a person’s career such as job promotion. Performance effectiveness often means not showing excellent performance but closer ties with the boss. The person in the higher position often does not bother to socialize with subordinates because they do not give feedback to the boss.

Systems and SOPs:

Government has some systems in place although some need improvement. The local NGO (non government organisation) sector does not have any system at all as they do whatever they want. The private sector such as multi-national companies is in a much better shape since they have established system for company activities.

Reward System:

Money is often seen as the only motivator even if employees are not compensated well. A vivid example of this is a police officer and an ordinary police man, the former often receives a number of privileges at work the latter however does not. The reward system could not possibly motivate people or be a real ‘reward system’ since excellent performances is not recognized by being promoted in the job or incurring a higher salary. Just as bad performance does not incur disciplinary measures for the employee. The reward system is virtually non-existent.

Career Development:

Employees often could not aspire for growth because of the presence of political red tape that poses as obstacles to be able to attain job promotions or, at least, a higher salary.

Training and Development:

Several national and international trainings are financed by the government for employees. These trainings however are dimmed by intrigues as the motive behind the selection of employees to be trained is often under suspicion Cooke, F (2002). The relevance of training and its applicability to the job is under scrutiny since it was found out that most Pakistani officials avail of international trainings to be able to experience travelling and have shopping trips.

Aside from these pressing issues facing the sustainable advancement of human resource in Pakistan, more issues hound them such as:

• Cost benefit analysis is not used in management decisions to determine the feasibility of a certain project or undertaking.
• The education policies are not applicable to the industrial requirements.
• Education is more focus on the theoretical aspect rather than the practical aspect of the profession.
• Most professional malpractices are brought about by political pressures.
• People are not chosen for the right jobs. Consequently, jobs become a daily routine.
• People have ulterior motives that cater to their own interest even if it does not contribute to the advancement of the organization.
• Poor leadership.
• Diversity and innovation is not practiced in most companies whether government-owned or private.
• Lack of opportunities for growth.
• Low motivation.
• Passive behaviours.
• Management by Objectives (MBO) is not in place.
• Multitasking is not practiced among government employees.
• Pay is not based on performance level of an employee.
• Commitment level is very low.
• There is a noticeable lack of specialists in some subjects.
• Deficient research in the area.
• Improper Communication within the organization.
• Inflexibility.
• Wrong perceptions.
• Many organizations don’t have a vision on where the company is heading.
• Short term vision

Government spent money to improve human resource but due to lack of planning, the expected positive result was not realized. Pakistan struggles to secure a place in the League of Nations because of poor human resource management in the past. Working is not enough if not given proper support and credit. These, however, are manageable issues once Pakistan resolves them.

2.13.2 HR Practices in UK:

Human resource practice in UK can be considered as a perfect example of successful HRM techniques in developed countries. Comparing with Pakistan HRM practiced in UK can be said as the other side of the coin.

Comparatively human resource practices in United Kingdom are more in place than in Pakistan. With hundreds of multinational companies and thousands of national companies all over United Kingdom a large workforce is working having a multi cultural background. Employees are offered an attractive salary and are also given benefits. In order to maintain the standard facilities, training and work conditions are also better as standards are needed to be adhered to. Government and private organisations work hand in hand to ensure that laws, policies and systems are practiced and carried out. As a testament to this, a number of skilled labourers also migrated to the United Kingdom from countries such as India, Philippines and Pakistan due to the more favourable working conditions in the UK Brewster et al (2004).

This may come as a huge surprise then that in the latest survey of 2000 UK employees commissioned by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) revealed that relationships between employers and employees in a number of workplaces are described as having poor communication, trust is at low levels which leads to underperformance, low productivity and high staff turnover.

In a book called Working Life: Employee Attitudes and Engagement 2006 written by Catherine Truss, Emma Soane and Christine Edwards from the School of Human Resource Management at the Kingston Business School, Kingston University and Karen Wisdom, Andrew Croll and Jamie Burnett from Ipsos MORI. The authors believe that the main problem in HR practices in UK revolves around communication and trust. In so many ways, it is similar to a marriage under stress:

Mike Emmott, CIPD employee relations adviser, said: “Lack of communication means many employees feel unsupported and don’t feel their hard work is recognized. As a result the sparkle has gone out of the relationship, damaging productivity levels in many UK businesses.”

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan came into being on August 14, 1947. Pakistan has a strategic location in South Asia, surrounded by India, China, Afghanistan, and Iran. Pakistan has a total area of 803,940 sq. km and an estimated population of 170 million. Pakistan is a federation, with four federating units, called Provinces, namely, Punjab, Sindh, North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), and Baluchistan. The capital is Islamabad, and the tribal belt adjoining the NWFP is managed by the Federal Government and is know as FATA i. e; Federally Administered Tribal Areas. Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas have their own political system, yet certain of their subjects are taken care of by the Federal Government through the Ministry of Kashmir Affairs and Northern Areas. The Provinces are further divided into Divisions and Districts. The basic administrative unit is a district, being governed by the District Nazim, popularly elected, who is supported by a senior civil officer called District Coordination Officer (DCO) and the District Police Officer (DPO) in the smooth running of the local government, rather a new system introduced by the President Pervez Musharraf regime in 2000 and 2002.

Pakistan has a parliamentary form of government, and the Parliament consists of two Houses, i. e; the Senate (Upper House), giving equal representation to all Provinces, and the National Assembly (Lower House), representing the nation on population and direct adult voting system. The Senate is a permanent legislative body and consists of 100 members. The National Assembly has a total of 342 elected members (272 general seats, 60 women seats, and 10 non-muslims (minority) seats). The President is the Head of State and the Prime Minister is the Head of Government. The Provinces have their own Provincial Assemblies, the Chief Minister, and a Governor, who is a nominee of the Federal Government through the President of Pakistan. Pakistan has enormous importance due to her strategic location; her being the front line state during the Soviet invasion on Afghanistan (1979-1988), and now a front line of defense and a staunch ally of the Allied Nations in the global war on terror. Pakistan has tremendous human and natural resources, excellent minds and brains, beautiful historical places, arts, and literature, and has been contributing to the world peace and progress through various international forums, like the UN and its Agencies, OIC, SAARC, and other international organizations of which Pakistan is a member. The literacy rate is 53% the national language is Urdu and the official language is English; 97% population is Muslims and 3% minority (Christian, Hindus, and others). Annual per capita income is $ 736; the population growth rate is 1. 29 and the life expectancy is 64. About 65% population is in urban areas. However, the UNDP Index for Pakistan is at a lower rank due to some of her poor socio-economic indicators.

LAW AND ORDER SITUATION IN PAKISTAN

Nato forces invaded and bombard the Afghan nation, sometimes indiscriminately, which led to the desired goal of the destruction of Taliban rule in Afghanistan, but in addition, gave rise to a lot of internal and external problems for Pakistan: the economy, internal security environment, and social tranquility jolted badly due to such problems. The spill-over effect of the Taliban from Afghanistan into the tribal belt of Pakistan has been under continuous discussion in the western media and US administration, both civilian and military departments. Right from the everyday reports of various research institutes in USA and news stories of Washington Post, the New York Times, etc to the well-researched analysis and reports of EUROPOL  and Council on Foreign Relations report on ‘Securing Pakistan’s Tribal Belt (Daniel Markey, 2008), Pakistan remains in the mainstream of our debate on the war on terror. Pakistan has deployed more than 90,000 security forces on the Pakistani side of the Afghan border, with more than 900 checkpoints to stop cross border movement of Afghan-Taliban and other miscreants. Pakistan received a death toll of 1200 security forces in tribal areas during the ongoing war on terror and hundreds of civilians and police in the settled/urban districts.

A cascade of suicide attacks in 2007 horribly terrorized the nation and literally paralyzed the local administration. The general public has greater grievances against the western nations, especially the USA which along with Nato forces carries out unnecessary airstrikes on Pakistan tribal areas, on the pretext of ‘actionable-intelligence’ against Al-Qaeda stalwarts, the results of which have never been tangible and visible. Rather, the illiterate tribal people and other population of the country take it for unwarranted instigation and looking for lame excuses to attack Pakistan’s tribal territories, most often, allegedly pushed by some unfriendly elements. Pakistan’s tribal areas (seven Tribal Agencies and six Frontier Regions) are usually described by the US as ‘safe-haven’ for Al-Qaeda, which is strongly rebutted by the government and general masses. There might be some Afghan-Taliban elements in these areas, who might have been hiding in the rugged mountains of the tribal belt, but it is not acceptable that they can visibly operate or organize their activities in any part therein. The US/Nato airstrikes on Pakistan’s tribal areas have never been a success in chasing and hitting any high valued target so far. All their claims are debated and challenged.

Some times innocent children, women, and Pakistan’s security forces are hit and killed, as often happen in Afghanistan as a result of ‘unintentional’ and ‘friendly fire’!Unfortunately, no one has undeniable facts and figures about the various kinds of Taliban and there is no good research about their organization, structure, style finances, strength, weaknesses and gradual infiltration, tactical retreat, and resurgence. This development at the international scene has made things worse for the Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) in the country, especially the police who have never been trained and equipped to deal with terrorist activities suicide bombing, and IEDs. The unofficial statistics for terrorist activities are much higher than the official figures. However, we still rely on the statistics provided by the National Police Bureau in its report on the National Public Safety Commission. Figure-I gives details of these terrorist activities and bomb blasts and the passage below gives a comprehensive account of all other recorded and cognizable crimes throughout the country. Figure-I As many as 537866 cases were registered in the country during 2006 as compared to 447745 cases recorded during 2005 thereby showing an increase of 90111 (20. 1%) cases.

Punjab registered a rise of 66306 (24%) cases, Sindh 10520 (22. %) cases; NWFP 11612 (11. 2%) cases, Baluchistan 1137 (16. 9%) cases, Islamabad 556 (14. 7%) cases and AJK 376 (7. 9%) cases. However, there was a decrease of 159 (5. 5%) cases recorded by Railways police, and 237 (12. 8%) cases in Northern Areas.

Murder: showed a rise of 266 (2. 7%) cases in the country including 22 (0. 4%) cases in Punjab; 151 (8. 2%) cases in Sindh; 50 (2. 3%) cases in NWFP; 34 (11. 7%) cases in Baluchistan and 38 (48. 7%) cases in AJK while there was a decrease of 34 (26. 8%) cases in Northern Areas.

Attempt to Murder: a rose by 691 (5. %) cases in the country; 371 (5. 2%) cases in Punjab; 143 (5. 9%) cases in Sindh; 102 (3. 9%) cases in NWFP; 64 (22. 1%) cases in Baluchistan; 31 (29. 2%) cases in Islamabad and 32 (9. 3%) cases in AJK while there occurred a decrease of 59 (42. 1 %) cases in Northern Areas.

Rioting: showed a rise of 710 (22. 4%) cases in the country including 30 (19. 7%) cases in Punjab; 486 (21. 5%) cases in Sindh; 93 (30. 2%) cases in Baluchistan and 126 (40. 5%) cases in AJK while there was a fell of 22 (23. 4%) cases in Northern Areas. Assault on Public Servants: increased by 700 (21%) cases in the country including 235 (19. 1%) cases in Punjab; 409 (31. 1%) cases in Sindh; 21 (5. 9%) cases in NWFP; 8 (5. 4%) cases in Baluchistan and 45 (42. 1%) cases in AJK while there occurred a decrease of 10 (10. 6%) cases in Northern Areas.

Zina: crime recorded under this head rose by 116 (5. 8%) cases in the country; 80 (5.7%) cases in Punjab; 60 (30. 8%) cases in Sindh and 11 (15. 3%) cases in Islamabad while there was a fall of 13 (19. 7%) cases in Baluchistan and 14 (66. 7%) cases in Northern Areas. Kidnapping/Abduction: showed an increase of 1320 (15%) cases in the country; 1052 (15. 3%) cases in Punjab; 98 (7.7%) cases in Sindh: 52 (11. 5%) cases in NWFP; 53 (59. 6%) cases id Baluchistan; 8 (72. 7%) cases in Islamabad. 12 (100%) in Northern Areas and 50 (44. 6%) cases in AJK.

Kidnapping for Ransom: rose by 70 (32.3%) cases in the country including 23 (20. 5%) cases in Punjab; 23 (36. 5%) cases in Sindh; 21 (77. 8%) cases in NWFP and 4 (50%) cases in Baluchistan.

Suicide: showed a rise of 24 (14. 6%) cases in the country. There were an increase of 9 (225%) cases in Punjab and 15(11.1%) cases in Sindh.

Highway Dacoity: increased by 20 (21. 3%) cases in the country. There were an increase of 12 (54. 5%) cases in Sindh and 8 (100%) cases in Baluchistan.

Other Dacoity: increased by 478 (21. 1%) cases in the country including 247 (16.7%) cases in Punjab; 207 (30. 1%) cases in Sindh; 22 (78. 6%) cases in Baluchistan and 12 (100%) cases in Islamabad.

Highway Robbery: a rose by 63 (41. 2%) cases in the country; 43 (34. 4%) cases in Punjab; 10 (76. 9%) cases in Sindh and 10 cases in NWFP.

Other Robbery: showed a rise of 2411 (19. 7%) cases in the country; 1640 (18. 7%) cases in Punjab; 722 (23. 8%) cases in Sindh and 70 (89. 7%) cases in Islamabad while there occurred a decrease of 16 (11. 9%) cases in NWFP and 7(11. 5%) cases in AJK.

Motor Vehicle Theft/Snatching: increased by 3056 (18. 7%) cases in the country including 1587 (16. 6%) cases in Punjab; 1107 (20. 9%) cases in Sindh; 64 (12. 6%) cases in NWFP; 181 (41%) cases in Baluchistan; 93 (22. 9%) cases in Islamabad; 11 (57. 9%) cases in Northern Areas and 9 (10.2%) cases in AJK.

Skip to Navigation Skip to Content OPPapers. comResearch Papers and Essays for All Join Login Writing Service Help Contact Us Question? Email Us Join Search Get Better Grades Today By Joining OPPapers.

com and Accessing Over 325,000 Articles and Essays! get better grades Will India Become A Superpower? Home Page» Biographies» Science and Technology Will India Become A Superpower? Sixty years ago, in the summer of 1948, our nation, then newly born, was struggling for its very survival. In January, Mahatma Gandhi had been murdered by a Hindu fanatic.The act had shocked many Indians, but apparently it had the approval of some. According to one news report, the jailed assassin, Nathuram Godse, received an average of 50 letters a day expressing admiration for his action. This was part of a much wider right-wing, religious, reaction against Partition. Hindu and Sikh refugees from Pakistan were calling for retribution against the Muslims who had stayed behind in India. The relations between the two communities were poisoned further by the tribal invasion of the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

With the raiders aided and equipped by the Pakistani army, the religious conflict had, inevitably, become a national one. A bloody battle was on in the high mountains of the Himalaya, as the Indian Army sought to rid Kashmir of the intruders. Six weeks after Godse fired thoseIs this Essay helpful? Join OPPapers to read more and access more than 325,000 just like it! get better grades three shots from a Beretta pistol in New Delhi, the then undivided Communist Party of India (CPI met in a secret conclave in Calcutta. At this meeting, the leadership of the CPI was taken away from a gentle and very cultured Kumaoni named P.C. Joshi. Joshi wanted the Communists to collaborate with Jawaharlal Nehru’s government in building the new nation.

His replacement, an austere Maharashtrian named B. T. Ranadive, believed on the other hand that the transfer of power from British to Indian hands was a sham, and that Nehru and his men were puppets of the Western imperialist powers. He took the Communists towards a new ‘people’s war’ line, which mandated the overthrow of the Indian State through armed struggle, and its replacement by a single-party dictatorship.In June 1948, the infant Indian State looked very fragile indeed. It was pierced from the left by the Communists, and pinched from the right by the Hindu extremists. And there were other problems aplenty.

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Pakistan has been facing political crisis from its birth (1947) till now. From 1947 to 2010, In this long period many government changed but unfortunality they all could not Maintain the political environment stable, after ruling 1, 2 or three year that governments politically instable.

Political instability is a situation when the uncertainty among the government structure expand due to some basic causes and it eventually end up the current government1. We all know when a ruling party faces this sort of uncertainty so they do not do well for the public.They become unable to make polices for the development of the country. The internal matter gradually become uncontroll. law and order situation also become worse. The opposition parties take the advantage of this situation. They lead the public and compel them for strikes and all these things.

eventually the governing government have to leave, if they don’t then then there is big possibility that a dictator take the hold and all the development ,internal ,foreign policies is stopped . his is what happening in our country. And after completing 60 year we still could not find our destination and even direction. If we see the political history then we have four Personalities who were military president, we also call them dictator. General Ayub Khan, who was president during 1958–69 Yahya Khan (1969–71) he had to deal with a civil war in 1971. economic downfall and political dissent in east Pakistan created many problems.After nine months of guerrilla warfare between Pakistan Army and the Bengali militia backed by India, eventually East Pakistan became independent state in the world map known as bangladash.

which is a big loss. Then Civilian rule resumed in Pakistan from 1972 to 1977 under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, until he was deposed and later sentenced to death in 1979 by General Zia-ul-Haq, who became the country’s third military president.Then in 1988, Benazir Bhutto came and country’s political and economic situation worsened due to corruption of her government and many other causes, Then in 1999 nawaz Sharif were ruling the country and Military tensions in the Cargill conflict with India and other circumstances General Pervez Musharraf assumed vast executive powers and became the president of Pakistan . people distributed sweets and they welcomed him with new hopes . public were in the favor of a dictator. Then what happened after 3 year or 4 it were the same public who cursed him. fcourse, there were many causes behind this entire story.

According to a lawyer 1. He did wrong to kill nawab Akbar bhugtti 2. Operation in Waziristan 3. Lal masjid operation 4. He forced chief justice iftakhar Muhammad choudary to resign2. On 15 November 2007 the National Assembly completed its tenure and new elections were called. Due to the internal and external pressure the exiled political leaders Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif were permitted to return to Pakistan.

The textile sector is the most lucrative sector for most countries as most Least Developing Countries depend on this sector for their revenues. Countries such as Mexico, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Philippines which are agro based economies, rely on their textile exports to sustain them. Though in recent years a change has been noted in the imports and exports of the textile products being produced the relative demands have been pretty much constant. Demand for the output from the sector

In the past the major countries exporting textiles where mainly concentrated in the Asian continent. Countries such as Pakistan, India and China were the key players who would supply to the demands of the major part of the world (All Pakistan Textiles Mill Association). The demand for this sector was calculated to be 21,926,000 metric tons as of 1993 globally. The ratio being that 979,500 metric tons being consumed by the Asians, 651,600 metric tons by Europe and 525,100 by the Americas (All Pakistan Textile Mills Association).

The major consumer for this industry was the asian continent due to the high population in countries such as China, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan existing there and providing a strong local demand for the product (D. Anderson, 2000) . In recent years there hasn’t been much change in the demand for the output as Asia still has the largest population of the world. Most of the textile industry also still exists in their countries because of the availability of raw materials from neighboring countries and the availability of cheap unskilled labor which is the major determinant of setting prices of output.

The governments are also supportive of this industry as it provides a strong financial base to their country and often devaluate their currencies or provide subsidies to aid in decreasing the cost of production, hence providing output at a lesser price. In the future however, it is believed that with the implementation of WTO, China would dominate the market not only as the largest exporter but probably as the largest importer as well. The reason being that it is in proximity to the best available cotton in the market (India grows high count yield cotton which is one the best in the world). Also, overall the demand for textiles is increasing.

So it can be observed that in the future the developing countries will shift to high end products with better value addition and improved use of technology to satisfy local and demands from developed countries whereas the products having low end (low value addition) will be diverted towards the low income countries such as African countries (Invest in China, 2002). Supplies Issue The supply issues can be classified into 1) Physical; 2) Human and 3) Financial. Physical Issues The issues in textile industry relating to physical nature can mainly be the lack of availability of high yield cotton and lack of high quality raw materials.

The number of countries which product cotton is mainly low income-middle income based economies with farmers living on a subsistence wage. They cannot afford to use the latest technologies or invest heavily in their farms. Thus, the output that they produce is mostly of substandard quality. There is also a lack in Research & Development in most countries. The related ministry or government body does not invest heavily in the R&D to create higher yield seeds and improvements in fertilizers or processes. Therefore, most of the cotton grown is not suitable for the demands placed by most countries.

Even though Germany has the best production of textile machineries most textile mills cannot afford them and move towards lower quality Chinese machinery which does not provide the same quality. Human Issues Most of the labor force employed in this sector is unskilled in countries such as Pakistan and India. These workers do not have technical knowledge and thus cannot work on product improvement or development. Countries which have educated their workforce have seen a tremendous improvement in their overall output, such as Korea.

These educated farmers and also manufacturers recognize the need for product development and implement the most efficient processes and use the best quality raw materials to reach higher paying markets such as the United States and European countries. It is not a problem of shortage in labor which is inflicting the industry but more towards the lack of educational facilities and research institutes. There are few proper colleges for education related to the industry. And most of the people living in lower income countries cannot afford such institutions.

Urbanization is one problem of a lesser degree observed with the human capital. Farmers get a very low percentage of the profits of the sales as the middle-man (a person who would act as an agent between farmers and the mills) would take the kings share. In hopes of better livelihoods the farmers move to the urban cities and there is a shortage of the production in that region (Mukhtar, 2008). The governments of these countries play an integral role as well. They work with the management bodies which monitor the industry and they also act as the representatives of the branches of the textile industry.

Inefficient management bodies, lack of concern from the government, and inept channels of communication between these two bodies is a major concern. Financial Issues This sector faces fewer financial issues since most of the products can be accommodated in any market of the world. So even if products are cheap to produce they have their demand in some specific countries. To reach higher demand markets countries often devalue their currencies to make their price appealing to clients. This is not always the best measure as it compromises the quality of the products as well. Legal Issues

The trade between countries causes many legal issues to arise. Different types of taxes (custom tax, excise duty, and various other local taxes) cause monetary losses for the exporters but also lead to loss in timely deliveries (Lakhani, 2003). The government inefficiency is overlapping in this point as most of the taxes are levied by the government and they are the ones deciding on trade agreements and making trade between countries easier and more efficient. Structure of the Industry The industry can be divided into different groups based on the development stage of the cotton.

Thus, the industry can be broken down into import/export of Cotton, import/export of yarn and import/export of cloth. Cotton is the raw material used for the production of textiles. When it is processed to make threads it is called yarn. Finally the yarn is spun into cloth. At each stage large volumes of output is observed which is either exported to other countries for value addition or imported to help sustain their local industry. The cotton industry consumes 19. 6 million tons as of 2001. It is required that the growth would be of 1. 6% from 2000 to 2010 to accommodate the growth in population.

Asia is the biggest consumer of cotton with China having the highest consumption while India is in the second place with Pakistan being third. Cotton is produced in the United States and Brazil in the Americas. Whereas in Asia India and Pakistan are the highest producers. These are the major players in the cotton industry. Yarn is mostly produced in China, India and Pakistan in the Asian countries. Other major producers are Egypt, Mexico and Brazil. Germany, Italy and Portugal are also producers but they do not hold the sheer volume as that of the previous mentioned countries.

Finally, the cloth sector can be analyzed by taking a look at the major exporting and importing countries. As far as the exporting countries are related the United States, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, India and Pakistan are the main exporters. However, an interesting fact to be observed as that as the production process heads towards value addition the volume decreases just as quickly. The major importers of cloth are the United States, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, China and Japan.

These countries use the cloth to fuel their garment industries (All Pakistan Textile Mills Association, 2000). Competition in the Industry The competition in the industry on national scale depends on two factors. First, the Quality of the product, and secondly the Price of it. To help give their country’s textile industry an edge the governments often help in the cost cutting measures and helping in the improvement of the quality but providing subsidies of import on textile machinery and high quality seeds and raw materials.

Since currently there is a quota system established countries aren’t fiercely competitive but in the light of the WTO it is feared that many countries would not be able to hold onto their market share due to the absence of quality control standards and fixed high prices. Even on the lower levels, with competition existing between specific companies in the local industry of a nation there is little to no competition taking place as everyone has his own specific market share and they do not have any threat of their competitor stealing away their business.

Return on Investment in Textile Sector Getting specific values for returns on investment is very difficult in this sector as individual corporations have different ROIs whereas there is a noticeable difference in the various countries ROIs as well. This is mainly due to the lack of standardization as countries such as Pakistan occasionally devalue their currency to retain their market share which leads to an increase in the return on investment in that country whereas other countries do not indulge in that act.

However, a general trend of decreasing return on investments can be observed globally due to the current economic crisis which has led to a decrease in the imports by the biggest buyers, such as the United States and European countries. it is getting increasingly more difficult to unload goods in the market due to the restraints placed by the economies in their dire economic states.

But before the whole mortgage crisis began and its effects were still non-existent the return on investments in textile industry were very high as labor in most producing countries was cheap (due to abundance of unskilled labor willing to work at subsistence wages) and generally low manufacturing costs (government aided subsidies to help promote and sustain the sector). Conclusion The textile sector is a very lucrative sector with possibility of high returns, and global demand. Clothing apparels and other cotton and artificial fibers have high demand and will always be so as clothes and garments are necessities.

They can also be viewed as luxury products at times so hence can be priced in a premium manner and bring high profits to manufacturers. A global demand exists which allows neighboring countries to do business with each other and create an existent market at all times no matter what the economic conditions. It is also the largest industry in the world thanks to its agricultural base. It is also the highest employment industry in the world and can help countries with their unemployment problems. Overall the global environment aids the growth and the prosper of the textile industry over all other industries. References

All Pakistan Textile Mills Association. (n. d. ). Global Imports of Cloth. Retrieved November 11, 2008, from PakSearch. com: http://www. paksearch. com/Government/STATISTICS/aptma00/5-12. html All Pakistan Textile Mills Association. (2000). Textile Industry Statistics. Economic Survey of Pakistan . All Pakistan Textiles Mill Association. (n. d. ). Global Export of Cloth. Retrieved November 11, 2008, from PakSearch. com: http://www. paksearch. com/Government/STATISTICS/aptma00/5-11. html D. Anderson, C. (2000). Globalization and Textiles. In The Social Consequences of Economic Restructuring in the Textile Industry (pp.

37-40). Taylor & Francis. Invest in China. (2002, November 17). 2002 Global Textile Industry Survey. Retrieved November 11, 2008, from Economy: http://www. fdi. gov. cn/pub/FDI_EN/Economy/Sectors/Manufacturing/Textiles/t20060422_25158. htm Lakhani, A. W. (2003). Problems of textile industry. Economic Review . Mukhtar, A. (2008, April 17). Insight into the Problems Facing Pakistan’s Textile Industry. Retrieved November 12, 2008, from CHUP! – Changing Up Pakistan: http://changinguppakistan. wordpress. com/2008/04/17/contribution-insight-into-the-problems-facing-pakistans-textile-industry-by-abida-mukhtar/