Public Health

Towns are and were ever associated with trade and power [ R1 ] . Although towns every bit good as worlds have to develop. They were formed and shaped by Numberss of assorted factors. This essay would demo how have public wellness and safety affairs in the yesteryear influenced the innovation of the metropolis?

One of the really first and obvious that come to mind are rigorous British fire ordinances, clearly and justly linked by most to the Great Fire of London. In its history London as a metropolis had great sums of fires in its history. One of first terrible recorded fires of London happened in 1135. It put down most of the metropolis between St Paul ‘s and St Clement Danes in Westminster every bit good as celebrated London Bridge. “Little admiration London suffered from fires: lodging and commercial premises existed together ; a Norman jurisprudence banned house fires after dark, but was likely ignored ; edifices were mostly made of wood and thatch ; and no organized fire brigade existed.” ( The 12th of July 1212 AD, Great Fire of London 1212, n.d. ) . It took good over 70 old ages and another immense fire, on 12th July 1212. This fire and figure of 3000 deceases, still appears in the Guinness Book of Records, even though possibly overdone. Those fires caused people to see about edifice regulations. In consequence ‘legislations’ every bit good as methods to stay them were introduced. Crude and really first signifier of fire protection was something every bit simple as censoring thatched roofs in full London. By its first city manager Henry Fitzailwin. He besides signed a papers stating: “Complaints about edifice nuisances could be brought by one neighbor against another. The city manager and aldermen settled such instances in a tribunal called the Assize of Nuisance” . Opinions were advised by appointed Masons and carpenters. ( History of Building Regulations in the British Isles, 2014 )

Other British metropoliss started follow London’s lead. The existent turning point in constructing history was fire of 1666. [ R2 ] F anger known as the Great Fire of London started in the bakeshop on Pudding Lane and really shortly started distributing west making beyond Roman metropolis walls. On 4th September wind way changed, it headed and about reached the Tower of London. During the firefighting procedure “King Charles II personally helped contend the fire. He lifted pails of H2O and threw money to honor people who stayed to contend the flames.” ( Museum of London – Frequently asked inquiries, n.d. ) Quenching the fire is considered to hold been successful due two factors: the strong east air currents died down, and the Tower of London fort used gunpowder to make fireguards, and halt further spread eastward. ( Great Fire of London – Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia, n.d. ) . It’s believed that as a effect of this fire 80 % of capital was burned to the land. Inevitably catastrophe of this graduated table couldn’t go on once more. Therefore London Rebuilding Act of 1667 was introduced. [ R3 ]

This papers created foundations of city/master planning every bit good as some other countries of modern edifice ordinances. Was the really first to stipulate how metropolis planning was to be regulated ( i.e. Certain streets need to be broad depending on strength and intent of usage ) . It was depicting what affairs and how they should be resolved by Judgess. Besides stipulating thickness and location of walls, including party walls. It introduced the thought of the committee planing cityscape every bit good as committee to O.K. location and form, every bit good as stuffs used in new edifices. All edifices from that point onwards were to be built of brick or rock. It besides regulated minor issues like precipitation direction, maximal overhangs, which antecedently were doing already narrow streets even narrower and tighter. That was debut to the thought of more pleasant metropoliss, even though done for practical grounds. Some more wellness and safety regulations were issued. [ R4 ]

Even though this jurisprudence was highly precise for that clip. It was written by local authorities of London and was to be obeyed merely during reconstructing of the metropolis. As consequence of that British Isles were left without public jurisprudence. In 1898 Ebenezer Howard initiated “The Garden City Movement” . Garden metropoliss were designed and intended to be self-contained, self-sufficing communities. Separated and surrounded by paths of unfastened, green countries. Taking inspiration and seeking to do a Utopian dream of Sir Thomas More come truth. Howard’s idealise garden metropolis was utilizing clear districting system. Keeping residential and industrial development countries separate, allowed “smokeless” thought of the metropolis to develop. They would be populated by 32000 people on around 6000 estates ( 2400 hour angle ) . Planned in concentric circles, when to the full populated another garden metropolis would develop nearby. Several of these would be clustered ‘orbiting’ around the cardinal metropolis ( populated by 50000 people ) .

[ R5 ] “The Garden City Association set itself the ambitious undertaking of developing a first garden metropolis. Work on the chosen site at Letchworth began in 1903 and by 1914 it housed 9,000 inhabitants.” ( The birth of town be aftering – UK Parliament, n.d. ) Letchworth was really advanced and successful, it populated 33500 people. It was perchance impractical to utilize homocentric program, although rules were kept. Letchworth introduced traffic circle ( 1909 ) and was really first illustration of ‘green belt’ . This undertaking didn’t require empowering statute laws, although it was inspirational to “garden suburbs” . These were foremost introduced in Hampstead. Endorsed by Parliament in 1906, in what has been called “ Hampstead Garden Suburb Act [ R6 ] ” . This papers legislated that distance between the two houses on opposite sides of the route, were to be non less than 50 pess ( 15.24m ) apart. And that there should be no more than 8 houses per acre ( 4046.9m²) . [ R7 ]

‘Back-to-back’ houses, so popular in industrial Victorian developments. During the industrial revolution “great inflow of workers and their households into the quickly industrialized towns during the 1800 ‘s, this figure increased massively and the jobs of over-population became disastrous” ( Public Health – History of medical specialty, n.d. ) . This was revealed by the study of Liverpool ‘s first medical officer of wellness ( Dr Duncan ) . It stated that – tierce of the metropolis ‘s population lived on Earth floored basements of dorsum to endorse houses. ( The birth of town be aftering – UK Parliament, n.d. ) Without any airing and sanitation with every bit many as 16 people populating in one room, these were certainly non what those basements were designed for and what they could defy. They were made illegal in 1909 due to Housing and Town Planning Act, as there was concern that it could be the starting motor of the new concatenation reaction consequence of pestilence for illustration similar in consequence to London’s Great Fire. [ R8 ]

Letchworth and Hampstead was the chief inspiration for that 1909 Act. It besides took inspiration of garden metropolis motion rules. Not a surprise that the Garden City Association actively lobbied for it. This besides encouraged to utilize ‘Garden City’ rules. Leading the manner to the more gratifying urban environment and more flexibleness in footings of design. This act obligated local governments to utilize town planning, and control edifice criterions. Specified the occupation of local authoritiess on what they can and can’t do. The new jurisprudence formed the usher on how to be after metropoliss and how to construct safely. It besides specified land jurisprudence, how and where working category lodging should be built. Besides, sing wellness and safety of citizens and future occupants, which could be named as a signifier of sustainable design. [ R9 ]

As before mentioned planning jurisprudence has been altering and accommodating for past old ages. Even though fire ordinances in the UK are perchance one of the strictest in Europe. As statistics show there is a batch of betterment to be made. World of be aftering needs people like Ebenezer Howard, dreamer and dreamers that design, program and better urban and universe environment – in consequence devising universe more gratifying. In modern metropoliss chief perplexity are sustainability and public wellness. It’s non easy to diminish fleshiness and other so called civilisation diseases. The rate of these could be lowered by extinguishing factors that do or may do it. The chief 1s being: deficiency of physical activity, unnatural/unhealthy diet, polluted air and some more (Diseases of modern civilization — Frank Fenner Foundation, n.d. ) . These may and should be considered at design phase. To better physical activity. It’s necessary to increase the sum of public conveyance used, every bit good as addition sum of resort areas. Enhancing physical activity from early old ages, followed by pathwaies, Parkss or other green countries. Obviously there is really small interior decorator or designer can make about human diet. However, what could be done is to plan green markets into town flower stalk. These would do fresh, of course grown, healthy fruits/vegetables effortlessly accessible. Another in theory unaccessible country for urban contrivers is air pollution, as we can’t actively decrease pollution. Already Ebenezer Howard has suggested to utilize town districting to travel industrial enlargement out on the fringes of towns. In the long term this would diminish the sum of contaminated air in towns, by administering it more equally across unfastened countries, and most likely lower the urban island consequence.

All of those illustrations show how past events were set uping town planning. It proves that there is a set of ingredients and stimulations. They all consequence be aftering jurisprudence and planning methods. Urban environment is ever altering and it is difficult to plan it good. This is why there are groups of urban contrivers, designers, interior decorators and others working to better the design of towns. This has been altering for 100s, or even 1000s of old ages, and they would be. Changes are inevitable, what is now countryside in 10 old ages, or even less could be new suburbs. This should excite interior decorators and visionaries to better interior urban flower stalk, decide current and anticipate hereafter issues and turn to them today.

BBC – History – British History in deepness: London After the Great Fire( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 26th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/after_fire_01.shtml.

‘Building Regulations – David Watkins.pdf’ ( n.d. ) .

Diseases of modern civilization — Frank Fenner Foundation( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 1st January 2015 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.natsoc.org.au/our-projects/biosensitivefutures/part-4-facts-and-principles/human-health-issues/diseases-of-modern-civilisation.

English Historical Fiction Writers: Changing the Face of London – the Great Fire of 1666( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 26th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/changing-face-of-london-great-fire-of.html.

Great Fire of London – Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 27th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London.

Handbook to the Housing and Town Planning Act, …( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 27th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //archive.org/stream/handbooktohousin00thom # page/n1/mode/2up.

History of Building Regulations in the British Isles( 2014 ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 14th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buildinghistory.org/regulations.shtml.

History of Building Regulations in the British Isles( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 26th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buildinghistory.org/regulations.shtml.

Housing, town planning, etc. , act, 1909 ; a prac…( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 27th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //archive.org/stream/housingtownplann00bent # page/n5/mode/2up.

London Fire Brigade – The Great Fire of London( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 26th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.london-fire.gov.uk/great-fire-of-london.asp.

Museum of London – Frequently asked inquiries( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 26th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //archive.museumoflondon.org.uk/Londons-Burning/FAQ/ .

Museum of London – The 1667 Rebuilding Act( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 27th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //archive.museumoflondon.org.uk/Londons-Burning/Themes/1405/1408/Page1.htm.

Public Health – History of medical specialty( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 29th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.priory.com/history_of_medicine/public_health.htm.

Samuel Pepys Diary 1666 – Fire of London( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 27th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pepys.info/fire.html.

The 12th of July 1212 AD, Great Fire of London 1212( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 27th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.information-britain.co.uk/famdates.php? id=1019.

The birth of town be aftering – United kingdom Parliament( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 28th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/towncountry/towns/overview/townplanning/ .

The Geneva Association ( 2014 ) ‘World Fire Statistics.’

The Hampstead Garden Suburb Act 1906( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 28th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hgs.org.uk/history/h00012000.html.

In this essay, I will critically compare and contrast community psychology and public health approaches to social problems. I will do this by comparing strengths and weaknesses of both approaches, as well as similarities between these approaches. To compare these two concepts, one should first have a basic understanding of the origins and historical development of community psychology and public health. According to the American Heritage Medical dictionary (www. ahdictionary. om) Community Psychology is “the application of psychology to community programs for the prevention of mental health disorders and the promotion of mental health. ” Community psychology has its roots in the mental health reform movements in the USA, according to Tutorial letter 102/0/2013for Pyc4811 (2013). The three most important reform movements were the “moral treatment” (early 1800’s), the “mental hygiene” (early 1900’s) and “deinstitutionalisation” (1960’s) (Tutorial letter 102/0/2013for Pyc4811).

Each of these movements was intended to view and treat mental illness as a social problem rather than an individual problem. It was also a move towards ‘prevention rather than cure’ concerning mental illness. (Tutorial letter 102/0/2013for Pyc4811) According to Tutorial letter 102/0/2013for Pyc4811 (2013) there are two major models of community psychology: the Mental Health model and the Social action model. The location of mental illness, according to the Mental Health model, is at the method of interaction between individual and environmental factors.

The Social Action model places the location of mental illness ‘within oppressive and exploitative social and economic structures’ (Tutorial letter 102/0/2013for Pyc4811, 2013) Public health, like community psychology, focuses on prevention of disease. It is defined as “the science and practice of protecting and improving the health of a community as by preventative medicine; health education; control of communicable diseases; application of sanitary measures and monitoring of environmental hazards” by the American Heritage Dictionary www. ahdictionary. com) Like community psychology, public health also focuses less on the individual and more on the public and society in general. Public health concerns itself with the prevention of lifestyle diseases, such as heart problems, as well as diseases of which the occurrence can be reduced if the public is educated about it, such as HIV/AIDS and cholera (Tut 102 for PYC4811). Public health, as practised in South Africa and most industrialized countries, is based on the biomedical/western model of illness.

According to this model, the reason for disease and distress (and, therefore, mental illness) is because of lesions within the body or mind. These lesions are caused by an interaction between a. ) The characteristics of the individual (such as age, educational level, nutritional status, etc), b. ) Disease-causing agents (such as germs, viruses, alcohol, etc) and c. ) External environmental and social issues (such as poverty, war, pollution, etc). (Tutorial letter 102/0/2013for Pyc4811, 2013). According to Marc Zimmerman (http://www. answers. om), there are many similarities between the Community Health and Public Health fields, such as their methods, topics, theories and values. Both fields use methods such as advocacy, community organizing, policy influence, and dissemination (Zimmerman, http://www. answers. com). They also both apply theories and conceptual models, such as empowerment theory, social change theories and ecological theory. Community Psychology concerns itself with cultural issues and differences through the application of theory, research and intervention programs.

This is similar to Public Health approaches because these programs are designed to match the values, norms, and beliefs of the community or public, whether the focus is on ethnic, behavioural, gender, or cultural differences. Both Community Psychology and Public Health regard social relationships and involve the community. Both also consider the external factors when looking at the individual’s problems, so as not to solely blame the individual for the problem, and will advocate social rather than individual change. (Perkins, 2011)

There are, however, key aspects in which the two approaches differ. While Community Psychology concerns itself more with mental health issues and behavioural aspects of health (such as promiscuity, drug use, etc) , Public Health seems to focus more on traditional health issues, such as communicable diseases (like HIV/AIDS, T. B, etc). The two approaches also differ in the sense that Community Psychology focuses on theory and social research, while Public Health has a more practise-orientated approach to social problems. Zimmerman, http://www. answers. com) To conclude, I would not say that these differences are irreconcilable, as the two approaches have more in common than they differ. When dealing with the mental health of the community, I believe that it would be advantageous to apply both Community Psychology AND Public Health approaches. Because both approaches focus on prevention and empowerment, as well as community involvement, they can fulfil each other’s short comings by using the same principles.

Pulse Polio Pulse Polio is an immunization campaign established by the government of India in 1995-96 to eradicate poliomyelitis (polio) in India by vaccinating all children under the age of five years against polio virus. This project deals with the ways to fight poliomyelitis through a large scale immunization programme, co-operating with various international institutions, state governments and Non Governmental Organizations. In India, vaccination against Polio started in 1978 with Expanded Program in Immunization (EPI). By 1984, it was successful in covering around 40% of all infants, giving 3 doses of OPV to each.

In 1985, the Universal Immunization Program (UIP) was launched to cover all the districts of the country. UIP became a part of child safe and survival motherland program (CSSM) in 1992 and Reproductive and Child Health Program (RCH) in 1997. This program led to a significant increase in coverage, up to 95%. The number of reported cases of polio also declined from 28,757 during 1987 to 3,265 in 1995. In 1995, following the Polio Eradication Initiative of World Health Organization (1988), India launched Pulse Polio Immunization Program along with Universal Immunization Program which aimed at 100% coverage.

In 2012, India was declared free of polio by WHO. Key objectives The Pulse Polio Initiative (PPI) aims at covering every individual in the country. It aspires to reach even children in remote communities through an improved social mobilization plan. Not a single child should miss the immunization, leaving no chance of polio occurrence. Cases of Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) to be reported in time and stool specimens of them to be collected within 14 days. Outbreak Response Immunization (ORI) to be conducted as early as possible. Maintaining high level of surveillance. Performance of good mop-up operations where polio has disappeared. India to be polio-free by 2005. Steps involved Setting up of booths in all parts of the country.  Initializing walk-in cold rooms, freezer rooms, deep freezers, ice-lined refrigerators and cold boxes for ensuring steady supply of vaccine to booths. Arranging employees, volunteers and vaccines. Ensuring vaccine vial monitor on each vaccine vial. Immunizing children with OPV on National Immunization Days. Identifying missing children from immunization process. Surveillance of efficacy. Study of its success State specific cases.

The Gujarat case- In 1998, in Bhavnagar district of Gujarat, immunization officers reported that 98 children out of the total of 2,000 missed the vaccine. Health workers were first prevented from coming to village. Later, when the booths were established and the program did start, lot of parents did not bring their children to the booth. According to them, children from their village developed polio-paralysis even after the immunization. Health officers, who visited the village in West Bengal, saw utter discontent amongst the people as they stated that two children contracted the virus after the vaccine.

In another instance, parents of a two-and-a-half-year-old child who developed cellulites in the heel were convinced that it had been caused by the vaccine that was given to their child a week before. The doctor who gave the vaccine was forced to pay the entire amount for the child’s treatment. Therefore, the reasons for non-compliance by the people can be anything from lack of attitude to lack of awareness, from vaccinating an ill child to apprehension about the side-effects of polio drops (including fever, loose motion, death, infertility etc. [It is found out that poor participation of doctors and nurses, difficulty in maintaining and procuring vaccine, difficulty in procuring vehicles, inadequate support from community members are also reasons why the program has not been completely successful.India free of polio 2012 The last reported case of polio in India was in West Bengal on January 13, 2011. On 25 February, 2012, India was officially struck off the list of polio-endemic countries by the World Health Organization (WHO).

Lab Management Assignment Hand Sanitizer 2012 xxx [Pick the date] HAND SANITISER * * A hand sanitizer or hand antiseptic is a supplement or alternative to hand washing with soap and water. * Various preparations are available, including gel, foam, and liquid solutions. * The active ingredient in hand sanitizers may be isopropanol, ethanol, n-propanol, povidone-iodine. * Inactive ingredients in alcohol rubs typically include a thickening agent such as polyacrylic acid for alcohol gels, humectants such as glycerin for liquid rubs, propylene glycol, and essential oils of plants. Alcohol based hand sanitizers are more effective at killing germs than soaps and do not dry out hands as much. * Common non-alcohol, rinse-free hand sanitizer brands use either small concentrations of the nitrogenous cationic surface-acting agent benzalkonium chloride or the chlorinated aromatic compound triclosan or povidone-iodine * All hand sanitizer products require NDC designation in United States and NPN designation in Canada. Hand sanitizer is controlled as a biocide in Europe. Alcohol Based Hand Sanitizers: Dr.

Bronner’s Organic Hand Sanitizing Spray, Purell, Germ-X, GermFree, Hygel, Deb, Aqium, Dettol, Avant, Germ Out, Aquawet, Method Products. Non- Alcohol Based Hand Sanitizers: Gold Bond Ultimate, MicroAromor, Hy5, Soapopular, Handclens. HAND SANITIZERS WITH THEIR USAGE ; INGREDIENTS Hand Sanitizer Brands| Places of Use| Active Ingredients| Inactive Ingredients| Efficacy| Application| Dr. Bronner’s Organic Hand Sanitizing Spray| Home & Hospitals| 62% Organic Ethanol| Water, Organic Glycerine, Organic Lavender Oil. Gram positive, and Gram negative bacteria, yeast and molds. | Direct Rub| Purell| Widely in Hospitals| 63% ethyl alcohol| Water, Isopropyl Alcohol, Carbomer, Tocopheryl Acetate, Glycerine, Propylene Glycol, Isopropyl Myrisate, Fragrance| E. coli, Staphylococcus sp. , Streptococcus sp. , Salmonella sp. at > 99. 99| Direct Rub| Germ- X| Desk, Car, Restroom, School, Garage, Retail Counter. | 63% Ethyl Alcohol| Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Cross polymer, Benzophenone-4, Fragrance with Vitamin E, Glycerine, Tocopherol, Water | 9. 9% of many common harmful germs and bacterial | Direct Rub| GermFree| Travel, Hotels & Hospitals| 62% Ethyl Alcohol| | Bacteria, Virus & Fungi| Without water| Hygel| Home & Hospitals | Ethyl Alcohol| Water, isopropyl alcohol, vit A & E, carbomer, glycerine, popylene glycol, fruit fragrance| Germs & Bacteria’s| Without Water| Deb Instant FOAM| * * Outdoor * Office/Commercial/Leisure * Medical Rooms ; Laboratories * Food Service ; Catering| 70% Ethyl Alcohol| Water, Bis-PEG-12 Dimethicone, Behentrimon-ium Chloride, PEG-200 Hydrogenat-ed Glyceryl Palmate, PEG-7 Glyceryl Cocoate, Coco-Clucoside, Glyceryl Oleate, Dihydroxyp-ropyl PEG-5 Linoleamm-onim | 99. 99% effective against common germs and bacteria’s| Foam basedUsed without water| Aqium| Home & aloevera aqium is hospital formulation| 66% Ethanol| Thickener, Dexpanthen-ol, DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, Fragrance, pH neutraliser, Water – purified| Bacteria and Viruses| Apply on dry hands| Avant| Hospitals, Restaurants, fitness centres| 70% Ethyl Alcohol| Isopropanol| Clostridium difficile,Enterococcus faecium; Enterococcus faecalis; and Staphylococcus aureus MMRSA. | Foaming hand sanitizer; apply without water| Germ Out| Schools, Work place,Pub-lic restroom| 70%Isopropanol and 0. 02%Benzalkonium chloride| No inactive ingredients| Bacteria’s, Viruses ; Fungi| Gel based used with water| Aquawet| Schools, Hospitals, Public Toilets. | 60% Ethyl Alcohol| Aloe Barbadensis Gel, Carbomer, Fragrance, Tocopheryl Acetate (Vitamin E), Triethanolamine,Water | 99. % of offending germs| Used without water| Hand Sanitizer Their Ingredients ; Long Term Side Effects: * The research for various commercially available hand sanitizer’s shows that most effective sanitizers are those which are alcohol based; and the active ingredient in them is Ethyl Alcohol which ranges from 60 to 80 % depending on their efficacy and level of disinfection. * Contradictory evidence about the safety of such topical applications of the alcohol can be found in the scientific literature. * The first and foremost concerns of topical ethanol applications for public health are its carcinogenic effects, as there is unambiguous evidence for the carcinogenicity of ethanol. Topically applied ethanol acts as a skin penetration enhancer and may facilitate the transdermal absorption of xenobiotics (e. g. carcinogenic contaminants in cosmetic formulations). * Alcohol is associated with an increased risk of cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and oesophagus. * Ethanol use is associated with skin irritation or contact dermatitis, especially in humans with an aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) deficiency. * After regular application of ethanol on the skin (e. g. in the form of hand disinfectants) relatively low but measurable blood concentrations of ethanol and its metabolite acetaldehyde may occur, which are, however, below acute toxic levels. Besides skin cancer, alcohol abuse has been associated with the development of several skin disorders including psoriasis, discoid eczema and superficial infections. * Using antibacterial hand sanitizer can increase your skin sensitivity to the ultra violet rays that may cause sunburn in sunlight. * Antibacterial hand sanitizer use may cause skin sensitivity in the form of itching, burning sensation or dry skin. Most forms of the sanitizer contain alcohol, which can easily cause redness, dryness and even peeling of skin, especially if used too often. CONCLUSION: The study of various commercially available hand sanitizers provide with the information that alcohol based hand sanitizers are the most effective and having high level out disinfection compared to non-alcohol based ones.

Simultaneously, the SDS and various science studies provide the information regarding long term use & side effects of the active ingredients in the hand sanitizers. Even though there is still further research work going on to provide sufficient proofs against topical application Ethanol(ethyl alcohol). Knowing long term side effects of regular use hand sanitizers, it should be concluded it is not always important to use hand sanitizers. The use should be restricted on to visits or work in hospitals or any germ prone place as such the hand sanitizers will help getting rid of germs, bacteria, fungi and virus it won’t help getting away from dust and dirt.

Hence it is more important to cleans hands with soap and water on regular basis and restrict use of hand sanitizers on to visits to germ prone places. REFRENCES: Article Source: http://EzineArticles. com/4521097, Median Biopharma, http://www. hygel. com/hygel/default. htm, http://www. germx. com/product_detail. aspx? id=18, http://dailymed. nlm. nih. gov/dailymed/drugInfo. cfm? id=38145 http://www. majacmedical. com. au/msds/MSDS%20Aqium%20Gel. pd, http://www. b4brands. com/products_avantoriginal_fragrance-free. html http://www. germout. com/germ_out_kill_claims. pdf http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC2596158/, PDR Health: Hand Sanitizer, Drug Watch: Hand Sanitizer http://www. livestrong. com/article/174149-antibacterial-hand-sanitizer-side-effects/#ixzz25bhJL12O,

Sarah M. Davies Rough Draft Com/155 Angela Robles 2-24-2013 The comparison of methods to lose weight In early 1999, over 61% of American adults were classified as overweight or obese. Since then, the rising rate of obesity in this country has continued to increase. Obesity has been known to cause many health issues that could result in death. With the rising rate of obesity in Americans, the Surgeon General suggests a reduced calorie diet and cardio exercise to lose weight; however, many become victims of “easy” weight loss methods such as the “Hollywood diet”.

The Surgeon General is a good source to find methods of weight loss and therefore suggests a reduced calorie diet and rigorous exercise to lost weight. “Approximately 300,000 deaths each year in the United States may be attributable to obesity. ” The first question that arises when the subject of losing weight comes up is: “Can I still eat what I want? ” The answer could possibly be yes if you follow the suggestions of the Surgeon General. When a person is determined to lose weight, they could follow this type of diet to lose weight efficiently.

A reduced calorie diet helps weight loss by lowering food intake and allows for fewer calories for the body to process. Another question that has been asked would be: “Am I going to be getting enough nutrients when I reduce my calories? ” These reduced calorie diets do not deprive the body of nutrients but rather adjust the amount of calories one takes in. This type of diet should also include a daily regimented portion of exercise. Exercise helps reduce the risk of heart disease and diabetes in those who are overweight or obese. The Surgeon General also tates “Overweight and obesity are associated with heart disease, certain types of cancer, type 2 diabetes, stroke, arthritis, breathing problems, and psychological disorders, such as depression. ” The risk of all these health issues are drastically reduced when one begins exercise to lose weight. The Hollywood diet is a juice only diet that rids your body of chemicals and cleanses your system. However, it is believed by some scientists that the body is capable of ridding toxins from itself without the need for a fast, easy method such as this.

The Hollywood diet drink is composed of mostly natural ingredients like water, fructose, pineapple, orange, prune, apple and white grape juices along with preserves and stabilizers. This diet reduces the caloric intake from the standard 2,000 calorie diet to that of only 400 calories per day. Instead of eating three to four square meals per day, the individual would be drinking this juice product four times per day along with water. Statistics show that 84% of people who have tried this diet enjoyed the results. The Hollywood diet can help increase energy, clears up skin and helps reduce constipation.

There are also no red flag ingredients included in this drink that could cause issues with one’s health. Caffeine and ephedra are two ingredients that are not included in this drink. Unfortunately, since this diet is a vitamin and mineral fortified drink, it is only known to be a short term weight loss method and has no known long term results. Experts who have studied this product have stated “this type of diet can be misleading because an individual would be losing water weight and not fat. ” Also, because this is a low calorie diet, it may not be optimal for certain individuals with health issues.

In comparison, with a reduced calorie diet and exercise, the individual is provided with all essential vitamins and nutrients to aid in weight loss; but with the Hollywood diet, you are not. The Hollywood diet does not provide an individual with proteins or fats which are essentials to optimal health. If an individual were to follow the Surgeon General’s suggestion, they would be provided these two essentials, just in a smaller dosage. Protein is essential to a healthy diet and fats help the body to function properly. If a person were to be diabetic, the reduced calorie diet with exercise will help maintain blood sugar levels.

Unfortunately, with the Hollywood diet, specifically states “This type of diet is not recommended for diabetics or those with health issues. ” Since the Hollywood diet is a very low calorie diet, a person who tries this diet could suffer from intestinal cramping, gallstones and cardiovascular problems. Therefore it is not recommended by the Surgeon General to try this type of diet for “rapid” weight loss. In conclusion, for optimal results with no underlying health risks, it is best to follow the Surgeon Generals suggestion of a reduced calorie diet and healthy exercise.

When an individual follows this diet there is a drastically reduced risk of contracting cardiovascular issues, high blood pressure, and helps aid in losing weight the proper way. The Hollywood diet is a good diet for quick and easy weight loss. Unfortunately, there are certain risks with this diet, especially for those that have diabetes. The main concerns are the fact that with this diet, individuals are only losing water weight and not fat. The name of Hollywood diet allows the user to think of the stars and famous, but with the risk of cardiovascular issues and high blood pressure, there is no stardom inherited.

It is imperative to control the rise of obesity and by following the Surgeon Generals suggestion. The body is very important to keep in good health. To quote Henry Ward Beecher: “The body is like a piano, and happiness is like music. It is needful to have the instrument in good order. ” References: http://www. surgeongeneral. gov/library/calls/obesity/fact_whatcanyoudo. html http://www. faddiet. com/hollywooddiet. html http://www. dietsinreview. com/diets/Hollywood_Miracle_Diet/ www. surgeongeneral. gov/library/calls/obesity

The healthcare system is composed of different individuals who are aiming to provide quality healthcare services to achieve optimum health among their patients. One of which are nurses. It is said that the role of the nurses are very important in the health care delivery as they are the ones who are directly involved in the care of the patients. The core services of the nurses include health promotion, health protection and illness prevention (Backe, 1996). However, in this contemporary world, the role of the nurses are not only limited in the caring of the patients, but also in changing the public health system to ensure that they provide quality and standard health care services among people.

Accordingly, the public health is the core of a quality heath care system and is considered as the most cost-efficient method for the prevention of disease and improvement of health (Avila & Smith, 2003). The public health is also known as the first line of defense of the nation as their response to the threat of bioterrorism and in line with disaster preparedness.

With years of negligence and erosion in financial budget, the capability of the public health system has been compromised in performing their core functions effectively. In this regard, such issue has become critical in sustaining a long-term stable funding source for the health of the public. With the continuous threats of bioterrorism, pandemic flu, and natural disasters it is important that public health system must be improved to cope with these challenges.

As a nurse, I can say that I also have the capability of changing the public health system in various ways. One of these is by being more observant to what is happening around me. Being a nurse, my responsibility should not be bounded by merely practicing all the things that I have learned from the books and from the years of studies at nursing school. In order to make changes in the public health system, I must become more observant to my environment specifically in terms of knowing what policies provided by healthcare authorities are still suitable for the current trends in delivering quality healthcare services and which policies should be modified or revised to meet the changing needs of the people.

In addition, I can say that as a nurse, I can change the public health system by knowing directly from the people what they need and coordinating it with the proper authorities for them to make changes and improvement to meet the needs of the public. In addition, I can also help by providing assistance in assessing the needs of the public and helps in providing effective intervention programs. Through my sufficient knowledge and skills not only with hands on activities but also in research and development since evidence are necessary in planning and implementation of appropriate public health system, especially in the remote and sub-urban communities.

I can also say that as a nurse, I also have the ability to change the public health system and provide significant impact in terms of improving the public health through both the population-based health approaches, evidenced-based health strategies and interventions with individuals and families. Recent studies have shown that the crucial role of nurses play in the enhancement of evidenced-based nursing practice and their influence on the public health system (Manley & Webster, 2006).

Furthermore, I can also say that I can help in changing the public health system by my distinctive knowledge based on my experience as a public nurse. As strategists, clinical experts as well as collaborators, I can say that I also have the unique ability to interpret the essentialities of health and illness contexts so as to advocate families, populations and clients to healthcare planners and policy making body’s at all public levels of the healthcare system.

Since I have worked in various roles within a wide spectrum of the public health system in various work environment and settings, I can say that I have enough information on what the public health system should be improved and enhanced (HRSA, 2005).

Through my nursing practice expertise, I can also become an instrument to enable the public health authority to identify which intervention strategies is suitable for a specific need of the people as well as to help in overcoming the problems and issues faced by the public health system in order to continuously provide quality health care to the patients, especially in the rural communities.

All in all, I can say that my role as a nurse is not only limited to the clinical practice and expertise. My role is to become an effective instrument of bridging the long distance between the people and the authorities who are trying to safeguard their health and help them in preventing diseases that would threaten them for having quality health care living.

Reference

1. Avila, M. and Smith, K (2003). “The reinvigoration of public health nursing: methods and innovations.” Journal of Public Health Management Practice 9(1): 16-24.
2. Backe, H. (1996) Public Health Nursing Services in Rural and Northern Regional Health
3. Authorities: Policy Options for Boards. Unpublished Paper. Winnipeg.
4. Heath Resources and Services Administration. (2005). Public health workforce study. Bureau of Health Professions: Rockville, Maryland.
5. Manley, K. & Webster, J. (2006). Can we keep quality care alive? Nursing Standard 21(3): 12-15.

The functions of the public health care system according to Deacon (2001) are: improving the health and well-being of the population; preventing disease and reducing its consequences; prolonging life; and minimizing imbalance in health.

The United States government has always been persistent in addressing public health. In line with this, the government proposed a new public health reform that attempts to acquire a wider coverage of state residents by requiring them to get a health care coverage.

According to Kaisernetwork.org (2007), the reform would have the following provisions:

1. Residents having 250% and below of poverty level would receive subsidies from the state;
2. Residents having up to 400% of poverty level would have the opportunity to remove health care premium costs that are beyond 5.5% of their compensation;
3. Residents who retire before age 65 would be given tax credits to avert them from spending more than 10% of their insurance savings.

The planned reform attempts a wider coverage so it prohibits insurers to turn down residents wishing to acquire health care coverage. However, critics contend that the health care reform would be unfair and unproductive. In addition, it would be unsustainable – politically and financially.

Public servants such as myself who belong to the nursing profession concern ourselves with the community’s health. We play a critical role in improving public’s health based on their knowledge, adequacy, and accessibility as mentioned by Deacon (2001).

Our knowledge as nurses is quite depended by the public since they have extensive awareness of the communities they serve and the needs of these. We as nurses are also considered to be in a position to work for the public since they are regarded legitimate individuals that promote health improvement. The adequacy of nurses also enables people to confidentially discuss issues with them since they are viewed to be part of a large population of both ill and well.

Biomedicine.org (2008) asserted that the contribution of nurses, like myself,  to the health care reform will be on the calculations of the patient result quality and costs of health care. Nevertheless, nurses can help change the existing health care system by providing substantive information to the community at large, thereby educating them with the cure and prevention of certain diseases. DOH (2000) stated that nurses are responsible of health awareness activities such as immunizations, cancer screening, and helping people with diabetes and asthma live dynamically.

Problems with communities can also be addressed by nurses by facilitating groups that will educate individuals with health issues such as smoking and mental illness. Above all, these public figures should be well informed in educational and organizational support to be fully trusted by local communities as health practitioners so that they may be able to embark systematic measures to change the current health care system the society is put in.

Public health care reforms are made for the benefit of state residents, but some reforms are just too costly and unproductive to be appreciated by average citizens. Nevertheless, nurses play the crucial role of promoting health, preventing illness and prolonging life, no matter what health care reform the country is put in. But for nurses to help change the current health care system, they must be able to fully utilize their potentials by sharing their knowledge and experience to educate and promote health awareness; assessing the information, terminologies, and concept available to them and creating opportunities such as support groups to share new information and experiences which are accorded to them, as mentioned by GANM (2006).

References

1. Bio-Medicine.org (2008). Mnnesota registered nurses promote law to improve patient care and address health care costs. Retrieved on February 27, 2008
2. Deacon, S. (2001). Nursing for health: Areview of the contribution of nurses, midwives and health visitors to improving the public’s health in scotland. Retrieved on February 27, 2008 from http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2001/03/8525/File-1
3. Department of Health. (2000). Vital contribution made by community nurses to public health. February 27, 2008 from http://archive.nics.gov.uk/hss/001110e-hss.htm
4. Global Alliance for Nursing and Midwifery Communities of Practice. (2006). Wrking together
5. for health knowledge exchange. Retrieved on February 27, 2008 from my.ibpinitiative.org/public/Default.aspx?c=1325c561-2b21-449e-880e-6623a1214707
6. Kaisernetwork.org. (December 17, 2007). State wtch California Gov. Schwarzenegger, state assembly speaker reach compromise on health system overhaul. Retrieved on February 27, 2008 from http://www.kaisernetwork.org/daily_reports/rep_index.cfm?hint=3&DR_ID=49449