Poverty

There are many reasons why the people in Kerala have a better standard of living than in other Indian states. Some of the reasons are to do with nature and some are to do with human decisions.

The State of Kerala is good for farming. There are many natural advantages, for example large amounts of precipitation, with 120-140 rainy days per year, Kerala has a wet, tropical climate, consequently making the soil incredibly fertile. The climate is very humid and wet, which is perfect to grow crops.

A map of India:

The government of Kerala made some unusual decisions about how to run the state. They introduced ‘land reform,’ which basically means the government give every family one hectare of land each. The government prevent the rich to own more then 10 hectares by buying the land off them, as a result everyone gets an opportunity to own something, this then gives the poor starting points to earn money, whereas in other Indian states the poor stay poor because they do not receive the level of help required. Over 1.5 million homeless families benefited from land reform. Land reform Meant Keralans could grow food on their properties for consumption (for survival) and sell it for a better standard of living.

Many Keralans have stopped growing only rice and now have a greater variety of crops. Keralans now grow tapioca, ginger, banana’s and coconuts. Farmers sell less rice because the rice from the state of Tamil Nadu is significantly cheaper because the workers get paid a considerably smaller wage. Keralans want to grow more profitable crops to be able to pay for after school classes for their children. Growing one hectare of rice gets only 25, 000 rupees but growing coconuts make 50, 000 rupees. Coconut palms, as an example, have many different uses. Coconuts can be used sell or consume, (ear or drink the juices). Used to make cosmetics, fuel for cooking, the residue from making oil is used for cattle food. Coconuts are useful for making mats and ropes. Coconut leaves are used to thatch roofs.

Keralans are better educated than other Indians. Keralans are given free education, I personally think this is a beneficial idea to educate the children because they are the future, the Keralans are thinking about the long-term effects of a free education whereas the other Indian states do not give education unless the citizens give money. The Keralan government provide free education, however the classes are exceptionally large, as a result the children would not get the right amount of education necessary.

This is why parents work hard on farms to produce the best quality of crops. Selling as much as possible and getting the largest possible yield means more money, that way the children have a better chance of doing well academically. Well educated Keralans get the opportunity to work abroad as they get more money this way, hence, wages for farm labourers are higher in Kerala than in the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu, as fewer workers are available. Money is sent home from abroad, for that reason, the Keralans have money to spend, they can afford manufactured goods and this encourages new businesses to start up. New jobs means more jobs available in Kerala other than farming which is very hard and tiring. Parents do not want their children to do that. People with jobs have a better standard of living. This all leads to a developed, better state for the people of Kerala to live in.

I think that the state of Kerala is more developed than other parts of India because they can afford to spend money on manufactured goods, meaning more businesses are likely to start up. Because of this new jobs are available for the children that are not very intelligent or that did badly at school. The Keralan government realise that educating children is a necessity because when they are old and ill and need a doctor it will be one of those children, so in the future everyone benefits from this.

Lake Nakuru is located in central Kenya, 140km north-west of Nairobi in Nakuru of the rift valley Province. It covers an area of 188 km2

Lake Nakuru’s climate ranges from cold, hot and humid, to hot and dry. The annual rainfall is 965mm.

Lake Nakuru is a very shallow strongly alkaline lake 62 km2 in extent. It is surrounded by woodland and grassland next to Nakuru town. The landscape includes areas of marsh and grassland alternating with rocky cliffs and outcrops, stretches of acacia woodland and rocky hillsides covered with Euphorbia forest on the eastern perimeter.

Lake Nakuru was first known as a bird sanctuary in 1960 and upgraded to National Park status in 1968. A northern extension was added to the park in 1974 and the lake was designated as a Ramsar site in 1990. The foundation of the parks food chains is the cyanophyte spirulina platensis which can support huge numbers of lesser flamingo. Kenya is also home to all of the Big five Animals which are Lion, Rhinoceros, Leopard, Water Buffalo and the Elephant these animals are a major tourist attraction and are one of the reasons why many tourists go to Kenya.

Desertification in General

It has been said that forests came before human beings and deserts followed them. Desertification is becoming a major problem as more and more of the world’s land surface is turned into desert. The new deserts which are being created are not necessarily hot, dry sandy places, but are instead any areas where the soil has been so mistreated by humans that it is now useless for growing crops. You may think that this doesn’t affect us here in Britain; after all, it’s too wet and cold for a desert to be formed here, that may be true, but that doesn’t mean that desertification won’t affect us. Think about it, if our soil is not conserved, then our food supply and all our lives are threatened.

Soils can be ruined easily in areas where seasonal rainfall is unreliable. Cutting down forests and trees, over-cultivation of the soil and over-grazing can all contribute to desertification. In poorer countries, farmers often know what needs to be done, but they and their families live so near to starvation that they cannot even afford to buy what they need to keep their families healthy, let alone attempt to solve their problems.

Tourism in Kenya

Tourism is very important to Kenya because it keeps the economy stable, the local people get to interact with people from other countries, the ideal situation is that poor rural people get a fair share of their money from the produce they make and a reasonable share of the revenues are enjoyed by the local communities in Kenya. The Government link up with poor people in the rural areas so that poverty is reduced and poor people are able to participate more effectively in tourism development while earning an adequate income.

I don’t feel that this always happens as seventy percent of people employed by park lodges are not local’s (Maasia), this shows that the locals are not getting the jobs needed for the survival of them and there families therefore they are not getting are fair share of the jobs. Local people are not consulted before new tourist developments are built making unfair as they do not get a say on what goes on in their towns. Tourism does produce a lot of money for Kenya, in 2004 they made 39.2 billion KSh (Kenyan shillings – the local currency) and in 2005 they made 48.9 billion KSh that’s an increase of 9.7 KSh in just one year, so we can see that their tourist industry is growing quite quickly.

There are several factors that cause social, environmental and economic problems in Kenya, such as:

Problems Concerning Tourists

The climate in Kenya has very low precipitation this means that they have extremely low rainfall throughout the year. Tourists expect a certain environment when on holiday like clean drinking water, swimming pools, ice in their drinks and showers on demand to keep them cool. This puts pressure on a country with low rainfall as they can not provide these luxuries on a regular basis. A possible solution to this problem would be to attract tourists to the ‘Real Kenya’ by offering a true Safari Holidays camping out, using less water and experiencing local cuisine.

Due to high pollution levels in the water, one of Nakuru’s main attractions, the flamingos are leaving. The flamingo come to lake to breed but as the lake is becoming more and more polluted by sediment and near by factories they have decided to flee. This is bad for Nakuru’s income and tourism as many tourists come to see the large amounts of flamingos that breed here but now they have gone a lot of tourists may not bother coming to Kenya. This problem could be solved by moving the factories as far away possible from the national park and lake so that flamingos don’t feel the need to leave

Due to the low precipitation levels in Kenya the farmers find it hard to grow their crops, which means they can not provide food for their families and cannot make a steady income. If the tourists were to use less water there would be enough for the farmers to grow their crops and feed their animals.

Tourist industries feel that locals are not qualified enough to have well paid jobs. One solution to this problem is that the tourist industries could employ some local people and as part of the job the tourist industries could give them training so that they would be able to work the higher paid jobs. This would mean that the locals with the higher paid jobs would be able to supply their families with food, clean drinking water and clean clothes and ensure that their own children receive an education which would be good for the economy as a whole.

Tourists often travel around on safari in land rovers for their comfort and safety, this breaks up the soil causing deforestation and sediment in the lake, the more sediment in the lake the cooler it gets, killing fish. The Hamming and other birds feed by looking into the water and seeing the fish they want to eat, this will not be possible soon as the sediment makes the water cloudy. A possible solution to this is that the tourists could take hot air balloon flights whilst on safari instead of driving Land Rovers this would prevent the soil from breaking up, therefore creating less sediment in the lake and disruption to the environment.

Problems Concerning Locals and Animals

Wild animals often escape from the National Park, the animals are not used to human contact. The wild animals can then spread diseases to local domestic animals, many small farms that depend on their animals for money or food are located next to the National Park. A potential solution to this is to put up thorn fences in the national park that look more natural and will not harm the animals too much, but will stop them from escaping. The Government could also provide vaccines for the domestic animals to stop them from catching the wild animal’s diseases.

As the population of Nakuru town increases more mouths need to be fed which means more crops need to be grown, but the soil needs to be rested to avoid soil erosion. A possible answer to this problem is to provide better education on contraception for the farmers and local people.

Nakuru town has no sewage systems and the amount of waste being produced is increasing as the population is increasing, this means that they will get an overflow of sewage, very nasty smells and the sewage also carries diseases and attracts vermin into the town. The solution to this problem is the same as the last, to provide contraception and education on how to use it for the local people to help the locals reduce the amount of children they have. The Kenyan government needs to invest/raise money for the local infrastructure.

Kenya is an LEDC (Lower Economically Developed Country) and needs to expand its manufacturing industry (such as factories) to become richer. Local people need jobs and the manufacturing industry needs to expand, it is also an economical problem as the manufacturing industry needs to become richer too compete with other countries. A potential answer to this problem would be to build more factories and employ local people. The Manufacturing Industry need investment from foreign companies which would provide more jobs for locals and this would enable them to provide for themselves.

After all my investigations I feel that there are a few problems that are drastic and need taking care of immediately:

* Over population – If this is not taken care of then the town of Nakuru will overpopulate making it hard for farmers to grow enough crops, there won’t be enough drinking water and there probably won’t be enough houses. A possible solution for this is to educate the town about contraception or to introduce a law where people are only allowed to have one child and if they have more then they have to pay tax on that child.

* No sewage Systems – This means that due to the over population there will be an overflow of raw sewage in the town which will bring in vermin that will bring in disease to the local people. A possible solution to this is for The Kenyan government to invest/raise money for the local infrastructure.

* Wild animals with diseases often escape from the National park – This need to be taken care of immediately because if all domestic animals are infected with disease by the wild animals, then all of the local’s meat will deplete and the farmers won’t be able to make as much money, therefore not being able to support their families. A possible solution to this is to put up thorn fences that will be cheap and practical, but will also look very natural.

Conclusion

From all of my research my opinion on Safari Holidays and the problems they cause is that they are disturbing the animals for example, there is a lot of sediment in the lake causing the temperature to go down which kills the fish, also the wading birds cannot see there food in the lake. This is caused by extensive use of land rovers that should be replaced with more friendly things like hot air balloons. They also disturb the animals by doing safari early in the morning when the animals are most likely mating or hunting.

Although the Safari holidays do cause problems for the animals they bring in a lot of money for the government and the locals. The money goes towards things like housing, but could also be used to build new sewage systems as the waste that is produced will start to overflow into the town of Nakuru causing disease and vermin to come into the town.

If I had a chance to go to Lake Nakuru on a field trip I would look for problems such as how sturdy fences were to see if animals could escape easily or not, I would see if I could find the amount of sediment in the lake. I would like to speak to the manger of the national park and ask for their annual profit from particular areas such as safari and food and drink sales, this would show an estimate of how much is made by tourism in one year.

If I were to go to Nakuru in 20 years time I would expect there to be many of these problems solved, if they are not I believe that their profit will start to fall and they will not be able to stay a national park anymore.

|[pic] |UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA | | |Assignment Cover Sheet – External | [pic] An Assignment cover sheet needs to be included with each assignment. Please complete all details clearly. Please check your Course Information Booklet or contact your School Office for assignment submission locations. ADDRESS DETAILS: Full name: |Stephen Andruchowycz | |Address: |25 Northumberland Street Tusmore | | | |Postcode: |5065 | If you are submitting the assignment on paper, please staple this sheet to the front of each assignment. If you are submitting the assignment online, please ensure this cover sheet is included at the start of your document. (This is preferable to a separate attachment. ) Student ID | |Course code and title: BUSS 5300 – Global Business Environment | |School: International Graduate School of Business |Program Code: DGMK | |Course Coordinator: You-il Lee |Tutor: You-il Lee | |Assignment number: 2 |Due date: 10 / 5 / 10 | |Assignment topic as stated in Course Information Booklet:Assessment 2: Individual Report | Further Information: (e. g. state if extension was granted and attach evidence of approval, Revised Submission Date) |  | I declare that the work contained in this assignment is my own, except where acknowledgement of sources is made.

I authorise the University to test any work submitted by me, using text comparison software, for instances of plagiarism. I understand this will involve the University or its contractor copying my work and storing it on a database to be used in future to test work submitted by others. I understand that I can obtain further information on this matter at http://www. unisa. edu. au/ltu/students/study/integrity. asp Note: The attachment of this statement on any electronically submitted assignments will be deemed to have the same authority as a signed statement. |Signed: Stephen Andruchowycz |Date:9/5/10 | Date received from student |Assessment/grade |Assessed by: | | | | | | | | | |Recorded: |Dispatched (if applicable): | Globalisation is a force which brings an array of benefits and costs on a global scale, with developing countries generally bearing the majority of these costs. This essay will argue that while many of the benefits of lobalisation are felt around the globe, they are more beneficial to developed countries than third world countries. Likewise the negative consequences of globalisation are felt more heavily in third world countries than in developed countries. These benefits and cost are incurred on economic, political and socio-cultural levels. Many see globalisation as a primarily economic phenomenon, involving the increasing interaction, or integration, of national economic systems through the growth of international trade, investment, and capital flows. (Kirdar, 1992, p. 6) However, one can also point to a rapid increase in cross-border social, cultural, and technological exchange as part of the phenomenon of globalisation.

Whether people fear globalisation or not, they cannot escape it. It is driven, above all, by the extraordinary changes in technology in recent years – especially computer and communications technology. For a society to achieve, it must use this technology to its advantage. To be able to do that, it must be globally engaged. As Alexander Downer said in his speech on harnessing globalisation power, “globalisation is an irreversible trend, it is not something that should be viewed as a juggernaut bearing down on the lives of ordinary Australians. ” (Downer, 1998) The effects of such a phenomenon are widespread and felt in different ways by developed and developing countries

There are many economic effects that result from globalisation that affect all nations on a global scale. Free trade is a phenomenon closely tied with globalisation. Countries remove their trade barriers, such as tariffs, so that all countries can begin to specialise in their most efficient production areas, resulting in maximum profit through global trade. Among the major industrial economies, sometimes referred to as the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, 65 percent of the total economic production, or GDP, is associated with international trade. Economists project that, in the U. S. , more than 50 percent of the new jobs created in this decade will be directly linked to the global economy. (Hopkins, 2002, p. 56).

Certainly these figures show that globalisation is a major benefit to developed countries, but in many third world countries, it is argued that though jobs are being created, agricultural, subsistence jobs are being wiped out and replaced with ‘dollar per day’ multinational corporations, and further, that such corporations are merely widening the gap between the rich and poor. Critics of globalisation argue that despite the supposed benefits associated with free trade and investment, over the past hundred years or so the gap between the rich and poor nations of the world has gotten wider. In 1870, the average income per capita in the world’s 17 richest nations was 2. 4 times that of all other countries. In 1990, the same group was 4. 5 times as rich as the rest. Hill, 2010, p. 31) By the late 1990’s the fifth of the world’s people living in the highest income countries had 86% of world GDP, 82% of world export markets, 68% of foreign direct investment, and 74% of world telephone lines. The bottom fifth of the world’s people earned 1% for the first three categories and 1. 5% respectively. (Waters, 2002, pp. 3-4) Of course we must be wary that there are exceptions to this trend. China’s opening to world trade has bought it growth in income from $1460 a head in 1980 to almost $4500 in 2005, and in 1980, American’s earned 12. 5 times as much as the Chinese per capita, by 1999, they were only earning 7. times as much. (Evans, 2001, p. 80). Nonetheless there appear to be strong forces for stagnation among the world’s poorest nations as a result of globalisation. A quarter of the countries with GDP per capita of less than $1,000 in 1960 had growth rates of less than zero from 1960 to 1995, and a third have growth rates of less than 0. 05 percent. (Hill, 2009, p. 31) Market failure is another major issue that is common in western economies, and impacts on other countries rather than themselves. Market failure is when those who are producing or consuming goods or services do not have to bear the full costs of their actions, such as the cost of pollution.

Free trade encourages firms from advanced nations to move manufacturing facilities to less developed countries that lack adequate regulations to protect labour and the environment from abuse by the unscrupulous. (Dowling, Hill and Lieche, 2009, p. 31) This effectively means that transnational corporations are able to pollute third world nations and destroy their environment with minimal or no cost. Attempts to stem global pollution have been implemented such as the Kyoto Protocol, which sets binding emission targets for developed countries (Horton and Patapan, 2004, p. 86) but nonetheless, the majority of developed countries impact on developing countries in this way to some extent. In this regard it can again be seen that the benefits of globalisation on an economic level are skewed in favour of developed countries.

However, this does not mean under-developed countries do not benefit at all. Another issue that arises for developing countries is that falling trade barriers allow firms to move manufacturing activities to countries where the wage rates are much lower. For example, Harwood Industries, a US clothing manufacturer closed its US Operations which paid wages of $9 per hour and shifted manufacturing to Honduras where textile workers received 48 cents per hour (Hill, 2009, p. 27) The majority of developing countries continue to experience falling levels of average income. Globally, from the late 1970s to the late 1990s, the average income of the lowest-income families fell by over 6 percent.

By contrast, the average real income of the highest-income fifth of families increased by over 30 percent. (Hill, 2009, p. 28) However, it has been argued that while people in developed countries may regard this situation as exploitation, for many people in the developing world, working in a factory is a far better option than staying down on the farm and growing rice. (Stiglitz, 2002, p. 4) Nonetheless, it is a clear case of where the benefits of globalisation for developed countries far outweigh those that arise for developing countries. In fact the only clear indicator that suggests developing countries are benefitting from globalisation more-so than developed countries is in regards to their quality of life.

There is evidence which shows that a number of developing countries have benefited from globalisation, and this is supported by quality of life statistics. Through globalisation, many people in the world now live longer than before and the standard of living is far better. Further, per capita GDP growth in the post-1980 globalisers accelerated from 1. 4 percent a year in the 1960s and 2. 9 percent a year in the 1970s to 3. 5 percent in the 1980s and 5. 0 percent in the 1990s. (Dollar and Kraay, 2001, p. 1) The non-globalising developing countries have done much worse than this, with annual growth rates falling from highs of 3. 3 percent during the 1970s to only 1. 4 percent during the 1990s.

Indeed, throughout the 1990’s till today, eighteen of the twenty-four globalising developing countries have experienced growth, many of them, quite substantially. (NA, 2004, p. 236) However, the growth most have experienced is minimal in comparison the growth being experienced by developed countries. Certainly there are ways in which globalisation does bring benefits to developing countries on an economic level. However, overall it is clear that the benefits are felt more heavily in developed countries and the costs are felt more heavily in developing countries. This is much the same case when regarding the social and cultural effects of globalisation.

Globalisation opens people’s lives to culture and to all its creativity – and the flow of ideas and knowledge. Although the spread of ideas and images enriches the world, there is a risk of reducing cultural concerns to protecting what can be bought and sold, neglecting community, custom and tradition. (Hirst & Thompson, 1996, p. 256) it is widely asserted, and indeed frequently taken for granted, that we live in a ‘global’ village where national cultures and boundaries are dissolving, we consume ‘global’ brands, corporations have to be competitive in a ‘global’ market place and governments have to be responsive to the needs of the ‘global’ economy.

In any case, globalisation produces a tension between sameness and difference, between the universal and the particular, and between cultural homogenisation and cultural heterogenisation (Subhabrata & Linstead, 2001, p. 684) Americanisation is a major example of such cultural homogenisation, acting in many ways which destroy global culture. Globalisation has increased transmission of popular culture easily and inexpensively from the developed countries of the North throughout the world. Consequently, despite efforts of nationally-based media to develop local television, movie, and video programs, many media markets in countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America are saturated with productions from the U. S. Europe and a few countries in Asia. (Tomlinson, 1999, p. 98). Local critics of this trend lament not only the resulting silencing of domestic cultural expression, but also the hegemonic reach of Western culture and the potential global homogenisation of values and cultural taste. (NA, 2005, p. 1) A report by the UN Educational, Scientific and cultural Organisation showed that the world trade in goods with cultural content almost tripled between 1980 and 1991: from 67 billion dollars to 200 billion dollars. (Akulenko, 2008, p. 1) At the core of the entertainment industry – film, music and television – there is a growing dominance of US products.

The World Trade Organisation rules do not allow countries to block imports on cultural grounds, which means there is nothing standing in the way of Western culture overtaking and eradicating the cultures of developing countries. It is argued that this could mean the end of cultural diversity, and the triumph of a uni-polar culture serving the needs of transnational corporations (Tomlinson, 1999, p. 134). Clearly globalisation is benefitting developed countries by allowing them to spread their culture and influence on a global scale. However, for developing countries, their culture is in many ways being eroded and replaced with the typical Western culture.

However, supporters of globalisation argue that it does not make sense to talk of a world of 6 billion people becoming a monoculture. The spread of globalisation will undoubtedly bring changes to the countries it reaches, but change is an essential part of life. It must also be noted that globalisation is not all one-way traffic. Global products are absorbed into and change western life – including such phenomena as Latinisation and Japanisation. (Hopper, 2007, p. 82) Similarly many of the arts and foods from developing cultures have become ingrained into Western society, presenting opportunities for developing countries to increase their cultural exporting.

For example, curry, an Indian cuisine has become a global food eaten world-wide. However, Americanisation is a far greater cultural force which brings many benefits to Western countries. The impact of developing countries cultures is far smaller and there is the risk that Westernisation could lead to the destruction of the cultures of a number of developing countries. Another effect of globalisation is a global improvement in communications and technology. On the one hand, the electronic revolution has promoted the diversification of information as people in nearly every country are able to communicate their opinions and perspectives on issues, local and global, that impact their lives. (NA, 2005, p. ) Political groups from Chiapas to Pakistan have effectively used information technology to promote their perspectives and movements. On the other hand, this expansion of information technology has been highly uneven, creating an international “digital divide” in such things as differences in access to and skills to use the internet. (NA, 2005, p. 1) Often, access to information technology and to telephone lines in many developing countries is controlled by the state or is available only to a small minority who can afford them. (Hoogvelt A, 1997, p. 46) Thus, it can be seen that the technological benefits of globalisation are also being felt much more by developed countries than developing countries.

This is the same case when regarding the effects of globalisation on a political level One of the biggest political issues surrounding globalisation, which particularly impacts on developing countries, is that many sovereign countries have lost control of their economies and that such control has shifted to more powerful countries, multinational firms, and international financial institutions. The logic of this concern suggests that national sovereignty has progressively and systematically been undermined by globalisation, leading to growing cynicism among political elites and their citizenries, especially among poor developing countries. (Pere, 2010, p. ) Critics argue that today’s increasingly interdependent global economy shifts economic power away from national governments and toward supranational organisations such as the WTO, the EU and the UN. Unelected bureaucrats now impose policies of the democratically elected governments of nation-states, thereby undermining the sovereignty of those states and limiting the nation’s ability to control its own destiny. (Hill, 2009, p. 30). Globalisation has seen state power decline as transnational processes grow in scale and number. The power of TNC’s, with annual budgets greater than that of many states, and is the most visible sign of this change. As economic and political life becomes more complex, many traditional functions of state are transferred to global and regional international organisations. (Gupta, 1997, p. 6) In this environment, developing countries are losing their influence on a national and global scale towards organisations largely controlled by developed countries. In this way, it is again clear that developed countries benefit from globalisation more so than developing countries. However, if these supranational organisations turn their focus more towards aiding developing countries, a number of benefits could result. At the international level, supranational organisations such as the World Bank and IMF must pay more attention to the reality that globalisation has generated extremes of inequality of assets and income across the spectrum of developing countries. (Gupta, 1997, p. 06) International lending and grants could be more explicitly focused on cutting subsidies that benefit the rich, on encouraging and financing market-related land reform, and most importantly providing investment and policy advice for effective public education. There is also a need for developed countries of the OECD to thoroughly review their neo-mercantilist trade policies. (Pere, 2010, p. 1) There is enough empirical evidence to show that protection of agriculture and textiles discriminate against the poor of developing countries. The poor and vulnerable in developing countries could also benefit from international financing of countercyclical safety net programmes, subject to certain conditions.

These would include a solid record of sound fiscal policy; the political capacity to undertake such programmes free of corruption; and a long-term fiscal capacity to service any debt that might be incurred. (Pere, 2010, p. 1) If these policies were instated, developing countries would benefit from globalisation in ways that match or exceed the political benefits that developed countries receive as a result of globalisation. Clearly globalisation is a force which brings an array of benefits and costs on a global scale. However, it is also clear that developing countries are, in many cases, bearing the majority of these costs while developed countries are feeling the majority of the benefits.

While there are a number of economic, socio-cultural and political actions which could be taken to ensure developing countries benefit from globalisation to a similar extent to developed countries, as it stands, there can be no denying that globalisation is a force which favours developed countries over developing countries. Bibliography: Akulenko. E, 2008, Cultural Aspects of Globalization, Accessed 5 May 2010, < http://emiliaakulenko. wordpress. com/2008/10/22/cultural-aspects-of-globalization/> Dollar. D and Kraay. A, 2001, Trade Growth and Poverty, Accessed 5 May 2010, http://www. imf. org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2001/09/dollar. htm Dowling. P, Hill. C and Liesch. D, 2009, International Business, Mc-Graw Hill, New York Downer. A, 1998, Annual Trade Lecture by the Minister for Foreign Affairs: Harnessing Globalisation’s Power, Accessed 5 May 2010, Evans T, 2001, The politics of human rights: a global perspective, Pluto Press, London Gupta.

S, 1997, The Political Economy of Globalization, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Massachusetts Hill. C, 2009, International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace, Mc-Graw Hill International, New York Hoogvelt At, 1997, Globalisation and the Postcolonial World: The New Political Economy of Development, Macmillan Press Ltd, London Hopkins A. G. , 2002, Globalization in World History, Pimlico, London Hopper. P, 2007, Understanding Cultural Globalization, Polity Press, Cambridge Horton. K and Patapan. H, 2004, Globalisation and Equality, Routledge, London Kirdar U, 1992, Change: Threat or Opportunity: Economic Change, United Nations Publications, New York.

Linstead S & Subhabrata B, 2001, Globalization, Multiculturalism and other Fictions: Colonialism for the new Millennium, RMIT University, Melbourne N. A, 2004, The Globalisation Debate, The Spinney Press, Thirroul NSW 2515, Australia N. A, 2005, Introduction to Globalization – After September 11, Social Science Research Council, Accessed 5 May 2010, Pere. G, 2010, The Positive and Negative Consequences of Globalisation, Institute for Global Dialogue, Midrand. Stiglitz, J, 2002, Globalization and its Discontents, Routledge, Allen Lane, London Tomlinson. J, 1999, Globalization and Culture, University of Chicago Press, Chicago Waters M, 2002, Globalization, 2nd Edition, Routledge, Fetter Lane, London

I firmly believe that school is much more than what we understand it to be. Education enlightens a person in the same way a lamp brightens a dark room. But in order to ignite the light of education in a person, a teacher plays the role of the lamp carrier. Through my educational life I’ve considered education as a process to not only gaining knowledge but also a method of igniting our thoughts, and the process of development of a person starts from his early school age.

In the developing country like India where half of the population lives below the poverty line, a movement to give the children their right to equal education is required. Having come across students who dropped out of schools because of lack of interest, I feel the urge to be a part of system where a teacher is not only qualified to teach but who can also be a mentor to the students. Teach for India is one such initiative which is working on motto of ending inequity in education and ideas of educating children beyond the conventional methods of our educational system.

I realized that by being a Teach for India fellow not only I will be imparting knowledge to the young ones but will also help them in grooming. So it work not only for education sector it also work for community development. I purposely want to join the fellowship as oppose to working in other education-focused organization are as follow:- 1 . Having received the best education myself, I understood the power of knowledge and the impact it can have on the society.

By putting me in the class room of young guns of India , Teach for India provide me the chance to advertise new generation not to make the mistakes which they seems to make in absence of proper resources and guidance. 2 . Prior to and during the two-year Fellowship, Teach For India provides Fellows with adequate leadership training to ensure that they are successful leaders in any field once they complete the Fellowship. 3 . Finally and foremost thing it makes me feel me proud to be a good citizen of India who has contributed to some extent to my motherland.

Society as we know it today has changed day by day as the world around us advances in many different ways. Advancements in science, technology, education, politics, human rights and many other areas have led to the shifts of culture in society to mold what we recognize society as today. Over the next 37 years, by year 2050, I foresee many changes that will occur that will impact society significantly. I believe a few changes that will cause the culture changes will be: the Affordable

Care Act, the raises that are going to take place in the minimum wage, but most importantly, I believe society is going to take a shift for progressive and accepting views. First of all, a hot topic today and a conversation that will be occurring over the next 30 years will be health care in the United States and in the entire world. In my opinion, the changes that we are going to see take place in the United States under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act are going to be numerous.

Not only will there be plenty of changes behind the scenes with insurance companies and lath care providers, but there will be a major culture change in America as we see these changes take place. I believe this due to the fact that since an estimated 105 million Americans will no longer have lifetime dollar limits on their coverage and that 17. 6 million children will no longer be denied coverage due to pre-existing conditions, then individuals and families will no longer, hopefully, be driven into poverty due to medical bills that they cannot handle.

Additionally, due to the fact that people will be covered and be able to have preventative care, then I hope to see hat people will no longer be flooding the emergency rooms whenever they get sick, which the taxpayer previously had to foot the bill. Moreover, there are many great changes that will take place, but the most visible changes, in my opinion, are going to be the cultural ones.

First, I believe that with the new extension that children will be able to stay under their parents’ coverage until the age of 26, then I believe that will create some major stress relief on young adults trying to receive college educations and establish their careers. Not only that, but it may create a sort of extended adolescence that we normally saw up until the age of 22 or so, but now that may change to about 25 or 26. Finally, I feel the major cultural shift that the new health care law will create is that people will no longer be belittled or embarrassed to seek health care that they cannot afford.

Additionally, due to the education that many people learned about their struggling counterparts, they will begin to respect and care for their less fortunate counterparts since many Americans learned that there re way more people struggling to afford basic health care than there should be. Secondly, I believe that a major change is in order now that the federal minimum wage is receiving heavy criticism. Now that people in the United States are beginning to see and understand how terrible life is as a minimum wage worker, a culture change is already occurring.

People across all walks of life: rich, poor, liberal, conservative, religious and non-religious alike are beginning to support a raise to the federal minimum wage out of the care and sympathy they all have for the nation’s resorts families. The major changes that can take place if the federal minimum wage was changed to nine or ten dollars an hour would be exceedingly significant, in my opinion. Not only will the estimated 3. 8 million workers that were paid at or below the federal minimum wage see relief in their daily lives, but also the poverty level will decrease.

Based on the new money that will be injected into the economy, businesses will be more profitable, hiring could increase, and the government will collect more in taxes from workers who now live above the poverty line and from reparations. Furthermore, there will be a radical shift in America’s poor. Less people will be reliant on federal programs such as SNAP and WICK and less people will have a disapproving attitude towards the nation’s poor who rely on these programs and are, unfortunately, seen as “moochers” or “leaches. The final and most important culture change that I believe is going to take place by the year 2050 will be the major progressive and accepting shift in individual’s attitudes. What I mean by this is that people throughout the world are going to begin to accept everyone no tater their walk of life. Less and less people are going to be looking down upon the poor, minorities, women in the workplace, atheists, homosexuals and other less mainstream lifestyles. I feel like this shift is already taking place today, but we are seeing major resistance that I believe is going to end over the next decade or two.

Personally, I feel that individuals who desire to break the social norms are going to have more courage to do so since an increasing number of people will be supportive of their lives. For instance, more women will be seeking political and business oriented Jobs, homosexuals will no longer try to hide their true identities from their families, people will stop using stereotypes and offensive names, all religions will be accepted no matter their history and many other great changes. Moreover, families will no longer push their child towards social norms, in my outlook.

Families will be closer, in my estimation, for a couple of reasons: parents will accept their children no longer who they desire to grow up to be, bigoted ideas will no longer tear families apart based on who they marry and children will be less likely to dislike their parents u to the fact that they will no longer be pushed to forget their dream and pursue a social norm. Also, I feel like these progressive shifts will lead too much smaller schism in society that disapproves of these lifestyles and way of thinking.

Those that disapprove of equal marriage, interracial marriage, atheism, Islam, and many other things will be reduced to a much smaller population since others will begin to see that loving and caring for each other is most important. Lastly, I believe that this change that is taking place in more developed countries will begin to take place wrought the world, which will make the world a much better place to live in, especially in developing nations.

I believe this due to the fact that people will no longer be not allowed to have Jobs based on gender, sexual orientation, race or anything else not related to work. Additionally, countries may begin to stop having laws against freedom of religion or homosexuality. All in all, I believe the sky is the limit for equality and open-mindedness in the world based on the progressive shifts in the eyes of the people.

All in all, although there are many culture changes that are going to take place by the year 2050, I believe health care, the minimum wage, and the progressive shift in opinions will be the most important. Not only will these changes improve the lives of many in America and the world, but also I believe the progressive shift that is taking place already will begin to take place in a large population of people, to the relief of many. I believe that equality of everyone will become a priority, like it should’ve been forever, and by 2050 1 think it will happen.

Paper on children and young people’s development at local conference

Task one

The sequence and rate of development that would normally be expected in children and young people from birth to 19 years. Children’s do not develop at the same rate as each another . Every child has different rate of Development Areas of development: These are the main areas of development

1. Physical development
2. Social development
3. Intellectual development
4. Language development

As there will be difference of children progress at the same rate .

The below is the guide on how they might develop for the following age’s ranges

Age 0 to 3 years

• Physical development

Babies turn their head towards sounds and movement’s . They like to watch the face of adult at feeding time. They start sitting with support and gradually sit alone . They raise their hand and aspect to be lifted. They try to walk, then will be able to run and use a bicycle. They will try to hold pencil and try to write use the toilet alone.

• Social development

At the initial months they will recognize mother face and voice they enjoy playing with others and game ticks like peak-boo.

They will please adult and perform for the audience. They develop sense of identity. Some want to do themselves.

• Intellectual development

They begin to realise others are separate beings from themselves. They imitate others and try out ways of behaving in play. They will become more confident but still they need adult support. They will know who their main carers are and cry if they are left with someone they do not know and they begin to understand the world around them.

• Language development: Initially they make variety of happy sounds

As they grow they will make four to five different sounds and turn their head towards sources of sounds. Then they improve from using single words to complex words. By two they will use 30 to 150 words. After that they put words together into sentence.

Ages 3 to 7 years

• Physical development

They try to walk on tiptoe, walk up and down stairs. They jump with feet together. They will hop. As they grow they will ride bicycle. They climb confidently. They write and will undo buttons and thread beads.

• Social development

At this age they become more confident and self motivated.

They sometimes play co-operatively with other children and will enjoy copying and helping adults

• Intellectual development

During this stage, children’s thought processes are developing, although they are still considered to be far from ‘logical thought’, in the adult sense of the word. The vocabulary of a child is also expanded and developed during this stage, as they change from babies and toddlers into ‘little people’. worry about not being liked. Start to understand rules be frightened of things like ghosts.

• Language

Development children will start to talk clearly so anyone can understand them by their 7th birthday they can tell jokes and enjoy conversations.

Ages 7 to 13 years

• Physical Development

The children can throw, kick and control a ball, hop and ride a bicycle, use their hands to thread, use scissors well, build models and write clearly by their 12th birthday and use good co-ordination skills.

• Social Development

The children will have a best friend and will worry about not being liked. They will also start to understand rules, start to argue with their parents.

They will seem very grown up but also very childish at times.

• Intellectual development

“During this stage, the thought process becomes more rational, mature and ‘adult like’, or more ‘operational’, Although this process most often continues well into the teenage years. Belief in animism and ego centric thought tends to decline during the Concrete Operational stage, although, remnants of this way of thinking are often found in adults. solve problems enjoy responsibility

• Language Development

Ages 13 to 19 years

• Physical development

Have an adult body,have high level of skills in some areas, for example drawing or computing

• Social Development

Enjoy their friends’ company more than that of their family have mood swings feel very anxious at times.

• Intellectual development

They will develop their own identity, tastes in music, clothes “This permits adolescents to reason beyond a world of concrete reality to a world of possibilities and to operate logically on symbols and information that do not necessarily refer to objects and events in the real world.

Adolescents can focus on verbal assertions and evaluate their logical validity without making refence to real-world circumstances. In contrast, concrete operational children can evaluate the logic of statements by considering them against concrete evidence only.

• Language development

The difference between sequence of development and rate of development and why the distinction is important the difference between sequence of development and rate of development and why is the distinction is important is that the speed at which the development happens in an individual child is important because speed does ot necessarily have to do with the sequence also it’s important to recognize the difference so you can identify where children need help. The important thing to remember is that all children develop at different rates and may be earlier in achieving some aspects of development and later in others. Why children and young peoples development may not follow the pattern normally expected. The following reasons can affect children and young peoples development patters Finances Amount of money available for food, education, holidays.

Families who are poor may have enough money for food, for some clothes and for heating, but poverty means that there is little money for interesting purchases and exciting lifestyles. Families who depend on benefits have limited life choices.

Health status

Long term illness, acute illness e. g. meningitis . Health can be affected by low income and a range of socio-economic factors such as access to good-quality health services and shops selling good-quality food at affordable prices. Environment There can be disadvantages to living in poor-quality or high-density housing.

These can include noise, pollution, overcrowding, poor access to shops and other facilities, and stress from petty crime. When people are on a low income, household maintenance can become a problem. Poorly maintained housing can create health problems. Cultural background expectations of different groups Genetics Effect of inheritance, e. g. height, skills Social class Impact of long term poverty, attitudes to educational development, poor neighborhoods Gender Different rates of growth for girls and boys Family background Different expectations for development, love and support. Family unit eg uclear family single parent family. Expectations of a child can cause stress in a young child which can affect their development.

Task two

Children and young peoples development can be influenced by a range of personal factors such as Illness – a childs development may be influenced if they have been suffering from an illness that has caused a delay in them reaching their mile stones Child has moved home- if a child has moved home they may feel powerless, alone, fearful, angry and afraid to ask for help, or share their feelings, for fear of worrying the adults in their lives even more. Parents have separated, divorced the child can feel confused, unloved and afraid worrying about their parents. Family situation, a parent / sibling may have a serious illness, or family member passed away can make a child have a feeling of not belonging. Family members working long hours unable to give a child love, care and attention. Child may have changed setting or use different child care facilities. Speech and hearing can delay a child in them not being able to communicate their feelings effectively. Social and Emotional wellbeing.

Children and young people’s development can be influenced by a range of external factors such as Language- a child who does not speak the native language. Where they live. Isolation- the child may have lived in isolation which has affected their gross motorskills and their language through not socialising with people. Theories of development and frameworks support development that influence current practice by Children have an ability to learn and this should be fostered by the environment around them and the experiences they have.

The way in which children learn is therefore important to practioners. It forms a basis for their work. Understanding how children learn and how to support this learning requires knowledge of child development, which in turn can be used to implement the curriculum.

Task 1

The importance of early identification of development delay Early intervention can have a significant impact on a child’s ability to learn new skills as well as reduce the need for interventions over time. The Potential risks of late recognition of development delay

As the child gets older and begins school without early intervention, the abilities to keep with the learning requirements over time will be difficult for the child. Multi agency teams work together to support all aspects of development in children and young people. Multiagency brings together practitioners from different sectors and professions within the workforce to provide integrated support to children and their families. It makes services more effective and beneficial to children and families by having a wider range of professionals expertise is available to help children and their families.

These professionals are able to share information and ideas so a specific child is more likely to get the help and support they need. Integrated setting fosters a reflective, creative and problem solving approach to traditional barriers to working together in a holistic way. Integrated settings seek to build practitioners’ confidence to enable them to contribute to the developing higher status of those working in early years and childcare and empowers practitioners to facilitate change in local practice. How can play and leisure activities be used to support all access of development of children and young children;

1. Areas, resources and materials for different kinds of play reflect the cultural, diversity gender and abilities of children.
2. An environment is set up in a way that is safe, non threatening challenging and stimulating.
3. Sufficient time is given so that children individual interests and needs are identified and supported by the provision of activities or materials along with a wide range of materials to allow children choice in their play, for both group or individual play. . Children’s efforts are encouraged and acknowledged and praised children are encouraged to participate in a variety or experiences and to choose activities which support their development. If a child chooses not to participate it is respected.

Task 2

Explain how different types of transitions can affect children and young people’s development. Children face transitions with a variety of experience, some positive some negative. They will nearly always be anxious. Faced with some unexpected transitions, like divorce or death, they may feel rejected or guilty, angry or unbearably sad.

Awareness of their experience and what might be going through their little heads and giving a sensitive response should help bring them through so that transition leads to a stronger, more confident and rounded individuals. Examples of transitions are birth from milk to solids from crawling to walking from being fed to feeding ourselves from nappies to being trained becoming self aware able to be cared for by others going to nursery going to school developing new skills. Other transitions that some of the children in your care may experience are: a new baby violence/abuse parents divorcing/step parent/new partner a serious illness/accident/death in the family unexpected change of school moving house. It is these early transitions, and how we cope with them that will have the greatest effect on the rest of our emotional development, and on our ability to cope with life’s challenges. Experience of transitions All of these transitions present a child with challenges. The child doesn’t usually have to go through the transitions on his own, he will be supported by those around him at home or in nursery, or in education.

However, the experience of going through the transition will depend on the kind of response and support he gets from those around him. A child’s early experiences of transitions will have a big effect on how he handles transitions at later stages of his life If we respond warmly, firmly and consistently, even when a child has made a mistake, the child will come through the transition with positive rewards; feeling she belongs, feeling more confident, deepening a trusting relationship with important people around her.

With unexpected transitions, such as divorce or moving house, there is even more pressure on the adults to get the supporting response right. Much damage can be done to a child if their feelings are not responded to when some serious change is taking place. Each transition provides the child with a new challenge. He already has a body of experience that now informs his view of the world. This is his mind-set. He uses this to assess the new challenge Children who have been badly treated are often have fear, anxiety or, more sadly, are more subdued and defensive.

Mind-sets become almost instinctive and are often associated with strong emotions. A child’s early life experience should be filled with warm, happy and secure emotions because the brain will hardwire these feelings into the mind-set and help the child approach new transitions with confidence, even though it might mean letting go of some familiar rules and trusting new ones. Creating this trust through a transition is the work of the responsible adults round him. This is a particular challenge when the child is older because there is more hard wiring in the brain and mind-sets are getting more established even in the three and four year old

Explain the importance of children and young people having positive relationships through periods of transition. If we respond warmly, firmly and consistently, even when a child has made a mistake, the child will come through the transition with positive rewards; feeling she/he belongs, feeling more confident, deepening a trusting relationship with important people around them. With unexpected transitions, such as divorce or moving house, there is even more pressure on the adults to get the supporting response right. Much damage can be done to a child if heir feelings are not responded to when some serious change is taking place. Each transition provides the child with a new challenge. She/ He already has a body of experience that now informs their view of the world. This is their mind-set. They use this to assess the new challenge. It is imperative that the adults in a child’s life respond in a positive manner to build a child’s confidence and self esteem which in turn will help a child to deal with transitions. Effectiveness of positive relationships on children and young people’s development.

When a child feels safe secure and wanted through positive relationships they will have the confidence to try new things and have the mind set to deal with the many transitions that they will face whilst they are growing up and have the courage to try to new things which will help with their development.

Task 3

Explain different methods of assessing, recording and monitoring children and young peoples development. Summative assessments done over a long period and makes statements about the child’s achievements at a particular point in time so that their progress can be tracked.

EYFS Profile is the summative assessment completed by practitioners at the end of the EYFS. It summarises children’s progress towards the early learning goals. Examples of observations are Formative assessment is the type of assessment is type of assessment done every day when you observe children noting their interests and abilities. These assessments are based on observations, photographs, video, things children have made or drawn and information from parents. It informs or guides everyday planning. Observations Practioners observe children by watching what they are doing and how they are behaving Seeing what they can do and what they are achieving Noticing their reactions to new situations and opportunities and what particularly interests each child. Being alert to any changes in their behavior, identify any unexpected changes in behavior or certain patterns and including the possibility of abuse Recognizing when they move on to new skills Time sampling Observing a child you have chosen for pre planned periods throughout the day.

This method helps a practioner to get to know a child’s interests and is also a useful method should their be some concern about the child eg interacting with other children. Event sampling Observing a child at regular intervals of particular events or behavior. This method is useful for monitoring behavior. Structured Observation Setting up an organized situation to enable you observe how a child is progressing with a particular skill. Participative observation Observation carried out when you and the child are engaged in an activity together. this method enables you to check on what activities you share with the children show about what they are able to do and achieve, what they are ready to move on to and what they are interested in. Target child observation This observation is used to find out whether children are getting worthwhile experiences in a group if they are being challenged. Explain how and in what circumstances different methods are used for assessing recording and monitoring children and young peoples development in the work setting

Explain how different types of interventions can promote outcomes for children and young people where development is not following the pattern normally expected. Speech and language can help children overcome most of their problems. By helping children gain the ability to use language they can help children gain confidence and self esteem I have seen this in my setting with children who have had communication and language needs. These children have gained confidence and their language is now at a level that they can interact with other children and not show frustration.

This is because they can now express themselves. The Senco in an educational setting give support to children and families with special needs this person/s is also responsible for identification of special needs. Additional learning support staff works within and outside schools providing a range of services to help children who have certain specific educational needs. This might include people like teaching assistants or advisors to provide support and train staff. Youth justice this is based on children with behavioural problems these people will work with them and social workers to help them.

Social workers are there to help vulnerable children and young people and their families this might include children on the child protection register or disabled children. Psychologist is a professional who helps support children who have learning or behavioural difficulties. They provide teachers and practitioners with aimed support programmes for that child once they have identified the child’s needs. A specialist nurse provides support for the family and child especially if that child suffers from medical conditions that need specialist care Also health visitors come under this title for measuring and assessing a child’s development.

A psychiatrists is a doctor who is trained in mental health problems this person works alongside other professionals to help diagnose or support children and young people with mental health problems. Physiotherapist this professional help children with their movement especially those who have little or no movement they are trained to get the maximum movement and skill level. Referrals can take the shape of common assessment form which are filled in then in my setting passed upstairs to the health visitor, speech therapist or other health professionals that are required after being checked by the senco in the room.

Speech and language also have their own referral forms which will be filled in and checked by the senco before being passed to the speech and language therapists. Early years action plans and plus plans are filled out and passed to the senco who will then speak to an education psychologist. With primary and secondary schools they also have school action plans which will be run through their senco and the school run individual learning plans. Evaluate the importance of accurate documentation regarding the development of children and young people.