Police

My opinion about social network, is that it is a place where you can chat and have fun whit your friends. It has begun to be a place where people compete with each other to radiate their perfect life. People put picture, video etc. up on Facebook, in the hope for “likes” and lovely comments. I think it is okay when people are writing and boosting pictures about themselves. When people begun to exhibit other by posting pictures and video of them, is grotesque because they just do it because of get success.

In my opinion, people should not think about posting pictures or videos of people they don’t know. If people think that their videos or pictures are for the benefit of police then send them a mail rather than share it with the whole world. It is the police job to catch the criminals; not the young’s. To my mind is it extremely disrespectful to exhibit the rough; they have it difficult enough already. The rough have often not learnt about the right and wrong things in their life, they just want to be seen.

Some people think they are cool, when they post picture of their crime at the social media, but in the end they are shoot oneself in the foot. The police is upgraded and they are watch over the social media. Some people think that it is unpleasant to know that the police are watch oneself. As I see it, it’s a good idea because it helps the police to catch the criminals. It is mostly the rough how don’t like this electronic surveillance because they are scared to be arrested. In my opinion it is okay that they police use electronic surveillance, if it helps them to minimize the number of criminal activities.

Sir Robert Peel Christina Buenrostro CJA/214 Version 2 August 5, 2010 Roy Diaz Sir Robert Peel Today the world has become a very dangerous place to live. Sometimes you can not even walk to the store without seeing a crime in progress or a crime scene investigation. Children are restricted to their home because of constant danger that goes on in their community. However, communities today have a police department assigned to protect and serve and this includes helping keep crime rates down and society incompliance with the law. Sir Robert Peel is the founder of this structure that we experience today in our communities.

Sir Robert peel started his career as home secretary in 1821(Norman, 1986}. While in office he started to establish a system of preventing crimes and also reforming criminals rather then punishing them. Death penalties in minor crimes were basically abolished and criminal laws were made more humane. Robert peel reformed the goal system; he introduced a payment for gaolers and provided education for inmates. The gaol was a jail that housed prisoners. Prison systems also were reformed and went under supervision of the central government. In the early nineteenth century the law enforcement system in London began to collapse.

It had grown in to an industrial city with various problems such as poverty, disorder, ethnic conflict and experienced rising crime. Peel fought for many years to establish what we know today as the London Metropolitan Police Act of 1829. Officers were known as the “Bobbies” to honor Sir Robert Peel. The police in London introduced three elements that have become our foundation of American policing they included having a mission, strategy, and organization structure. Before the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829, officers only responded when a crime had already occurred. If a crime had appen the victims would have to seek out patrol officers. The new police mission was to try to prevent crime before it happened.

This opened the door for continuously patrolling which were referred as fixed “beats”. Officers had to maintain a visible presence through the community. This insured security for the public and their safety. The new police used strategies to help enforce the law. This included evaluating crime rates and how well their strategies were working for the police department and the community {Critchley, T. A. 1967}.

Police officers in London had to gain the mutual respect of citizens.Through the departments restrained and civil conduct they were able to establish their respect. The London Metropolitan Police maintained high personal standards and was under strict supervision. The public are the eyes and ears of law enforcement and they needed to have the public on their side. Peel brought organization to American policing. Prior to Metropolitan Police Act of 1829, officers were selected only on the basis of political connections. The men generally selected were in bad health, with no education, and were often criminals themselves.

Some departments offered recruits as a formal per- service training but other than that you were not required to take a test once the training was completed. Peel used the organization structure from the military which included uniforms, rank designations and the authoritarian system that included command and discipline. Sir Robert Peel had nine principles that he introduced when he formed the Metropolitan Police act of 1829 that many police departments today still reflect on when enforcing the laws and serving the communities they patrol. 1. The mission for whom the law enforcement exists is to prevent crime and disorder. . The capacity of the law enforcement to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of public actions.

3. Law enforcement must secure the willing support of the community in charitable performance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public. 4. The quantities of assistance of the community that can be secured reduce proportionately to the requirement of the use of bodily force. 5. Law enforcement seeks and maintains community support not by catering to community view but by constantly representing absolute fair service to the law. 6.

Law enforcement utilizes physical power to the amount needed to protected observation of the law or to repair order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice, and warning is found to be inadequate. 7. Law enforcement at all times, ought to sustain a connection with the community that give realism to the historic belief that law enforcement are the community and the public are the law enforcement; the law enforcement being only members of the community who are salaried to give full- time attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community wellbeing and existence. 8.Law enforcement should communicate every action strictly toward their function and never appear to take over the powers of the judiciary. 9. The examination of law enforcement good union is nonappearance of crime or disorder, not the noticeable proof of police action in settling it.

Enclosure these principles have shaped America Law Enforcement agencies. They have helped the communities trust the officers and have come to rely on their services. There is still a lot of issues that need to be addressed in Law Enforcement , but Sir Robert Peel laid the foundation for all the work.References Critchley, T. A. 1967} Evaluating Police Strategies A History of Police in England and Wales. London: Constable {Whig account} Retrieved from University Of Phoenix Student Library http://www. credoreference. com/entry/willanpolicing/metropolitan_police_new_police Norman Gash, Sir Robert Peel: the life of Sir Peel after 1830, London; Longman, 1986 Retrieved from www.novelguilde. com www. nha. org/sites/oldgaol. html www. newwestpolice. org References This is a hanging indent.

To keep the hanging indent format, simply delete this line of text using the backspace key, and replace the information with your reference entry.

Abstract

With a need to maintain order and protect the citizens, nations such as Angola are grappling with how to create and maintain a police force. This study assesses the strengths and weaknesses of using non-state police forces in a law keeping and enforcement capacity. The results of this study illustrate that there is a high potential for corruption, yet, the need for protection is greater than the possibility of abuse. This study will be of interest to any person delving into the strengths and weaknesses of a non-state policing solution.

1 Introduction

The need to ensure the security of the ordinary citizens in the nation of Angola on a day to day basis has prompted the consideration of creating and applying non-state policing actors (Hallsworth et al., 2011; Baker, 2006). With too little money from the regional government given for a police force, outside actors including businesses, private citizens and foreign nations can be utilized as investors in order to provide the service of policing the community. Non-state police forces are often unregulated and have the potential to take on a wide variety of forms that will speak to the characteristics of the surrounding population (Wood et al., 2007; Gill, 1994). Yet, it is necessary to avoid varied forces including vigilante groups that seek their own goals to neighbourhood watches and instead seek to stabilize a community made up of equally varied members giving the population to find them working against the same mutual enemy.

Violent crime as well as rampant civil rights abuses has continuously promoted the need for a policing force throughout Angola and the entire African continent (Johnston et al., 2003; Wood et al., 2007). Alongside the need to keep the peace is the inherent need of the underlying community to support the force and the policies resting behind the enforcement of the tenants of the region. What cannot be denied is that despite the potential for abuse, there is a need for a centred and recognizable police force, whether a state or non-state actor, in order to ensure that day to day activities that contribute to the long term health of the nation are attended to. This brief illustrates the pro and con arguments surrounding the non-state police agenda and highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the system.

2 Non state policing in Angola

2.1 Pro non state policing

There is several sound reasons that a government such as Angola’s would choose to create and implement a non-state policing force (Wood et al., 2007; Hallsworth et al., 2011). Ranking as the primary motivation is the need for community security that allows for day to day activities to progress without hindrance. Furthermore, this perception of cultural stability aids in the operation of the underlying and associated financial and consumer markets that are themselves integral to the stability of the state (Crank et al., 2007; Baker, 2010). With a law abiding citizenry comes the opportunity to build a sound financial base that allows the operation of external and internal projects. With high crime rates to blame for abuses against the most vulnerable of Angola, the absence of a police force allows the criminal element to come to the fore, which in turn is directly against the needs of the regional population to grow and prosper (Hallsworth et al., 2011; Baker, 2006).

Enforcement of the law is only one facet of any regions police force, making the need for a working unit critical to Angola (Johnston et al., 2003). Absent the taxpayer funds to establish and operate a working force, the non-state police option provides a method that can accomplish the goals of both the government and the consumer community. With a private force the tax payer does not typically feel the sting of payment that these forces need to remain relevant in the states interest (Gill, 1994; Baker, 2006). This element provides many opportunities for private investors to step forth and equip the non-state police force in a manner that some of the poorer nations, such as Angola, can only hope to afford. Furthermore, a key advantage of many outside or private police entities are the established outside contacts and expertise that is brought into the region as a result of the engagement (Crank et al., 2007; Baker, 2006). In many cases the skilled labour may not be present in the immediate area, requiring the need to look to the outside community for better talent and resources.

Another opportunity provided by the consideration of a non-state police force in Angola is the potential to transform relations with neighbour nations or allies by incorporating elements of their working infrastructure (Gill, 1994; Johnston et al., 2003). It is become more common of multinational police forces to work together towards a goal that serves to benefit the entire international outlook by ensuring the stability of the region. Furthermore, this form of non-state or shared policing builds bridges and understanding between enforcement departments that often have work across national and international borders in order to address the issue at hand (Hallsworth et al., 2011).

In summary, the primary positives resting behind the non-state police force in Angola is the increase in talent, decrease in state funds spent and the opportunity to find international partners that will assist to maintain order in the long run.

2.2 Against Non-state policing

As with any employee or outside agency, bringing in an outside police force to Angola, holds the potential to be abused and subverted to the interests of others (Hallsworth et al., 2011; Baker, 2010). Private interests often play a pivotal role in choosing, maintaining and implementing any form of non-state policing, making the persons behind the effort at once suspect and complicit in the case of corruption. Lending itself well to the spectre of corruption, non-state policing can have chilling impact on the target community by stifling business and community activities to the point that there is a visible loss of enthusiasm and production (Johnston et al., 2003; Wood et al., 2007). Furthermore, this perception of public abuse on the part of the policing efforts contributes to criminal activity and unproductive behaviour on the part of the local population.

A secondary concern when dealing with a non-state police force in Angola is the need for the organisation to properly understand the community that they are assigned to protect (Wood et al., 2007; Crank et al., 2007). Many times an outside operator will mistake a cultural element as a risk, which in turn may lead to an issue that should never have been created in the first place. Furthermore, the local populace may not hold a great deal of confidence in the outside force, which can become a substantial hindrance in the operation of day to day policing activities (Baker, 2002; Wood et al., 2007). If the community is not helpful many opportunities will be lost to the non-state police effort. Yet, this can many times turn into a private citizenry that expects special favours of the police force, leading to another issue that has the potential to lead to widespread abuse and corruption.

The level of training and professionalism among these private forces can quickly become a liability in the effort to sustain a working police force (Johnston et al., 2003; Baker, 2002). With many forces seeking to cut corners and save money whenever possible, there is a real potential to provide a undertrained and ill equipped force that could possible cause more harm than good in the region. Furthermore, the less training provided to the force enhances the opportunity for corruption and the skewing of the original effort to protect the citizenry (Baker, 2010; Crank et al., 2007). Finally, with a force that relies on funding there is the real possibility for a rich person or outside organisation to negatively influence the operation of the police force, making the need for oversight both critical and expensive (Wood et al., 2007; Gill, 1994).

In summary, the negative aspects of using a non-state police force include possible corruption, lack of training and the absence of cultural sensitivity that aids in conducting many day to day police centred operations. Furthermore, there is the very real opportunity for a well-funded outside entity to have a substantial impact on the operation of the police force, which in turn can produce a range of further negativity.

3 Conclusion

The need to ensure the security of the ordinary citizen on a day to day basis throughout Angola has prompted the consideration of a non-state policing system. As this brief indicates, there is a need for a police force in order to create a sustainable and liveable condition in the nation of Angola. Yet, as the evidence insists, the presence of corruption and abuse is likely. However, the need for citizenry protection and stability outweighs the possibility of negative policy. It would seem possible for an Angolan effort to keep the policing force transparent would lead to a working force that benefits the population more than the special interests. Coupled with the reduction in overall state costs, the prospect of a working police force provides outside investors with a reason to hope for stability, thereby increasing the likelihood of investment which aids in the building Angolan infrastructure.

In the end, no matter the negative potential, the evidence suggests that a non-state policing force offers more benefit than detriment, leading to the recommendation of creating and implementing a non-state policing force in the African nation of Angola.

References

Baker, B. (2002). Living with non-state policing in South Africa: the issues and dilemmas. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 40(01).

Baker, B. (2006). The African post-conflict policing agenda in Sierra Leone. Conflict, Security & Development, 6(1), pp.25-49.

Baker, B. (2010). Grasping the Nettle of Nonstate Policing. Journal of International Peacekeeping, 14(3-4), pp.276-300.

Crank, J. and Giacomazzi, A. (2007). Areal policing and public perceptions in a non?urban setting: one size fits one. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 30(1), pp.108-131.

Gill, P. (1994). Policing politics. London: F. Cass.

Hallsworth, S. and Lea, J. (2011). Reconstructing Leviathan: Emerging contours of the security state.Theoretical Criminology, 15(2), pp.141-157.

Johnston, L. and Shearing, C. (2003). Governing security. London: Routledge.

Wood, J. and Shearing, C. (2007). Imagining security. Cullompton: Willan.

ZIMBABWE: Security Sector Reform Deadlock. (2011). Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series, 48(7), pp.18921C-18923C.

During the research of Sir Robert Peel’s position on policing to the varied needs of contemporary society, it was revealed that police departments currently use the nine principles that Peel established in 1829. These principles are used as a foundation for the police to prevent crime and also to preserve a positive relationship with the community. It will be explained how Peel’s policing and principles are being utilized in the modern era and also show his position on policing.

In 1829 Sir Robert Peel formed the Metropolitan Police while serving as Secretary of England.Peel stated “The key to policing is that the police are the people and that the people are the police” (Law Enforcement: Robert Peels Concept, 1829). Community policing is derived from Peel’s concept of prevention and has been clung to by many law enforcement organizations across the United States. Community policing requires investing in training with special regard to problem analysis and problem solving, facilitation, community organization and other various dedicated training. The development of modern day policing has had many unsuccessful attempts and fake starts since the early nineteenth century.While Peel’s principles stand for an idealized vision of police movements, it has been known to serve as a stepping stone for contemporary law enforcement and criminologists. The impression of community policing can be credited to Sir Robert Peel in the logic that his principles have formed the core values of community relations.

Peel created the police force, also known as “bobbies” or territorial police forces. The beginning of “beats” was first performed by bobbies as a formal patrol. Enforcement agencies still have police patrolling the streets with the purpose of preventing crime and making neighborhoods safe.Peel’s philosophy and community policing share the same concepts and goals in policing. One of the different similarities between Peel’s advance and community policing is that prevention of crime is the main concern within our society. The assumption is that crime prevention is a duty that the community and police should share ownership of. Community policing and team policing is rooted in the idea that the traditional officer will bring the police and the community closer together and also maintain the professional model.

When the police are dealing with the different communities and cultures, there must be a mutual feeling between them.The shared feeling can be classified as a sense of security and trust within each other. It was stated by Peel that having the public’s support and collaboration are the basis for five of his principles of effective policing. “The ability of the police to perform their duties is reliant upon public approval of police actions and they must secure the willing cooperation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to uphold respect for the public. In our diverse society, police must understand the different cultures that make up the communities that they patrol (Law Enforcement: Robert Peels Concept, 1829).When a community has little or no respect towards the police, they are more likely going to pay no heed to the request or demands of the officers and force officers to use excessive force in order to gain control of the situation. An example of this would be the Los Angeles riots that took place back in 1992, when four officers were acquitted for the beating of Rodney King.

This became a great upset to the public and therefore caused riots. The issue was so awful that police officers had to put on S. W. A. T gear and try to get control of the livid crowd.Nearly 2,000 people were injured and 53 were killed. The police department must examine and avoid such mistakes from being made in community policing.

Another type of mistake that can cause troubles with community policing would be budget cuts within departments. Some officers often take side jobs to compensate for their salary cuts and thus create a lack of integrity and “dirty” cops. People depend on officers to help the streets and neighborhoods be much safer but with cutbacks, being able to provide that protection could be difficult.Society cannot afford to be defenseless with everything that is going on in the world today. Sir Robert Peel’s principles of policing have facilitated modern day policing by gaining the public’s trust to feel comfortable enough to call local law enforcement when assistance is needed. Community policing has been a most important focus in law enforcement because of the crime rate within the diverse communities. With the community and the police officers functioning together, crime rates would decline and the streets would be much safer.

Sir Robert Peel established that police and the community are equivalent in terms of efficient policing.References Larrabee, A. K. (2007). Law Enforcement: Sir Robert Peel. Associated Content. Retrieved from http://www.

associatedcontent. com/article/435980/law_enforcement_sir_robert_peels_con cept. html Patterson, J. (2010). Community Policing: Learning the Lessons of History. Retrieved from http://www. lectlaw. com/files/cjs07. htm Nazemi, S. (2008). Sir Robert Peel’s Nine Principals of Policing.

Retrieved from http://www. lacp. org/2009-Articles-Main/062609-Peels9Principals-SandyNazemi. htm

Accountabilities is one of the fundamental of the military. It only brings personal responsibility but it also shows organization of a unit. There are many reasons why being on time is important.

The US Army depends solely on its soldiers, enlisted. Warrant officers, and commissioned officers alike. The military would not be anything without the soldiers. When soldiers aren’t there to perform there duties or they are late then the unit looses efficiency. Time management is a very large part of successful, military or civilian.Many people could improve there lives drasticly if they knew how to manage the time properly. Setting priorities is a very important step in time management.

If your priorities aren’t set in order then you won’t get the important things done in a timely manner. People often go over there time limits because they are optimistic, like for instance when I was late coming back from lunch I was being optimistic about the cab being able to be right there when it was time to come back from lunch and I was wrong.Discipline we are taught early in our military careers that shaving is an important part of our daily routine. The routine itself promotes a sense of regularity and discipline. By being assigned a task that we are to perform daily, we assume a pattern of living comparable with many other (and often larger) tasks given to us. When a part of our job considered to be mandatory becomes a task performed out of second nature, we begin to perform all duties in a similar fashion.If you can shave every morning without having to be reminded or told, you may find that it comes just as naturally to take out the trash, write a monthly counseling statement, or maintain your weapon.

I am writing this thousand word essay on discipline, being on time, and shaving. The importance of pride in ones uniform. I have to write this essay because I do not have pride in my uniform. Disciple is what keeps the army and its ranks from going in to complete chaos. The army follows a strict code of conduct and values.A well disciplined soldier carries himself with pride, Gives respect to others that out rank him and to those below him. Give the greeting of the day to the non commissioned officers he passes and salutes the officer he passes as well.

He keeps his uniform in order. If a soldiers always late not shaven not in the right uniform at the right place at the right time it can have a negative effect on soldiers around them. As well it shows lack of discipline and motivation.

The police force contributes and participates and plays a preeminent role in the development of the entire economy. It requires appropriate appraisal system. Key performance indicators must be established and employee’s performance must be well integrated with the overall organizational goals. Understanding the realm of Performance Management: Key functions of Performance Management System: According to OPM (2010) performance management is an orderly and efficient process which involves diverse employees, individual, associates of groups and teams in order to advance efficacy and attain organizational goals and objectives.

It focused on government and federal employees and presented employee performance management process as follows: • Planning: In world class businesses long-term plans are formulated in advance where employees put efforts in order attain organizational goals. It requires employee’s involvement and participation and clarifies key purpose and end results. Planning necessitates key elements of performance appraisal. Specific elements must be quantifiable, comprehensible, certifiable, impartial and reachable. Individuals are made accountable for their responsibilities.

Moreover these plans are prone towards flexibility and changing business processes. Rather than considering it just paperwork, it calls for regular rating. • Monitoring: In valuable organizations performance of individuals and team members is continuously monitored and reviewed and feedback is provided on their progress. It involves comparing performance with predetermined standards and elements. It also enables management to realign unattainable standards and identify unacceptable performance and provide assistance during the same period rather than waiting for the end of the period. • Developing:

Management evaluates employee’s developmental needs and addresses them with the help of training, skill development courses, giving them more responsibilities, humanizing processes and many more. It results into good performance, enhances competencies and skills and employees positively accept changes specifically technological advancements. • Rating: Individual and group performance must be summarized. It is compared overtime and even with the performance of other employees and in this way management identifies champion followers. Employees are rated in accordance with the performance appraisal standards and records are summarized.

Rating is only given to individuals however it has major impact on the overall group performance. Further key decisions are made on the basis of rating and summary records like promotions, retention or reduction in workforce. • Rewarding: In successful organizations individuals and team members are recognized and acknowledged for their contribution towards to the company. More importantly consequences play an important role in effective management and behavioral aspects. There exist awards regulations which involves both formal and informal rewards which are given and employees are recognized on enduring basis.

In thriving organizations both management and employees believe in good performance and perform key components in an outclass manner. Key factors involved in setting up stages for performance management are as follows: • Performance Management System: The government wide performance appraisal system was based on centralized approach with five scale rating and generally cash awards were given. However the approach lost its credibility. • Earlier studies: The entire federal performance appraisal system was reviewed and private sector system was also examined and it was concluded that government must opt for decentralization and flexibility.

It requires improving organizational culture and introducing technological adjustments while involving employees in designing appraisal system. • Stakeholder’s significance: Many key stakeholders like employees, unions, tax payers, federal managers, congress and many more expressed the demand for major changes in the system. • Conflicting issues: It was found that both performance and rewards are not aligned systematically and appropriately. It required strong commitment from diverse partners. • Improved measurement: For the credible performance management system, management must focus on improving performance measures.

Prior to these standards were formulated on the basis of individual accountability however it was not effective for group based performance management. • Government Initiatives: Government went into intensive strategic planning and programs so that employees efforts could be aligned with that of organizational goals. The objectives were quantifiable and measurable. Moreover customer service standards were formulated and agencies were complied to follow the given of instructions. Smither and London (2009) acknowledged that performance management proffered expanded view of conventional appraisal systems.

It involves the concept of context and time in performance measurement. It further introduces performance management implications in diverse domains of industries and organizations. The term facilitates in evaluating individual, organizational and team performance resulting into a more comprehensive yield. The notion further challenges conventional wisdom and craft strategic rapport between administrative decisions and assessment of individual and group performance. Furthermore it is formulated on the basis of diverse research based approaches.

It was found that there exists a wide gap between academics and practical insinuations of HRM. Several experts are focusing on key issues pertaining to performance management and are putting insight in leadership development, talent management, change management and intensification of work. Implications for a new Police force: Dent, Chandler and Barry (2004) examined the impact of HRM strategies specifically performance management on Police Force. For about two and a half years intensive research was conducted to understand the attitude of individuals and information was gathered related to ethnographic data.

It was found that the police force is diversified and widened across ten different geographical locations and include around 3,828 numbers of employees. Several key finding were gathered pertaining to relationship between supervisor and line managers, employee’s attitude towards the implication of performance management system and employees understanding of the overall police force strategic direction. Interviews were conducted from Union leaders and seniors to surface key issues. One key fact revealed that all the senior positions were dominated by men.

The new police force has its own vision statement, assessment was done related to competencies and skills and employees were graded on 5 factor rating scale. Management believed that performance management culture must be established therefore hard policing discourse was established. Due to which individuals were evaluated, inspected and audited. Furthermore complaints were recorded and individuals were made accountable for their practices. Microsoft (2009) stated that the communication pattern needs to be streamlined between home office and police force.

Microsoft developed policing performance management system. The data management system stored imperative information, crime rates and figures. It assisted both home office and police force to communicate in an effective manner and information can easily be directed to those areas where problems occurred and appropriate can be taken. It has resulted into decrease in crime rates, quality service to general public and effectual solutions for community issues. Microsoft formulated an effective corporate management solution for Israeli police.

There were around 27,000 police officers performing in 6 diversified districts and 16 sub districts and there were around 70 police stations. Israeli police faced difficulties in minimizing crimes and further strengthening traffic laws. In 2005 the top management consulted Microsoft Corporation for the solution of corporate performance management. It assisted in analyzing crime trends in different districts, identifying key problems and formulating solutions with the help of gathered information resulting into effective decision making. Today it has formulated 115 performance indicator programs.

The solution has provided them flexibility and can easily adapt to future changes. The performance management solution has resulted into improving quality of police service in every single location of the entire country. It has revolutionized the internal culture of the dynamic organization. According to PSNI (2008) APR (annual performance review) has provided Northern Ireland a new dimension to police service. The continuous improvement has enabled the organization to economically and effectively utilize HRM functional unit. The entire training and support is provided with the help of e-learning technology.

This is further provided promotional instinct and reduction in unsatisfactory performance in the entire police force. Performance management has reduced administrative workload on individual police departments. More importantly, it has been so much decentralized and employees are empowered that they can certainly take strategic decisions and can consult to key stakeholders for a more productive result. APR has provide a framework for improving individual and group performance, job satisfaction and engagement and focusing on service delivery and enhancing core competencies.

Figure 1: Performance Management and Development System Mounting Performance Management System for Police Force: Shane (2008) stated the every aspect of policing needs to be measured. During the beginning of 20th century several reformers got emerged such as Mr. Wilson and Mr. Parker and experiment the implications of performance measurement across diverse FBI programs. Unfortunately in early days measurement was not interrelated with organizational goals. It was in 1970s when several police leaders represented the realm and tried to understand accountability issues across different departments of police force.

Meanwhile a major paradigm was seen and police focused on community areas to reduce crime reports and community response was considered as a measurement criteria. It was also found that law enforcement agencies are accompanied with pile of data and the information can be used to improve the situation. Today, crime rates are not the only performance measurement criteria. There exist limited resources while demand for security is continuously increasing, countries are facing difficulties in averting terrorist attacks and meanwhile serving communities and reducing crime rates.

Today, management is focusing on clarifying employee’s expectations and aligning their efforts with overall organizational goals and emphasizing on proper communication medium. They are using advance statistical tools to analyze and evaluate the overall performance measures. The judgment is made on the basis of achievements otherwise it remains difficult to identify whether the entire program work properly and has attained desired results. One of the facts reveals that improvement in employee’s performance requires strong commitment from the top management and this develops a framework of learning organization.

The administration must be sincere and understand key factors to be measured. The entire performance measurement model is based on six steps: • Preparing police business plan: It caters for diverse units and must be considered as the end result of outclass performance measurement. It includes key values, chief priorities and anticipations and expectations of communities and employees. It portrays present situation and anticipate future strategies and provides direction for improvement. It requires in-depth SWOT analysis and environmental analysis.

The future interpretations must be attainable. It also requires formulating organizational chart and key connections between different programs and appropriate budget is allocated for effective service delivery. It assists in understanding different phases of business and developing alternative solutions to overcome obstacles. • Constitution of performance management: Rather than just focusing on crime rates, police force must look for a multidimensional approach. Other factors include reliability, responsiveness, predictability, transparency, courtesy and competency.

Many of the law enforcement scholars have formulated multidimensional models which requires satisfying diverse group of stakeholders. Performance management involves a logical structure which focuses on measuring criteria, different programs and outcomes. It requires focusing on six important factors: o Identify the core purpose and desired outcomes o Develop appropriate measure to attain corporate goals o Formulate minimum tolerable outcome like 80% customer satisfaction or reduction in crime rate by 25% o Allocate resources and formulate qualitative outcomes

o Assign key responsibilities to individuals and team members based on job description o Formulate progress reports and circulate them both internally and externally to key stakeholders • Data collection and analysis: The management must identify whether existing data is appropriate to meet the current requirements or new information must be collected for analysis, which must be utilized, which sort of constraints can be faced by the organization and how often and who should be authorized to collect appropriate data. It requires both descriptive and inferential analysis.

Police force uses descriptive statistics, visual models and cross-reference formats and finally it is summarized in a concise format. Moreover organizations measure overall outcomes in a periodic manner. • Construct Performance measures: It requires clarifying expectations, examining performance and comparing it with predetermined standards, opting for improvement and communicating the outcomes. Employees develop clear objectives and focus on shared values and work for achieving overall corporate goals. They will put more effort and it will also reduce cost while conferring both monetary and non-monetary rewards.

Furthermore the top management must look for highly ethical conducts, best practices and involve various layers during the development phase. It results into minimizing resistance towards implementation. There exist two types of performance measures i. e. hard and soft measures. Hard measures are quantifiable whereas soft measures are qualitative and more often complement hard measures. Soft measures are intangibles and are based on performance indicators. These performance indicators must be translated into a performance measurement statement which can clearly delineate expectations.

• Highlighting important measures: There exists a mere consensus between different functional units. Moreover citizen should perform their responsibility so that important measures can be successfully achieved. Furthermore it requires involvement of lower level employees in strategic decision making process. • Common terminologies across different departments: It involves uniformity so that actions can be easily justified. There must be a written policy for the interpretation of specific terms in order to reduce ambiguity.

A public policy is the body of principles that underpin the operation of legal systems in each state. In this paper I am going to talk about federal along with state policies. I will discuss each of the policies and how they are similar and how they are different.

Federal and State policies are made to help keep our Country running smoothly. If there were no policies then keeping our Country safe would be a hard task. Policies are principles that are set to help make our Country operate on a daily bases.I like to think of it as rules that are set to keep our Country safe; because if there were no rules then everyone would be doing their own thing which could cause for a very disorganized situation. We see police officers out on the streets making sure that everyone is abiding by the laws that are set. Noadays there are laws against speeding, talking on cell phones while driving, texting while driving along with murder, kidnapping and many more laws. These laws where not always in place they were added as they were needed and once they were made a law they have always stayed that way.

If we look at cell phones for instance this is a somewhat new thing and that state officers are seeing that there are problems with the use of cell phones. Slowly but surely states are making laws to ban cell phone usage while driving to help keep citizen safe from individuals who lack concentration while driving. The federal government never viewed themselves as the group that would be responsible for crime within the United States. The federal government would have a role when it came to extreme criminal behavior. Crimes such as bank robbery, kidnapping, and tax evasion would be crimes that they would be involved in (Marion & Oliver, 2006). The federal government is always there to help the state police agencies when they need the help or assistance in the criminal justice organization. What role does the Federal Government play in the policy making processes? The federal government “can regulate a virtually unlimited range of activities believed to contribute to street crime (assault, rape, robbery, burglary, drug dealing, murder) white-collar crime (fraud, deceptive usiness practices, illegal financial transations).

The federal government has been more involved in the control of policy within the past 40 years (Marion & Oliver, 2006). The federal government is able to regulate crime within certain areas. The federal government has certain units that are responsible for certain types of criminal activities. The federal government is able to come up with the policy. They can write it and they can provide the finance that is needed to implement the policy. They are able to encourage the local along with state agencies to enforce or follow the policy.

The federal government along with state agenvcies need to work together to make the policies to beome a law. If congress passes a federal law then the federal agencies are able to enforce that law. If it is federal then they are able to take action but if it is not federal then they need to local and state agencies to go out and enforce the policies. The important thing to keep in mind is that full and complete understanding of the policy needs to be made clear to all who will be responsible for enforing the policy or law. The federal government is huge we all are aware of that.If we look at it from a business point of view they are the biggest out there. With this said because they are huge it makes it so that they are able to “provide human, financial, and informational resources….

and is in a unique position to coordinate…. interjurisdictional anticrime plans (Marion & Oliver, 2006 p. 354). ” This is were the federal government is most powerful. I life money is power and lets face it the federal government has a lot of it. This makes it so that the federal government has a huge impact on the criminal justice system. We see how the federal government gives grants to local and state police agencies and these fund help to fight crime.

The federal government helps tremendously when it comes to the United State fighting crime. Providing funds to police agencies makes and has made big changes in policing and we can thank the federal government for providing this aspect. State agenies and policies are complex to say the least. Unlike federal government the state dose not have the “control over the functioning of theses agencies (Marion & Oliver, 2006 p. 356). The state however can set policies along with procedures that the law enforcement agency is to follow. The state level is also able to set standards for training, certification along with recertification all of these local law enforcement is required to follow what the state sets.

The state also is a go between so to speak for the local and federal agencies. If there are grants for instance it may be given to the state and then the state will pass it on to the local agenicies. I like to think of policies as pre laws they are not a law yet but they are on there way. Federal and State are ableto set policies and enforce policies. State has local law enforcement to enfocrce the laws. If it is a law the the federal government needs to enforce they are able to do so. If a crime is specialize that Congress has past then the federal government is able to enforce that policy.

Also the federal government has the power to provide funding to the state to help them enforce a policy. They are like a big business that has the man power along with the funds needed to make big things happen and to make pivotal change in a business.The federal government has the ability to make big changes in the criminal justice system because of the funds and grants that they are able to supply so that the state can enforce the policies. At the same time the state does not have the same power that the federal government has. The state is able to put forth their own policies and enforce them but the federal government has more abilities then that of the state.

Reference

1. Marion, N. E., & Oliver, W. M. (2006). The public policy of crime and criminal justice. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.