Pregnancy

Introduction

Debates on whether the state should legalized abortion or not is in public with a lot of attention put on it from the various group of people. While a section of individual’s views abortion as an act of murder, there are a good number of humanities with the mentality that abortion should be legalized in cases of accidental or unplanned for pregnancies. However, to maintain the dignity of the victims of either incest or rape, there should be a major focus in pregnancies as a result of either incest or rape. In my view, abortion should be legalized for incest and pregnancies as a result of rape.

According to Grimes (2006), the rate of abortion is very high and every year, around 56 million abortions do occur. However, this has been reducing due to embracing the use of the use of family planning as a means of birth control method. Harding (1968) emphasize that most people use abortion as a birth control measure in scenarios where contraceptive failure is noted. In some cases, abortion is recommended by a doctor after natal exterminations confirm that the child may suffer from defects or is harmful to the life of the parent (Coalho 1993), similarly, the mother’s birth system maybe too weak to support carrying of the fetus for nine months.

As a result of the reasons mentioned above, Harding (1968) observed that debates whether to legalize abortion or not have dominated health sectors as well social life. Different reasons are given regarded to support or against the act. The reasons revolve around the probability of safe administration or the cultural perspective of the act Abramowitz (1995). According to Grime (2006), if abortion is locally administered, the life of the person is in balance with high chances of death. Mental health has always been associated with abortion. However, Coalho (1993) first timers, chances of mental illness as a result of abortion are very minimal as opposed to women carrying unwanted pregnancies though this one is challenged by some researchers arguing that this might be as a result of an undeveloped birth system.

Similarly, Abramowitz (1995) emphasize that unsafe abortion is so common in cases of abortion. In most cases, this leads to deformity in the fetus and at the end of the day may result to giving birth to a child with a deformity or even mental challenges. At the same time, the challenge is prone to the mother as well. Most of the mothers do succumb as a result. Grime (2006) observed that churches or society as well do not welcome the act of abortion and in most cases, they have been in front line condemning the act.

According to Harding (1968), pregnancy as a result of criminal or violence should not be allowed to develop and if possible, should be terminated the very moment it is noticed. Equally, a similar measure should be taken in pregnancies resulting from intercourse with relatives. Abramowitz (1995) argues that a woman pregnant as a result of either rape or incest should get protection from giving birth through abortion. As a result of the injustice coming along with the act, currying the baby for nine months may lead to server mental distress because the violence will remain in mind until the time of delivery because the mother’s mental health is bigger than the fetus, the pregnancy should be terminated (Coalho 1993).

It is also important to note Grimes (2006) stating that a woman should have freedom to do whatever she wants with the womb during the nine months mostly the ones acquired out of the law. Grimes (2006) added that it is close to impossibility for a woman to marry a relative or one who committed violence on her and, allowing such child to be born is preparing the child to be fatherless in advance. The same child according to Harding (1968) will face stigmatization as the child will be considered unwanted, and if the mother happens to be in marriage, the child will be the centre of conflict in the family because of the father’s mentality of fathering unwanted child born of a criminal.

In Coalho (1993) remarks, in the case of incest, it is regarded as a taboo in most of the communities and therefore, the human psychological mechanism dissuades the act and the idea are so upsetting to the people to extend the child gets a very negative regards in the community.

In summary, there should be a global crusade to loosen laws restricting administration of abortion specifically in cases where the fetus comes with consequences. in a scenario where the mother suffers conditions that threaten her life as a result of pregnancies, abortion is recommended to save the life of the mother. In fact, for the case of rape, the victim should be rushed to the hospital, and conception be terminated at the very initial stage. To control this, any operation should be done by medical expert to avoid any challenges as witness in traditional methods.

Reference

1. Coelho, H. L. L., Teixeira, A. C., Santos, A. P., Forte, E. B., Morais, S. M., LaVecchia, C., … & Herxheimer, A. (1993). Misoprostol and illegal abortion in Fortaleza, Brazil. The Lancet, 341(8855), 1261-1263.
2. Abramowitz, A. I. (1995). It’s abortion, stupid: Policy voting in the 1992 presidential election. The Journal of Politics, 57(01), 176-186.
3. Grimes, D. A., Benson, J., Singh, S., Romero, M., Ganatra, B., Okonofua, F. E., & Shah, I. H. (2006). Unsafe abortion: the preventable pandemic. The Lancet, 368(9550), 1908-1919.
4. Schwarz, S. D. (1990). The moral question of abortion. Loyola Pr. Hardin, G. (1968). Abortion. Or Compulsory Pregnancy?. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 246-251.

muscular dystrophy. As well as testing for any rare metabolic conditions, an amniocentesis can also be used as an accurate measure of fetal lung growth. The procedure is normally performed on women who are between fourteen and sixteen weeks pregnant. Amniocentesis was developed by Fritz Friedrich Fuchs and Polv Riis, and was first performed in 1956 as a way to determine the sex of a fetus. However, citing concerns over discrimination of the sex of a fetus and termination of an unwanted sex, some governments banned the procedure entirely. An amniocentesis is normally performed for any number of reasons, including an abnormal anatomical ultrasound finding, a family history of certain birth defects, or if the mother has previously given birth to a child with a genetic birth defect. Due to the risks of the procedure, the mother must elect to have it performed. Some of those risks include needle injury and a 0.6% chance of miscarriage, or one out of every fifteen hundred. The needle injuries have now since stopped with the advent of modern ultrasound equipment; however, due to the risk of miscarriage no matter how small, the decision to have an amniocentesis should not be taken lightly. In an effort to reduce the risks to both the mothers and the fetus, there are now a wide variety of non-invasive tests that can completely avoid the need to an amniocentesis. During pregnancy, a women may go through several tests that allow her to completely avoid an amniocentesis, such as a NT(Nuchal Test).

In this procedure an ultrasound technician takes pictures to measure various points of the fetus and see the translucency of the nuchal fluid located at the back of the fetus’s neck. By measuring this and various other points of the body such as the CRM (Cranial Ridge Measurement) and checking the heart to ensure that there is no tricuspid regurgitation, one can safely say that there is no reason to perform an amniocentesis. Another test that has been developed fairly recently is the “Harmony” test. This is a blood test that can be performed as early as nine weeks. In this test a small sample of the mother’s blood is taken, cultured and studied, allowing the chromosomes to be studied in a relatively short period of time and with a high degree of accuracy. The detection rate for the test is touted at 100% detected, and only a .o6% instance of false positive finding. This is an attractive solution due to the rapid rate at which results can be received and the quick action that can be taken is desired. A termination of an affected fetus can only be performed before the twelfth week of pregnancy. Another added benefit of the Harmony test in particular is that it has the ability to detect fetal sex of a single pregnancy or twin pregnancy. It can also detect turner syndrome, which is a disorder that affects a female fetus where there is only one X chromosome present rather than two. The main benefits of these two tests is that there is no danger to either the mother or the fetus during either of these procedures. Another benefit is the detection ratios, as stated earlier the detection rate in the harmony test was 100% and a false positive finding in 1 out of every 1500 tests given. While there are not any actual guarantees, these tests completely put any potential parent at ease. They can help parents make well informed decisions when they are expecting a child.

Due to the fact that many states in the U.S. are now legalizing marijuana use for medicinal or recreational purposes, it is important to know the effects of smoking marijuana while pregnant on an unborn baby because it’s use by pregnant women could increase as a result. Studies have shown that 48–60% of marijuana users will continue use during pregnancy, because many women believe that it is fairly safe to use during pregnancy and is much less expensive than tobacco. Many studies have also been done to determine just how many women are using marijuana while pregnant and these have shown that 2% to 5% of women in the U.S smoke marijuana while pregnant in most areas but 15% to 28% in young, urban, socioeconomically disadvantaged women (Women’s Health Care Physicians). Learning about marijuana’s effects on babies is also important, because about half of U.S. pregnancies are unplanned (this rate is higher in teens and young adults than other ages). If a mother is unaware that she is pregnant early on in a pregnancy then she may be more likely to smoke marijuana while pregnant. There may be many effects of smoking marijuana while pregnant on infants and toddlers. Research has been done on animals which has shown that the body’s endocannabinoid system plays a huge role in the maturation of the brain, especially in developing emotional responses (Can marijuana use during and after pregnancy harm the baby?).

Studies have also shown that when smoking marijuana while pregnant, THC may cross the placenta and enter into a baby’s bloodstream. Because of this, scientists believe that THC exposure to infants in the womb and very early in life may negatively affect their brain development. Research in rats has suggested that even exposure to low concentrations of THC in pregnancy could have long lasting and strong consequences for brain development and behavior on the baby. Human studies have shown that some women that were using marijuana while pregnant gave birth babies that responded differently to visual stimuli, have a high pitched cry, and tremble more than other babies which could all indicate problems with this baby’s neurological development. Breastfeeding mothers are cautioned to smoke marijuana due to the fact that THC can be excreted into their breast milk in moderate amounts. Researchers are not yet aware on how or if this affects babies however.

Older children may also show effects of their mother’s smoking marijuana while pregnant with them. A few studies have found that after 3 years of age, children born to marijuana-smoking mothers score slightly differently on cognitive and behavioral tests compared with other children. Also, a Canadian study found that at 4 years old, children born to mothers who used marijuana on a daily basis during pregnancy scored significantly lower on memory tests than other children, although there was no impact on these children’s overall intelligence scores.(Can marijuana use during and after pregnancy harm the baby?). A study done on 10 year old children showed that children who had been exposed to marijuana very early in life has increased impulsivity, hyperactivity, and inattention. School aged children that were exposed to marijuana while in the womb are much more likely to show gaps in memory, problem-solving skills, and the ability to pay attention (Can marijuana use during and after pregnancy harm the baby?). More research is needed to discover the effects of smoking marijuana on children of all ages, due to the fact that it is hard to differentiate marijuana’s specific effects on a baby’s development from maternal nutrition, environmental factors, use of other substances, and a child’s exposure to neglect or nurture.

Many studies on the effects of smoking marijuana while pregnant rely on questionnaires that are filled out by mothers which can be a bad way to discover information. If a woman is afraid that her answers on a questionnaire may not be completely anonymous, she could deny smoking marijuana even if she was doing it while pregnant. Also, on these questionnaires, many of the women that were smoking marijuana while pregnant were also smoking cigarettes. This makes people unsure if the effects on children were actually caused by the tobacco and not the marijuana (Women’s Health Care Physicians). In conclusion, there are no studies that show 100% what the effects of smoking marijuana are while pregnant on children prenatally, in early life, and later in life. Mothers are cautioned that smoking marijuana while pregnant and while breastfeeding may have effects on their babies and it is up to them to decide if they want to risk side effects on their children or not.

Many teenagers who seek abortion come from an abusive, single parent or a non-caring family household, in which the family does not really care what goes on in the house. There are three reasons why abortion is wrong, such as having many other safer solutions, it could harm the mother, and it is considered brutal murder. There are many other safer solutions when it comes to abortion. In the article, “Why Do More People Choose Abortion Over Adoption?”, Kristi Burton Brown stated: “In the USA, there are approximately two million infertile couples waiting to adopt, many times regardless of the child’s medical problems such as Down Syndrome, Spine Bifida, HIV infection or terminally ill. Dr. Brad Imler, President of America’s Pregnancy Helpline, confirms the challenge of waiting couples by stating: Only 1% of the Helpline’s annual 40,000 clients inquire about adoption.” Putting him/her up for adoption will give them a better chance at a happier life rather than abortion. The solution for a baby should not be death. If it was for a selfish solution, sacrificing a life many other families would love to rise as their own. By not taking these into consideration abortion can harm the mother. Another reason why abortion should not be supported is because it can harm the mother as well. Women are highly risking the mother’s life and affecting her. Not only does it have an effect on the USA but, it affects other countries as well like Spain. According to psychiatrist and member of the Right to Life Committee, Carmen Gómez-Lavin states that: “Sixty five percent of women who abort suffer symptoms of post-traumatic stress syndrome after undergoing the procedure.” Many women are regretting that choice around the world making it a controversial issue. Abortion can also result into not being able to get pregnant in the future, many sicknesses and even death. Abortion affects both victims in dangerous and physical ways. Lastly, abortion is wrong because it is mainly considered as a brutal act of murder. In 1982, Ronald Reagan stated: “Simple morality dictates that unless and until someone can prove the unborn human is not alive, we must give it the benefit of the doubt and assume it is (alive). And, thus, it should be entitled to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

A life is being taken and a human is being killed. The baby is alive and not just some ‘group of cells’ abortion doctors call them. It is painfully putting a child to death. It is wrong to think someone has the power to end a life so harmfully. Is it someone’s choice to kill a human? Once you are pregnant, there is already life. The opposing side believes that in the first few weeks of pregnancy, there is no human life which is incorrect. The baby begins life in the first week. As said aborting a child is not right so the next option to that option is adoption! The baby will still be able to live. For teen pregnancies, there are some religious beliefs as to where you should not have premarital sex. If you do not want a child, you should not have sex at a young age because it’s not always safe. Also, abortions can result into a risk of getting ill, physical damage, stopping you from having a child again or even death. Not only will the baby die, in some cases the mother may as well. Getting an abortion illegally can cause much more harm to the mother and baby than giving birth. I believe that it is not worth risking the lives of you and your child for a surgery. Abortion is wrong for many reasons. The three reasons why abortion is wrong is because there are many other safer solutions other than aborting a child, it can harm the mother as well, and lastly because it is a brutal act of murder. There are many other things you can do to prevent abortion. You can use adoption as a solution and that is a way where it won’t harm the child or the mother. With these reasons being said, abortion should not be legalized.

I Just decided to take some medicine and went to bed. The pains still continue to happen the next day. So I went to the emergency room. I told the doctor my situation. I had taken some x-rays. About thirty minutes later the results were back. The doctor had discovered a large mass In my stomach and wasn’t for certain. So I was recommended to the Broody School of Medicine. That place Is thirty minutes from where I live. The doctors there looked at my x-rays and did some more tests on me. The BOB-GUN had found an ovarian tumor on my ovaries. Then I was explained to that I was going to have immediate surgery. I never had a surgery before

I was scared for my life. The doctors also mention that my being overweight that puts a risk with the surgery. The first thing I thought with that being stated I knew I was going to die. As the days went by I had to go the doctor every two weeks. It was like if I was having a baby. Matter of fact I look like I was pregnant with twins. I guess that was nothing but all that the fluid from the tumor. I would cry everyday and I became depressed. I began to get weak each and everyday. So I had to get a blood transfusion. I remember staying In the hospital the entire weekend. I did not want to all because it was holiday. It was Labor Day weekend.

I wanted to stay home and enjoy my family. Once I had received the blood in my body I felt much stronger. Then it was time for my surgery. I remember my surgery was September 7, 2005. I was nervous, shaky and scared. My family was by my side. I remember waking up the next day after surgery. When I woke up I thought it was still Wednesday the day I had surgery. Scary right! I had all types of tubes and things I was hooked up to. I was in the trauma center in the intensive care unit. I felt awesome. God is so good. There was no pain my body. Everyday I still think about what I went through with the sickness that was In my DOD.

There was so much pressure and pain all on the Inside In my body. The only thing I can’t do now Is to have kids. That still bother me but I am learning to overcome. I want to adopt children very soon. My plan Is to begin the adoption process when I am 30 years old. Has changed my life dramatically. Because if I didn’t have faith in me and God on my side I might be lying in my grave or my body will still be with pain. Challenges happen for a reason. It can be for good or bad. People are put to a test to overcome challenges. Most of all we deal the challenges and overcome it with a success.

Teen pregnancy is when an adolescent male and female from the pubescent age to twenty years old, which are involved In sexual activity that results in the female becoming pregnant. Whether the pregnancy Is continued or terminated, the child Is keep with parents or given up for adoption and whether or not the parties Involved where married. Interviewer Targets: Teen Mothers Teen Fathers Open-Ended Questions: 1) At what age did you partake in sexual activities? And at what age did you get pregnant? 2) Why did you choose not to abstain? 3) What role did your self-esteem play in your decision to have sex? How did your social relationships with friends, family, and the opposite sex play in the determining fact of your choice to have sex? 5) Did your parents/guardians discuss sex, sexual activities, prevention and SST with you? Did those conversations have an effect on your decision to continue or to stop all sexual acuity? 6) In your relationship, who was the person concerned about prevention and protection? 7) How did teen pregnancy affect your life? 8) Considering everything, what do you think are the disadvantages to having a baby now instead of waiting until you were older? How did being a teen parent impact your life goals before the pregnancy? 10) What are some steps you will take in the future to help your child prevent teen pregnancy? 1 1) How did your social relationships change? 12) How has the opinions and assumptions of others effect you? Ethnographic Style: The ethnographic style completed on this paper is done through theory and method. The theory Is addressing the concern of the specific social problem of teen pregnancy In the modern society versus the same problem In the united States past generations.

The method Includes different research tools, open-ended question Interviews and participant observation, research design of community studies and data presentation the use of select quotes, fieldwork and statistical research found. Teen Pregnancy of “Epidemic Proportion” Teen pregnancy is an adolescent male and female, from the pubescent to twenty years old, who are involved in sexual activity that result in the female becoming pregnant. Whether the pregnancy is continued or terminated, the child is kept with parents or given up for adoption and whether or not the parties involved where married.

The assumption that teen pregnancy is 100% preventable, adolescences re participating in sexual activity at younger ages than in past generations, and that the underline reason teens are choosing to participate in sexual activity is not addressed. These assumptions only initiate the need for purpose of this social problem to be address by understand the underline reason teen pregnancy is occurring, researching methods that will better prevent teen pregnancy and to better understand the reasons and the affects of teen pregnancy for both sexes. The assumption and purpose of this paper will be presented through the ethnographic style.

The ethnographic style completed on this paper is done through theory and method. The theory is addressing the concern of the specific social problem of teen pregnancy in the modern society versus the same problem in the United States past generations. The method includes different research tools, open-ended question interviews and participant observation, research design of community studies and The ethnographic style is broken down through the assumption, purpose, target interviewees, open-ended question responses that were collected and the data research of statistical research documented and collected by past researchers.

Divisions of pituitary glands, hormones secreted by each Anterior Pituitary (dehydrogenation’s) GHZ-Growth Hormone Protraction CATCH-Terminologically hormone FISH-Follicle-stimulating hormone LO-Eluting hormone Posterior Pituitary (neurophysiology) DAD-Antipathetic hormone Extinction Structures of Male & Female Reproductive Organs Males: Vass Deferent urethra Penis Glands Penis Prepuce (foreskin) Seminal Vesicle Ejaculatory duct Prostate Gland Polyurethane Gland Epidermis Testis Scrotum Female: Ovary uterus

Endometrial Anemometry Promethium (Pentium) Cervix Vagina Fallopian Tube Production of Sperm 1 . Testes 2. Epidermis 3. Vass deferent 4. Seminal Vesicle 5. Prostate gland 7. Urethra 8. Penis 9. Chromosome, #, gender determination 10. Zygote: 46 chromosomes (23 from egg, 23 from sperm) 11. Gender is determined at conception by the sperm (x) 12. Congenital vs… Hereditary Disease Congenital Disease: conditions are present at the time of birth Hereditary Disease: genetically transmitted 13. Mechanism of the Birth Control Pill 14. Is a pharmacological agent that contains estrogen & progesterone.

As the load levels of estrogen & progesterone increase, negative feedback inhibits the secretion of FISH by the anterior pituitary. This process prevents ovulation, no egg means no baby. 15. Endocrine Glands & Hormones secreted by each 16. Each gland are ductless glands, they secrete hormones directly into the blood and not into ducts Pituitary Glands-GHZ, Protraction, CATCH, FISH, LO, TTS, DAD, extinction Hypothalamus-releases a releasing hormone Pineal Gland-melatonin Thyroid -collocation, Thyroxin (TO), Trinitrotoluene (TO) Parathyroid-parathyroid hormone Thymus-thymine Adrenals-epinephrine, morphogenesis, lodestone, cortical

Ovaries-estrogen & progesterone Pancreas-insulin & clangor Testes-Testosterone 17. Fertilization-gestation steps 18. The fertilized egg is called a zygote, zygote is the first cell off new individual. The zygote begins to divide, forming a cluster of cells, that slowly makes its way thru the fallopian tube towards uterus. 19. Hyper & Hypoglycemia, symptoms Hyperglycemia: Excessive thirst Fruity odor in breath Excretion of large volume of urine Excessive eating Hypoglycemia: Fainting Weakness 20. 1. 24. 25. 26. 27. Uterine Cycle Loss of a part of the endometrial lining & blood The Proliferation Phase: The inner lining thickens & becomes vascular, primarily in response to estrogen The Secretors Phase: The endometrial lining is becoming lush & moist from increased secretors activity, the secretors phase is dominated by progesterone 28. Ovarian Cycle: 29. Phases: follicular phase & ululate phase The ululate phase of the ovarian cycle begins immediately after ovulation & is dominated by the secretion of progesterone by the corpus lutetium In the nonappearance state the corpus lutetium deteriorates In the pregnant state the corpus lutetium stays alive because of human chronic intimidation (hug) During follicle phase the ovarian follicle mature & secretes estrogen 30. Cushing syndrome 31 . Hyperactive adrenal; deterioration Moon face Buffalo Facial hair Easily bruises 32.

Grave’s Disease 33. Hyperthyroidism; characterized by an increase in heart rate, increase in peristalsis resulting in diarrhea, elevation in body temperature, hyperactivity, weight loss & wide emotional mood swings 34. Insulin & Cellophane Fax Insulin: Secreted by beta cells of the islets of Lanterns; helps regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, & fats; lowers blood glucose levels Cellophane: Secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Lanterns; raises blood glucose levels 35.

Vermin & Langue Vermin Cases: The skin is covered by a white, cheese-like substance. Thought to protect the delicate fetal skin from the amniotic fluid. Langue: When the fetus grows, its skin becomes covered by a fine downy hair 36. 37. 39. 40. Gestational Stages (pregnancy) 41. The time of prenatal developmental: Normal gestation period lasts 38 weeks or about 9 moss. Divided into trimesters: 1st semesters: months 2nd trimester: months 4,5,6 3rd trimesters: months,8,9 42. Iatrogenic Agents Drugs Alcohol Radiation Thalidomide