Psychoanalysis

The Giver is the story about an eleven years old boy named Jonas who lived in a very ideal society. He was assigend to be the Receiver of Memory that he has to hold all the past of his community. Jonas’ community was made the world with the idology of sameness where their limit all the distinction, there are no war, conflict, climate etc. Their choose to avoid it to make the world peace. However, since they avoid all the bad things about life they did also away the joy and the pleasure. There’s no color, music and love. This kind of society was called as utopian. Then, this paper is aimed to seek the reason behind that through psychological approch, what is kind of mental issue that triggers the society in the past so that they choose to be an utopian society.

INTRODUCTION

Louis Lowry’s The Giver (1993) is one of the most famous children books in 1990s. The story begin with the main character’s Jonas who feel frigtened because the upcoming of the Ceremony of Twelve. In Jonas’s society, the Ceremony of Twelve is the new beginning or the transition from childhood into an adult which means all of  the eleven will be given their own Assignment as a new adult member of the society. Jonas thinks that he doesn’s have any special or interest of his , even though he actually enjoys some kind  of  activity like volunteering some different jobs but he still feels apprehensive. Actually the word ‘apprehensive’ is the word that Jonas choose to express his feeling when remember about the Ceremony of Twelve, he conciously changes the word because it is one of the rules of his community to prcision the use language. Jonas lives in an utopian society which has made the world as perfect as possible. They eliminate all the pain, fear, war, hatred and many kind of things that might cause the problem. There is no flaws and diversity, everyone is formed almost with no differences, no color, no competition, no choice, no emotion. The things like appearences, jobs , weather, architecture, food, even language was created with the idology of equal. The society planned and organize  life  as convenient as possible. Then the existance of the Receiver of Memory in that community was positioned as an honour which is the one who can protect them making the mistakes in the past but the Receiver has bear the pain. Jonas desperation through his community leads him to escape the community and find the Elswhere. However, the main purpose of the society to keep the Receiver of Memory and all the rules that they made to avoid all the problem in the past is really interesting point to seek out. There are must be the reason why a person even a society could change and this is what the research going to cover. This paper, then, intends to find out what kind of disorder in  Jonas’s society using psychoanalysis approach.

DISCUSSION

Utopian Society Utopia is a term for an imagined place where everything is perfect. It has been used to describe an imaginary world where the social justice is achieved as well as the principles that could guarantee it. Utopia symbolizes people’s hopes and dreams. Utopia turns to be synonymous with impossible because an ideal life in a perfect society that it offers appears to be out of reach. The authors of utopias depict the societies similar to theirs but better organized. They also offer a detailed plan of how we can create such a society and how it might be run. The term was taken from Thomas More’s novel Utopia, published in 1551, where he depicted an ideal society based on equalism, economic and political prosperity and where poverty and misery were eradicated. More’s Utopia is inspired by Plato’s Republic, which is considered the first utopian novel. The setting of the giver is depicted as the community that build and manage everything with perfection. It is described as an ideal society with has a little amount or even no flaws. This community then clearly depicted what so called the utopian society. However, when everything is considered to throw away all the worst and bad side of life they also cannot feel and appreciate the real joy of life. Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis criticism is one of branch literary theory that used as a psychological approach to analyse the element of literary work . This theory was developed by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). According to Barry (2009), Psychoanalytic criticism is a form of literary criticism which uses come of the techniques of psychoanalysis in the interpretation of literature. From above quotation, there is a different of way using psychoanalysis. In medical treatment, psychoanalysis is used to treat people and to cure them from mental issue whether in literature psychoanalysis is used to interpret of element literary work. In this paper, the writer uses Freudian principal in analyzing the mental issue of Jonas’s society. Freud divided three parts of human psyche which are the id, the ego, ans the superego. Dobie (2012) writes that the id is the source of our psychic energy and our psychosexual desires, give us vitality. He states that because the id is always trying to satisfy its hunger for pleasure, it operates without any thought of consequences, anxiety, ethics, logic, precaution, or moraly. Still continue Dobie (2012) statement, then the ego is the part of the psyche that operates the reality of principles. The ego is the closest of the three parts of the psyche to what we think of as consiousess, for it mediates between our inner selves and the outer world. Then the last part of the psyche is the superego. The superego take part as the boundary of the id and the ego. It operates according to moral principle as a judgement between right and wrong. In line with Feud, his daughter Anna (1936) elaborate the ideas and developed on them, adding ten of her own. Many psychoanalysts have also added further types of ego defenses. According to McLeod (2009) Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies that are unconsciously used to protect a person from anxiety arising from unacceptable thoughts or feelings. It usually comes out when someone feel threthened or because of the id or superego becomes too demanding.

FINDINGS

In this novel, the society is potrayed withc the characteristic of sameness. The government or the Elders of the community provide the safety and walfare fo the society. The condition is structured without fear and threats, peacefull manner, and treated equally. “But then everyone would be burdened and pained. They don’t want that. And that’s the real reason…” (p.113) From above quatation, it can be conclude that the society finds the pleasure when they feel safe. The desire to get the ideality of perfection is quite high. They do not have to think about dangerous, crime, suffering, climate change and many kind of issue. Ego To get the ideal community, Jonas’s society in the story of the Giver alsa make many kind of rules. For example such as the rules not to lie, the rules to eliminate choice where the society has assigned a job based on their abilities, after that they can apply for assigned a spouse then get two children from Bithmother who is the woman that assigned to spend their first time into Nurturing Center with other babies or new children born that year. Then, when their children are grown, family units dissolve and adults live together with Childless Adults until they are too old to function in the society, they spend their last years being cared for in the House of the Old until they are finally “released” from the society. Superego The superego prevents the society to behave properly. Since this society has many kind of rules to pursue the equality they has a rule to concern about language. In this society, they prohibit using the word that has very strong emotion such as suffering, frightened even love. “Do you love me? There was an awkward silence dor a moment. Then father gave a little chuckle. Jonas. You, of all people. Precision of language, please!” From above quotation, it can be conclude that this society has concern about morality through using the language. Defense Mechanism Anna Freud (1936) proposed denial involves blocking external events from awareness.  If some situation is just too much to handle, the person just refuses to experience it. “Our people made that choice , the choice to go sameness. Before my time, before the previous time, back and back and back. We relinquished color when we relinquished sunshine and did away with differences” “They don’t want to hear about pain. They just seek the advise. I simply advise them againts increasing the population”. Two kind of quotation above depicted clearly about how Jonas’ society could behave or choose to go to samaness. Because in the past, many kind of social even natural disaster happen succeed to lead people into misery, suffering everyone because of all the chaos which come from human selfisness. This matter made people frigtened, anxiety even troumatic which finally turn into behavious or action which tend to refuses it.

CONCLUSION

From the disscussion above, the utopian society is the ideal with no flaws community in the story of the Giver. Since the society decide to go to the sameness, they limit all the differences, they creates the perfection of life, giving the equality to all citizens, creates the life as peace and convinent as possible, even assigned each people job. Using Psychoanalysis approach, the writers got several point behind the reason why the society decide to be like that. It because of the society has the id more dominant than other part of psyche of so that kind of society could be exist. The society also naturally does the defense, which their denial the past. According to Anna Freud, when the situatuion just too impossible to handle, the someone tend to avoid to experience it, then it also what actually does to Jonas’s society.

Are phobias caused by sexual needs, or Is there something else that causes people to have phobias? Sigmund Freud was born May 6, 1 856, in Beriberi, Moravia (now the Czech Republic). Freud grew up a very confused child. His father married a woman 20 years younger than himself. His father had sons that were as old as his new bride. Freud thought his half-brothers were more compatible as a mate with his mother. Freud himself questioned If his new little sister was produced from his father or half- brother.

HIS childhood confusion led him to Investigate his own thoughts and the Houghton of other people. (Gay, P.. 1988) Freud used psychoanalysis in patients, which allowed them to openly speak about their memories in a relaxed environment. Fraud’s psychoanalyst approach is still used today. Summers (2006) states, “Freud found that as the patient grew closer to the traumatic material, repression increased, and the analyst’s intervention was required. As each resistance was overcome, a new zone was reached In which the patient could associate freely. UT as that process approached painful material, the resistance intensified, and the analyst was needed to break through the new airier. ” (p. 328) But Freud was not satisfied with just analyzing people’s thoughts. He wanted to know what motivated the repression of feelings. Freud thought the three psychic structures: the [d, the ego, and the superego, could be used to describe the conflicting forces of personality. The old begins at birth and continues until the child Is 1 year old. The old Is entirely unconscious, and has no regard for rules of society.

The ego Is the second stage of psychic structures. The child is beginning to see that needs cannot be met immediately. The third stage of psychic structure development is the superego. This stage takes over in early childhood as the child begins to learn the rules of society. The child also begins to be more like his or her parent. (Rather, 2008) Freud was very controversial In his time. He believed children’s basic feelings were related to sexual feelings. He defined five stages of psychosocial development as oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

The stages of psychosocial development translate into adulthood as well. If needs are not met, or overestimated during any of the stages, the child will have issues as an adult. Rather, 2008) The first stage of psychosocial development is the oral stage. This begins at birth. Freud argued that breastfeeding satisfied sexual need in an infant as well as nourished the child. By weaning the child early, he or she may have an oral fixation infant is able to begin to control bowel movements. Freud believed anal fixations translated into adulthood by being overly self-controlling or careless.

The third stage is the phallic stage, which begins around the third year of life. During this stage children may have strong sexual attachments too parent. The latency stage begins after a child has had sexual attachment too parent for several years. During this stage the sexual feelings remain unconscious. The fifth and final stage is the genital stage, which takes over at puberty. It is at this time that young adults begin to find mates that resemble their father or mother. (Rather, 2008) Freud also thought that phobias originated from sexual urges.

Freud used the case of “Little Hans,” a boy who was afraid of horses to explain how phobias are related to sexual urges. Little Hans was five years old, his father wrote to Freud to help explain why Hans was afraid of horses. Freud theorized that Hans had an Oedipus complex and was in love with his mother, and was a sexual rival of his father. Freud believed phobias do no occur when sexual development is normal. Fraud’s explanation does not take into account that the young boy had witnessed a terrible accident between a bus and a horse weeks earlier.

Freud suggested to Hans’ parents to allow Hans to openly speak his feelings, which they did. When Hans’ parents talked to him, they found out he was Jealous of his new baby sister getting more attention than he. Years later when Freud spoke with Hans, Hans could not member his phobia of horses. Although most mental health experts have now discarded Fraud’s theory of phobias originating from sexual development, Freud did advance the study of mental illness by having patients openly discuss their phobias. Margarita, 2009) People unable to cope well with stress may develop an anxiety disorder. Margarita (2009) defines anxiety disorder as “an extreme and chronic reaction to an irrational fear, affecting a person’s mood, thoughts, behavior, and activities. ” (p. 19) The six types of anxiety disorder include social phobias, specific phobias, panic crosier, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Panic disorder symptoms include a sudden attack of terror including pounding heart, sweating, weakness, faintness, or dizziness.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms consist of becoming obsessed with a certain fear, and creating strange rituals to overcome the fear. Post-traumatic stress disorder affects people who have suffered through a traumatic event. Many veterans suffer from this disorder. General anxiety disorder is marked by a constant worry for no reason. (Margarita, 2009) According to Margarita (2009) “Phobias are irrational and persistent fears that can be triggered by all manner of sources, including objects, situations, people, or activities. ” (p. 8) The two general types of phobias are social and specific phobias.

Social phobias are triggered by everyday social situations. Specific phobias include fears about heights, spiders, water, snakes, or elevators. About 15 million Americans experience social phobias, and 19 million suffer from specific phobias. Phobias may come from a frightening experience in childhood, chemical imbalances of the brain, r fears learned from ancestors. (Margarita, 2009) Many people may experience nervousness from different social situations, such as People with social phobias are crippled by their fear of social situations to the point that it interferes with their daily lives. Margarita, 2009) There are two types of social phobias: circumscribed social phobia and generalized social phobia. Margarita (2009) defines circumscribed social phobia as, “the fear of a specific situation. ” (p. 22) Examples of circumscribed social phobia includes being uncomfortable eating in a restaurant or being unable to use public staterooms. People suffering from circumscribed social phobia are usually able to lead relatively normal lives. They simply avoid the situation that makes them uneasy. Individuals that have generalized social phobia are much more likely to have difficulty with life.

Margarita (2009) states, “Generalized social phobia involves fear of all social situations, such as parties, school dances, or similar events. ” (p. 23) Specific phobias are an intense, irrational fear of something specific, such as flying, elevators, or insects. Specific phobias usually do not dominate a person’s life. There are four types of specific phobias, including: fear of insects and animals, fear of natural environments, fear of blood or injury and fear of dangerous situations. A 2001 poll revealed 51 percent of people with phobias are afraid of snakes.

Other top ranking phobias include public speaking, heights, being in a small space, and spiders and insects. (Margarita, 2009) Of all the specific phobia suffers, 9 out of 10 are women. Parents may partially be to blame because they are more protective of daughters rather than sons. Boys are taught to be independent, whereas daughters are cautioned to stay close to home. Phobias often start in childhood and are carried into adult life. Another theory is that women are the more vulnerable sex, and are more likely to be the victim of sexual assault. Margarita, 2009) The physical reactions to phobias are numerous: Breathing increases to take in more oxygen; the heart beats faster; blood pressure rises; stomach vessels constrict to force blood elsewhere; arms and legs receive extra blood for energy; and perspiration increases to regulate body temperature. This reaction of the body prepares it to fight the stress or run away from it. This is known as the “flight or fight” action. (Margarita, 2009) What causes phobias? Phobias can be a result of trauma in early life. Scientists are also studying brain function in regards to phobias.

The amygdaloidal are located in the center of the brain. Amygdaloidal control emotions. Scientists continue to research the amygdaloidal to see if they malfunction, causing the body to overreact to fears. Neurotransmitters enable messages to circulate through the brain, and scientists wonder if an imbalance of neurotransmitters could cause phobias. (Margarita, 2009) Phobias affect people in more ways than Just the anxiety felt. People suffering from phobias spend an average of $700 more per year on healthcare than other patients. People with phobias take 60 percent more sick days than other employees.

People with phobias are not as likely to advance in their careers because the affect the phobia has on their Job performance. People with phobias earn on average 10 percent less, and have a 10 percent chance of not graduating college. Not only is employment and schooling disturbed, family life is as well. Sixteen percent of social phobia patients abuse alcohol, three times as many as the regular population. Recent of phobia suffers have attempted suicide at one point in their lives. This is the same rate as people suffering with depression. Margarita, 2009) Treatment options for phobias include psychiatric therapy or Joining a support group. Some people overcome phobias by learning how to relax. The first step to overcoming fears is to realize they are irrational. It may also help to think about things that are not fearful. Some psychologists recommend yoga or exercise to reduce anxiety. They also urge patients not to isolate themselves but rather keep in close contact with family and friends and discuss their fears with them. Others who suffer from phobias turn to cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy gradually exposes the person to their fear. Cognitive-behavioral therapy was first used by New York psychotherapist Albert Ellis in 1953. Cognitive-behavioral therapy May take eight to twenty treatments, with homework assignments assigned between visits. During treatment patients are gradually exposed to their phobias and they work through the anxiety that is felt. The anxiety is greatly reduced and patients learn skills to work through any anxiety. Other suffering from phobias may cake antidepressants.

These drugs help regulate the flow of neurotransmitters. Antidepressants have high success rates, but medication alone won’t cure phobias. People affected by phobias may be treated by a professional for months or years before getting over their fears. (Margarita, 2009) Do most experts today feel the same as Freud that phobias originate from sexual dysfunction? Most experts agree that trauma or change in life environments are the causes of most phobias. Although some phobias are quite debilitating, treatment options do exist for people willing to work through their phobia.

In what ways, and how effectively do you think Shakespeare presents the “Revenge is sweet but you got to stay alive to taste it” composed by David and Leigh Deeding is a beautiful way revenge can be illustrated. By definition, revenge is a legitimate response to political, family, personal or legal transgression. This act of supposed justice is epically epitomized in “William Shakespearean Hamlet”, arguably the greatest drama of all time.

Being a revenge tragedy, William Shakespeare draws on interiorly, external and internal conflict as well as moral justification to illustrate a Isaac of Images and In doing so, demonstrates the dichotomy of whether or not revenge is as simple as it seems to be. The concept of a revenge tragedy is evoked when we are in the presence of a character who is ready to lay down his life, If need be, to secure one thing – his sense of personal dignity. This Is seen by Hamlet as he, with great passion – schemes to kill Claudia.

This scheme arises due to the murder of his father, who was poisoned by Claudia whilst he was asleep, and to claim the throne via marriage to Gertrude. In his scheme to kill Claudia, Hamlet wishes to avenge his father under direction of the host of King Hamlet and supposedly bring peace to himself. Shakespeare uses ghosts as an external influence on Hamlet to initiate the revenge. The ghost seen in act one is can be seen as a catalyst in speeding up revenge process. Hamlet, after his father’s death is full of melancholy and wishes to suicide however refrains from doing so only because it is a sin.

In Hamlet’s first soliloquy we see no drive for him to take revenge but rather a clutter of ‘explicitly salty thoughts which are disorganized. He, in all fury curses the current state of politics and family Hyannis as an “Incestuous” and manipulative man rules the state, and his mother In all “frailty’ naively agrees to marry him. This soliloquy is full of thought rather than action however the ghost gives Hamlet a motive and application for his emotions. Interestingly, Hamlet requires tangible Justification to continue his plot on Claudia.

With instruction from the ghost – a supernatural being in which the Elizabethan time saw as a reason alone to take action in pursuit for revenge, Hamlet struggles to comes to terms with its justification. Suspicion beforehand of Claudia being the elliptic, furthered with the ghost’s confirmation, Hamlet still puts upon an antic disposition to seek confirmation. This Is due to his moral Justification as he becomes skeptical in his approach. The only thing Hamlet wishes to secure in taking his revenge against Claudia is his own sense of personal dignity and in doing so over complicates a supposed simple task of revenge.

This is the substance that makes Hamlet a tragic hero. Because he contemplates and lays poise in balancing moral righteousness, his tragic flaw is exposed. Shakespeare presents us with more than just a revenge but a three dimensional character due to the fact he has interiorly. I OFF I Nils Inward-alertness marks a recall Dread Walt n ten solute, unquestioning faith in God that Shakespearean generation inherited from the middle ages. This harmonize act in which Hamlet has found himself in is of standing on the brink of a religious past and a secular future.

In his seek for moral Justification, Hamlet puts on a play that imitates the murder of King Hamlet and the “wicked speed” of the remarriage of the widow – the Queen. To Hamlet’s superficial Joy, Claudia reacts for wishing “some light”. This proves to Hamlet that Claudia is the culprit of “the primal eldest curse upon”. Revenge in the play works on a multi-dimensional platform as there are many reasons why Hamlet could have sought revenge. Primarily under the direction of King Hamlet’s ghost for personal revenge, many undercurrents of subconscious conflicts seethe to the surface of the conscious of Hamlet.

Different ages have seen Hamlet’s motives in different lights. Freudian analysis of Hamlet sees him in love with his mother and sees Claudia as the threat. This undercurrent can be seen in act 3 here he says “l will speak daggers to her, but use none” as if he would if he would have if the ghost told him not to. To further this argument, Hamlet’s first soliloquy, more than half of it is devoted to his mother as “she married at O most wicked speed”, “but break, my heart, for I must hold my tongue”.

This train of argument can be continued – as in act 3 scene 4 sees the violent confrontation between Hamlet and Gertrude – his mother. In this scene Hamlet acts strictly out of spontaneity. His rage is far from ‘sugar coated’ as he outpour the grief burdening his heart in most shocking and vile fashion. His outburst of now exteriors interiorly is heavily centered on the “incestuous pleasures” of his mother and uncle. This follows close suit to the Oedipus complex – a Freudian view of psychology that all toddlers are in love or lust with the opposite parent sex.

Freud himself saw Claudia “the man who shows [Hamlet] the repressed wishes of his own childhood realized”. This means to say that the marriage of Claudia and Gertrude revoked the passions of his youthful subconscious and because he cannot define them or know what they are, he sees the need to take revenge on Claudia upon a practical yet tangible enough motive. His anger and wish for revenge it seems, is directed more towards his mother rather than Claudia.

His accusations upon Gertrude follow a methodical and calculated attack in of which he compares King Hamlet to Claudia upon a spectrum of heaven and hell. He depicts his father as the “Hyperfine” compared to Claudia who Hamlet calls the “devil”. He even talks about the sexuality of his own mother – “for at your age the heyday in the blood is tame” as he cannot come to comprehend the attraction she has for Claudia at such “wicked speed”. Comparing his verbal attack on Gertrude to his procrastination with Claudia it is difficult to say what Hamlet seeks revenge for.

Because of the dexterity of Hamlet’s inner conscious it is difficult to say whether or not Hamlet himself wishes to carry out a revenge in the first place. Having the perfect opportunity for when Claudia is praying, Hamlet dismisses it for he sees “revenge”. This can be seen as an excuse as the killing would have been straight forward and efficient. Instead Hamlet superficially goes on to say that he wants to see Claudia suffer whilst he takes his revenge, “when he is drunk asleep, or in rage/ Or n authenticates pleasure of his bed”.

After his antic disposition, Hamlet is seen to become exactly what he was playing – mad. Due to the consistent manifestation of existentialism within him, Hamlet becomes erratic compared to his previous finesse and idea of perfectionism. His lack of thought and scheming leads hamlet to spontaneous acts of raw emotion. If Hamlet plays the fool for strategic purposes; there are subtleties of genuine mental distress. In the last scene, Hamlet explodes into a cameo in of which he is very wise and violent at the same time.

Because of the mass murder in this scene it seems that Hamlet is taking revenge against the misfortunes that destiny has drawn him and also against society itself. From the superficial simple revenge against Claudia, others become involved such as Aphelia and Polonium. With revenge playing a central theme in Hamlet, it is no wonder why William Shakespeare manifests so many twists and turns for the motives of it. Playing with our perception and ideologies, William Shakespeare – through Hamlet will continue to fascinate us with its different psychoanalysis’.

Why we dream: an analysis of contemporary research and theory on the function of dreaming Krista L. Hulm Essay Topic Why do we dream? Discuss with reference to psychological theories and research. Abstract Within classical psychoanalytic psychology, Freud’s (1900) conception of dreams is the most prominent dream theory among modern Western culture (Fosshage, 1983). Freud theorised that dreams serve a dual, compromise function. He suggested that unconscious, instinctual drive energy pushes for discharge, moving toward the expression of a consciously unacceptable impulse.

The reduction in conscious restraints characteristic of sleep allows a symbolic, disguised dream expression of the repressed wish. The overt (manifest) content of the dream represents a compromise between the instinctual forces (latent content) striving for expression, on one hand, and the repressive forces of consciousness on the other (Freud, 1900). Freud assumed that the energy pushing for action would awaken the sleeper if not for the dream which, through symbolic discharge, allows a return to sleep.

Therefore the dream is seen as serving the biological function of preserving sleep, with the psychological function of discharging an unacceptable wish that might otherwise burst destructively into waking life (Dallet, 1973). Various aspects of Freud’s dream theory have undergone review from the point of view of contemporary dream research (Breger, 1967; Foulkes, 1964). It is generally agreed that with respect to dream function in particular, the sleep preservation view is invalid and the underlying model on which the wish-fulfilment theory rests requires extensive revision.

A study on REM sleep deprivation and its effects on depression found that when dream sleep was experimentally repressed in depressed patients, they were found to be more outgoing, energetic, more likely to engage with others and generally less unhappy (Cartwright, 1993). This may be due to dreams of depressed people having the characteristic of being more self-blaming. These findings contradict with Freud’s theory: if dreams are a safe expression of infantile wishes, why does this function fail to help the depressed?

Despite the many problems inherent in Freud’s theoretical formulation of dream function, his far-reaching work has provided a basis for many of the contemporary theories discussed below. Contemporary research on dreams using brain-imaging studies contradict the view that content emerges from random signals (Morewedge & Norton, 2009). The hippocampus, which is critical to the acquisition of some types of memories, and the amygdala, which is important for emotional memories, are both seen to be active during REM sleep in brain-imaging studies (Nielson & Strenstrom, 2005).

This understanding of the physiological aspects of dreams supports the idea that one of the functions of sleep itself is to draw together recent experiences with one’s goals, problems and desires (Paller & Voss, 2004). Fossage’s (2007) organisational model of dreams stemmed from such understandings. The model proposes that the core process and function of dreaming is to organise data. More specifically, dream mentation, like waking mentation, develops, maintains, and restores psychological organisation and regulates affect in keeping with shifting motivational priorities.

Research shows that babies spend 50% of their sleep time in REM sleep, adults 25% and older people 15% (Breger, 1977). From the idea that REM sleep quantitatively decreases throughout the lifep, a number of theorists (Breger, 1967; Reiser, 1990) suggest that dreaming fosters structuralisation of the nervous system through the establishment of neural memory networks or maps and babies spend more time in REM in order to establish maps and corresponding categories of organisation. This suggestion supports the organisational model of dreaming.

Furthermore, the organisational model of dreaming includes a revision of psychoanalytic theory to explain the content of dreams concluding, in short, that dreams more directly reveal – through affects metaphors and themes – the dreamer’s immediate concerns (Fosshage, 2007). References Bulkeley, K. (1993). Dreaming is play. Psychoanalytic Psychology 10(4), 501-514. Retrieved September 8, 2009, from PsychARTICLES database. Cartwright, R. (2000). How and why the brain makes dreams: A report card on current research on dreaming. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23, pp. 914-916. Fosshage, J.

L. (1983). The psychological function of dreams: A revised psychoanalytic perspective. Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought, 6, 641-669. Fosshage, J. L. (2007). The organizing functions of dreaming: Pivotal issues in understanding and working with dreams. International forum of psychoanalysis, 16, 4, 213-221. Retrieved 14 August 2009, from Academic Search Premier database. Freud, S. (1900). The interpretation of dreams. Revonsuo, A. (2000). The reinterpretation of dreams: An evolutionary hypothesis of the function of dreaming. Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 23, pp. 877-901.

Summary

            Michelle’s case is a disturbing situation that leads to introjection of the stress as a defense mechanism. Hatred with the situation, leads to hatred o oneself and so doing, the client, Michelle resorts to thinking negatively and destroying oneself. Michelle could not hurt anybody else in his family so, the assumption is that she would project the hatred into lesser threatening subject: which is herself. Counselor’s role is to make that unconscious motive into consciousness of Michelle to be able to accept the reality and face the different aspects of her personality and be more in control of it.

Case study of ‘Michelle’

Introduction

            The client’s name is Michelle; she is 14 years old and currently attending high school as freshman. Michelle’s mother accidentally picked up and read a note that somewhat gives the mother the impression or idea that Michelle wants to commit suicide. Initial reaction of the mother is to panic from the situation that is why she impulsively decided for her daughter to undergo counseling as soon as possible. Upon the process of evaluation and gathering of data, the counselor came ton realize that the mother is currently under the stressful situation of divorce with her dipsomaniac husband who seems to Michelle’s father. The counselor also put into account that Michelle was twice caught in the school in illegal possession of drugs which account for her twice, suspension as well (Patterson et. al., 1998).

            Michelle may just be a typical girl but she is also very creative and artful. Michelle has gained two “very close” peers though also the both of them suffer from behavioral disorders. She lives in the house with her mother, and Tim who is younger than her and is diagnosed with ADHD or Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Moreover, Michelle’s father left three months ago and ever since, he had lost contact with his family. It can be observed that Michelle loss her appetite for she lost 12 pounds starting after the marital separation of her parents. Since then, Michelle also talked less and seems distant. Furthermore, Michelle’s mom is so busy that she has two existing part time and full time jobs to sustain her family. The fulltime job would be attended every mornings and the part time job during the evenings. Michelle did not act like what she was acting recently according to her mom, but her mom predicts that the reason for her daughter’s sudden change of behavior may be a reaction due to the recent marital divorce that she and her husband engaged in and ever since Michelle’s father lived away from their house (Patterson et. al., 1998). ichelle’s mom confessed a suicidal tendency in the family. She feared that her history of suicide attempt on her age 15 might be likely to happen to her daughter now who is experiencing the same stress. Furthermore, as the counselor came to talk with client ‘Michelle’ at person, counselor noticed that Michelle shows signs of anxiety with her gestures and defensive mechanisms are reflected in her manner of speech (Patterson et. al., 1998).

Body

            Based from the information described in the aforementioned case, the counselor shall use the theoretical framework of Freudian approach or Psychoanalytic therapy when conducting the assessment interview with Michelle. Therapeutic goals of the counselor shall include the objective of the counselor to make the unconscious aspects of the client and bring them out to consciousness. In this way, this shall strengthen the ego of the client so that the desired goal and direction of the client’s behavior would be realistic and to the extent that it has lesser ideal of the unreasonable thinking. Potential treatment shall encompass the counselor’s assessment of Michelle’s present “ego strength” in order to facilitate the whole therapeutic process. (Corey, 2001).

Conclusion

            Michelle’s case is a disturbing situation that leads to introjection of the stress as a defense mechanism. Hatred with the situation, leads to hatred o oneself and so doing, the client, Michelle resorts to thinking negatively and destroying oneself. Michelle could not hurt anybody else in his family so, the assumption is that she would project the hatred into lesser threatening subject: which is herself. Counselor’s role is to make that unconscious motive into consciousness of Michelle to be able to accept the reality and face the different aspects of her personality and be more in control of it (Corey, 2001).

References

Patterson, J., Williams, L., Grauf-Grounds, C. & Chamow, L. (1998). Essential skills in family

therapy. NY: The Guildford Press.

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            SG, Asia: Wadsworth.

The psychoanalytic approach to is based on the system of , developed by Sigmund Freud (1859 – 1939). Freud was interested in studies of the unconscious mind and mental illness. He preformed studies to look into human personality, psychosexual development and conducted method of treatments to determine the causes of neurotic mental illness.

Freud thought that mental illness was caused by trauma of which treatment for such illness could only be successful when these were dealt with and overcome. He developed his own technique to try and remember and overcome the events from their past that had disturbed their development. He made his patients describe anything that came into their mind no matter how silly they thought it may be. This technique helped Freud determine the cause of the mental illness and encouraged the patient to resurface repressed memories. Freud thought this would help them come to terms with the events helping overcome the illness, which was said to be ‘removing the neurosis’.

According to Freud, everything we do, why we do things, who we are and how we became like this are all related to our sexual drive. Childhood sexual experiences will determine our personality in adult life. Freud outlined 5 stages of sexual development. In each stage the libido, the energy from the love instinct, Eros, fixates on different parts of the body, focusing on sexual pleasure on that specific part. Differences in the way sexual pleasure is obtained in each stage will lead to differences in adult personalities.

Oral Stage – This occurs from birth to 8 months old when the libido fixates on the mouth. Sexual pleasure is obtained by sucking, gumming, biting and swallowing. Insufficient and forceful feeding can cause fixation in this stage causing symptoms like , eating and drinking to excess, , sarcastic, demanding and exploitive personalities in adult life.

Anal Stage – This occurs from 8 months to 4 years old when the libido fixates on the anal orifice. Sexual pleasure is obtained through stimulation of the anal membrane with bowl movement and withholding of such movement. Fixation in this stage can be caused by how the child copes with toilet training and how they are trained by their parents. There are 2 types of anal fixation.

Phallic Stage – This occurs from 3-6 years old, when the libido fixates on the genitals. Sexual pleasure is obtained through stimulation of the genitals. The key event at this stage is the attraction to the parent of the opposite sex together with the envy and fear of the parent of the same sex. In boys this situation is called the ‘ Complex’ and in girls it is called the ‘Electra Complex’. Boys experience ‘castration ‘ caused by the fear of the fathers punishment for the desire for his mother, which is overcome when his conscious comes to realise that incest is wrong. Girls on the other hand experience ‘penis envy’ believing that they once had a penis, but due to castration has lost it. She becomes hostile and aggressive towards her mother who she believes did the castration and a special tenderness for her father. This is overcome when ‘s affections are directed towards other males.

The Latency Period – This occurs from 5-12 years when the libido is de-sexualised and directed out into peer group activities. It is a stage where there is little sexual activity and allows children to focus their energy on other aspects of life. Earlier sexual activities are repressed to the unconscious mind and this stage lasts until puberty when their sexuality is re-awakened.

Puberty and Adolescence – This occurs from 12-16years when all sexual impulses re-appear. The child experiments with all their previous patterns of sexual activity until gradually leading to normal genitality. After this stage the individual will develop intimate sexual relationships.

Freud’s theories enabled him to develop a dynamic model of personality. His writings on psychosexual development set the groundwork for how our personalities developed. He also believed that there were 3 different driving forces that develop during these stages which played an important role on how we interact with the world.

According to Freud we are all born with our Id. This is a drive that needs immediate satisfaction and does not consider anything else. Like a newborn baby, the Id is present at birth and causes the baby to cry when it needs feeding, changing, and is the babies way of getting its needs met immediately. The second part of our personality comes within the next three years, which Freud called the Ego. As the child interacts more with the world they learn and understand the needs and desires of others. It is the Ego that works to satisfy the Id, as well as considering others. Eventually, usually after the phallic stage of development, the Super-Ego develops. This is the moral part of our personality letting us know what is right and what is wrong.

Freud’s theories brought with them a lot of criticism. Many psychologists thought Freud’s theories were imprecise and un-testable, as in the latency period of psychosexual development all experiences and sexual activities in the earlier stages are repressed. This meaning the individuals will have no memories of these experiences, therefore they can not be proven. His theories were said to be unfair in the way they had been studied. It was based on a small sample of people which were middle class, middle aged Jewish women, most of which had mental illnesses. These factors such as age, gender, culture and mental state should have been considered trough Freud’s studies as they could well be factors that also affect the way in which we develop mentally and sexually and could differ from each individual dependent upon these factors.

Freud and psychoanalysis has changed the way the world thinks for many years. His ideas have been accepted by the public as more of a second belief. Freudian psychiatry has also impacted the way we think about God and the Bible. In his analysis, Freud seemed to eliminate God, saying that He was created by us. He also said that we don’t need to answer to a higher power in our lives. If we go by this rule, we are basically setting our goals to society’s standards; we are going to be accepting what society thinks is right and rang, not what God thinks of as right and wrong.

You are simply going by matter of opinion and not what is truly correct. Freudian psychiatry challenges biblical teaching by saying that we do not need God to answer to or to even have in our lives. Freud is essentially saying we don’t need a God to ‘survive’ in society’s eyes; everything can be explained either materially or scientifically. In a way, having no God in our lives is an excuse to not pay any mind to God’s teachings. If this is true, can we commit rimes and not have to worry about the consequences?

It seems that according to Freud, we will only have the trouble of answering to society; we shouldn’t even have to worry about the shame of telling God. But as Christians, we should filter other theories through the Bible to confirm its solidity in God and His teachings. So is Freudian psychoanalysis correct? I am not going to judge it and tell you if it is right or wrong; I will merely state my opinion on it. Fraud’s theory is very similar of that of Darning’s theory of Social

Darwinism; survival of the fittest. In a sense, if we take God out of the picture, we will only be competing for top spot in society. There will be no seat next to God in Heaven. There will be, according to Freud, no eternal life. The most of our worries would be answering to society’s judgment upon us. Freudians theory clashes with the Bible in many aspects; we should still sift outside information through the Bible to get the answer that is correct, not in our eyes, but Gods eyes.