Programming

Programming simplifies every task in the human world, evolving with every new technology. It is reshaping, redefining and realigning the world with every new byte. Without computer science, countless devices that we rely on today would not exist – from space shuttles, medical devices to the cell phone. Software is indeed changing the world in unimagined ways. It can document and offer unexpected convenience to our routine tasks.

We developed and simulated a proposed model by using Python programming language. In this model a comparative study has been performed between five state-of-the art machine learning algorithms, namely LR, RF, NB, SVM, DT and the proposed method Improved RF(IRF). Among these five state-of-the-art machine learning techniques, some techniques show better accuracy whereas performances of some other techniques are not so good.

To boost up the accuracy and performance of the weak classifiers, authors used advanced ensemble machine learning technique by incorporating an idea to utilize an Adaptive Boosting Algorithm. The proposed Improved RF(IRF) algorithm is an ensemble meta-algorithmic technique for machine learning, in which the authors changed the default base estimator of a boosting algorithm to combine the performance of low performing classifier with this Adoptive Boosting Algorithm.

Along with other five models our proposed Improved RF ensemble learning classification and accuracy prediction model were applied to a dataset collected from https:/www.kaggle.com/amanajmera1/framingham-study-dataset. Information linked to hospital patients. The subjects were systematically selected in this CHD study as a sample of 4240 patients who went for medical examinations out of which 644 instances have heart disease.

As can be seen in Table #, there are large differences in terms of the percentage of the presence of coronary heart disease in patients, with the lowest at 72.48% in DT and the highest at 100% in Improved RF(IRF) in the dataset

A confusion matrix represents the statistics of real and projected classifications achieved from the analysis of different classification systems. The performance of all such systems is generally assessed by using the data generated in this matrix. Table # shows the results generated from confusion matrices by using different machine learning algorithms.

The performance of the proposed system along with other methods were evaluated based on sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy tests, which use the true positive (TRPOS), true negative (TRNEG), false negative (FLNEG), and false positive (FLPOS) terms and the results are shown in Table #. Sensitivity indicates the number of patients that are correctly classified healthy in the dataset whereas specificity denotes the proportion of persons that are correctly classified as sick.

The comparison of proposed ensemble model (IRF) with other widely used individual classifiers is shown in Figure #. It is clear from the comparison that proposed ensemble technique has highest accuracy, sensitivity and specificity values((sensitivity=1, specificity=1) for heart disease dataset.The ROC charts for these experiments with individual machine learning techniques.

Six ROC charts drawn in different parts for 10 folds cross validation, are drawn in blue color. Experimental results show that the proposed method(IRF) outperformed all other previously used methods discussed in literature study, in terms of cross validation accuracy. With the proposed model the generated AUC value reaches 1.

From the CKS analysis values of the five popular machine learning techniques and the proposed model, it can be proved easily that the IRF performed much better than other classifier(value=1).

In recent times marketing strategy is playing a vital role in a firm success. It optimizes the marketing resources and can improve the revenue generation and market share. Since the global market place is increasing, companies find optimizing the marketing effort even more complex. As a result operation management techniques like linear programming assist the marketing managers to determine the optimal marketing mix for a company operating in different countries.

Linear programming has been successful in other areas like, BASF utilized linear programming to help restructure their North America distribution system and IBM has used analytical frame work based on linear programming to better match their assets with demand levels throughout their supply chain.

For the current study, the market chosen was the manufacture of brazed aluminum heat exchangers (BAHX) and the company Chart heat exchangers (CHX) based on US & UK. Competitors are Linde AG- Germany, Nordon Cryogenic-France, Kobe Steel- Japan and Sumitomo Products- Japan. In this current study, CHX Japan operation is being considered. Japan has 1.7% of total world market for BAHX. But there is believed to be about 40% unknown market. CHX plans to tap this area and a marketing strategy is to be proposed. So linear programming is used to breakdown CHX’s market structures geographically and determine which of these sectors produce greatest profit. Learn more about T ide Detergent mission statement

There are 8 decision variables and the objective function is to maximize the profit dollars per unit of product volume. There are 21 constraints developed in this linear programming model. The results of linear programming suggest that the appropriate level of business volume is 996ft3. Although Japanese market is not as profitable but through change in management in sales and marketing strategy can resolve the issues.

There are 5 solutions which can be suggested.

1. First, they can back out.
2. Second, they can maintain current strategy.
3. Third, they can modify their Japanese sales force commission payment system.
4. Fourth, they can contract with third party.
5. Fifth, hire a full time sales engineer in Japan to build relationship with customers.

The fifth one is consider by the company. The operations management tools used assist CHX management in breaking down the market data, analyzed and help provide suggestions to improve the framework of the strategy to be followed.

The linear-programming models that have been discussed thus far all have been continuous, in the sense that decision variables are allowed to be fractional. Often this is a realistic assumption. For instance, we might 3 easily produce 102 4 gallons of a divisible good such as wine. It also might be reasonable to accept a solution 1 giving an hourly production of automobiles at 58 2 if the model were based upon average hourly production, and the production had the interpretation of production rates. At other times, however, fractional solutions are not realistic, and we must consider the optimization problem:

• Maximize j=1 cjxj, subject to: n j=1 ai j x j = bi xj ? 0 x j integer (i = 1, 2, . . . , m), ( j = 1, 2, . . . , n), (for some or all j = 1, 2, . . . , n).

This problem is called the (linear) integer-programming problem. It is said to be a mixed integer program when some, but not all, variables are restricted to be integer, and is called a pure integer program when all decision variables must be integers. As we saw in the preceding chapter, if the constraints are of a network nature, then an integer solution can be obtained by ignoring the integrality restrictions and solving the resulting linear program.

In general, though, variables will be fractional in the linear-programming solution, and further measures must be taken to determine the integer-programming solution. The purpose of this chapter is twofold. First, we will discuss integer-programming formulations. This should provide insight into the scope of integer-programming applications and give some indication of why many practitioners feel that the integer-programming model is one of the most important models in management science. Second, we consider basic approaches that have been developed for solving integer and mixed-integer programming problems.

Some integer-programming models

Integer-programming models arise in practically every area of application of mathematical programming. To develop a preliminary appreciation for the importance of these models, we introduce, in this section, three areas where integer programming has played an important role in supporting managerial decisions. We do not provide the most intricate available formulations in each case, but rather give basic models and suggest possible extensions.

Capital Budgeting

In a typical capital-budgeting problem, decisions involve the selection of a number of potential investments. The investment decisions might be to choose among possible plant locations, to select a configuration of capital equipment, or to settle upon a set of research-and-development projects. Often it makes no sense to consider partial investments in these activities, and so the problem becomes a go–no-go integer program, where the decision variables are taken to be x j = 0 or 1, indicating that the jth investment is rejected or accepted.

Assuming that c j is the contribution resulting from the jth investment and that ai j is the amount of resource i, such as cash or manpower, used on the jth investment, we can state the problem formally as: Maximize j=1 cjxj, subject to: n j=1 ai j x j bi xj = 0 or (i = 1, 2, . . . , m), 1 ( j = 1, 2, . . . , n). The objective is to maximize total contribution from all investments without exceeding the limited availability bi of any resource. One important special scenario for the capital-budgeting problem involves cash-flow constraints.

These constraints state that the funds required for investment must be less than or equal to the funds generated from prior investments plus exogenous funds made available (or minus exogenous funds withdrawn). The capital-budgeting model can be made much richer by including logical considerations. Suppose, for example, that investment in a new product line is contingent upon previous investment in a new plant. This contingency is modeled simply by the constraint x j xi , which states that if xi = 1 and project i (new product development) is accepted, then necessarily x j = 1 and project j (construction of a new plant) must be accepted.

Another example of this nature concerns conflicting projects. The constraint x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 1, for example, states that only one of the first four investments can be accepted. Constraints like this commonly are called multiple-choice constraints. By combining these logical constraints, the model can incorporate many complex interactions between projects, in addition to issues of resource allocation. The simplest of all capital-budgeting models has just one resource constraint, but has attracted much attention in the management-science literature. It is stated as: n Maximize j=1 jxj, 274. 1 subject to: n j=1 a j x j b, xj = 0 or 1 ( j = 1, 2, . . . , n). Usually, this problem is called the 0–1 knapsack problem, since it is analogous to a situation in which a hiker must decide which goods to include on his trip. Here c j is the ‘‘value’’ or utility of including good j, which weighs a j > 0 pounds; the objective is to maximize the ‘‘pleasure of the trip,’’ subject to the weight limitation that the hiker can carry no more than b pounds. The model is altered somewhat by allowing more than one unit of any good to be taken, by writing x j and x j -integer in place of the 0–1 restrictions on the variables. The knapsack model is important because a number of integer programs can be shown to be equivalent to it, and further, because solution procedures for knapsack models have motivated procedures for solving general integer programs.

Warehouse Location

In modeling distribution systems, decisions must be made about tradeoffs between transportation costs and costs for operating distribution centers. As an example, suppose that a manager must decide which of n warehouses to use for meeting the demands of m customers for a good.

The constraints indicate that each customer’s demand must be met. The summation over the shipment variables xi j in the ith constraint of (3) is the amount of the good shipped from warehouse i. When the warehouse is not opened, yi = 0 and the constraint specifies that nothing can be shipped from the warehouse. On the other hand, when the warehouse is opened and yi = 1, the constraint simply states that the amount to be shipped from warehouse i can be no larger than the total demand, which is always true. Consequently, constraints imply restriction as proposed above.

Although oversimplified, this model forms the core for sophisticated and realistic distribution models incorporating such features as:

1. multi-echelon distribution systems from plant to warehouse to customer;
2. capacity constraints on both plant production and warehouse throughput;
3. economies of scale in transportation and operating costs;
4. service considerations such as maximum distribution time from warehouses to customers;
5. multiple products;
6. conditions preventing splitting of orders (in the model above, the demand for any customer can be supplied from several warehouses).

These features can be included in the model by changing it in several ways. For example, warehouse capacities are incorporated by replacing the term involving yi in constraint (3) with yi K i , where K i is the throughput capacity of warehouse i; multi-echelon distribution may require triple-subscripted variables xi jk denoting the amount to be shipped, from plant i to customer k through warehouse j. Further examples of how the simple warehousing model described here can be modified to incorporate the remaining features mentioned in this list are given in the exercises at the end of the chapter.

Scheduling

The entire class of problems referred to as sequencing, scheduling, and routing are inherently integer programs. Consider, for example, the scheduling of students, faculty, and classrooms in such a way that the number of students who cannot take their first choice of classes is minimized. There are constraints on the number and size of classrooms available at any one time, the availability of faculty members at particular times, and the preferences of the students for particular schedules. Clearly, then, the ith student is scheduled for the jth class during the nth time period or not; hence, such a variable is either zero or one.

Other examples of this class of problems include line-balancing, critical-path scheduling with resource constraints, and vehicle dispatching. As a specfic example, consider the scheduling of airline flight personnel. The airline has a number of routing ‘‘legs’’ to be ? own, such as 10 A. M. New York to Chicago, or 6 P. M. Chicago to Los Angeles. The airline must schedule its personnel crews on routes to cover these ? ights. One crew, for example, might be scheduled to y a route containing the two legs just mentioned.

In general, if a constraint of this form is included for each way in which the cities can be divided into two groups, then subtours will be eliminated. The problem with this and related approaches is that, with n cities, constraints of this nature must be added, so that the formulation becomes a very large integer-programming problem. For this reason the traveling salesman problem generally is regarded as dif? cult when there are many cities. The traveling salesman model is used as a central component of many vehicular routing and scheduling models. It also arises in production scheduling.

For example, suppose that we wish to sequence jobs on a single machine, and that ci j is the cost for setting up the machine for job j, given that job i has just been completed. What scheduling sequence for the jobs gives the lowest total setup costs? The problem can be interpreted as a traveling salesman problem, in which the ‘‘salesman’’ corresponds to the machine which must ‘‘visit’’ or perform each of the jobs. ‘‘Home’’ is the initial setup of the machine, and, in some applications, the machine will have to be returned to this initial setup after completing all of the jobs.

That is, the ‘‘salesman’’ must return to ‘‘home’’ after visiting the ‘‘cities. ’’

Formulating integer programs

The illustrations in the previous section not only have indicated specific integer-programming applications, but also have suggested how integer variables can be used to provide broad modeling capabilities beyond those available in linear programming. In many applications, integrality restrictions reflect natural indivisibilities of the problem under study. For example, when deciding how many nuclear aircraft carriers to have in the U. S.

Navy, fractional solutions clearly are meaningless, since the optimal number is on the order of one or two. In these situations, the decision variables are inherently integral by the nature of the decision-making problem. This is not necessarily the case in every integer-programming application, as illustrated by the capitalbudgeting and the warehouse-location models from the last section. In these models, integer variables arise from (i) logical conditions, such as if a new product is developed, then a new plant must be constructed, and from (ii) non-linearities such as field costs for opening a warehouse. Considerations of this nature are so important for modeling that we devote this section to analyzing and consolidating specific integerprogramming formulation techniques, which can be used as tools for a broad range of applications. Binary (0–1) Variables Suppose that we are to determine whether or not to engage in the following activities: (i) to build a new plant, (ii) to undertake an advertising campaign, or (iii) to develop a new product. In each case, we must make a yes–no or so-called go–no–go decision.

These choices are modeled easily by letting x j = 1 if we engage in the jth activity and x j = 0 otherwise. Variables that are restricted to 0 or 1 in this way are termed binary, bivalent, logical, or 0–1 variables. Binary variables are of great importance because they occur regularly in many model formulations, particularly in problems addressing long-range and high-cost strategic decisions associated with capital-investment planning. If, further, management had decided that at most one of the above three activities can be pursued, the 782 following constraint is appropriate: 3 j=1 x j ? 1. As we have indicated in the capital-budgeting example in the previous section, this restriction usually is referred to as a multiple-choice constraint, since it limits our choice of investments to be at most one of the three available alternatives. Binary variables are useful whenever variables can assume one of two values, as in batch processing. For example, suppose that a drug manufacturer must decide whether or not to use a fermentation tank.

The intent of this survey was to analyze freshman pupil perceptual experiences related to Campus Recreation ( CR ) engagement and develop linkages between entree, satisfaction and academic continuity. This chapter reviews the literature sing collegial pupil continuity and diversion. The subjects include campus diversion entree, accomplishing pupil satisfaction and keeping.

Student Access to Campus Recreation Facilities & A ; Programing

It is no secret that active engagement in athleticss and fittingness is of critical importance to anyone seeking long permanent wellness and length of service. Prevalence of fleshiness in the United States during 2007-2008 was 32 % among big work forces and 36 % among big adult females ( Flegal, Carroll, A Ogden, & A ; Curtin, 2010 ) . Therefore it is imperative that American university pupils have entree to healthy lifestyle chances while go toing college. Reed ( 2007 ) ; Hickerson and Beggs ( 2007 ) argue that college pupils are at hazard for a assortment of negative wellness behaviours and are in a place to get down to larn how to command their life style, but unluckily most are inactive and have non learned to develop healthy behaviours.

Research workers agree that about half of all university pupils demonstrate unequal physical activity degrees ( Sabourin and Irwin, 2008 ) . Sabourin and Irwin ( 2008 ) ; Andrijasevi, Pausi, Bavcevi, Ciliga, A and Pausi ( 2005 ) agree with this research worker that physical activity has a positive consequence on one ‘s well-being. Nguyen-Michel, Unger, Hamilton, and Spruijt-Metz ( 2005 ) attest that physical activity helps protect mental wellness by cut downing emphasis degrees. The writers point to a dramatic addition in both anxiousness and depression amongst college pupils during the past few decennaries. At the same clip research indicates that that colleges and universities are sing reduced registrations in basic physical activity instructional plans ( Crawford, Greenwell, and Andrew, 2007 ) .

This phenomenon is likely due to the fact that physical instruction is no longer required at many universities throughout America ( Crawford, et al. , 2007 ) . Less demand for physical instruction coursework finally leads to cut down substructure investing and installation entree for pupils seeking physical activity ( Gibson, 2004 ) . Failure to supply modern, accessible installations to advance physical activity can negatively impact a university ‘s ability to pull prospective pupils and retain them ( Reisburg, 2001 ) . As a consequence, this research worker holds the belief that universities must increase handiness for pupils seeking chances to prosecute in activities which promote healthy life styles and physical activity. At many universities CR is compelled to make full the handiness nothingness created by the decreased physical instruction direction ( Gibson, 2004 ) . Kennedy ( 2007 ) notes altering pupil outlooks and competition from other educational establishments to boot force universities to build new accessible diversion centres. Surveies of pupil populations at major universities throughout the United States show campuses which lack modern, accessible diversion comfortss have a much more hard clip both recruiting and retaining pupils ( Kennedy, 2007 ) . As a consequence colleges and universities in the United States have spent a sum of $ 7.12 billion for new building and redevelopment of recreational installations since the twelvemonth 2000 ( NIRSA, 2004 ) .

It is the sentiment of this research worker that universities which seek to bolster pupil enlisting, satisfaction and academic continuity must take handiness into consideration when raising a diversion centre. Tinto ( 2000 ) ; Bonfiglio ( 2004 ) argue that campus construction and design symbolize values of the establishment. Bonfiglio ( 2004 ) contends that establishments without modern, accessible diversion and fittingness installations are much more likely to hold an unhealthy, less physically active pupil population. Additionally, diversion installations must be centrally accessible located to advance use ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . Facilities built on campus fringes or those constructed at significant distance from abode halls and other communal countries fail to advance handiness ( Tinto, 2000 ) . Institutions which fail to supply equal, accessible installations which support healthy life style picks run a hazard of developing unhealthy and unsated pupil populations which fail to prevail ( Bonfiglio, 2004 ; NIRSA, 2004 ; Tinto, 2000 ) .

Research workers agree that CR Administrators must besides increase pupil entree to installations by supplying diverse installation design facets and plan offerings in order to run into distinguishable pupil demands and involvements. Proper designation and design of installations and scheduling is indispensable to maximise engagement amongst all pupil groups on campus. Li, Absher, Graefe, and Hsu ( 2008 ) contend that cultural and national subgroups should be recognized when trying to make clients within diversion. Cohen, Sehgal, Williamson, Marsh, Golinelli and McKenzie ( 2009 ) conducted a survey on recreational installation enlargement and redevelopment. They examined policy and programming deductions associated with the betterments. The writers concluded that bettering recreational installations can positively better frequenter use rates, but attest that betterments do non ever increase use. Factors unassociated with physical betterments such as scheduling, staffing, fees, hours, selling, outreach, and other human factors have a dramatic consequence on client use ( Cohen, et Al, 2009 ) .

In order to understand pupil needs this research worker holds the belief that CR staff and decision makers must stand for the diverseness of the university. Hale and Betances ( 2004 ) contend that the growing rate of pupils of colour is the primary ground why racial diverseness must be efficaciously implemented in higher instruction. Roberts, Outley, and Estes ( 2002 ) argue that there is a deficiency of diverseness nowadays in most diversion sections throughout the state. Roberts, et al. , ( 2002 ) contend that failure to enroll diverse staff finally strips organisational invention, competitory advantage and the ability to fulfill client demands. Enhanced enlisting, keeping and answerability criterions must be implemented within the diversion field to make staff more representative ethnically and culturally diverse pupil populations ( Roberts, et al. , 2002 ) .

Surveies of organisational diverseness have demonstrated that exposure to diverse co-workers helps directors make better determinations and cultivate fresh thoughts by pulling upon larger pools of information ( Allen & A ; Montgomery, 2001 ) . Li, et al. , ( 2008 ) ; Roberts, et Al. ( 2002 ) contend that major organisational alterations must take topographic point in order to maximise diversion programming entree. Allen and Montgomery ( 2001 ) explain that organisational diverseness development can non arise without “ unfreezing ” within the organisation. Unfreezing is deemed to get down one time managerial committedness, allocation of equal resources, and or a major happening asking alteration occurs.

The 2nd phase which Allen and Montgomery ( 2001 ) prescribe is “ traveling ” . Moving is accomplished by execution of patterns such as recruiting, outreach plans, cooperative and internships, mentoring, calling development enterprises, preparation and educational plans. Refreezing is the concluding procedure which begins by reexamining bing policies and processs to guarantee they support instead than struggle with the new civilization of diverseness ( Allen & A ; Montgomery, 2001 ) . This research worker trusts that one time organisational and staff diverseness exists, rich treatment and execution of wide plan offerings can be delivered to maximise pupil entree and engagement. Last, CR decision makers must make out to pull diverse pupil groups to advance entree and consciousness about CR plan offerings.

Li, et al. , ( 2008 ) assert that diverse values determine societal behaviour, and that cultural values play a major function in acknowledging alternate positions of service quality within societal groups. Hale and Kivel ( 2004 ) argue that higher instruction decision makers need to contend for equal chance, full entree, and inclusion for all pupil groups. They contend that duty requires listening to pupil groups on the borders, while admiting bulk privilege, resources, and entree. Merely so can decision makers do critical alterations which promote entree to at hazard pupil groups on the fringe ( Hale and Kivel, 2004 ) .

Modern pupil populations want entree to diverse recreational scheduling chances outside the traditional sphere of competitory athleticss such as intramural flag football, hoops and playground ball ( Tsai, 2005 ) . Walker, Jackson, and Deng ( 2008 ) confirm that diversion and leisure restraints vary dramatically between diverse cultural and cultural groups. To efficaciously pull and actuate the full university population to take part, CR must understand the cultural and cultural restraints which prevent dissimilar populations from plan engagement. Walker, et al. , ( 2008 ) argue that cultural and cultural leisure restraints can be overcome if decision makers make pupil engagement a precedence by offering diverse scheduling options.

Research workers agree that CR selling is another valuable tool to assist ease diverse pupil group engagement ( Crompton, 2008 ; Reed, 2007 ; Robinson & A ; Gladden, 2003 ) . Robinson and Gladden ( 2003 ) contend that CR trade name equity must be developed to maximise student engagement. CR sections which have built successful trade name equity have pupils which are cognizant of all plan offerings and take part with greater frequence ( Robinson & A ; Gladden, 2003 ) . The writers conclude that trade name equity ensures maximal both plan use and grosss if fees are charged.

Establishing CR trade name equity has a peculiarly positive consequence on engagement amongst freshman pupil populations ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . Students which are new to college or those yet to set up peer-to-peer societal support webs can be influenced to take part in CR scheduling if the section utilizes effectual selling and has set up trade name equity ( Robinson & A ; Gladden, 2003 ) . Reed ( 2007 ) asserts that CR selling is a basically of import to guarantee freshman pupil engagement. Freshman pupils are less cognizant of recreational scheduling and installations available on campus than upperclassmen ( Reed, 2007 ) .

Research workers agree that most recreational bureaus demonstrate unequal and unsuccessful selling tactics. Crompton ( 2008 ) established a Benefits Evolution Pyramid which traces the development of diversion and leisure services selling in the United States. Harmonizing to Crompton ( 2008 ) , most diversion bureaus and professionals are runing at the two lowest degrees of the pyramid which include the base or Activity / Custodial Focus and the 2nd phase of Promotion / Selling Focus. He maintains that a limited figure of bureaus have evolved to encompass User and Community Benefits Focus and really few have adopted the concluding phase of Shifting Focus. Crompton ( 2008 ) defines Shifting as a procedure of placing paramount community concerns and reacting with execution of diversion services which address the issues. He contends that positive stakeholder perceptual experience alterations typically merely occur in the highest two grades of the Benefits Evolution Pyramid. Once recreational services are perceived to keep social virtue, community consciousness takes topographic point and extra support leads to fulfill community members and programming length of service ( Robinson & A ; Gladden, 2003 ) .

Student Satisfaction and Campus Recreation Participation

Associating freshman pupil satisfaction with Campus Recreation engagement is cardinal for continued departmental support. Schuh and Upcraft ( 2001 ) point to the demand for appraisal within campus recreational plans due to high degrees of examination directed toward their wide plans, big budgets, and investing costs. Hall ( 2005 ) contends that campus diversion plans are likely to be one of the most expensive pupil support plans. Unfortunately there has been a deficiency of committedness from CRA to look into pupil perceptual experiences and construct cardinal linkages between engagement and satisfaction ( Wever, 2003 ) . CRA failure to execute this critical research may ensue in lessened departmental resources, reduced plan offerings, less substructure investing, and finally unsated pupils at hazard of going from the university.

The National Intramural-Recreational Sports Association ( NIRSA ) survey on the impact of pupil engagement in CR plans and discovered cardinal relationships between engagement and academic and personal success factors ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . The survey demonstrated that active pupil engagement in CR activities correlated with higher overall college satisfaction and success. Among all pupils surveyed, CR plans and activities ranked higher than internships, cultural activities, parttime or full-time work, pupil nines and organisations, shopping, amusement, eating house options in the community, opportunity to analyze abroad, community service chances, watching varsity athleticss, take parting in varsity athleticss, and sororities/fraternities as determiners of college satisfaction and success ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . Additionally, NIRSA ( 2004 ) determined that research consequences did non vary amongst undergraduate versus alumnus pupils or private versus public establishments.

Becker, Cooper, Atkins, & A ; Martin ( 2009 ) ; Hall ( 2005 ) agree with this research worker that pupils who actively participate in CR are more active on campus, in better mental and physical wellness, and satisfied with their collegiate experience. Since research workers conclude that pupil satisfaction can be straight linked to CR engagement, this research worker feels it is imperative that CR Administrators assess freshman pupil perceptual experiences of CR engagement. Rhodes and Nevill ( 2004 ) contend that on-campus pupil experiences which are either profoundly fulfilling or dissatisfying have the possible to impact morale, motive, and continuity. As a consequence, CR Administrators need to find whether pupils are sing deep satisfaction or dissatisfaction while take parting in CR scheduling. The survey of this information can take to designation of valuable concluding behind pupil determinations to prevail or go out the university ( Rhodes & A ; Nevill, 2004 ) .

Hickerson and Beggs ( 2007 ) examined the impact of ennui on leisure of college pupils in relation to gender, degree of instruction, and activity pick. Their research found that pupils with developed leisure accomplishments are satisfied and active in their leisure pick and activity. Students with undeveloped leisure accomplishments chose inactive activities which lack positive mental stimulation and psychological wages. The writers assert that the college old ages are an of import leisure development period where life-time leisure chases are built. Hickerson and Beggs ( 2007 ) conclude that CR plans play a critical function in pupil leisure accomplishment development when they offer a broad scope of quality leisure chances.

Student demand for modern recreational installations has grown well, with 60 nine per centum of high school seniors bespeaking that they plan to utilize the universities diversion or intramural plan upon reaching at the school ( Intercollegiate Athletes, 2000 ) . Gose ( 2006 ) maintains that CR demand at many universities can non be met by the establishment since financess can non be used for nonacademic edifices. In most instances, pupils must straight pick the measure for recreational installation redevelopment and enlargement ( Gose, 2006 ) . Therefore, in order for CRA to fulfill incoming pupil demands and assist long pillow campus enlisting attempts they must stay focussed on satisfaction degrees amongst the bing university pupil population. If current pupils are unsated with present CR scheduling and/or costs associated with installation enlargement referenda a pledge of pupil support is improbable to happen ( Gose, 2006 ) .

This research worker believes universities which fail to supply pupils with entree to modern, diverse recreational installations run the hazard of developing unhealthy, at hazard campus populations. Crumbing, overused diversion installations with out-of-date fittingness equipment typically fail to actuate pupils to prosecute in physical activity ( Gibson, 2004 ) . Additionally, light and nonusers of CR installations are less satisfied with college life

than heavy users ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . As a consequence, it ‘s imperative that CRAs invariably analyze and seek to better pupil satisfaction degrees. Changeless rating may assist guarantee future pupil entree to CR installations and maximise engagement.

Wever ( 2003 ) contends that the political relations of higher instruction require CRA to invariably turn out departmental worth or face budget decreases. Therefore, failure to execute equal freshman pupil perceptual experience research related to Campus Recreation will finally take to obstruction pupil satisfaction rates. Unsatisfied, culturally diverse, freshman pupils are the pupil group most at hazard of bead out.

Li, et Al ( 2008 ) analyze cultural values within diverse groups in order to place sentiments of service quality related to diversion. They contend that cultural groups should non be assumed to be homogenous in service quality perceptual experience. Li, et Al ( 2008 ) recommend research of multiple populations and backgrounds in add-on to cross-sectional studies and locales in order to adequately acknowledge possible users of Parkss and diversion services. They argue that this research will ensue in a diverse, satisfied client base who will return to utilize services rendered.

Campus Recreation Participation and the Effectss on Academic Persistence

Since pupil continuity has become an progressively serious job for American universities, the establishments have adopted a scope of response schemes. Barefoot ( 2004 ) contends that the most common initial response is for universities to delegate pupil services professionals the duty of out-of-class keeping plan development. Literally, 1000s of keeping plans designed particularly for freshman pupils have emerged in recent old ages which include assorted nines and organisations, residential plans, expanded campus orientations, convocations, community service and events that build school spirit ( Barefoot, 2004 ) . Astin ( 1999 ) adds that keeping plans tend to be grounded in historic campus traditions, but are besides enlightened by modern research related to correlativity between pupil continuity and engagement, formation of peer relationships and group association.

Harmonizing to Hall ( 2005 ) , pupils who participate in CR are socially incorporate and profoundly connected to other pupil participants, module, and staff. Pascarella and Terenzini ( 2005 ) suggested that out-of-class interaction between pupils and module members appears to systematically advance pupil continuity, educational aspirations, and degree completion, even when other factors are taken into history. They besides suggested that pupil perceptual experience of module member handiness and involvement may be adequate to advance academic continuity ( Pascarella & A ; Terenzini, 2005 ) . CR chances and involvement appear to help in developing a positive self-concept and therefore advance the integrating procedure ( Windschitl, 2008 ) .

Wang & A ; Shiveley ( 2009 ) agree that universities need to put more resources in pulling and enrolling pupils to take part in extracurricular activities in order to heighten their on campus battle. They assert that pupils to a great extent engaged in on campus extracurricular activities have better academic public presentation than those who are non actively engaged. Astin ‘s ( 1999 ) theory of pupil engagement provides a solid theoretical foundation to explicate the grounds for this phenomenon. Harmonizing to this theory, larning results require investing of both physical and psychological energy. The more engaged a pupil is with extracurricular activities such as Campus Recreation, the more chances there are for larning to happen.

Haines & A ; Fortman ( 2008 ) conducted a survey to mensurate Campus Recreation out-of-classroom acquisition in an attempt to mensurate the impact of Campus Recreation on pupil larning. They found that participants demonstrated enormous sums of larning across a wide scope of countries including but non limited to clip direction, leading, critical thought, grasp of diverseness, and societal integrating. This survey can be used to assist warrant the demand for extra investing in Campus Recreation plans, installations, and services, in add-on to run intoing the turning demands of accreditation ( Haines & A ; Fortman, 2008 ) .

Belch, Gebel and Maas ( 2001 ) examined the relationship of engagement at the University Recreation Center ( URC ) on first-year continuity rates at a big public university in the sou’-west. The consequences revealed that freshers who used the URC persisted at a higher rate after one semester and after a full twelvemonth than their equals who did non utilize the URC. Continuity rates for URC users for one semester ( 92 % ) and one twelvemonth ( 71 % ) clearly outpaced that of their nonuser opposite numbers ( 86 % and 64 % severally ) . Additionally, URC users earned somewhat higher GPAs and besides earned more recognition hours at the terminal of the first twelvemonth ( Belch et al. , 2001 ) .

Campus Recreation plans, peculiarly intramural athleticss, provide a powerful channel for pupil interaction ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . This interaction may supply freshers with the chance to informally develop support groups, find study spouses, and seek advice from other pupils sing the best categories or module ( Windschitl, 2008 ) . Faculty and staff are besides a extremely seeable constituent of the rank of CR installations, which may supply ample chance for informal interaction with pupils. A recreational installation with diverse programmatic offerings based on pupil, module, and staff demands can function as a dynamic community, and in so making, establishes an outlook of battle and belonging by pupils. This activity is symbolic of the single pupil ‘s ability to link to others in the environment and to the university community itself ( Belch et al. , 2001 ) .

Hausmann, Ye, Schfield & A ; Woods ( 2009 ) argue that pupils who become integrated into the societal and academic systems of the university, they develop a psychological sense of belonging to the university community, which is an of import precursor to desirable results such as increased committedness and continuity. They conducted a survey to mensurate pupil perceptual experiences related to campus assimilation and find if pupils sense of belonging affected academic continuity. Consequences demonstrated that pupils who felt integrated besides felt institutional committedness and desire to prevail.

It is the research worker ‘s belief that CR plays a cardinal function in constructing institutional committedness and a desire to prevail. Elkins, Braxton, & A ; James ( 2000 ) took this construct a measure further and examined continuity rates amongst full-time, four-year university pupils between their first and 2nd semesters. They attempted to place how nucleus factors which consequence pupil bead out determinations. In peculiar, the writers focus on the primary phase of a pupil ‘s college passage which is labeled Separation. A sample of 411 pupils was studied to find the effects of outside support and pupil rejection of past attitudes and values on their determination to remain in school. Elkins, et Al ( 2000 ) contend that support from household and friends is critical to buttress pupil continuity. They besides concluded that a pupil ‘s degree of institutional committedness plays a major function in finding a demand to reject past attitudes and values in order to aline with values present at the establishment. The study informations collected by the writers aligned with old research performed by Tinto ( 1975, 1987, 1988, 1993 & A ; 1998 ) . Consistent grounds points to racial/ethnic minority groups having less support for college attending therefore go forthing this pupil group at greater hazard ( Elkins, et al 2000 ) .

Clark College of Science and Technology SNS Bldg. , Aurea St. Samsonville Subd. , Dau, Mabalacat, Pampanga A project study presented to the Faculty of the Computer Programming In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the title of Object Oriented Programming Language Tungol, Axel-Yor Gomez, Christallane Velarde, Patrick John Santos, Renato Astraquillo, Angelo Clark College of Science and Technology SNS Bldg. , Aurea St. Samsonville Subd. , Dau, Mabalacat, Pampanga A project study presented to the Faculty of the Computer Programming In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the title of

Object Oriented Programming Language Tungol, Axel-Yor Gomez, Christallane Velarde, Patrick John Santos, Renato Carino, Joy Valerie Astraquillo, Angelo AKNOWLEDGEMENT DEDICATION TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I: Project and Its Background Introduction Theoretical Framework Conceptual Framework Statement of the Problem Objectives of the Study Significance of the Study Scope and Delimitation CHAPTER II: Review on Related Literature Review on Local Literature Review on Foreign Literature CHAPTER III: Research Design and Procedures Research Methodology Research Instrument Context Diagram Zero Diagram Data Flow Diagram System Requirements

CHAPTER IV: Photographic Documentation Screenshots Description and Codes Database Table Project Schedule CHAPTER V: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation Summary Conclusion Recommendation FIGURES Figure1Context Diagram Figure2Zero Diagram Figure3Data Flow Diagram Figure4Splash Form Figure5Log-In Forms Figure6Main Menu Figure7Farrowing Schedules Figure8Pay Roll CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION PROBLEMS AND ITS BACKGROUND DCTHILLSFARM is a farm bought by Domie C. Tungol and Erlinda V. Tungol in year 1998, located in Sapang Bato, Angeles City. DCTHILLSFARM’s business just got approved and it needs a system for it to start.

Surely because of the news that DCTHILLSFARM is going to start its business, many people will want to join, and it will need a system to keep track of the employees and their payroll. Because the business is just about to start, there’s yet is no system for the farm to use. Through studying the problem, the researchers came up with an idea to make a computerized payroll system with a special feature that helps the farm keep track of the farrowing schedules of the pigs. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS Minimum Hardware Requirements: Processor: Pentium IV or Higher Hard Disk: 80 GB or Higher

Memory: 512 MB or Higher Monitor: SVGA Monitor (800×600 and 32-bitcolor) Keyboard: Standard Keyboard Mouse: Optical Mouse Printer: Printing Device (Ink Jet / Dot Matrix) Software Specification Operating System: Microsoft Windows XP or Higher Application Software: CHAPTER V SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATION THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Now a days, technology became very essential in all establishment. From the early days, people are capable of using pens and papers on their daily dealings. The transformation of this setup improved because of the different technologies.

Computerized Payroll system is an application that will help the DCTHILLSFARM’s to keep track of the payroll of its employees. The system can be useful in computing the payroll of the employees especially to the owner it minimize their works. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The researchers of the study are developing a kind of proposal, which is the Computerized Payroll that can easily compute the salary of the employees to make their works easier and more accurately. In order to solve the problem of the DCTHILL’SFARM’s, the people behind the study gathered information on how these things to be done.

The system can be useful in computing the salary of the employee especially to the owner it minimize their works. STATEMENTS OF THE PROBLEM The study seeks to find solution and betterment with the manual payroll. Because of the said system, problems occur. GENERAL PROBLEM The manual payroll system of the DCTHILLSFARM’s makes the owner more stressful, sometimes they created Human errors in computing the salary of their employee and the works of the owner are process in a slowly manner. SPECIFIC PROBLEM * Difficulty in Computing Because of the manual system the owner is having difficulty in computing the salary of the employees one by one. Time Consuming Through the manual system, the owner consumes time in computing all of the salary of the Employees OBJECTIVES OF THE PROBLEM GENERAL OBJECTIVES SPECIFIC PROBLEM * Rapidness in Process * Easy in Computing * Less Consume in Time SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY TO THE STUDENTS TO THE TEACHERS TO THE SCHOOL TO THE FUTURE RESEARCHERS SCOPE AND DELIMITATION SCOPE DELIMITATION CHAPTER II REVIEW ON LOCAL AND FOREIGN LITERATURE REVIEW ON LOCAL LITERATURE REVIEW ON FOREIGN LITERATURE CHAPTER III RESEARCH DESIGN AND PROCEDURES RESEARCH METHODOLOGY RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

INTRODUCTION TO HTML What is HTML? The explosive growth of the World Wide Web is relatively unprecedented, although it resembles the desktop publishing revolution of the early and mid-1980s. As personal computers became more common in homes and offices, people began to learn to use them for document creation and page layout. Although early word processing programs were not terribly intuitive and often required memorizing bizarre codes, people still picked them up fairly easily and managed to create their own in-house publications.

Suddenly, the same kind of growth is being seen as folks rush to create and publish pages of a different sort. To do this, they need to learn to use something called the Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML). HTML at a Crossroads HTML and the World Wide Web in general are currently in a stage of development similar to that of the desktop publishing revolution. Still working to reach maturity as a standard, HTML is feeling the same growing pains that early word processing programs did-as more users flock to HTML, there is a growing need to standardize it and make it less complex to implement.

These days, word processors are much more intuitive than they were 15 years ago. There are fewer codes and special keystrokes required to get something done. The applications have matured to the point where most of the low-level formatting is kept hidden from the user of the application. At the same time, the printed page is now more completely mirrored on the computer screen, with accurately represented fonts, emphasis, line breaks, margins, and paragraph breaks. Although programs are quickly being developed to offer similar features for HTML development, these tend to be less than ideal solutions.

Currently then, anyone who decides to learn HTML is going to have to know some codes, memorize some syntax, and develop pages for the World Wide Web without the benefit of seeing all the fonts, emphasis, and paragraph breaks beforehand. But anyone who has had any success with word processing programs of ten or 15 years ago (or desktop publishing programs as recently as five years ago) will have little or no trouble learning HTML. Ultimately, you’ll see that HTML’s basic structure makes a lot of sense for this emerging medium-the World Wide Web.

And, as with most things computer-oriented, you’ll find that once you’ve spent a few moments with it, HTML isn’t nearly as difficult as you might have originally imagined. A Short HTML History HTML developed a few years ago as a subset of SGML (Standard Generalized Mark-up Language) which is a higher-level mark-up language that has long been a favorite of the Department of Defense. Like HTML, it describes formatting and hypertext links, and it defines different components of a document.

HTML is definitely the simpler of the two, and although they are related, there are few browsers that support both. Because HTML was conceived for transmission over the Internet (in the form of Web pages), it is much simpler than SGML, which is more of an application-oriented document format. While it’s true that many programs can load, edit, create, and save files in the SGML format (just as many programs can create and save programs in the Microsoft Word format), SGML is not exactly ideal for transmission across the Internet to many different types of computers, users, and browser applications.

HTML is more suited to this task. Designed with these considerations in mind, HTML lets you, the designer, create pages that you are reasonably sure can be read by the entire population of the Web. Even users who are unable to view your graphics, for instance, can experience the bulk of what you’re communicating if you design your HTML pages properly. At the same time, HTML is a simple enough format (at least currently) that typical computer users can generate HTML documents without the benefit of a special application.

Creating a WordPerfect-format document would be rather difficult by hand (including all of the required text size, fonts, page breaks, columns, margins, and other information), even if it weren’t a “proprietary”-that is, nonpublic-document format. HTML is a public standard, and simple enough that you can get through a book like this one and have a very strong ability to create HTML documents from scratch. This simplicity is part of a trade-off, as HTML-format documents don’t offer nearly the precision of control or depth of formatting options that a WordPerfect- or Adobe PageMaker-formatted document would. Marking Up Text

The most basic element of any HTML page (and, therefore, any page on the Web) is ASCII text. In fact, although it’s slightly bad form, a single paragraph of regular text-generated in a text editor and saved as a text file-can be displayed in a Web browser with no additional codes or markings An example of this might simply be: Remember that HTML-formatted documents aren’t that far removed from documents created by a word processing program, which are also basically text. Marking up text, then, simply means you add certain commands, or tags, to your document in order to tell a Web browser how you want the document displayed.

One of the most basic uses for HTML tags is to tell a browser that you want certain text to be emphasized on the page. The HTML document standard allows for a couple of different types of emphasis including explicit formatting, where you choose to make something italic as opposed to bold, or implicit formatting, where it’s up to the browser to decide how to format the emphasized text. Using part of the example above, then, an HTML tag used for emphasis might look something like this: Welcome to my home on the World Wide Web.

In this example, and are HTML tags that tell the Web browser which text (in this example, my home) is to be emphasized when displayed. The browser isn’t just displaying regular text; it has also taken into account the way you want the text to be displayed according to the HTML tags you’ve added. Tags are a lot like margin notes you might make with a red pen when editing or correcting term papers or corporate reports. After you’ve entered the basic text in a Web document, you add HTML mark-up elements to tell the browser how you want things organized and displayed on the page.

In most word processing documents, the “mark up” that describes the emphasis and organization of text is hidden from the user. HTML, however, is a little more primitive than that, as it allows you to manually enter your text mark-up tags to determine how the text will appear. You can’t do this with an MS Word document, but, then again, MS Word documents aren’t the standard for all Web pages and browsers on the Internet! The World Wide Web and Web Servers Probably the most important thing to remember about the World Wide Web and the Internet in general is that they are global in scale and often a very cooperative venture.

Information on the Web tends to be distributed around the world, and it’s just as easy for you to access a site in New Zealand or Japan as it is to access Web information in your own state. The basic reason for learning HTML is to create pages for the World Wide Web. Before you start, though, you’ll want to know a little about how this whole process works. We’ll begin by taking a look at Web browsing programs, then we’ll talk about how the World Wide Web works, and we’ll discuss some of the terms associated with surfing the Web.

Finally, we’ll round out the discussion by talking about the Internet in general and the different services available on the Internet and how they interact with the Web. What’s the World Wide Web? The World Wide Web is an Internet service, based on a common set of protocols, which allows a particularly configured server computer to distribute documents across the Internet in a standard way. This Web standard allows programs on many different computer platforms (such as UNIX, Windows 95, and the Mac OS) to properly format and display the information served.

These programs are called Web browsers. The Web is fairly unique among Internet services (which include Internet e-mail, Gopher, and FTP) in that its protocols allow for the Web server to send information of many different types (text, sound, graphics), as well as offer access to those other Internet services. Most Web browsers are just as capable of displaying UseNet newsgroup messages and Gopher sites as they are able to display Web pages written in HTML. This flexibility is part of what has fueled the success and popularity of the Web.

Not only do the Web protocols allow more interactive, multimedia presentations of information, but the typical Web browser can also offer its user access to other Internet resources, making a Web browser perhaps a user’s most valuable Internet application. The World Wide Web is the youngest and most unique of the Internet services. Its protocols allow it to transmit both text and multimedia file formats to users, while also enabling Web browsers to access other Internet services. The Web is based on a concept called hypertext, which means that text within the paragraphs on a Web page is designed to act as links to other Web pages.

There is no hierarchy on the Web, which is only loosely organized by this system of links. Other services that can be accessed via the Web include Gopher, WAIS, UseNet, e-mail, and FTP. Each of these older Internet services has its own scheme for formulating addresses. Most of these services require a server computer of some sort to allow Internet applications to access their information. These server computers have specific addresses on the Web which you need to know in order to contact them. The World Wide Web is the youngest and most unique of the Internet services.

Its protocols allow it to transmit both text and multimedia file formats to users, while also enabling Web browsers to access other Internet services. The Web is based on a concept called hypertext, which means that text within the paragraphs on a Web page is designed to act as links to other Web pages. There is no hierarchy on the Web, which is only loosely organized by this system of links. Other services that can be accessed via the Web include Gopher, WAIS, UseNet, e-mail, and FTP. Each of these older Internet services has its own scheme for formulating addresses.

Most of these services require a server computer of some sort to allow Internet applications to access their information. These server computers have specific addresses on the Web which you need to know in order to contact them. Creating Basic HTML Documents It is important to realize that an HTML document must be built on a very specific framework. This framework, in its simplest form, consists of three sets of matched container tags. A tag is a simple markup element, and always takes the form . A container is a pair of HTML tags of the form . You can think of the element as turning something on, while the turns that same thing off.

For example, consider this line of HTML: This is in Italics. But this isn’t. The first HTML tag, , turns on italics. The second tag, , turns them off. When displayed on-screen, this line of text would look like this: This is in Italics. But this isn’t. The tags themselves don’t appear on-screen. They just tell the browser program how to display the elements they contain. The simplest possible HTML document is given in Listing 4. 1. The entire document is enclosed in the container tags. The first part of the document is encapsulated in the container, which itself contains a container.

Finally, the body of the page is contained in a container. The Simplest HTML Document A Very Basic HTML Document My name is Ogbonnaya Stephen Success. The most fundamental of all the tags used to create an HTML document is, not surprisingly, the tag. This tag should be the first item in your document and the corresponding end tag, , should be the last. Together, these tags indicate that the material contained between them represents a single HTML document (refer to Listing 4. 1). This is important because an HTML document is a plain text ASCII file.

Without these tags, a browser or other program isn’t able to identify the document format and interpret it correctly. Brief Introduction to PHP What is PHP? PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor PHP is a server-side scripting language, like ASP PHP scripts are executed on the server PHP supports many databases (MySQL, Informix, Oracle, Sybase, Solid, PostgreSQL, Generic ODBC, etc. ) PHP is an open source software PHP is free to download and use Basic Requirements in Working with PHP Notepad++ Xampp server Web Browser 2. 5. 2 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT TOOL NOTEPAD++; Notepad++ is a text editor and source code editor for Windows.

Fig 2. 5. 2a Screen shot on Notepad++ XAMPP; is a free and open source cross-platform web server solution stack package, consisting mainly of the Apache HTTP Server, MySQL database, and interpreters for scripts written in the PHP and Perl programming languages. X (meaning cross-platform) Apache HTTP Server MySQL PHP Perl The program acts as a free web server capable of serving dynamic pages. XAMPP is available for Microsoft Windows, Linux, Solaris, and Mac OS X, and is mainly used for web development projects. This software is useful while you are creating dynamic webpages using programming languages like PHP, JSP, Servlets.

Uses Officially, XAMPP’s designers intended it for use only as a development tool, to allow website designers and programmers to test their work on their own computers without any access to the Internet. To make this as easy as possible, many important security features are disabled by default. In practice, however, XAMPP is sometimes used to actually serve web pages on the World Wide Web. A special tool is provided to password-protect the most important parts of the package. XAMPP also provides support for creating and manipulating databases in MySQL and SQLite among others.

Fig 2. 5. 2b XAMPP control Panel Application 2. 5. 3 Basic PHP Syntax A PHP scripting block always starts with . A PHP scripting block can be placed anywhere in the document. A PHP file normally contains HTML tags, just like an HTML file, and some PHP scripting code. Below, is an example of a simple PHP script which sends the text “Hello World” to the browser: Fig 2. 5. 2 A simple program in PHP using notepad++ The output of this will be gotten by making sure that my xampp server is running and putting in the right address in my web browser. Fig 2. 5. b showing webpage output displaying “Hello World”. Each code line in PHP must end with a semicolon. The semicolon is a separator and is used to distinguish one set of instructions from another. There are two basic statements to output text with PHP: echo and print. In the example above we have used the echo statement to output the text “Hello World”. 2. 5. 3 Comments in PHP In PHP, we use // to make a single-line comment or /* and */ to make a large comment block. Below is a simple program showing single comment line and multiple comment line Fig 2. 5. showing comment line Below is a simple PHP code on PHONEBOOK. This program is able to Add and Delete Name and Phone number in a Phonebook. Fig 2. 5. 4 Output for Adding Data in a Phone Book. From the Output above adding contact name and Phone number, saves the data into the Phone book. While deleting contact also deletes Name and Phone Number in the Phone book. Fig 2. 5. 5; Output after adding Contact Name and Phone number in a Phonebook. The code shown below is a Code Behind file for the sample Phone Book Application that was developed using PHP/MYSQL. Code Behind File

Project Report 1155028688 Wang Cong Overview This project is a practice of Windows socket programming. In this program we need to complete the following things: 1. Establish a TCP connection to the server. 2. Create a TCP socket listening on a port for the ROBOT program. 3. Create a UDP socket for receiving packets 4. Send and receive messages via TCP sockets 5. Send and receive messages via UDP sockets 6. Compare the throughputs in different buffer sizes. This program is programmed by C++. Program Design I defined the following functions to complete the tasks: void OnError () This function is used to print an error message and call WSACleanup(). It is designed to simplify the clean-up steps when error occurred. * SOCKADDR_IN *CreateSocket (SOCKET &s, u_short port, int type = IPPROTO_TCP, bool isServer = false) This function will create a socket for TCP/UDP connection Parameters: s—-Reference to the socket port—-The port on which to create the connection type—-The connection type(TCP/UDP) isServer—-Set it true to establish a TCP server socket and make it to listen from the port, and false to establish a TCP client socket.

Return: return the SOCKADDR_IN pointer pointed to a SOCKADDR_IN object. NULL if any error occurred, and then the OnError() function will be called * Int sendTCP (SOCKET &s, const char *m) This function will send out a TCP message over the stream socket Parameters: s—-Reference to the socket m—-The message to be sent Return: SOCKET_ERROR if any error occurred. , else return bytes sent. * Int recvTCP (SOCKET &s, char *buffer, int len) This function will receive a TCP message from a stream socket Parameters: s—-Reference to the socket uffer—-The buffer to receive a message len—-The buffer length Return: SOCKET_ERROR if any error occurred or the buffer is a NULL pointer, else return bytes received These functions are designed in order to make the program more clearly. More detail is written in the program. Bonus Part: Testing The Relationship Between Throughput And Buffer Size Figure [ 1 ] Testing On Localhost Figure [ 2 ] Testing On 100M LAN Figure [ 3 ] Testing On 802. 11b Wireless Network We can see the following conclusions from the figures above: 1.

When testing on localhost, the throughput will increase when buffer size increases, and after a particular buffer size, the throughput will decrease 2. When testing on 100M LAN, the throughput will increase and approach the maximum speed(100Mbps) 3. When testing on Wireless Network, the throughput is relatively stable. Because the speed of wireless network is relatively slow. But the throughput is not reaching the highest speed, I think it is because of a higher delay than it was in LAN and localhost environment.