Physical Activity

The essay aims to look into importance of physical and non spacial facets and their interrelatedness thru series of geographic expeditions and apprehension by instance surveies ( Old market square Nottingham and St John churchyard Hackney ) with theoretical statements.At the terminal paper would happen out cogency of selected theoretical statements about the physical and non physical facets. Further the interrelatedness of the of these facets will research.The selected cased surveies are Market square Nottingham and St John God’s acre, Hackney, London.

‘Many interior decorators and designers regard public infinite as the publically owned empty spots between edifices. Many of these infinites are useless or unsafe and abandoned, with the consequence that ‘this renders their definition as public infinite nothing and nothingness ( Worpole and Greenhalgh, 1996 )

This essay besides opposes the generic manner of thought of planning and designing of the unfastened infinites sing merely physical properties of design. This essay besides advocates wholly different position for sing the unfastened infinite and non the stereotype impression of aesthetic, beautification, take a breathing infinite, or lungs infinite.

‘The Parkss are volatile infinites and tend to runs to the extremes of popularity and unpopularity ‘ ( Jane Jacob 1960 ) .

Open infinite is unstable entity and quiet unpredictable in many ways, and have much more significance than mere take a breathing infinite or lung infinite or merely to fulfill the unfastened infinite norm set by the town planning or development control ordinance.

‘There are far excessively many unfertile place and windswept corners that are infinites left over from another map ( such as traffic circulation or natural lighting demands for tall edifices ) .This phenomenon is Sometimes referred to as ‘SLOAP ‘ – infinite left over after be aftering ‘ . ( Henry Shaftoe 2008 )

Open infinite planning and planing inherently critical compared to other edifice or land uses this has lowest grade of the spacial excitations but can be highly vulnerable if non decently thought.

This essay arranged to flux from the theoretical to practical. Attempts to bring out the facets that constitute public infinites.

1.2 Defining and understanding Open infinite

Open infinite has different reading for interior decorator and designer and the end-users.

The town and state planning act defines it as ‘land laid out as a public garden, or used for the intents of public diversion, or land which is a obsolete entombment land ‘ . This definition is consequence of academic or what town contriver & A ; architect feels about the public infinite as public garden or infinite for diversion can non specify holistically.

Conversely Gehl defined the unfastened infinite on the footing of the activity forms and more users centric.

‘An sphere allows for different types of activities embracing necessary, optional, and societal actives ‘ ( Gehl 1987 ) .

However Walzer ‘s definition is more inclusive and holding societal dimension, he says Public infinite is infinite where we portion with aliens, Peoples who are n’t our relations, friends or work associates. It is infinite for political relations, faith, commercialism, athletics ; infinite for peaceable coexistence and impersonal brush. Its character expresses and besides conditions our public life, civic civilization, mundane discourse Walzer ( 1986 )

The above reading gives different virtuousnesss of the unfastened infinite and establishes importance of it.

Chapter 2. Discussion of Theories and Principles

This chapter would cover about statements of the spacial and non spacial facets of the public infinite. Kavin lynch ‘s theory about the ocular facets of the ocular facets of the cityscapes easiness with which its parts can be recognized and can be arranged in to coherent form ( Lynch 1960 ) .

However Henry Shaftoe argues ‘People want coherency and a sense of safety in public infinites, but they do n’t desire blandness ‘ ( Kaplan and Kaplan 1989, Marsh 1990 ) . I would state topographic point devising should see both facets as they are every bit contribute for doing the topographic point societal sustainable. I would wish to confirm with Rasmussen statement who says ‘It is non adequate to see architecture ; you must see it ‘ ( Rasmussen 1959 )

‘Sensuous demands may co-occur or conflict with other demands but can non be separated from them in planing or judgment, nor are they ‘impractical ‘ or simply cosmetic, or even nobler than other concerns. Feeling is indispensable to being alive ‘ . ( Lynch 1971p189 )

Lynch statements are pro aesthetic or pro physical development but harmonizing to him the physical scene is strong plenty to make the sense of the topographic point. Other observer differs with Lynch

‘If our apprehension is limited to a ocular apprehension, we merely concentrate on forms. If, nevertheless, we go beyond visual aspects, we start a spacial apprehension, a three dimensional experience. We can come in this infinite, instead than merely see it. The same applies to the design of infinites. We do non make mere visual aspects but infinites that we can utilize for different intents ‘ . ( Madanipour 1996 p99 ) .

The undertaking for public infinite has put frontward Ten Principles for Creating Successful Squares.

However it would be hard to use this rule universally as said earlier Open infinite is unstable entity and is affected by socio- economic system, political relations, and human ecology and other societal ailments or good qualities. Generalised attack for planning and planing unfastened infinite may non work as the unfastened infinite is alone in many ways. Further Ali Midanapour expressed concern over planing without understanding the world. ‘This position of design, as an elitist, artistic endeavor which has no relationship to the existent, day-to-day jobs of big subdivisions of urban societies, has led to the decrease of urban design to a ocular activity ‘ ( Ali Midanapour 1997 ) .

Similar to above statement Henry Shaftoe emphasis on the psychological dimension /non spacial dimension of the unfastened infinite

‘Public infinites serve a figure of practical maps, being topographic points for trading, meeting, conversing, resting and so on. Yet there is an extra dimension to public infinite – it can carry through certain psychological demands every bit good as strictly physical 1s. By ‘psychology ‘ in this context, I mean anything that affects our behavior or feelings. ( Henry Shaftoe 2008 )

From the above treatment one may feel that there something more than physical dimension, which makes public infinite socially sustainable infinite. As infinite is an enclosing component and it encloses the activity. Activity is non needfully being merely physical enclosure centric.

Chapter 3. The Research Question

‘Do merely aesthetically fulfilling public infinite can organize the socially sustainable infinites ‘ ?

The research inquiry would research the interrelatedness of the non spacial dimension with spacial one in designing of the unfastened infinite. Underpinnings and rules of the doing successful infinites would be tested on the real-time instance surveies to formalize the statements. The testing of the theoretical hypotheses may give us the being of the non design facets and their importance.

The inquiry besides explores how intentional public infinites matched to the cross subdivision of the society.

3.1 Framework for probe.

Since the research inquiry demands geographic expeditions qualitative and quantitative facets. The of import virtuousness of the instance survey would be ocular study, thru which I would look into the both physical and non physical facet of the instance survey. ‘Only through eternal walking can the interior decorator absorb into his being the true graduated table of urban infinites ‘ ( Edmund Bacon 1975 ) . The recognizance study would be distributed over weekends weekdays and different period of a twenty-four hours. Further the instance survey would look into the qualitative facet of the study through people perception study. The probe of non spacial facets would be done by Reconnaissance study and the Study of tenancy in different period of hebdomad and different period of twenty-four hours. Besides examines the tenancy in gay and non gay season.

Non spacial facets would be done by semi structured interviews with end-users to cognize what they feel about public infinite what is missing. What is the factors attractive force or repulsive force to the unfastened infinite? Their aspirations about the unfastened infinite. Due to restriction of the academic paper the sample of size of the instance surveies would be little. However the series of ocular geographic expedition and reconnaissance study would bridge the spread.

3.2 Case surveies

The instance surveies for the testing are Nottingham old market square and St. John church viridity. Idea of choosing these instance surveies is they portion similarities in many ways, some of them are postulated below.

• Surrounded busy commercial country.
• Cardinal location of the metropolis and country i.e. east London.
• Heritage structures around like church and St.Augustine tower in footings of Hackney, town hall and Municipal council office.
• Areas offer Transport connectivity to the remainder of the metropolis or country.

Nottingham Old market Square

Area of the old market square is 4,400m2, quiet geometrical ( i.e. inner square approximately 100 x44 m ) . The natural topography of the original medieval square is exploited in the design by gradual degrees for wheel chair users and for drainage flow. The council house forms the border of the northern border of the market square

Figure 1 The study demoing the solid and null country of the market square The enclosure of the market square is formed by constructing about. Inner Square is bounded by the commercial, constitution ‘s coffeehouse, restaurants and branded supermarkets via Debenhams. Outer ring of the pedestrianised on North and east side portion of the Square.

Strategically located in the bosom metropolis commercial country the edifice has utilised about 100 % of the secret plan are. The country around the market square represents all right grained development.

3.3 Case study no-1 The St John Church Yard -Hackney London

Area of the public infinite – 3.83 hour angle.

The St John Church Yard -Hackney London is outstanding pubic infinite in Hackney cardinal. A mixture of different infinites, the gardens provide a formal scene for the church and Clapton Square to the North. The public infinite is isolated from the from the busy Mare street.

From part majorly utilised for the inactive diversion and rear countries constitutes the kids play country. The St. John Church and St. Augustine tower is major landmark of the country helps in voyaging prosaic traffic.

3.4 Discussion of instance surveies illations and theory

3.4.1 Amenities-

‘A square should have comfortss that make it comfy for people to utilize.A bench or waste receptacle in merely the right location can do a large difference in how people choose to utilize a topographic point ‘ ( www.PPs.org 2009 ) .

However Urbanist William H. Whyte ‘s suggested more ‘flexible attack ‘ harmonizing to him ‘in public infinites, people prefer movable chairs to repair seating. Peoples like to command their ain infinite, and movable chairs allow them to make merely that. Movable chairs let people face one another and interact in different ways. ‘ ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.city-journal.org/2009/eon1019am.html )

This suggests that planing the unfastened infinites should be sing mind of larger subdivision of the society and non merely what landscape interior decorator ‘s want. Harmonizing to H. Whyte maintaining the scattered would direct a message of trust that people will non steal them. Conversely, since the unfastened infinite is affected by the society ailments and frailty versa, this besides can non be generalised rule.

3.4.2 Seasonal Strategy – Is programme is overmastering than infinite?

‘Successful Square ca n’t boom with merely one design or direction scheme ‘ . ( PPs.org 2009 ) . This statement is quiet valid in many ways, public needs to alter or accommodate as per the seasons. In absence of the seasonal scheme may ensue underutilisation of the infinite in certain period of twelvemonth. The seasonal scheme is good demonstrated in Old market square Nottingham.

Figure 6 Shows the wheel of Nottingham by and large opens from February to stop of April.

( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wheelofnottingham.co.uk/index4.html )

Figure 5 Shows the ice skating sphere and German market is chief attractive force in the winter. During Christmas the infinite is filled with activities and peoples.

The seasonal scheme is programme that is implemented. The seasonal schemes non merely do the best use but besides generate activities throughout the twelvemonth.Further makes infinite more economically sustainable and can be managed good.

This rule can be supported with Henry shaftoe ‘s statement, he says ‘As a species we are sociable animate beings who like to garner in groups or battalions. Therefore, when we see people like us lingering in a infinite, we are attracted to it, over and above any physical or environmental attractive forces that the topographic point may hold ‘ . ( Henry Shaftoe 2008 )

On the other manus the Hackney does n’t show as stronger seasonal scheme or programme. Therefore ST.John God’s acre is n’t able generate activities to pull the people. Even if Hackney church pace has appealing landscape gardening, the heritage construction Church and St. Augustine tower, locality to the busy market street and strategic positing.

However the scheduling limited for the certain period of clip of twenty-four hours but he country around the market square is chiefly commercial so this country becomes dull and inactive so leads to less perceptual experience of safety.

3.4.3 Flexibility and Adaptability

‘The usage of a square alterations during the class of the twenty-four hours, hebdomad, and twelvemonth. To react to these natural fluctuations, flexibleness demands to be built in. Alternatively of a lasting phase, for illustration, a retractable or impermanent phase could be used. Likewise, it is of import to hold on-site storage for movable chairs, tabular arraies, umbrellas, and games so they can be used at a minute ‘s notice ‘ . ( www.PPs.org 2009 ) .

The principal of flexibleness and adaptability can been seen in the old market square. The H2O characteristic of the old market square is 1.8 thousand H2O autumn, rivulets and 53 jets and a scrim, arranged as patios. This H2O characteristic can be turned off and used as phases or impermanent screening countries. Five listed lanterns and two flag poles have besides been refurbished and integrated into the new strategy.

3.4.4 Peoples pulling people or steering physical properties of public infinite

‘Any great square has a assortment of smaller “ topographic points ” within it to appeal to assorted people. These can include out-of-door caf & A ; eacute ; s, fountains, and sculpture, … ( www.pps.org )

However Henry shaftoe argues ‘As a species we are sociable animate beings who like to garner in groups or battalions. Therefore, when we see people like us lingering in a infinite, we are attracted to it, over and above any physical or environmental attractive forces that the Topographic point may hold. ( Sahftoe Henry ) .

If we test above the statements on St. John God’s acre, Hackney, Henry Shaftoe ‘s statement is holds cogency. Because St. John God’s acre has quiet pulling physical properties such as St John church, Saint Augustine tower but still fails to pull peoples. Similarly in study one of the interviewee said, he follows the crowd for utilizing the infinite. This may because more figure of people gives perceptual experience of safety and for many users sense community is much more of import than the physical visual aspect of the scene.

3.4.5 Interrelation of the Inner Square, Outer Square, and Series of Small Squares

‘Visionary park contriver Frederick Law Olmsted ‘s thought of the “ interior park ” and the “ outer park ” is merely as relevant today as it was over 100 old ages ago. The streets and pavements around a square greatly affect its handiness and usage, as do the edifices that surround it ‘ . ( www.pps.org 2009 )

This rule is quiet right and can be seen in the Old market square as the street on the northern and eastern side are wholly pedestranised with active frontage facing towards the square. It provides surveillance and besides increases its tenancy. Further Henry Shaftoe adds new dimension of series of squares.

‘Some of the most gratifying public infinites are those that consist of a series of squares connected by short prosaic paths, so that one can roll through a series of Unfurling tableaux. ‘ ( Henry Shaftoe 2008 page figure 80 ) This hypothesis is valid in footings of market square as shown in program the Old market square is surrounded by series of smaller squares of the size ( mention fig no xxxxxx ) .

Figure 6 the study demoing little public infinites around the Old market squares shown in blue. the smaller public infinites around the market squares makes people to flux into the old market square

Further the grounds of interrelatedness of spacial character, graduated table and proportion are derived from how human perceive it. Kavin lynch has put frontward some dimension of the outdoor squares based on how we experience the out-of-door infinite.

“ We can observe human being from the distance of 1200 m, recognize him at 25 m see his facial look at 14 m, and experience him in direct relation to us -present or intrusive -at 1-3 metre. ” ( kavin lynch 1 Gary Hack2 1971 ) further he says the dimension 12 are confidant and up to 25 metre is still an easy for human graduated table

This hypotheses are valid in the in the smaller squares near to the Market squares viz near to the express vacation in western side. ( 17 Wide ) And 2nd square ( as shown in phtoxxx in ) northern side 9 near to the, pizza hut etc which is 28 metre ( measured from www.googlemaps.co.uk ) .

3.4.6 Natural elements

The natural component are besides important subscriber in the in heightening the experience of the infinite.

‘The feel of the warm zephyr, or a sudden iciness Draft, the sound of air current through the trees, or blasts of blown fall leaves waken the passer-by to the present minute. These intense experiences of alteration or difference in nature – particularly those that are peculiarly gratifying – may arouse shared looks of delectation and pleasance ‘ . ( Lennard and Lennard 1995 p39 )

In reconnaissance study and the semi structured interview uncovers the natural elements such as the visible radiation and shadiness of trees, thick green grass, sound of H2O adds up to the experience of infinite, so the park is non stay mere physical entity it turns in to see. And experience of the infinite makes users to see once more and once more.

1.1 Summary of findings, decisions

In visible radiation of the instance surveies and the statements of different writers it points out towards our experience of the topographic point is combination of all senses non merely ocular. This hypothesis forms the lineation of the aesthetic and environmental psychological science. There are many factors such as right graduated table enclosures sense of machination, easiness of apprehension, neither claustrophobic nor agoraphobic etc many of these factors interact in really harmonious mode.

The aesthetics dominates desires believing in many ways for the simple ground it is they are visually appealing, therefore interior decorators approach is aesthetic centric and tends to overlook the non spacial facets such the noise, odor, touch, sense of topographic point

The unfastened infinite phenomenon in the typically urban context is truly unstable and dynamic. In my sentiment handling the unfastened infinite more carefully and non merely left over or take a breathing or lungs infinite or merely attractive unfastened infinite, it much more than that. As designer we should non enforce individualized thought on the unfastened infinite as terminal users are one who makes it successful. The physical enclosure of public infinite is one that starts the interaction and non design facets are besides moving as accelerator to organize socially sustainable infinite.

The essay restriction being academic survey and research more by increasing sample size and besides clip restriction. Reconnaissance study and user ‘s perceptual experience study with bigger sample size and including representative of cross subdivision of society i.e. based on age group ethnicity, physically handicapped etc distributed over the twelvemonth.

We may non get at definite solutions or exact constellation of what unfastened infinite should or should non hold but planing of unfastened infinite maintaining users psyche in foreground would decidedly give the hints for planing the socially sustainable unfastened infinites

Safety and Regulation of use of infinite

Puting things together after every chapter

Mentions

• The winning design – ‘The Defender of the City ‘ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/www/marketsquare/design.asp ( 2 -1-2010 4.30 autopsy )
• Gustafson Porter. ( 2008 ) . ‘the Guardian of the City ‘ . Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gustafson-porter.com/intro.htm. Last accessed 3 Jan 2010 4.30am.
• Hackney Council. ( Mar 09 ) . Draft Interim Hackney Central Area Action Plan. Avilable: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hackney.gov.uk/draft-hackney-central-masterplan-p102-mar09.pdf. Last accessed 3 Jan 2010 p114 )
• Andrew M. Manshel. ( 2009 ) . A Topographic point Is Better Than a Plan. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.city-journal.org/2009/eon1019am.html. Last accessed 1 January 2010.
• Shaftoe. H ( 2008 ) . Convivial Urban Spaces: Making Effective Public Places. London: Earthscan.p. 51
• Lynch. K ( 1960 ) . The Image of the City. 15th erectile dysfunction. Cambridge: MIT Press. p2, 49,81.
• Lynch.K, Hack K ( 1984 ) . Site Planning. 3rd erectile dysfunction. Cambridge: MIT Press. P.157, 158
• Bacon E ( 1975 ) Design of Cities. Thames & A ; Hudson, London
• Worpole K and Greenhalgh L ( 1996 ) . The Freedom of the City. Demos: London. p14.
• Jacobs. J ( 1961 ) . The Death and Life of Great American Cities: The failure of town planning. 3rd Ed. New York: Random House. p88
• Gehl, J. ( 1987 ) Life between Buildings: Using public infinites, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold p. 2, 3, 85
• Walzer, M. ( 1986 ) ‘Public Space: Pleasures and Costss of Urbanity ‘ , Dissent 33, 4: 470-475.
• Rasmussen S.E ( 1959 ) . Experiencing Architecture. London: Chapman and Hall. P 33.
• Madanipour, A. ( 1997 ) . ‘Ambiguities of Urban Design ‘ , Town Planning Review. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p 363-367.
• Gallacher P ( 2005 ) Everyday Spaces: The potency of neighbourhood infinite. Thomas Telford, London Edmund Bacon 1975
• ( Lennard and Lennard 1995 p39 Carmel, CA: Gondolier Press, ©1995 )

The Struggle Physical Abuse Brings People all around the world have suffered from being abused verbally and physically, causing a struggle because they don’t know how to handle these types of situations. In the short story Runaways by Karen Brennan, the main character Lou is physically abused by her husband, which leads Lou to run away, causing problems between friends and family. What are you without loved ones? When you really care about someone you will give an arm and a leg for him or her but once they cross a line they shouldn’t, it feels like the world is supposed to end.

In Lou’s situation this is exactly what happened to her. She gave her entire life to her husband and her children. Unfortunately her husband didn’t care about her feelings and cared more about what he wanted than what would keep her happy. Physical abuse in a relationship is a key factor of failing marriages. Lack of communication can lead to physical abuse. Throughout the time that Lou and her husband have been married, they have been through a lot. One thing that might have started all their arguing besides his drinking problem may be that they “have difficulty talking to each other”(Brennan,501).

Lou states, “My husband didn’t always beat me. In the beginning he was just irresponsible. I could live with that. He drank too much and in the worst times he drove too fast with the babies in the car”(Brennan,501). Lou’s husband beats her so often, she is afraid to go to sleep. When her husband was drunk he became a whole different person, “he was a maniac when he was drunk”(Brennan,501). “Its unfair the advantage that men have”(Brennan,501) because woman should be able to stand up for themselves without worrying about what the guys reaction will be.

Lou is a woman who will put others before herself. She is a mother of four children and wants everyone happy. For instance, a lot of mothers’ first reaction to their children crying is to beat them and tell them to “stop whining”. Lou has been beaten by someone she truly loves so why would she want to beat four people she loves unconditionally, her children. Lou states, “I am not one of those mothers who turns around in the car and swats the kids on the legs and tells them to shut up. I have never believed in that. When they whined, I told stories.

I told them about a family who sailed away in an orange balloon”(Brennan,501). Lou had hit her breaking point and had to runaway from her problems. But is running away the answer? Often people who are physically abused turn around and abuse others. For Lou, it was a different story. She was not a young adult who abused her children because her husband abused her. Many people take their anger out on others because it is a way to make themselves feel better. Lou possibly could have felt pressure to raise her four children with her husband being involved.

Lou was strong enough and didn’t stay in an abusive relationship just for the children because she knew leaving was the best decision for her at the time. Through all the ups and downs Lou went through with her husband in the end she felt like she was left with nothing. “a woman without a husband is like an ocean without a sea”(Brennan,500). Its hard being happy if you don’t have the people you cherish most in your life around you. A person can struggle with a bunch of emotions and if you don’t have the support of people that care about you, the situation gets a lot harder.

When you are surrounded with people that want the best for you, then you will get though your struggles with someone by your side, not alone. I personally know someone who went through something very similar from what Lou went through. My cousin who is now 25 years old has been dealing with family problems ever since she was about 10 years old. I have heard all these stories about my cousin and her family from my parents. I was always curious and wanted to know what was happening but it was not my place to ask questions because it might be a sensitive topic for her.

Her father was a heavy drinker which caused him to be very angry not only friend friends but especially with his family. My cousin Kelley was the youngest of the two kids. She has an older sister who was 4 years older than she is. Night after night her father kept drinking excessively. The family knew what was coming along with his drinking, his anger. One night it got really bad, he yelled at Kelley for the littlest things, things that were not even a big deal. One time, she didn’t wash her plate after dinner because she was too tired and wanted to go to bed.

He became highly upset and rushed into her bedroom, slapped her, and told her to get up and clean her plate. Each day he got worse and worse. After a couple years went by Kelley, her mom, and he sister could no longer handle him and his drinking problem. They moved out when he was at work so he could not say anything about it. The girls moved far away and did not tell anyone where they were going because they did not want their father to find out. They knew he would make a big deal about it. Three girls living on their own trying to survive must have been hard.

Having a main man in their life was their leading factor to surviving. Without her dad paying for everything and supplying for the family, it’s difficult for the girls. Somehow her father found out where they were and made them come back. They decided to give their father one more chance, thinking that things would be different but they only got worse. He thought they would leave him again so he tried to be more protective which only caused his anger to be worse than it already was. As Kelley matured throughout the years she realized she no longer wanted to have her dad in her life at all so she lost all contact with him.

She got her own apartment and did almost all her daily actives on her own. After everything that happened with her dad, she didn’t want to depend on anyone else but herself. This made it difficult for Kelley to keep close friendships with her girlfriends because after her father, she thought that everyone she truly cared about would let her down like he did. Kelley’s fear of having to abandon ones she love caused her to have little friends. She was afraid to trust anyone at all because she believed that friendships and relationships don’t last forever.

Later when Kelley became a young adult she realized that she could not go on any longer not having her father in her life and having little friends that she can count on. Being on your own is tough. So Kelley allowed her father to re enter her life but not fully be involved 100%. She realized although she had been through a lot over the years, having her dad around again was exactly what she needed to be happy again. As the years go on, you find out who you need in your life and who you would be okay without. I thought that Lou and my cousin Kelley’s story were similar due to running away from their problems.

Although Lou was physically abused and Kelley was verbally abused their problems with the men in their lives bring their two stories together. Not having a close relationship with someone who means the world to you has to be really hard. Especially for Kelley, being so young and thinking you dad would be someone you would look up to as the years went on. Her father ended up being someone she never thought he would be, which had to of been beyond upsetting. As for Lou, the man who has been the love of her life for years now and has children who look up to him is not the type of father they though he was going to be.

Its hard putting all your effort into someone and believing they are going to give their best to you and then be let down. Being let down is very hurtful and can cause someone a lot of pain, for instance Lou and Kelley. Although Lou and Kelley did not end with the same feelings at the end of both of their stories they still dealt with the same process. Work Cited Alvarado, Beth, Barbara Cully, and Michael Robinson. “Runaways. ” Writing as Revision. Boston, MA. : Pearson Custom Pub. , 2003. 499-509. Print.

Physical fitness is one of the most important keys to a healthy body. It is the basis of creative artistic activity. Physical fitness means the condition of being physically healthy, especially exercises and proper nutrition. It is the reason, a state of general well-being marked by physical health and mental stability. Physical fitness is not just bending our bodies.

It is about having cardiovascular and overall muscular endurance, as well as a strong immunity system, and most importantly, a satisfied state of your mind. (Manohar, 2011) Past these days when physical exercises were meant for people who are serving in the armed forces or the people who are having physically demanding jobs. Now a day’s most of the people believe that having a physically fit body is the most important thing that a person can possess.

The importance of physical fitness and exercise customized to the specific requirements of both young and old. 3fatchicks, 2010) This has led to the quality and use of exercise equipment. The easy access to gyms and fitness centers helps to keep their body physically fit. This has resulted in people leading longer and healthier lives which their predecessors could not have dreamed of before. Physical fitness is important for everyone to stay active throughout their lives. Because of busy work and home lives, more than 60% do not get the best amount of physical fitness daily and these numbers are increasing in day by day. Katherine, 2010)

Experts recommend working out several times over the course of a week with varying exercises for the most benefit to your health. College of Islamic Studies Page 1 English Assessment 2013 Importance of Physical Fitness Health is one of the pre-requisites for a happy as much as well-balanced your life. There are many benefits if a person becomes physically fit. There are some benefits of physical fitness like is one of the advantages the person gets due to physically fit. This is the ability of the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients to your tissues.

As much as this will help to remove waste from over a sustained period of time and also furthermore the strength deals with the ability of the muscle to exert force for a brief time period, while endurance is the ability of a muscle, or group of muscles, to sustain repeated contractions or to continue to apply force against an inert object. (. iaepa. us, 2009) Flexibility will denote the ability to move joints and use muscles through their full range of motion. Exercise and overall fitness help you detoxify your body and thus lets your skin breathe. Katherine, 2010) It also helps to tone your body and thus enhances your overall appearance.

So in short physical fitness keep you beautiful and glowing. 5. A healthy mind thinks in a healthy body. Any exercise included in your fitness regimen, it will lead to the production of endorphins in the body. Endorphins are the chemicals that make you feel happy and hence a healthy and physically fit body. (John, 2012) It is always accompanied by a healthy mind. Drive-away illness is also a benefit we will get from physical fitness.

Moderated and balanced workout in a fitness regimen helps to boost the immune system of the body. Fully functional and strong body immunity means that your body develops the strength to ward off diseases and infections. Body composition: this will help to consider the components of fitness. Composition refers to the body in terms of lean mass (muscle, bone, vital tissue, and organs) and fat mass. Actually, the optimal ratio of fat to lean mass is an indication of fitness. Performing the right set of exercises College of Islamic Studies Page 2 English Assessment 2013

Importance of Physical Fitness can help people to get rid of body fat as well as to increase and maintain muscle mass. (Hardcastle, 2010) So, in short, to have great satisfaction in our life, it is not just the materialistic things that we need, but it is our own physical fitness. This will help us in our life in the long run. It is rare to cause disease if our body is healthy and mind is simply priceless. Even though we have everything like money, high education, family and peers if we are not physically fit we can’t engage and enjoy with them. Deh, 2012) Like our scheduled breakfast and lunch the physical exercise also must be a part of our day to day activities. College of Islamic Studies Page 3 English Assessment 2013 Importance of Physical Fitness

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Physical Education is undoubtedly important in the total development of the individual pupil. It is beneficial not only in the physical sense but also in the intellectual and emotional aspect of the child. In the physical sense, the child’s physical self-concept is influenced by the results and accomplishments in exercise and sports. Jarmo Liukkonin pointed out that the resulting self-concept “relies heavily on social comparison process, this means that the reference group and the class environment contribute to the developing self concept” (p 137).

In view of the above, this paper intends to provide an overview of the learning situation in the physical education as well as an analysis of the issues in motivational learning in physical education, particularly on how effective are the different approaches to learning and teaching. This paper will also discuss on the application of the different theories about whether or not they are useful in the classroom instruction. At the last part, is a case study of a particular student featuring particular issue on the student’s physical, intellectual, and emotional growth.

In general the paper will be more on analysis of the motivational and learning process in physical education involving all the different factors such as teachers, students, the different approaches used, and the relevance of the different theories in physical education.

Overview

Research and knowledge in Physical Education has been in rapid expansion over the last twenty years concerning the many factors that influence the learning and teaching of the Physical Education. Colin A. Hardy and Michael Mawer pointed out that this learning and teaching “include such issues as the context in which physical education teachers work, what teachers think about when they are teaching and planning their teaching, and the knowledge they require to teach effectively” (p. 1). Colin Hardy and Michael Mawers view seemed to be pragmatic yet analytical of the learning situation of the physical education.

They were quite critical also of the enormous years spent on research yet it was only in recent years that the real emphasis on physical education was put on the limelight. They contend that despite of such amount of time spent on research, Hardy and Mawer contends that it is only in current years that research has begun to provide an insight into what physical education teachers feel about their role and their lives in teaching, and what pupils themselves feel about the physical education they experience in schools.

In order to understand fully the importance of physical education subject, the question ‘why is physical activity valued’ deserves an answer. Katherine T. Thomas cited the health benefit associated with physically active lifestyle as will as other physical advantages resulting from physical exercise. Thomas pointed out,

“One reason we value physical activity is the health benefit associated with physically active lifestyle. Other reasons are the developmental need to explore and master our environment, to express our selves through movement, and to feel satisfaction resulting from successful movement. Physical activity also provides an opportunity for affiliation. Being part of a group—as a fan, a team member, or a walking partner—meets human need” (p. 5)

Thomas thinking on this subject is certainly practical and seemingly based on actual personal experience. Her statement sounds to be a good advice for anyone whose health condition is not in the best state. Indeed, physical education truly brings a lot of physical benefit to our physical body.

Other authors however emphasized the achievement of goal in order to understand the motivation and behavior of physical activity such as in sport. Robert Daniel Steadward, Elizabeth Jane Watkinson, and Garry David wheeler noted some authors such as Nichols (1984, 1989) and Harters (1978) which pointed out the goal concept theory. According to them, the concept of the achievement goal theory, refer to how people evaluate their competence. It assumes that individual are driven to demonstrate competence, and that perceptions of competence are critical determinant of motivated behavior.

Analysis of the Issues in Motivational Learning in Physical Education

The issue that I found interesting is “how effective are the different approaches to learning and teaching.” Susan Piotrowski noted that there is no single approach is going to be the most effective way to cater for progression and continuity. She pointed out that several or all of these approaches need to be used together to achieved effective progression and continuity in the transfer from primary and secondary school. Piotrowski stated that “what will work in any one situation depends on a number of factors, including the schools and their transfer structures and procedures, the head teachers, primary and secondary education teachers and their ability to work together collaboratively” (p. 204).

Piotrowski further stated that local conditions, facilities, expertise, and policies have a bearing on the type of curriculum that can be realistically offered in both primary and secondary in any given area. It is quite easy to accept Piotrowski’s view as it draws a practical option. Regardless of how others would look at the learning process, I believe it is complicated in the sense that physical education students have different level of intelligence, different cultural orientation, and physical and emotional developments, which affects their own learning process.

Thus Piotrowski wisely stated ‘that there is no single approach is going to be effective, and that combining two or more of the various approaches may be more effective.’ On the other hand, Colin Hardy suggested that more pupil-centered and less direct teaching approaches would allow pupils to take a more independent and active role in decision making in physical education lessons. Ken Green and Ken Hardman, quoting Kane, (1976), Underwood (1988), and Wright (1995) identified differences in teaching approaches used in physical education; either due to the demands of different activities or different intended out comes.

Green Hardman pointed out that the recommendation, which suggest that in order to achieve the range of the learning outcomes, “teachers should employ a variety of teaching strategies to cater for differences in pupils’ abilities, attainment, needs, and ages” (p. 112). Green and Hardman also recognized that there is a need for employing variety of teaching strategies. But they noted that this is because of the demands of the different activities, or the different intended outcome.

Regardless of the reason, it is clear that there is a need for teachers to employ variety of approaches in the motivational learning in physical education, to insure progressive learning process. These approaches, however, must be suited to the local conditions, expertise of the teacher, facilities, and policies, all of which have bearing on the type of curriculum.

An Application of the relevant theories from each topic

Theories on motivation and learning in physical education have been formulated in an attempt to extend our understanding of the teaching and learning process. Among these theories, the theory of constructivism, the theory of behaviorism, and the theory of cognitive mediation are particularly helpful in understanding the learning process in physical education.

Stephen J. Silverman and Catherine D. Ennis explained that Cognitive Mediation Theory “recognizes the significance of reinforcement activities in the learning process.  This explains that what students do in classes is an important step, or mediating factor, between what teachers do and what students learn” (p. 151). According to them, what the students do in classes affect also what teachers do.  Basically, these activities shape teacher’s lesson and students’ understanding of the lesson.  Here is the full explanation of Silverman and Ennis regarding this theory

“Although this modification seems so simple, it is a powerful reconceptualization of the role of the teacher. Rather than directly causing learning, as inferred in the process product paradigm, the teacher from this perspective has the job of structuring the learning environment in a way that encourages students to think and act in ways that will, in turn, enables them to learn” (p. 151)

The main architect of the constructivism theory is Von Glasersfeld (1987), which views students as active agents in their learning. According to this view, students brings with them to an educational setting prior “knowledge and experiences from which they interpret and give meaning to their present experience” (p. 151).

Silverman and Ennis noted that in this theory, knowledge is not something transmitted from the teacher to the students but learner constructs knowledge through her or his interpretation of events from the framework of prior experience, in effect, building or constructing knowledge that has individual meaning.   To apply this theory, teacher must relate the lesson on students’ sphere of experience and allow students to explore the given knowledge utilizing their own experience.  As a result, students will gain meaningful experience out of the new knowledge learned in the classroom.

On the other hand, adherents of behavioral theory emphasized that the study of learning focused on the memorization of simple and rote elements and on the behavior of the learner. Silverman and Ennis pointed out, “This view of learning focuses on the learner as a rather passive responder to externally imposed factors” (p. 134).  Silverman and Ennis stated that this theoretical lens views students as recipients and accumulators of knowledge, able to learn by listening to lectures, by reading or by rote drill and practice of isolated decontextualized skills.

This particular theory is very significant in most studies wherein students have to gain basic understanding of theories of studies before finding the general concept; such as in the case of nursing in which fundamental issues such as anatomy and health ethics must be memorized well before finding its relevance to the field of work.

Learning all these theories provide ample understanding as to how students could learns best the subject of physical education. It means that teachers must employ the use of these theories in their teaching strategies in order to ensure efficient learning process.  Physical Education as a subject is not that interesting for many students; and in that case, teachers must make every learning situation a worthwhile experience.  Hence, applying these theories can help learning enjoyable and fruitful.

In the cognitive theory, students learn through the activities. It means, the physical activities in the physical education provide the pupils learning opportunity. In many cases, this subject is most of the time seventy-percent activities with thirty-percent lectures.  Students are expected to learn from physical exercise of the techniques with occasional coaching from the instructors.  They learn from trying and from their mistakes.

Using Constructivism Theory, students learn by utilizing their own interest and socialization in the learning process.  By relating physical exercises in their own experience will result to students’ acceptability of the learning situation, which may result to higher learning of the subject.

Behavioral Theory could be applicable in terms of learning the theories of the subject.  Here, students are expected to memorize different terminologies and techniques of the subject as well as history and rules of the game.

Below is a case study of a student in high school who has an obvious intelligence yet performing just above average student.

Case Study of a Student

Rick is a high school with obvious sophisticated intelligence but performs merely just above average student in most of his academic subjects in school.  Although, he excelled in Mathematics, but his ratings in his physical education class has been poor because he is not participating in all the physical education activities class.  He has a lung problem that is why he does not participate in his physical education class.

According to the theory of cognitive mediation, reinforcement activities in school such as physical activities in the physical education class, shape the teachers’ lesson and the student understanding. The theory of cognitive mediation implies that student learning can be cause by these activities too. In the case of Rick, although he has obviously sophisticated intelligence, yet his academic performance reflects merely that of above average student. Ricks problem is that because of his inactive physical condition, his learning potential is not fully consummated. Learning coming from his experience of the physical exercise is lacking.

The theory of constructivism also teaches that ‘experience provides learning aside from the class room instructions. The theory of constructivism emphasized that ‘knowledge is not something transmitted from the teacher but learner constructs their knowledge through their experience. Rick’s knowledge has been only a result of spoon-feed learning. He could have excelled in all his subjects had he tried himself to be involve in the physical activities in his physical education class. On the other hand, Rick can be a good model in the behavioral theory of learning as the behavioral theory emphasized that students are passive responder of the externally imposed factors.

In general, the theories of learning have been great help in the learning process.

Work Cited

Capel, S. & Piotrowski, S (eds). 2000. Issues in Physical Education.  London: Routledge.

Green, K. & Hardman, K. 2005. Physical Education: Essential Issues. London: Sage Publications Company

Hardy, C.& Mawer, M. 1999. Learning and Teaching in Physical Education. Great Britain: Biddles Ltd.

Liukkonen, J. 2007.  Psychology for Physical Educators: Students Focus, 2nd Edition. USA: Human Kinetics.

Silverman, S. & Ennis, C. 2003. Student Learning in Physical Education: Applying Research to Enhance Instruction. USA: Human Kinetics.

Steadworth, R.,Watkinson, E. & Wheiler, 2003. G. Adapted Physical Activity. Canada: University of Alberta Press.

Thomas, K.  2003. Physical Education Methods for Elementary Teachers 2nd Edition. USA: Human Kinesics.

Physical bullying is a serious problem, affecting not only the bully and the victim, but also the other students who witness the bullying. Parents, teachers, and other concerned adults and young people should be aware of what physical bullying is and some of the ways to handle it. There are many types of negative physical interactions that can occur between young people, including fighting, practical jokes, stealing, and sexual harassment. These things are not considered physical bullying unless:

• The same victim is targeted repeatedly
• The bully or bullies intend to hurt, embarrass, or intimidate the victim
• The actions occur in a situation with a real or perceived imbalance of power, such as when the bully is stronger than the victim or has a higher social standing

In this context, physical bullying can take many forms:

• * Hitting
• * Pushing
• * Tripping
• * Slapping
• * Spitting
• * Stealing or destroying possessions, including books, clothing, or lunch money Physical bullying may also cross the line into sexual harassment or sexual assault.

Physical bullying occurs most often at school, though it can also occur on the way to and from school and after school. Middle school is the age when bullying is most common, with almost all middle school students being affected directly or indirectly by bullying. This is an age where young people want more to fit in with their peers, making some students more likely to bully or condone bullying to fit in, while those who don’t fit in stand out more as victims.

Bullying can also occur in earlier grades, as well as through high school and even into adulthood. Physical bullying is more likely to occur among males, though females may also be the perpetuators or victims of physical bullying. Bullies may have any number of reasons for bullying others, such as wanting more control over others, and wanting to fit in. Bullies are often physically stronger than their victims and have friends who condone their behavior.

Students who bully others, however, often have trouble with self control, following rules, and caring for others, and are at higher risk for problems later in life, such as violence, criminal behavior, or failure in relationships or career. Victims of physical bullying are usually physically weaker than the bullies, and also may be socially marginalized for some reason, including weight, ethnicity, or other characteristics that make it harder for them to fit in. Bullying can have serious consequences for the victim, leading to low self esteem, depression, trouble at school, and sometimes even violent behavior.

Some signs that a student may be a victim of physical bullying include:

• Coming home from school with bruises, cuts, or other unexplained injuries
• Having damaged clothing, books, or possessions
• Often “losing” things that they take to school
• Complaining of frequently not feeling well before school or school activities
• Skipping certain classes
• Wanting to avoid going to school or going to school a certain way, such as taking strange routes home from school or not wanting to ride the bus
• Acting sad or depressed Withdrawing from others
• Saying they feel picked on
• Displaying low self esteem
• Mood swings, including anger or sadness
• Wanting to run away
• Trying to take a weapon to school
• Talking about suicide or violence against others

If a student is a victim of bullying, show love and support to the child and explain that the bullying is not their fault, and that what the bully is doing is wrong. Talk to the victim to find out when and how the bullying is taking place, then talk to teachers and school administrators about the problem.

Bullying should always be taken seriously. Don’t encourage the victim to fight back. Often the best way to deal with bullies is to avoid them or react as little as possible. Unfortunately, with physical bullying this is not always possible. Staying with a friend or friends or where adults are supervising can sometimes help deter the bullying. If the victim is struggling with feelings of depression or anger, seek counseling to help them deal with their emotions. If a student is being a bully, tell them that the behavior is not acceptable.

All young people should be taught to respect others and that bullying is not acceptable. Parents should talk to their children often about what goes on at school, including their friends and if they ever see or experience bullying. Parents should encourage their children not to support bullying, even by watching it, and to report it if it’s happening. Depending on the situation, the student may be able to stand up to the bully, show support for the victim, or at least walk away from the bullying and report it to an adult.

Parents of victims or of bullies can also encourage schools to have stronger anti-bullying measures, like anti-bullying campaigns, careful adult supervision of students, zero-tolerance policies, and counseling for students involved in bullying.

Sources

1. SAMHSA Family Guide, “Bullying Affects All Middle School Kids” [online]
2. Nemours, TeensHealth, “Dealing with Bullying” [online]
3. Consortium to Prevent School Violence, “Fact Sheet #2: Bullying Prevention” [online]
4. HealthNewsDigest. com, “Know the Signs of Physical Bullying” [online]