Principles of Development
Table of contents
Principles Of Development
- Early foundations are critical.
- Role of maturation and learning.
- Follows definite and predictable pattern.
- All individuals are different.
- Each phase has characteristic behaviour.
- Each phase of development has hazards.
- Development is aided by simulation.
- devt: is affected by cultural changes.
- Social expectations in every stage.
- Traditional beliefs about people of all ages.
Stages in life Span
- Pre-natal period – conception – birth
- Infancy -birth- end of 2w
- Babyhood – 2w- 2y
- Early childhood -2-6
- Late childhood -6-12
- Puberty -10/11 -13/14
- Adolescence -13/14 – 18
- Early adulthood -18-40
- Middle age -40-50 ma / 50-60
- Old age -60 -death
10 lunar months basic body structure and organs form rapid physical growth vulnerability to environmental influence is great
- Heredity endowment
- Heredity potentials influenced strongly by envt.
- Fixing up of sex
- High rate of growth(1cell to 20 inches length)
- Period of hazards
- Attitude of significant people
Developmental irregularities
- Period of Foetus
- miscarriage,
- Pre-maturity,
- delivery complications,
- developmental
Irregularities
Factors influence development
- Age of mother,
- Illness and infections
- Blood RH factor
- Birth complications
- Drugs, x-rays, envtl.
- Hazards.
Paternal factors
- smoke, alcohol, radiations , pesticide
- Maternal emotions
- Diet and physical condition of the mother
- Hormones.
Infancy- neonate.
- Extreme helplessness
- Shortest period
- Radical adjustment
- Loss of weight
- Disorganized behaviour
- High mortality
- Physical devt.
- Increase height& weight, muscles
- Bones and skeleton transformed
- Brain cells grows
- Breast feeding starts
- Reflex of new born
- Sex determination
Nature –Nurture influence
- physical- obesity,
- aging cognitive-IQ
- psycho-social- Personality
- reacting to situations, extrovert, depression, leadership, nail biting, sleepwalking, other emotions & disorders like schizophrenia, infantile autism, alcoholism.
Sensory capacity increases
- Touch is the earliest sense
- Smell- can distinguish different odour
- Taste sense well developed
Hearing is least developed
- Vision- half of the adult- color vision is absent or minimal
- SIDS-sudden infant death syndrome-crib death
Motor development
- Head control
- Hand control
- Locomotion
- Grasping
- Rolling over
- Sitting up
- Crawling
- Standing
Common problems
- Unfavorable parental environment
- Multiple birth
- Complicated birth
- Post maturity- pre-maturity
- Infant mortality
Psychological –traditional beliefs
- Helplessness ,
- developmental lag,
- plateau,
- lack of stimulation,
- new parent blue,
- unfavorable attitude.
Babyhood
- True foundation,
- Age of rapid growth
- Decreasing dependency
- Increased individuality
- Beginning of socialization
- Sex role typing
- Appealing age
- Age of creativity.
