How significant was James Simpsons role in solving the problem of surgery during the 19th century?

During the 19th century, there were many attempts to perform surgery without there being any risk towards the patient. This usually meant that the surgeons had to overcome problems of pain, infection and blood loss which were the three main ways in which patients died during surgery. Many individuals discovered methods to make surgery safer. One of these men was a Scottish doctor, by the name of James Simpson, who discovered the anesthetic properties of chloroform and successfully introduced it for general medical use.

Of course, there were other individuals who had used different varieties of anaesthetics before James Simpson. In 1799 Sir Humphrey Davy discovered laughing gas which reduced pain felt by patients. It was mostly used by dentists during teeth extractions, which caused excruciating pain. In 1846, J. R Lister used ‘ether’ as an anaesthetic so the patient would be unconscious during operation. However this was soon dismissed as it irritated the lungs and caused the patient to cough during the operation as well as the fact that ether is highly flammable.

The fact that others had already tried to come up with suitable anaesthetics that could be used in surgery shows that James Simpson’s discovery had been built up with knowledge of previous attempts. It also proves that he wasn’t solely responsible for discovering ‘anaesthetics’. James Simpson was appointed the Professor of Midwifery at Edinburgh University due to his interest in obstetrics. In 1847, Simpson discovered the properties of chloroform during an experiment with friends in which he learnt that it could be used to put one to sleep.

It was very much up to chance that Simpson survived the chloroform dosage he administered to himself. If he had inhaled too much, subsequently passing away from an overdose, chloroform would have been seen as a dangerous substance. However, if Simpson had inhaled slightly less it would not have put him to sleep. It was his willingness to explore the possibilities of the substance that established his career as a pioneer in the field of medicine.

He began to use chloroform as an efficient and effective anaesthetic used to relieve labour pains during childbirth. This theory of relieving patients from pain spread across to many other surgeons who began using this method of anaesthesia. James Simpson was able to find an actual anaesthetic that was suitable in surgery, and he took the risk of trying the chloroform himself proving that he was dedicated to improving and solving the problems of surgery. Yet, there was a lot of opposition to chloroform due to it being a new and untested gas.

Surgeons did not know how much dosage to give their patients or whether there would be long-term side effects. There was also the fact that the use of chloroform caused an increase in deaths, since the patients were given a bigger dosage of chloroform that was necessary. This scared the many surgeons into not using it. There were also other who opposed chloroform because they believed that easing the pain of childbirth, it would make it unnatural and was an act against God.

In addition to this, whilst the patient is unconscious surgeons became more confident and attempt more complex operations allowing infections deeper into the body and causing more blood loss. This also contributed to the rise in number of deaths since the introduction of chloroform. Yet, James Simpson soon got many people to realise that his theory was accurate and it was soon accepted. When Queen Victoria used chloroform when delivering her eighth child in 1857, the public along with many other surgeons began using it as an anaesthetic and this soon became a part of surgical practise.

However although James Simpson had already tried the anaesthetic on himself, it almost immediately became clear that there were very serious side effects associated with its use and it was known to cause death in a number of instances. From 1864, numerous studies were conducted in an attempt to determine whether chloroform affected the respiratory system or the circulatory system. The major health effects of chloroform surround acute inhalation which leads to depression which is why it was used for a long time as an anaesthetic.

Chronic exposure to chloroform was associated with affects on the liver, kidney, and central nervous system. The evidence that chloroform was dangerous and fatal in numerous ways added to the opposition and causes us to believe whether James Simpson really was responsible for an important breakthrough in surgery. In addition to this there were many other breakthroughs by many other people who would be considered to be more important since their discoveries caused essential progress in solving the problems of surgery.

Louis Pasteur was extremely vital as he was responsible for the development of the Germ theory, along with Robert Koch. The French scientist was also accountable for the many vaccines such as Chicken cholera, Rabies and Anthrax. Of course, this was accentuated by the rivalry between Pasteur and Koch since, they were both ambitious and nationalistic and France had lost a bitter war to Germany in 1870-71. Joseph Lister was then able to use the germ theory to uncover another significant discovery: antiseptics.

This included sterilisation of all equipment, including doctor’s hands, throughout the surgery. His reasoning behind this was to reduce the number of patients dying from infection passed on from bacteria on clothing and apparatus. This was vital because many people were dying from infection at the time and there were no advances to decrease the numbers until Lister’s antiseptics. Another individual who was able to put the germ theory to good use was John Snow, who was responsible for discovering the cause of cholera, a big killer during the 1800s.

He discovered that cholera was spread by drinking water that contained bacteria. Snow was one of the first physicians to study and calculate dosages for the use of ether and chloroform as surgical anaesthetics, allowing patients to undergo surgical and other procedures without the distress and pain they would otherwise experience. He personally administered chloroform to Queen Victoria when she gave birth to the last two of her nine children, leading to wider public acceptance of obstetric anaesthesia.

The fact that there were many other individuals who were able to discover other vital things prevents James Simpson from solely being responsible for solving the problems of surgery. John Snow also proves that James Simpson was not the first to come up with the idea of ‘anaesthetics’, and therefore cannot really be responsible for the discovery although he played a major role in coming across chloroform. In conclusion, I believe that James Simpson’s role was not very significant in the attempts to solve the problems of surgery.

This is because he was able to use other people’s ideas, such as John Snow, to actually discover the anaesthetic. In addition to this, there were many other individuals and factors such as War and Technology that would have impacted surgery on a bigger scale than that of James Simpson’s discovery of chloroform as an anaesthetic. Although we can see his dedication in proving that chloroform was a suitable anaesthetic we can also see that there was a lot of scope for other individuals to find an anaesthetic that may have proved to be less fatal.

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Poverty: Most Serious Problem in the Whole World

I choose poverty as my topic for my essay because poverty has been considered as the most serious problem not only In the United State, but also In the whole world. It has been playing an important role In developing the entire society. There are three different theories In analyzing how society Influences people, and how people Influence society, which are functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic Interaction.

There are five social Institutions In functionalist perspective: family, government, economy, religion, and education. View poverty from functionalism perspective, It stops the development of the whole society. The effects of poverty to society Is a very long list. Illness, crime, and hunger are major effects of poverty on society as a whole. Some of these effects can also be considered as a cause for poverty. Poverty also can lead to poor education for those children who are effected by poverty. It also will lead o revolution from the lower class people, who are suffering poverty, against the government.

Sometimes it will also cause terrorism. But on the other hand, poverty can also create some jobs opportunities. Manifest function, consequences which are intended and recognized by the participants in a system, of poverty is that it gets the “dirty work” done. Latent function, consequences that are neither intended nor recognized, of poverty is that it separates people from different classes. Latent dysfunction of the poverty is that it will only enlarge the gap between the rich and he poor. Conflict theory is more focused on controlling the scarce resources..

Apply conflict theory to poverty, the poor will try to get out of their situation while the rich will do their best to protect the scarce resource. In this case, the scarce resource is money, The struggling groups of poverty are the “have onto” , and these “haves”, rich people, gain a lot more power in this case. Rich people have more power In an economic way, money. They want to keep their benefits, and they can give their children some advantages in this way at the same time. If the poor wins more power In this struggle, one of the biggest changes In would be wages.

In this society, more money produces more power, more power produces more money. The riches will get richer, the poor get poorer. The third theory Is symbolic Interaction. It relies on the symbolic meanings that people develop and rely upon In the process of social Interaction. In poverty, people who are labeled poor are always stigmatize as lazy, lack of motivation and education, or sometimes even criminal while wealthy people re always considered capable, hard working, well-educated and motivated.

It separates people from different classes communicating with each other, that way It enlarges the disparity between the rich and the poor. In a conclusion, poverty Is one of the most rigorous issues right now In our society. It applies to these three different theories in different ways. The theory that I agree with the most is the people are really trying their best to narrow the gap between the rich and poor, but it really takes some sufferance to overcome those difficulties.

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Bullying: The Worst Social Problem in the U.S.

A social problem is when the public or some segment of the public perceives a condition or a bad situation as a problem to the whole society. I think that one of the worst social problems in the United States of America is bullying. Bullying can affect everyone that is involved including the person being bullied, the bully, and the bystander. It can only have a negative effect on people’s lives, and usually bullying comes from an outside source which is making the bully act in such a disgusting manner.

In America’s youth, bullying has progressively become a bigger problem over the past years. There are many different types of bullying that can be done like physical bullying, mental bullying, or something lie cyber bullying. Kids who are bullied usually end up with negative problems down the road in their lives. Kids who are bullied are very likely to experience things like depression or anxiety, feeling sad and lonesome in the world, negatively changed sleeping and eating habits, and just lack of generally caring about anything.

Being bullied instantly results in the student being picked on dropping their grades in their classes. This would happen because the kid will start to skip school or class just so that they could avoid any chance of seeing that bully, so they will not be abused for another time. Many of the kids being bullied could resort to something like violence and that is never the answer. An example is, most of every school shooting in history was motivated by one person picking on the person doing the terrible act off school shooting.

If a kid bullies in the young art of their life, the aggression will most likely carry on into the latter stages of their life as well. Kids who bully a lot in school are more likely to abuse alcohol or other drugs when they get older and more mature. They also tend to get in to doing bad things like get into fights, vandalize property, and even drop out of school completely. When bullies get older as adults, they generally tend to be the ones that are getting pulled over by the policemen and getting tickets and citations, and many of them also turn out to commit stupid crimes and get locked away for them.

Because bullies are always filled with rage for their entire lives, they sometimes take their rage out on their significant other and perform an act of domestic violence on them. Domestic violence is a major problem in our country. Kids who witness bullying and then do nothing about it can also be greatly traumatized by what they have seen with their eyes. It messes with them to the point where they have to rely on something like cigarettes or drugs and alcohol to keep the calm and not worried about it.

They usually have problems with anxiety and sometimes oppression later on in their life because of the events they watched and did nothing about. Bystanders will also drop out of school or start to skip class because watching another person get treated so poorly by another person has become too much of a burden for them to bear. When people are bullied their suicide risk automatically goes up. Being bullied makes a person feel normalized and separated from society completely. I believe that every person needs a support group because without one, it is hard to retain a positive outlook on life.

This can lead to loneliness, and a person will start to contemplate if their life is really worth living. If somebody is not of the norm then they will usually be made fun of or bullied because of their difference. That will also contribute to feeling alone, and being alone makes a person think about everything very thoroughly, then they come to the conclusion in their head that they are not good enough for this world. Physical bullying is a terrible form of bullying. It involves a person hitting another person, hurting another person, or destroying or stealing someone’s possessions.

In physical bullying, the same victim is targeted many different times, the bully IS attempting to hurt, embarrass, or intimidate another person, and the bully usually picks a target that is smaller than him so that he has a definite chance of winning. Accessibility is when a child or teenager is harassed, humiliated, embarrassed, threatened or tormented using digital technology. It can happen on the internet and also over the phone through text messages or phone calls. When a person gets bullied over the internet or through text it is different from getting physically bullied.

The accessibility messes with their mind and they are often damaged psychologically from it. Cyber bullying can lead to terrible things like self-harm, severe depression, and even suicide. Bullying is a major problem in the United States of America’s schools. It needs to be stopped because everyone involved is seriously hindered by the psychological effects of bullying, and then it is hard for them to grow and mature as normal human beings. Children react easily to physical and mental harassment and their need to be harsher consequences for people that get caught bullying.

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Probability Theory By Examples

Table of contents

The Ludlow Wildcats baseball team, a minor league team in the Cleveland Indians organization, plays 70 percent of their games at night and 30 percent during the day. The team wins 50 percent of their night games and 90 percent of their day games. According to today’s newspaper, they won yesterday. What is the probability the game was played at night? % of games played at night = 70% % of games played during day = 30% % of night games won =50% % of day games won= 90%

Probability of winning = Probability of winning at night + Probability of winning during day = % of games played at night x % of night games won + % of games played during day x % of day games won = 70% x 50% + 30% x 90% = 0. 35 + 0. 27 = 0. 62 Probability that the game was played during night given that the game was won = Probability of winning at night / Probability of winning = 0. 35 / 0. 62 = 35/62 Answer: Probability = 35/62 This can be understood in a different way

Let the number of games played be 100 Out of these 100 games, 70 games were played at night and 30 during day Out of 70 games played at night no of games won = 50% x 70 = 35 games and the number of games lost = 50% x 70 =35 Out of 30 games played during day, no of games won = 90% x 30 = 27 games and the number of games lost = 10% x 30 = 3 Thus total games won = 35 + 27 = 62 (Total games lost = 35 + 3 =38, but this is not required for calculation) Thus out of 62 games won , 35 were won at night

Thus probability that the game was played at night, given that the game was won = 35/62 b) With each purchase of a large pizza at Tony’s Pizza, the customer receives a coupon that can be scratched to see if a prize will be awarded. The odds of winning a free soft drink are 1 in 10, and the odds of winning a free large pizza are 1 in 50. You plan to eat lunch tomorrow at Tony’s.

What is the probability:

  • That you will win either a large pizza or a soft drink
  • That you will not win a prize?
  • That you will not win a prize on three consecutive visits to Tony’s
  • That you will win at least one prize on one of your next three visits to Tony’s

We have to convert odds into probability Probability = odds / (1+ odds) Odds of winning a free soft drink are 1 in 10 Therefore, probability of winning a free soft drink = (1/10) / (1 + 1/10) = 1/11 Odds of winning a free large pizza are 1 in 50 Therefore, probability of winning a free large pizza = (1/50) / (1 + 1/50) = 1/51

What is the probability:

That you will win either a large pizza or a soft drink The events winning a pizza and winning a soft drink are mutually exclusive (since you can either win a pizza or you can win a soft drink but not both at the same time as you have only one coupon ) Probability of winning either a large pizza or a soft drink = Probability of winning a large pizza + Probability of winning a soft drink = 1/51 + 1/11 = 62 /561 = 0. 11 or 11%

That you will not win a prize?

Probability of not winning a prize = Probability of winning a prize = 1- 62/561 = 499/561 = 0. 9 or 89% 3. That you will not win a prize on three consecutive visits to Tony’s Since the events of winning / not winning on consecutive visits are independent events we will multiply the probabilities Probability of not winning a prize on three consecutive visits = Probability of not winning on first visit x Probability of not winning on second visit x Probability of not winning on third visit = (499 /561) x (499 / 561) x (499 / 561) = (499/561) ^3 = 0. 70 or 70%

That you will win at least one prize on one of your next three visits to Tony’s

Probability of winning at least once = 1- probability of not winning even once = 1- (499/561) ^3 = 0. 30 or 30% c) There are four people being considered for the position of chief executive officer of Dalton Enterprises. Three of the applicants are over 60 years of age. Two are female, of which only one is over 60.

  1. What is the probability that a candidate is over 60 and female
  2. Given that the candidate is male, what is the probability he is less than 60
  3. Given that the person is over 60, what is the probability the person is female

Out of 4 applicants Male = 2 (both over 60) Female = 2 (1 over 60, 1 less than 60) 1) What is the probability that a candidate is over 60 and female Out of 4 candidates only 1 is both female and over 60 Therefore probability = ? = 0. 25 or 25% 2. Given that the candidate is male, what is the probability he is less than 60 Both male candidates are over 60 therefore probability = 0 3 Given that the person is over 60, what is the probability the person is female There are 3 persons over 60 out of which 1 is female Therefore, probability = 1/3

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General Problem of Manual System

Table of contents

History of Existing System

Taytay campus was established in year 2008, they have a library but there have shortage in books. In that time the students are donating books in the library. To borrow a book from the library you need to register first. Librarian required you need to present an Identification card (National ID School) during presentation if the ID card you are required to fill up the form to register in the library, after registration in the Librarian you are free to select the books you want to borrow. Once you have chosen the books you are needed the Librarian get it.

The Librarian keeps your Borrower Card and the logbook. Returning book, before on the stipulated date you, are required to return the book. On presenting the book, you will sign the logbook that you have returned the book and also state the date. Note: If you fail to return the book at stipulated date you may be fined and if you lost the book you will be pay. Users of Existing System Library System Library System has involved:

  • Librarian – Traditionally a Librarian is associated with collections of books.
  • Students – He/She borrowed a books for research information
  • Faculty Librarian – He/She maintains the arranging of books and the silentness of the Library.

Library System

In borrowing a book. -need to sign-in to borrowers cards and sign-in to a logbook

In entering library -need to sign-in to logbook

In using Computer -need to sign-in to a logbook and give to Librarian your ID. Student – The users of the library.

Causes why students go to library

  • To get more information in their research
  • To research their lessons
  • To concentrate well in their activities
  • Faculty – used library to research for more information.

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The Uk Diabetes Problem Health And Social Care Essay

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I have done the nursing occupation in my back place state Nepal and now I am making the attention helper for aged people in attention place. Most of the occupants are enduring from different diseases, such as diabetes, dementedness. In my unit most of occupants are suffered from diabetes. In my state Nepal I have seen many patients of diabetes, from where I got the more cognition about diabetes. Not merely UK people but besides whole universe people is enduring from diabetes. Many research are conducted on this instance, diabetes affects six per centum of the universe’s population and its prevalence is duplicating every coeval. There are presently over two and half million people with diabetes in the UK and there are more than half a million people with diabetes who have the status and don’t cognize it. Harmonizing to diabetes UK statistics show that over 80 % of people diagnosed with type2 diabetes and corpulence.

Diabetes patient spend an norm of & A; lb ; 4500 yearly on costs for handling their diseases in the universe. The cost of diabetes to the national wellness service stands at about & amp; lb ; 1 million per hr and is increasing quickly a new study indicates ( www.diabetes.co.uk ) . Diabetes histories for about ten percent of NHS budget each twelvemonth a entire exceeding & A ; lb ; 9 billion. The complications of diabetes are legion and deathly and include amputation, bosom disease kidney failure and sightlessness, the study highlights the facts that eight out of 10 people with diabetes dices of bosom disease and stroke.Government is passing tons of money and has committed to guaranteeing there is greater focal point on speed uping the gait of betterment in diabetes attention. Increasing the diabetes patients evidently affects the system and economic system position of the state because alternatively of utilizing money in productive work, concern and building authorities is paying for diabetes which is straight influences the state.

Health Wellbeing and Quality of Life

It is really complicated and difficult to specify wellness, there are 100s of positions from different writer and different organizations.As we know all of the accept the definition of universe wellness organisation, wellness is a complete, physical mental and societal well- being and non simply the absence of disease and frailty which means wellness is in relationship with different factors like single, physical, societal physiological, emotional, environmental and cultural it means wellness is non merely absence of disease. Person may go ailment with his mental and societal position and his milieus.

Health is really of import factor in human life as we know the stating wellness is wealth. Same like wellness wellbeing is besides the of import factor of healthy and affluent life. Actually well-being is being healthy felicity, free from emphasis, mentally, physically, socially and emotionally.

Health and wellbeing are the most of import constituents of healthy life. These are the constituent which determines the quality of life. Along with wellness and well-being quality of life is really of import which play large function in life of single. Quality of life denotes how the person is? His day-to-day life activities, his or her wellbeing.

This is the term which determines populating status, installations, possibilities, security, satisfaction, income, employment, nutrient, instruction, quality wellness services, hygiene, public assistance and support. It is different from everyone. The chief thing determine quality of life is our ability to bask all that life has to offer for cases, the ability to walk, talk and experience all contributes to our all quality of life.

Diabetes

During our life clip we know is likely to diabetes mellitus, better known as diabetes.Diabetes is found when the sugar in our blood is excessively high. It happens when something goes incorrect with the manner our organic structure uses the nutrient we eat. Our organic structure breaks down nutrient into sugar, fat, and protein. Our organic structure uses sugar for energy. An endocrine called insulin helps our organic structure turn sugar into energy. Insulin is made in the pancreas, which is located near our tummy. When we eat, our pancreas supposed to do the right sum of insulin to travel the sugar from our blood into our organic structure’s cells. When we have diabetes, we have no insulin or non adequate insulin, or our organic structure does non react to the insulin it makes. The sugar stays in our blood. When excessively much sugar builds up in our blood and reaches a certain degree we have DIABETES. Diabetes is serious, womb-to-tomb unwellness. It can do bosom and blood vas diseases, sightlessness, kidney failure, nervus harm, dentition and gum jobs, and toe, pes or leg amputations. ( www.handsonhealth-sc.org Idaho 1119 ) . If we can non command diabetes can perplex gestation, and birth defects are more common in babes born to adult females who have it.

Understanding Digestion and Insulin

Most of the nutrient we eat is broke down into glucose, it is the signifier of the sugar in the blood.it is the chief fuel for the organic structure. After digestion procedure, glucose base on ballss into the blood stream, where it is used by cells for growing and energy. For glucose to acquire into the cells insulin must be present. Insulin is an endocrine produced by the pancreas, pancreas is the big secretory organ behind tummy, people with diabetes do non do insulin, or they can non utilize insulin decently, or both. This causes glucose to construct up in the blood alternatively of traveling into the cells. As a consequence people with the status frequently feel; thirsty, hungry tired.

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The Problem Definition Stage

“The problem definition stage is perhaps more critical in the research process than the problem solution stage”. Discuss this statement. Answer:

  • Finding the right solution to an incorrectly identified problem helps no one because the original concerns will still continue to exist. Hence, pinpointing where exactly the gap lies, for which a solution is needed, is critical. (5 marks)

b. In your company’s management development program, there was a heated discussion between some people who claimed, “Theory is impractical and thus no good,” and others who claimed, “Good theory is the most practical approach to problems. What position would you take and why? Answer

  • The statement that “theory is impractical and thus no good” illustrates a misconception of the true meaning of theory.
  • The second quotation is more to the point: there is nothing so practical as a good theory (Kurt Lewin) because of the power it gives us to explain and predict the target phenomenon.
  • We use theory constantly as we explain why certain events occur or why one procedure succeeds and another does not.
  • Theory represents an identification of key causal relationships, which explain outcomes in a variety of situations.

It is an effort to extract the essence of relationships, ignoring less important contextual factors.

  • The adequacy of a theory comes from its capacity to explain phenomenon in a variety of contexts and situations and this is referred to as its capacity to “travel. ” • Often, theories are too simplistic, and therefore lack explanatory power across situations.
  • The solution lies in improving the theory, possibly introducing more variables, rather than rejecting the central concept. . (10 marks)

c. Sometimes business research may be unnecessary. Explain when this could occur.

Answer: Business research may be unnecessary in several situations.

  • If the value of addressing the problem is less than the cost of the research, research is unnecessary.
  • If the organization suffers from constraints of time, money, or skill, the research may not be appropriate.
  • If the necessary information cannot be collected in a manner that is applicable to the research, it may not be necessary.
  • Finally, if the decision is of low-risk anyway, research is unnecessary. (5 marks)

d. Explain the meaning of deduction and induction. Provide an argument that exemplifies each form.

Answer:

  • Deduction is a form of argument that suggests a conclusion from the reasons given. The reasons imply the conclusion. A deduction is valid if it is impossible for the conclusion to be false if the premises are true. Consider the following example. o AXY employees receive a discount on all clothing purchases made at any AXY store. Sarah is an employee at the AXY store in city X. Sarah will receive a discount at any AXY store.
  • Induction is different from deduction in that it draws a conclusion from one or more facts. However, other conclusions could be drawn from the facts.

For example, Burger King was featured on an episode of the Apprentice. Sales figures increased in the two weeks immediately following the episode. The conclusion is that the brand placement resulted in the increase in sales. While this conclusion is possible, other explanations have not been eliminated. (10 marks)

Question 2 A teacher observes that the performance of students in the class varies depending on the workload, the complexity of the tests, the extent of ambiguity in the assignments, and the stress experienced by them. She assigns to you the task of doing a research project on this and wants you to do the following:

  1. Give the project a suitable title; To investigate factors that affect students’ performance.
  2. Briefly establish why it is important to research the topic; It is important to research this topic since we would like to know how workload, complexity of the test, extent of ambiguity in the assignment and the stress experience do affect students’ level of understanding and thus affects their performance.
  3. Clearly and precisely write the problem statement; To what extent the factors such as workload, complexity of the test, extent of ambiguity in the assignment and the stress experience influence performance. . Develop a theoretical framework using the variables mentioned above, clearly delineating the network of associations among the variables Workload complexity of the test extent of ambiguity stress experience Performance ind. Var intervening var. dep. Var
  4. Introduce a moderating and an intervening variable in the framework, explaining how they moderate and intervene. Intervening variable = stress ecperience f. Develop three hypotheses Hypotheses 1

The more workload given, higher complexity of the test and higher level of ambiguity will reduce students’ performance. Hypotheses 2 The more workload given, higher complexity of the test and higher level of ambiguity will increase more stress to the students Hypotheses 3 The higher the level of stress will lead to lower performance of students (20marks)

Question 3 The new president of an old, established company is facing a problem. The company is currently unprofitable and is, in the president’s opinion, operating inefficiently.

The company sells a wide line of equipment and supplies to the dairy industry. Some items it manufacturers, and many it wholesales to dairies, creameries, and similar plants. Because the industry is changing in several ways, survival will be more difficult in the future. In particular, many equipment companies are bypassing the wholesalers and selling directly to dairies. In addition, many of the independent dairies are being taken over by large food chains. How might business research help the new president make the right decisions? Sample answer: Many different studies might be helpful in this situation.

The most likely lines of investigation should be on 1. the firm’s operating inefficiencies, and 2. its future prospects in the changing dairy industry. In the first case, the president might want to determine whether the inefficiency is caused by internal production problems, poor organization, ineffective cost controls, weak sales management, and so on. This might take the form of a company audit of internal processes. The examination of the industry and the firm’s future in it would likely be directed at discovering possible trends in consumption patterns and distribution systems.

It might also entail polling the end-user of the products to see if anything other than price is prompting them to buy directly from manufacturers. Having this information would allow the researcher to either support the president’s contention that inefficiency is the root problem, or rule it out. Further, it would allow him to determine such things as whether any overlooked opportunities (markets) exist, if his company is the only one experiencing problems, if the trend is likely to reverse, and so on. (20 marks)

Question 4 Evaluate the statement of the business problem in the following situations:

  • A manufacturer of fishing boats: The problem is to determine sales trends over the past five years by product category and to determine the seasonality of unit boat sales by quarters by regions of the country. Answer: This is a relatively straight forward set of descriptive objectives for a secondary data study. The time period is indicated. Sales volume in units is indicated to be the variable of interest. By indicating unit boat sales, quarters as the time periods, regions of the country as the geographical units, the definition is specific.
  • The marketer of a new spreadsheet software package: The purpose of this research is (1).

To identify the market potential for the product, (2). To identify what desirable features the product should possess, and (3) To determine possible advertising strategies/channel strategies for the product. Answer: Although this is not a poor statement of the problem, it is too ambitious and it could be more specific. A major disadvantage of this problem statement is that it is too much for a single research study. Determining advertising and channel strategies, product features, and market potential indicate several distinct problems for a program strategy rather than a single project strategy. (10 marks)

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