Physical Activity

‘Second life’ has its own settlements, inhabitants, firms, markets, geography and economies. In January 2007, it even had its own political riot. What is significant about this? Well, its economic activity bears absolutely no relation to the physical environment. It is an entirely virtual world and, admittedly, a computer game – but the point remains. Their currency, the transactions, the profits and the losses may occur in the game’s own currency but can be converted into real life US dollars.

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This is 21st century economic activity as the science fiction author’s imagined it, and fundamentally, is totally isolated from the physical environment. This could certainly be the shape of things to come, as indications of it can be seen translated onto the non-virtual world. The physical environment is consistently being conquered by human activity – there is little requirement for physically conducive circumstances for an area to be entered into the global capitalist economy. Anecdotally, there is a real snow slope in Dubai – economic activity based around winter sports is happening in the desert.

Arguably, humans still cannot conquer wilderness – settlement in Japan is restricted to the coast and the vast majority of mankind live close to coastal areas. Is this, however, more an issue of tradition than one of physical necessity? Certainly, conservative theory would suggest that people draw their identities from tradition, which can have important economic implications. Las Vegas typifies the ‘bright lights’ view of the USA – yet having outgrown its aquifer it surely shouldn’t exist. Where there are serious economic incentives, the physical environment pales into very little.

This has seriously implications in, for example, settlement patterns. Examination of a pre industrial city, such as Potosi, in Bolivia, demonstrates the importance of the relationship between the physical environment and economic activity. These cities were centres of power, bringing together the wealthy and politically powerful – both underpinnings of economic activity – with their servants and slaves in one large urban area, thus representing the beginnings of hierarchal economic systems that have been replicated around the world. This was the start of urbanisation, but what dictated the locations of these economic hubs?

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The physical environment, from which everything was derived and upon which everything relied. These new cities were focused on the exploitation of a raw material such as coal or iron ore; Catal Huyuk in Turkey developed around volcanic glass, becoming one of the first economic centres. As these activities grew the industrial city emerged, bringing people together in a work force and selling the products of their labour in a market system for the first time – it was the physical environment providing the impetus and the raw materials that enabled both extended settlement and trade to occur. The relationship could not have been more important.

However, what is the postindustrial city tied to? Very little – location of industry is no longer tied to traditional centres that formed due to the physical environment. ‘Footloose’ industries can be observed in the UK and other knowledge based economies. The sunrise strip around the M4 corridor and silicon fen have not developed where they are because of an exceptionally good crop of microchips. They are focused around centres of learning – science parks attached to the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, or important communication routes that link them into the global economy – the M4, and important links to London.

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Similarly, it is human economics that has ‘saved’ those areas previously dependent on the physical environment. The decline of the mining industry in South Wales had a profound impact on the surrounding areas causing significant depression. This situation is being reversed with subsidies from the European Union; an economic body that rose from a belief in the law of comparative advantage as opposed to the physical environment. The relationship here between the physical environment and economic activity appears somewhat less significant than for pre industrial cities.

If post industrial cities no longer rely on the physical environment for their economic activity, but pre industrial and industrial cities derive their location, habitation and economic activity from the physical environment of their surroundings, it could be argued that those nation states who have no undergone industrialisation have a greater reliance on the physical environment. Rio de Janeiro owes much of its grandeur and wealth to the physical environment – many of the municipal buildings were built on the influx of wealth from the extraction of gold in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Today, the area is the biggest extractor of petroleum in Brazil from off shore fields; a position in continues to hold despite the opening of markets due to its resource endowment. Conversely, it can also be the physical environment that dictates a very different course of economic events; resource curse theory suggests that an endowment of a particular resource – such as diamonds in many African nations – can in fact lead to stinted economic activity as the economy develops in an unbalanced manner.

The poor economic situation in these states would certainly suggest an important relationship between economic activity and the physical environment that must be understood for a solution to be reached. In a similar vein, some cities have not been able to cope with the move away from a close relationship with the physical environment. ‘Old’ industrial cities, such as Sheffield in the UK and Lille in France are characterised by loss of employment in the primary sectors, as mining and other physical environment heavy industries decline.

There are often high levels of social deprivation and population loss from the inner city as out migration occurs. This illustrates that the relationship between the physical environment and economic activity is just as relevant today as it was with the initial city forming influences – in this case, the location of the cities, a physical factor, on the periphery of post industrial development has lead to economic depression and social deprivation. Furthermore, the observance of the growth of the postindustrial city from pre industrial times has been focused on the core regions of the UK, the USA and Japan.

This conservative view of development theory assumes that all development will undergo similar courses, thus implying that the relationship between the physical environment and economic activity in LEDCs is more important than that in MEDCs. Structuralists, however, will argue that this is not the case. The growth of these ‘core’ regions has huge implications for the entire global economy based around human derivatives as opposed to physical factors. The periphery is, in essence, not affected by the physical constraints that some argue are the cause of its poverty.

It is the economic actions of ‘core’ elements of society that result in the economic situations in LEDCs. Studies that led to this ‘dependency theory’ observed the actions of wealthy in Sao Paulo which had huge implications on the favela dwellers and the unskilled labourers of Brazil; this is translated on a global scale – the economic activity that keeps the poorest sections of global society in that position is arguably the result of the actions of the core nations which they have had most to do with in the past.

If this is the case, there is little relationship between the physical environment and economic activity. In spite of all this, however, there is an undeniable economic impact when disaster strikes. The dramatic impact of the Asian tsunami is a clear illustration. The movement of the tectonic plates that in turn triggered the tsunami could not have been predicated, although it has been argued that the quick pinpointing techniques could have provided greater notice of the wave. Even if this was the case, what of the impact to the settlements, the farmland and the tourist industry that it destroyed?

The economic implications of this were huge – raising the point that no matter how much humans attempt to harness the physical environment in pursuit of economic incentives, what initially allowed the development of the global economy can just as easily destroy it. The impact of natural disaster on economic activity is neither new nor restricted to LEDCs. Although the death count in LEDCS, such as the Kerala Earthquake, is usually higher than in MEDCs, the economic impact in MEDCs can be even more dramatic – the Kobe Earthquake, or the effects of Loma Preta ripping through San Francisco.

Here, flights were disrupted when a runway ruptured, and damage to free ways and bridges held up over one million commuters for over a month. The economy that these commuters were a part of may not have derived directly from the physical environment, but the disruption and thus cost caused by the physical environment was huge. Even those natural disasters we have warning of have significant impact. The Stern Report recently emphasised the huge economic cost of climate change to certain regions of the globe, which in an increasingly globalised economy would have resounding effects around the globe.

There is strong evidence to the effect that the current warming is human induced, and even speculation that it will be global warming that proves to be Malthus’ final resource limit. As global temperatures increase, the Greenland ice sheet will melt. This introduction of fresh water will reduce the salinity of the Gulf Stream as it goes northwards and sinks, powering the global conveyor. If this ocean current is unable to sink, the global conveyor will cease to moderate climatic extremes around the globe.

Whilst the UK may have handled this in the past during the Little Ice Age, in an economy dependent on roads, private cars and international travel, the economic disruption would be huge as the climate became colder. Limited snowfall has considerable economic impact today, making its potential impact huge. Economic activity itself, therefore, has reinforced the importance of the relationship between the physical environment and economic activity. Furthermore, given the attention paid to climate change by governments, the press, and NGOs alike, the carbon trading business is increasingly significant.

Carbon Exchange, a firm that manages both voluntary carbon trading schemes in the US and administers the compulsory cap and trade system in the EU, has seen its share prices rocket to nearly i??12 a share in recent months. Here, the impact of economic activity on the physical environment is giving rise to another ’round’ of economic activity. Carbon trading is big business and completely inseparable from the physical environment. Is this, rather than a ‘Second Life’ virtual existence of economic activity more the shape of things to come?

There are other such examples of considerable profits being derived from climate change concerns – effectively; we are reverting to a system whereby economic activity is the direct result of the physical environment. In conclusion, it would appear that the physical environment did much to shape the initial economic developments of core regions, such as the UK, the USA and Japan. It has imparted traditions that persist by way of settlement patterns and economic strengths. If this is the case, a simple division can be made – MEDCs do not rely on the physical environment for economic activity where LEDCs do.

However, this ‘model’ cannot be held paramount, as it appears not to be the case; structuralist views point out the presence of highly developed and desperate poverty even within the same city as a result of dependency, rather than economic development as a result of the physical environment. In spite of this, there exists an undeniable relationship between the physical environment and economic activity that applies to both LEDCs and MEDCs – the impact of natural disaster.

Furthermore, there is increasing economic emphasis surrounding climate change, particularly in MEDCs. Fundamentally, economic activity is an aspect of human activity. Humans are part of the biosphere, and in turn, part of the physical environment. Whilst we may not be as constrained by mountain ranges or climate extremes, as once was the case, it is doubtful there will ever be a situation where the relationship between the physical environment and economic activity is totally irrelevant.

Pyrmont-Ultimo was once a highly valued area for pre-Colonial Indigenous Australians because of the access to fresh water, fish and other resources. But by the 1950s, the once thriving industrial Pyrmont-Ultimo had fallen into decline. Near deep waterways, the peninsula was a hotspot for industries, manufacturers and shipping companies. The main forms of employment were from these major industries. The area featured industries that were some of the major distributors of flour, milk, wool and sugar in the country, as well as countless wool-stores.

The wool-stores were popular businesses in these times. Steep slopes that led to the wool-stores were convenient for business, as the bales of wool would go down the slopes, be treated and inspected, and then sold off out of the factories. Wool stores on the peninsula employed thousands of men.

The Ultimo power station was another big industry at the time. The main use of the power station was to supply electricity to the trams that were running throughout Sydney. The Ultimo power station employed hundreds of men and a few women too.

The men of the neighbourhood would walk up and down the shipping yards looking for work, trying to make money for their large families. They would also look for work on the railway yards and the mills. Large industries closed and the area remained neglected for nearly forty years, merely a fossil of a once prominent area of industry.

By 1954, the Pyrmont-Ultimo population was around 5,000. The area was filled with terraces, built for the working class community. Much of the population lived in these terraces, which were the most popular forms of housing in the area in the 1950s. Due to the area’s previously highly dense population, many terraces were built close together, and with some of them reaching up to three stories high. With the construction of the “Pyrmont 13” passenger terminal, many migrants landed in Australia, bringing not only cultural diversity, but also the eventual social destructions of thousands of newly settled people seeking housing and work, adding on to the already high amount of poor looking for a chance to make a living in the area and provide for their families.

The recreation for the people of the Pyrmont-Ultimo region was limited, generally going to one of countless pubs around the area, seeing the local football team play at the park or playing cricket in the streets. After going to work, most men would usually hit the pubs. Artefacts of these times include plaques outside the pubs, some of which read, “Please Remove Work-Boots Before Entering”.

It was believed that owners of the pubs wanted the working class citizens out by as early as possible, with other signs displaying “Work Clothes Prohibited After 7.P.M”. These signs can be interpreted as an indication that the pubs in Pyrmont-Ultimo wanted more money by attracting the businessmen from the near-by Central Business District (CBD).

The Pyrmont-Ultimo environment was generally unhealthy. Countless cases of black lung and cancer were discovered in people from the area, especially in the working-class men who were working and living in these parts. The wool-stores sometimes created many health problems for the workers and other people residing in their homes near them. The Colonial Sugar Refinery (CSR), trains and power stations polluted the air and water in and around the Pyrmont-Ultimo area.

• Identify and describe the changes that occurred in the Pyrmont/Ultimo area in the period from 1955 to 1975?

Significant change took place in the Pyrmont/Ultimo area from 1955 to 1975. The freeway developments of the 1970s physically divided Pyrmont-Ultimo and threatened to destroy all sense of community. One of the first protests was against the demolition of the terrace houses in Fig Street, which were to make way for the North Western freeway. They rebuilt some of the terraces, but they also started building units. A lot the industries moved out west in these times. Pyrmont/Ultimo began to go into Urban Decline and soon into Urban Decay. Changes to industry and development affected housing, employment, as well as the health and leisure of the people.

Employment rates dropped dramatically and people were finding it hard to keep a roof over their heads. Many people went elsewhere for recreational purposes, with the large amount of bars going broke, causing them to close down. Many people got depressed when they became unemployed, causing crime rates to rise dramatically. Drugs and alcohol became very common, causing communal bad health levels in the community. Communities gradually started to fall apart, and the area was nothing like what it used to be. The collapse of a once booming society, followed by the collapse of industrial occupation, created a wasteland, causing many people to subsequently move out of the area.

• Why did these changes occur? What were the determining factors for the changes?

These changes occurred because many people were forced to move into other areas when the freeways were getting built and as the industries were beginning to move out west. The industries primarily moved out of the Pyrmont-Ultimo area and out west because they were encouraged by the government to move out into the western districts, which were much affordable than the current locations. Employment rates plummeted as the industries moved out west. Some of the workers moved west so they could keep a job and continue to support their family. Recreation in the area also changed as many people moved away or simply didn’t have time anymore, due to the decreasing wages for the jobs that stayed in the area. The only ‘recreational’ thing people could now do was to drink their troubles away down at their local pub.

People started drinking more regularly because they were becoming depressed, which led to liver damage, other widespread health diseases in the community, and a further increase of poverty in the area. The increase of people drinking made people more hostile and violent. People were also suffering social problems as they either no longer had jobs, or were earning small amounts of money. The community crumbled because people either had to move for work or stay in the area without jobs and therefore no longer afford to live in the Pyrmont-Ultimo area anymore.

By the 1960s, the wool-stores moved out of the area to move to new industrial facilities in southwestern Sydney. This marked the fall of the formerly industrious area. During the 1970s, the Pyrmont-Ultimo had become derelict, making it an unpopular residential area. The construction of wool-stores, power stations and factories caused the deconstruction of countless homes and a decrease in population, before the eventual demise of the Pyrmont-Ultimo area (In 1975, the population of Pyrmont-Ultimo was 1800, while in 1955, it was 5000).

• How did the Pyrmont/Ultimo area change in the 1980’s? Explain the factors responsible for these changes?

During the 1980s in Pyrmont-Ultimo, new terrace houses were built and abandoned warehouses were transformed into new residential housing facilities. This caused people to start to move back into the area. Casinos replaced wool-stores and power stations as the industries of the future.

Derelict buildings were converted into offices and commercial buildings were constructed in the area. Along with these buildings and new offices came greater job opportunities available to the people. In the mid-1980s, the State Government chose to redevelop Darling Harbour as the heart of the 1988 Australian Bicentennial festivals and celebrations. The Convention and Exhibition Centres, The Sydney Aquarium, a major retail shopping complex, the National Maritime Museum, Chinese Gardens, restoration of the Pyrmont Bridge and the development of larger open spaces were constructed in the Darling Harbour area.

Rather than sitting in a pub, the new recreational activity was to go to the casino, though a large number of people still enjoyed the atmosphere of the pubs and clubs. The social side of Pyrmont-Ultimo was increasingly getting better. The area was becoming a community again. Health was also becoming getting better, with drug use and alcohol-intakerapidly decreasing. Pyrmont-Ultimo was going through Urban Growth and, subsequently, underwent Urban Renewal.

•  Has the environment and community of Pyrmont/Ultimo benefited from the changes that have occurred since 1950?

Justify your answer with reference to primary and secondary data. The housing environment today compared to the 1950s is greater developed. Today, larger units have been built compared to the small terraces of the 1950s, and a now must-have 10% open-space agreement has been created, meaning that 10% of the property must be open-space.

The industries in the area are also further advanced nowadays; office blocks and gaming buildings are bigger and better than ever before, as well as some older industries to liven up the mix. Employment rates have greatly increased today than in the 1950s, as many people work in the newly established offices, gaming buildings or recreational buildings near their homes, even though there is great opportunity for people searching for work. Better recreational facilities have also been installed in the Pyrmont-Ultimo community, with casinos, museums, malls, food courts and other shops to go to today, as opposed to the local pub back in the 1950s. Social problems have greatly decreased since the 1950s, and Pyrmont-Ultimo is once again considered to be a great community. Health in Pyrmont/Ultimo is also better, as there is less pollution from factories, power stations and other industries. Although there is still pollution from cars, pollution levels are much less that what they were in the 1950s.

A study conducted lately, showed that junk food affects the function and structure of the brain which could change peoples’ behavior, especially that of children. By definition, junk food is pre-prepared food that has low nutritional value and is high in calories. The aim of this paper is to explore the causes of junk food prevalence and its physical and mental effects.

Causes: Abundance and Advertisements

Junk food has become very popular among people owing to its accessibility, taste, cost and strong media advertising. It’s difficult to find a district, or even a street, without a fast-food restaurant. Statistics indicate that the number of these restaurants tripled in the last decade. An example of advertisement is putting surprises, free toys, with every “happy meal” to attract children. The rise of the number of fast-food restaurant leads to an increase in its physical and mental hazards.

Effects: Physical Implications

Junk food physical hazards of can be broadly categorized into two groups. The first is the immediate effect, namely, obesity that presents health risks. In 2005, a study conducted by NIH found higher rates of obesity in high schools with nearby fast-food restaurants. According to a study carried out on general education students in Saudi Arabia, the rate of obesity among those who frequently eat fast food is 38. 20%, while the rate is 19. 43% among those eating only one meal a week. Another study revealed that about one out of four (or 23. 6%) of Saudi adults are classified as obese.

The second group is the distal effects. Being overweight and can increase the chances of getting chronic illnesses. The OSG pointed out that simply becoming obese, with over 30 BMI, raises the likelihood of developing many diseases including heart attack, stroke and few types of cancer. A 14-year prospective study showed men aged 40 to 65 years with a BMI more than 29 had a 72% increased risk of getting nonfatal or fatal coronary heart disease. Clearly, there are direct and indirect connections between junk food and a number of physical illnesses.

Effects: Mental Implications

Similarly, Junk food results in emotional issues, such as, hyperactivity, and depression. What it does is that it changes the order of the brain. A recent study, conducted at 2010, revealed that it raises the risk of depression by 55%. Another research, involved 80 participants, showed that a drop in anger, aggression and depression resulted from replacing it with more healthy food. It also affects the educational attainment of students by secreting hormones that cause a partial mind inactivity. From that, it can be inferred that there is a strong link between consuming junk food and several behavioral problems.

Conclusion

This paper illustrated the spread of junk food as an important factor for many physical and mental problems. Consuming junk food has direct implications, such as obesity. In addition, it leads indirectly to a number of chronic diseases. Furthermore, it changes peoples’ behavior and causes emotional illnesses e. g. aggression and depression. But it still widely spread because of the strong advertisement and few minor reasons. The awareness of this problem is on the increase, but the danger still exists, and governments and official organizations have to do something to reduce these risks.

| Hypnosis. Psychological and physical aspects of hypnosis. Hypnosis is a natural state of mind that can be used for many purposes, in different settings. Nowadays research in the field of hypnosis and associated areas has blossomed and there are valuable evidence that hypnosis has real and measurable affects on both body and mind. During this essay I will be describing what is hypnosis including what the psychological and physical aspects of hypnosis are, further I will be discussing the role of relaxation in hypnotherapy.

We experience the “hypnotic state” in everyday life and it often occurs without recognition as such. It is believed that our mind can drift from alert state into different level of consciousness whenever we do activities in automatic mode, like driving, jogging, taking a shower, walking, etc. These are hypnotic-like trances. The main differences between these sorts of trance and clinical hypnosis are specific motivation and suggestions to achieve some desired results. Therapist may use hypnosis to explore patient’s unconsciousness, to identity whether past events or experiences are associated with causing a problem.

One of the most accepted axioms of hypnotherapy that nothing can be done with hypnosis that cannot be done without. Barber (1969) offered considerable experimental evidence for “Anything you can do I can do… ” At the same time, since hypnosis occurs spontaneously in therapy as well as in ordinary life it is impossible to ignore the part played by hypnosis in the service of the patient. It is important to understand that no two individuals will have identical experience as they progress from the state of alertness to a deep trance.

The impact of hypnosis on a person’s subsequent actions is dependent upon how suggestible that particular individual happens to be, a quality that can differ from one person to the next. Each person experiences the hypnotic phenomenon in his or her own way. However, it has been recognized that suggestions during the hypnosis could influence the physical processes in the body and in the brain. The earliest references of hypnosis date back to ancient Egypt and Greece. Both cultures had religious centres where people came for help with their problems.

Hypnosis was used to induce dreams, which were then analysed to get to the root of the trouble. The man who most people associate with the beginning of hypnosis is an Austrian doctor Franz Anton Mesmer (1733-1815). Mesmer believed that a “cosmic fluid” could be stored in inanimate objects, such as magnets, and transferred to patients and cure them of illness. Eventually Mesmer discarded the magnets and regarded himself as a magnet through which a fluid life force could be conducted and transmitted to others as a healing force. He incorporated that into the theory of “animal magnetism”.

Despite the fact that no evidence supports the existence of that theory, he had tremendous success. Mesmerism became the forerunner of hypnotic suggestion. Meanwhile, the marquise de Puysegur, believed that the “cosmic fluids” was not magnetic, but electric, that generated in plants and animals. Puysegur used the natural environment to fill his patients with healing electric fluid. During that activity some of the patients entered a somnambulistic state (a deep trance). The marquis had discovered the hypnotic trance, but had not identified it as such.

Another forward thinker in the mid 1800 was a professor at London University, John Elliotson (1791-1868), who use the hypnotic state to relieve pain during the surgical operations. In India, a British surgeon, James Esdaile (1808-1859) recognised the enormous benefits of hypnosis for pain relief and performed hundreds of major operations using hypnosis as his only anaesthetic. This was accomplished by inducing the trance state to the patient weeks before the surgery and offering posthypnotic suggestions to numb the part of the body on which the operation was to be performed.

The next real pioneer of hypnosis in Britain in the late 1800s was James Braid (1795-1860), who gave mesmerism a scientific explanation. He believed mesmerism to be a “nervous sleep” and coined the word hypnosis, from Greek word Hypnos, meaning sleep. He discovered that getting a patient to fixate upon something was one of the most important components of putting them into a trance. The French scientists were also taking the interest in the subject of hypnosis, and many breakthroughs were made by Ambroise Leibeault (1823-1904), a neurologist Jean Martin Charcot (1825-1893) and Charles Richet (1850-1935).

Ambroise Leibeault and Hippolyte Bernheim (1837-1919) were the first who asserted that expectation is a most important factor in the induction of hypnosis and suggestibility is its essential symptom. The work of another Frenchman, Emile Coue (1857 – 1926), was very interesting. He is most famous for the phrase ‘Day by day in every way I am getting better and better’. His technique was one of affirmation and his idea was that the imagination is always more powerful than the will. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was also interested in hypnosis at this time.

He was using it in his work, but eventually abandoned it in favour of psychoanalysis. With the rise of psychoanalysis in the first half of this century, hypnosis declined in popularity. Milton Erickson (1901-1980) is considered the leading authority of clinical hypnosis. Nowadays Erickson approach to hypnosis without question is the most effective. There are many physical and psychological problems can be effectively controlled by the use of hypnosis. Patients suffering with chronic illnesses such as cancer, arthritis, stroke and multiple sclerosis can benefits from hypnosis in many ways.

In all this entire spectrum of diseases, pain is one of the most common symptoms. The most distressing an aspect of pain is the loss of control the patient feels. Through hypnosis is possible to show patients how they can use their own mind to change the subjective feeling of pain, restoring that sense of control and make patient feel empowered. Increased self-esteem, developing more positive attitude may even decrease the use of pharmacological agents. When done properly, hypnosis holds several advantages over drugs. It has no side effects, while drugs can leave a sense of dependence for the patient.

Hypnosis not only gives the ability to relieve the pain, but removes the ever-present fear of pain’s return. For certain types of breast and thyroid surgery, a combination of hypnosis and local anaesthesia can aid in the healing process, and can reduce drug use and time spent in the hospital, according to studies reported at Euroanaesthesia 2011 in Amsterdam. According to the researchers, women who were hypnotized spent a few minutes more in the operating room (122 vs. 116 min), perioperative drug use was reduced, as was time in the recovery room and in the hospital.

No patient in the hypnosis group converted to general anaesthesia during surgery. The major benefit is that hypnosis is modifying the cognitive response to sensation points, changing the expectations and reducing stress. Hypnosis can be especially helpful when dealing with diseases that have psychosomatic aspects, such as psoriasis, eczema, asthma. Study reviled that using hypnotherapy can improve those conditions. It concluded that the greater the depth of hypnosis the patient achieved the greater the improvement in patient’s condition.

Using the relaxation techniques and post-hypnotic suggestion to discharge anxiety can significantly reduce the stress, which is a well known trigger for psychosomatic disorders. Hypnotherapy deals with psychological and physical disorders in variety of way. There are countless types of suggestion that can be given to patients while there in trance. Patients can even be age-regressed back to a time before they have been ill, injured or distressed and then received comfort and reassurance followed by relief. Imaginary, visualisation, metaphors are also the key factors in hypnosis.

Through training the mind to imagine the desired outcome can help bring the desired result. This technique has great success in sport and help to achieve the peak performance. Relaxation is the first resource in hypnotherapy intervention that enhances the process of healing and recovery. Researchers have shown that being to tense or living with too much stress has a significant negative impact on our life. It can lead to physical illnesses and many psychological issues. The effect from relaxation on our body and mind is enormous.

Relaxation in hypnotherapy helps in 3 ways; its completely turning off the sympathetic nervous system, changing our reaction to stressful events and build up our parasympathetic nervous system. The first goal in hypnosis is to achieve a very deep state of relaxation where our mind is more focused and the connections between our thoughts, emotions and behaviour are clearer. This type of therapy is very helpful to reduce anxiety, distress and fear. This is can be done in a trance state by guiding the patient through imaginary and visualisation.

Once a patient is able to get into that state, the goal becomes lengthening the period of relaxation and teaching the patient how to control these internal images on his own. Most people will feel certain degree of anxiety in everyday life. Such feeling are generally reasonable and appropriate and it is only if that anxiety is exaggerated in intensity or duration, prevents to perform a required task or interfere with person’s life to a significant degree, than it is begins to regard as pathological reaction.

Not surprisingly, using relaxation techniques can be very effective when patient get the rising heart and panic attack. This is another category of pathological anxiety reactions that includes phobic attacks to spiders, mice, rats, snakes, lizards and other creatures. Patients with such phobic reaction may be taught to rehearse so that every time they begin to get the racing heart signifying panic to that person, they begin to use their learned techniques of imagery to put their mind in a more relaxed place. The relaxation techniques can be used along with biofeedback instrument to increase the effectiveness of relaxation.

Biofeedback is a tool which gives immediate and objective evidence to the patient of his ability to control such processes as heart rate, breathing rate, skin temperature, skin resistance and blood pressure. To those patients who are able to response moderately well to hypnosis, it offers a means of achieving some degree of voluntary or self-mediated control over these pathological reactions. It is important to ensure that anxiety is not the expression of underlying depression or major psychiatric disorder that is not yet manifest.

Hypnosis has both a diagnostic and therapeutic role in eating disorders. For example, during hypnosis patients can uncover their past traumas or feeling of deserving self-punishment. Dr. Moshe S. Torem describes introducing hypnosis to eating disorders patient initially in the form of self-hypnosis, framed as a technique to improve calmness and relaxation. It appears that hypnotherapy is quite popular and sufficient way that could help you to illuminate negative behaviour patterns or bad habits.

Focused relaxation techniques are used to modifier person behaviour and change the way one thinks about addictions and habits that affect the quality of life. Hypnosis connects modern practice with practices that have been used by ancient Egyptian and enlightened Zen masters. It informs our understanding of how the mind connects with the body, as well as how conscious mind connect with the unconscious. Hypnosis can be applied in physical and psychosomatic disorders in many ways. First, it can be effective in reducing pain and discomfort.

Secondly, hypnotic techniques can contribute substantially to the reduction of distress, anxiety and fears. Thirdly, it can be employed to influence the psychological processes that can give the power and the ability to patients to improve their life in an infinite number of ways. Hellmut W. A. Karle and Jennifer H. Boys 2010. Hypnotherapy. A Practical Handbook Journals online. Journal of Health Psychology. The physical, Psychological and Social Impact of Psoriasis. Josie Hadley and Carol Staudacher 2002. Hypnosis for Change. Michael Heap and Windy Dryden.

Hypnotherapy. A Handbook Medscape CME Nursing. Journal online. Euroanaesthesia 2011. , Combination of hypnosis and local anaesthesia for certain types of breast and thyroid surgery. www. ibshypnosis. com Clinical hypnosis: Something for you? By Olafur S. Palsson, Psy. D. www. hypnosisexpert. co. uk Top 5 Most Effective Uses for Hypnotherapy. By Anna Aengel 2010 www. systemthinker. com Hypnosis Past, Present and Future: Its Medical and Psychiatric Applications by Howard Ditkoff M. D. www. innerhealhstudio. com Relaxation Therapy For Body and Mind. By Candi Raudebaugh.

Effects of Optimism on Psychological and Physical Health Heather LaBombard PSY/220 The definition of the word “optimism” is a favorable attitude about conditions or events in life. Some believe that optimistic views in life will have beneficial effects on psychological and physical health. However, excessive optimism can have harmful effects on psychological and physical health. Many tests and research have been done on people to see if optimism does in fact have an effect on psychological and physical health.

According to one of the articles that I researched about the effects of optimism on physical health suggested that people who have an optimistic view tend to engage in health-promoting actions such as: not smoking, not drinking alcohol, watching their diet, using sunscreen, taking vitamins, and other health-related actions. According to the Encyclopedia of Health and Behavior Management (2004) there have been studies on people who optimistic about their lives and the studies have shown that the optimistic people are less likely to become sick or to develop a disease as a person who is pessimistic.

In a study that monitored the blood pressure of people doing normal activities the results showed that a person who was optimistic had less of a chance of elevated blood pressure than a pessimist. Another study has shown that optimism can lead to faster recoveries from surgeries or an accident. . However, a person who has an optimistic view may think that everything will go his or her way and that nothing can go wrong for either one of them. This could lead them to taking behavioral risks, such as: engaging in unprotected sex, drinking alcohol, doing drugs, smoking cigarettes and not taking care of their general health.

I know that when I have been pessimistic about events going on in my life I have started to think unhealthy. I tend to become sick more often when I do not have a good attitude. When I do think optimistically I am full of energy and I act like I am happy. In my personal opinion I agree that optimism has an impact on physical health and it could be negative or positive. Optimism plays a part in psychological health. According to the article that I researched about the effects of optimism on psychological health optimists face challenges more effectively than pessimists and therefore benefit psychologically (Wimberley, Carver, & Antoni, 2008).

The article is about women who have breast cancer and how optimism plays a role in their well-being. Optimism is associated with a lower level of distress on breast cancer patients. Studies show that optimistic women who have breast cancer feel physically attractive (Wimberley, Carver, & Antoni, 2008). The breast cancer patients were also optimistic about interpersonal relationships, which is also psychologically rewarding. Studies have shown that optimistic people have better interpersonal relationships and social support; therefore are more optimistic about their illness because they believe that they have a support system.

An optimistic attitude about learning about the education of breast cancer also showed that the women had a better sense of well-being. Although being optimistic in life is good for psychological well-being, it can also bring some ill effects for a woman who has breast cancer. According to Pinquart, Frohlich, & Silbereisen (2007) a woman with breast cancer may develop an optimistic attitude about the diagnosis of breast cancer and expect a good outcome about side effects and the treatment. This does not happen very often, which could lead to psychological distress.

I agree with both aspects of effects on psychological and physical health. A person who has a good attitude toward life in general tends to lead a healthier life physically and psychologically. However, having too much optimism in life may be damaging to a person’s physical health and psychological health. As long as optimism is used in a positive way, a person can lead a happy and healthy life. References OPTIMISM, PESSIMISM, AND HEALTH. (2004). In Encyclopedia of Health and Behavior Management, Sage. Retrieved from http://www. credoreference. om/entry/sageeohabm/optimism_pessimism_and_health Pinquart, M. , Frohlich, C. , & Silbereisen, R. (2007). Optimism, pessimism, and change of psychological well-being in cancer patients. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 12(4), 421-432. doi:10. 1080/13548500601084271. Wimberly, S. , Carver, C. , & Antoni, M. (2008). Effects of optimism, interpersonal relationships, and distress on psychosexual well-being among women with early stage breast cancer. Psychology & Health, 23(1), 57-72. Retrieved from CINAHL Plus with Full Text database.

Equipment including ICT: These are the equipment needed by staffs to do their work. For example in ASDA staffs will need computer to be able to receive and send out mails Building and facilities: A building is where a business operates from or where it stores its production of goods and facilities are the equipment provided by an organisation in order to make staffs and customers feel comfortable. In ASDA they have toilets including disabled and baby changing rooms which could make customers not worried in case they need to use a toilet or change the pampers of their babies.

Planned maintenance and refurbishment: Maintenance is when a business needs to repair in order for the business to keep their machineries and equipment working in top condition while refurbishment means to be giving an organisation a new look. For example ASDA is changing a lot of things around once a while so that it will look good for customers. Insurance: These are required by law and can be divided into three categories which are building insurance to protect against damage to the building, its stock, the equipments that are inside it, and also against vandalism and theft, employers’ liability insurance this is also required by law to protect employees in case of injuries or diseases contracted while at work.

It also protect employees in case of accidental death that might occur at work, the families of the deceased will be paid compensation by the insurance company and public liability insurance this covers members of the public in case they any injury while visiting the business or injured due to damage to of the building.

Security: These are the security devices put in place by an organisation to protect against intruders. The primary ones to protect against shop lifting are manned security at exits, alarms and security cameras. While the secondary ones to protect against high profile robberies or intruders are CCTV link to the police station, device which alerts the police if intruders enter the building. Intellectual property: These are ideas or work such as designs, drawings, text, music and video that belongs to a person, the owner will be allowed by law to retain ownership and reserve the right to say how they want the ideas to be used.

Software Licences: This is a legal instrument which allows a business to use copyright protected software after paying appropriate fees. ASDA will have to take out licences before they can use Microsoft owned software like outlook, word, excel and so on. Protection via patents and copyright: Patents grant monopoly right for a limited period of time, it can always be renewed (by the state/national government). Copyrights protect original expressions, it protects original work against been copied without permission from the owner. (Reference: class notes, Wikipedia)

Managing human, physical and technological resources effectively can contribute to an improvement in performance of ASDA in different ways such as: The security can be the reason for the success or the failure in the business. CCTV that is linked to the police station can protect ASDA from been robbed or securities standing in at different parts in ASDA can prevent shop lifters from getting away with products that they have not paid for. CCTV can also serve as a form of evidence in the court against people who sue the organisation for what they did not do, CCTV evidence can be used to protect the organisation from paying fines or compensations which could be expensive. This will ensure that ASDA can maximise their profit.

For ASDA to get all the right software licenses is very important and it can help ensure for an effective performance. For example in ASDA, if the managers have to send letters to their staffs, it will take them more time if they have to write up letters one by one to about 100 employees. If they have excel and word licenses this will make it easier because they can just merge their mail to do this. This will safe them a lot of time so that they can do something else.

Managing the physical resources of ASDA effectively can lead to an improvement in performance of ASDA because if staffs know they have all the right equipment (incl. IT), plant, machineries and materials to do their jobs efficiently they will have no worries. For examples toilets, first aiders, computers. Because if they don’t have for example the right equipments that would mean lack of equipment = less efficient incorporate.

Managing ASDA’s physical resources is one of the reasons for their good performance and also they have a good parking space for customers, and they have toilets which customers can this will make customers comfortable so that they will not be in a rush. This will enable them to have enough time to check out all the products ASDA have. Managing all the required resources could improve ASDA reputation. ASDA’s staff members would encourage or recommend other people to try and work in the organisation.

Using ICT resources is considered to advance childrens physical, originative, societal and emotional and communicating this is because it will heighten their acquisition in many ways. For illustration utilizing a computing machine can back up the kid ‘s physical development, this can be practised by an grownup puting their manus over a kid ‘s manus on the mouse this will show enjoyment and develop his all right motor accomplishments. Using a computing machine will besides direct the kids ‘s attending with conversation ; inquiries asked by them therefore increasing both his thought and communicating accomplishments. Thinking accomplishments can be enhanced when playing an onscreen saber saw game. When utilizing ICT kids should be encouraged to work in braces or groups this is because they will come on their societal development. Additionally kids can develop their creativeness accomplishments by pulling images on the Paint Software utilizing ICT. Besides originative development can be increased by electronic music devices that enable kids to utilize their imaginativeness and express feelings. Small, free-standing keyboards can play, series of vocals with a scope of different instruments, including carnal sounds. More complicated systems can be linked to a computing machine. Music produced by the kids can so be added to multimedia presentations to add with their images.

How to accommodate usage of ICT for kids of different ages, gender, demands and abilities

Younger kids will utilize appliances and toys that can execute digitally or sound effects e.g. talking dolls or remote controlled autos, the activity can include maneuvering the distant control to travel the auto. Besides early old ages programmes can be found in a computing machine e.g. whiteboard or pigment, presenting this will assist to learn them the engineering facet of making activities. However older kids will accommodate a different usage of ICT e.g. utilizing a computing machine to finish category activities or to utilize a digital camera to take a exposure of a category function drama.

It is common for misss to bask playing with speech production dolls ; hence supplying this kind of plaything to a immature miss nevertheless accommodating and promoting a different beginning of ICT for male childs broaden their cognition of the society this is because there gender are normally interested in remote controlled autos, or a speaking constabulary or some kind of doll etc nevertheless to advance a balanced position of genders the misss could be given the same plaything as the male childs and frailty versa.

Furthermore, kids with demands and abilities should meet different ways of ICT resources they should be supported when utilizing an electronic plaything, they must be instructed and an account of how to utilize the plaything has to be made clear to them. Additionally they should be watched most of the clip so that if they require aid they can be assisted. ICT resources used must advance the apprehension and empathy of particular demands e.g. giving simple instructions to show the usage of a digital camera or computing machine.

How to do best usage of ICT in bilingual or multilingual scenes

Children that have English as an extra linguistic communication must be considered in a manner that will act upon their literacy accomplishments e.g. they should be shown synergistic narratives that will construct up their literacy accomplishments. Besides, synergistic whiteboards and digital exposures can be used to expose exposures and support kids ‘s literacy accomplishments every bit good as societal development. Teaching rimes from books and vocals will besides better their apprehension of the English linguistic communication. Social accomplishments will besides be developed because working in braces or as a member of a group ; larning to portion and cooperate with one another would increase independent larning and decision-making.

In order to utilize some ICT equipment kids will necessitate to develop a scope of accomplishments e.g. all right motor accomplishments to utilize a keyboard and mouse, and will necessitate clip to research the equipment before they are able to utilize it.

Children will necessitate to develop all right motor accomplishments in order to utilize a keyboard or a mouse because motions of fingers and pollex to travel this equipment are required besides the custodies and eyes work together ( manus and oculus coordination ) . Fine motor accomplishments will give the ability to execute little accurate motions to direct a mouse.

How kids use ICT as a tool to back up larning in many course of study countries and in making this what they learn approximately ICT as a topic in its ain right.

ICT usage will back up the acquisition in many course of study countries this is because educational web sites can assist kids to heighten their acquisition for illustration utilizing ‘early old ages ‘ web site that contains every topic ( chiefly English, maths and scientific discipline ) will help them to be taught their topics in a more merriment and gratifying because they will be able to play games online related to the topic. Learning about a assortment of topics will besides spread out their cognition of ICT as a topic in its ain right because they learn the names of the computing machine parts this will increase their vocabulary, chair the usage of a mouse and distinguish the letters on a keyboard.

How to affect households in ICT in ways that are sensitive to their anterior cognition and degree of assurance

Families can be involved in ICT in ways which are antiphonal to their anterior cognition by inquiring a parent to take a exposure of their kid making an activity at place and direct it to the schoolroom for a exposure slideshow created by the category.

Using testing devices to forestall entree to unsuitable stuff via the cyberspace

Screening devices to forestall entree to unsuitable stuff through the cyberspace is of import because it ensures the safety of kids. Children should be protected from harmful web sites that could pique them or upseting images i.e. slaying, blood etc. When watching films targeted for category kids their age scope should be considered and the age certification should ever be checked on DVDs and web sites ( it should sooner province ‘Universal ‘ which fundamentally means that it is suited for all ages ) . Therefore it is important that there is a barrier between the unsuitable stuff to guard the kids and protect them from injury.

Safety issues for kids who entree the cyberspace

The possible to offer kids internet entree will profit them to research new chances and develop new accomplishments and acquisition.

The usage of electronic mail and instant messaging should be monitored both at place and in school. They should, if possible be restricted from these web sites. This is because there are elements of dangers in these web sites seeing that the kids could be harassed or bullied. Therefore to avoid these complications from go oning the usage of ICT should be controlled and extra usage of it is limited. Children should be educated to utilize computing machines and the cyberspace sanely. Both older and younger should be told that they should non give their personal inside informations to aliens i.e. there reference, phone figure and age etc. They should besides be informed that if they see endangering messages they must non react nevertheless, they should state an grownup instantly.

Useful online and offline resources that support appropriate usage of ICT

When online ( internet entree ) kids should do usage of the web site to educate their cognition by sing assorted educational web sites. They should utilize it less to socialise and more to prosecute their involvements in topics that will develop their originative accomplishments, believing accomplishments etc. For illustration they may desire to make some picture utilizing kids ‘s web sites they may besides bask playing puzzle games or escapade games that will heighten their creativeness accomplishments. In add-on to this they can see web sites that will develop their schoolroom larning e.g. ks2, ks1, ks3 Bitesize ; this web site inspires immature kids to larn at place and in school outside the schoolroom environment to construct on their thought accomplishments.

On the other manus when kids are offline and do non hold internet entree they can utilize packages like pigment to make simple drawings for art and originative activities, nevertheless a different package should be used for larning e.g. Boardworks is used to do advancement in kids ‘s acquisition in the schoolroom this is a package targeted for kids aged 12 and above that is implemented in an synergistic whiteboard session.

As ICT is a quickly developing and altering country how you will maintain up to day of the month in order to guarantee you provide the best service to kids and households.

Synergistic whiteboard is up to day of the month ICT package that has many resources such as games, educational beginnings it is used in schoolrooms to heighten kids ‘s acquisition. The board is touch screen hence you use a pen to drag, chink and compose this manner will be different from the boards instructor ‘s usually usage.

Children can analyze different topics and seek varied activities utilizing the whiteboard. Besides households can maintain up to day of the month by guaranting that they are provided with utile web sites that will assist their kids to develop many accomplishments.

Wayss of choosing good quality ICT resources that encourage positive acquisition for kids by using choice standards e.g.

By giving the kid good resources and leting them to be in control of the activities it will guarantee that they feel positive about their acquisition. It is of import that kids do non watch or play violent games that will promote them to contend and lose control of their behavior.

ICT resources should be easy to utilize so that kids do non happen it hard and detest the usage of it. Therefore they will portray ICT as merriment and an gratifying manner of acquisition. For younger kids rimes and mystifier games will be intuitive for them to finish utilizing ICT because they have already been introduced to this in the schoolroom.

ICT has more than one solution because it develops kids ‘s listening accomplishments and encourages kids to collaborate as a group.