An Analysis of Relationship Between a Romanian-Born Jewish Writer Elie Wiesel and His Father

begins in a small town, Sighet, in Transylvania. The narrator/author of the book is Elie Wiesel. Elie is a child and a fairly devout Orthodox Jew during the time of World War 2. Night occurs in the 1940s when Hitler has begun to invade Hungry and slowly takes over Sighet and deports Elie and his family. Elie and his father have a very strong relationship in the beginning and throughout the book, although this relationship does transform as the two go through more and more. Towards the end of the book Elie begins to feel that his father is a burden and consequently feel’s guilt because of this. In the beginning of the book Elie looks up to his father because his father is a respected member of the Jewish community in Sighet. His father was not in favor of Elie’s decision to study mysticism and therefore refused to be his mentor. As his father said, “Your to young for that. Maimonides said it was only at thirty that one had the right to venture into the perilous world of mysticism. You must first study the basic subjects within your understanding (1-2).” His father was not sentimental, ever as the book states. This tells us that Elie and his father at this point had a relationship based on respect as so many Orthodox Jewish families had between . When the two arrive at the camp there is a change in the way that Elie and his father relate. His father said that he would have rather Elie to go with his mother rather than have to see what they were going to do to Elie. Then his father began to weep. This was probably one of if not the only time that Elie ever saw his father cry. In this part of the book Elie begins to feel his father’s love for him and his father begins to show emotion toward him. Elie and his father become more like a father and son with more based on love and emotion than respect and obedience. As the book goes on Elie is separated from his father and transferred into Block 17 which was ironically enough the same Block that his father was put into. At this point in the story Elie and his father rely on each other a great deal.

They give each other support as to go on living and working. However this relationship grows hard to keep due to the Nazi oppression in the concentration camps. Elie had witnessed a 13-year old child beating his father to death for making his bed improperly, how could a father and son remain close in a place like this with such events occurring around them. This event is a warning to Elie not to lose his sense of compassion towards his father so that they can remain close and continue supporting each other because with each other neither of them will survive. There is a selection after the Jewish New Year. Elie is separated from his father and is worried that his father will not pass the selection. Elie passes the selection but his father does not. This upset Elie very much so because throughout the book up to this point it seems that Elie is getting his will to live and work from his father because he does not want to let his father down. Several days later Elie’s father comes back to the camp. Elie finds out that there had been a second selection among the selected and Elie’s father passed. Elie and his father are still close but Elie is beginning to see his father as a burden of sorts. Elie’s father is condemned to die again after the 42-mile march, however Elie is successful in sneaking his father back to the side of those who are supposed to continue working. This event shows how Elie is dedicated to his father and how despite all of the adversity that they have faced he is fighting to keep a relationship with his father.

Soon after this Elie and his father are herded into train cars and as they ride through German towns locals throw food into the cars to watch the Jews fight and even kill over it. Elie witnessed a man trying to grab a piece of bread from his son and in return his son killed him. After this happens Elie’s attitude towards his father changes greatly, he sees his father as a burden. When they all get off of the train Elie’s father finds his dear friend Meir Katz dead, this was the final blow to Elie’s father. Once Elie and his father are off the train his father just wishes to sit in the snow and rest. The alarms sound for and air raid and Elie leaves his father sitting in the snow, resting. After the air raid Elie searches for his father, but does not really care. Elie feels that perhaps his father is better off dead rather than having to struggle to survive. Elie finds his father in a hospital bed with dysentery where his father slowly dies. Elie’s father’s death gives Elie great guilt and depression because he feels it is his fault for letting his father be killed. He also felt immense guilt when he found himself feeling relieved when his father was taken to the crematory, instead of crying and feeling sad. The course of Elie and his father’s relationship to a degree shows how effective the Nazi’s were in doing what they wanted to do. Not only did they kill millions of Jews but also they turned son against father and father against son.

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The Relationship Between Parental Depressive Symptoms and Children’s Behavior

The Relationship Between Parental Depressive Symptoms and Children’s Behavior Brodyn Evans PSYC 1013 October 11, 2018 Richard B. Slatcher, Ph.D. and Christopher J. Trentacosta. Naturalistic Observation Study of the Links Between Parental Depressive Symptoms and Preschoolers’ Behaviors in Everyday Life. J Fam Psychol. 2011 Jun. Summary Introduction The relationship between children’s behaviors and parents’ depressive symptoms is one area of study that attempts to recognize the influence of depression in mothers and fathers as it directly correlates with their children’s every day behaviors. One study that examines the influence of parental depressive symptoms and children’s behavior is entitled “A Naturalistic Observation Study of the Links Between Parental Depressive Symptoms and Preschoolers’ Behaviors in Everyday Life”. Participants Thirty-five pre-school students and their families from Austin, Texas were the subject of this study. Families were required to meet specific criteria to participate in the study; i.e. children must be between the ages of 3-5 and live in a two-parent household where parents displayed depressive symptoms. 21 girls and 14 boys Participated in the study.

The families’ annual household income ranged from $30,000 to $500,000, with a median of $85,000. The sample was 73% white, 21% Latino/Hipic, 4% African-American and 2% other. Students were recruited through area daycares and through a posting on Craig’s List. Procedure Families attended an information session to learn about the study and complete all documentation. Following, the children were equipped with specialized shirts that hid an Electronic Activated Recorder to capture negative words, crying, and other sounds related to negative behaviors. One year later, the process was repeated to determine differences in the child’s behaviors in correlation with the parents’ depressive symptoms. Independent variables in this experiment included the children’s age and the two-parent household composition requirement. The dependent variables included parent’s depressive symptoms and child response to parental gender. Instruments The tools used in this study included the baseline parental depression scales; i.e. either the a short form of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D Short Form) or the Beck Depression Inventory, and a baseline and one-year Electronically Activated Recorder, and the Child Behavioral Checklist.

Data Analysis The EAR recorded nineteen hours of sound that was standardized for each child. 150 randomly selected 30 second sound bites were transcribed by research assistants and coded using a linguistic analysis program. Data was analyzed to examine child behaviors; such as whining, negative emotion words, acting mad, watching television, crying, socializing, and laughing. Results and Conclusions The authors identified two major findings:  Parental depressive symptoms were positively associated with children’s crying, acting mad, and watching television. Mothers’ and fathers’ depressive symptoms at baseline additively predicted increases in children’s negative emotion word use one year later. The researchers concluded that there is a link between parental depression and childhood misbehavior. Additionally, they determined that focused interventions and relationship building are important for children whose parents are living with depressive symptoms. Critique Problem The research is a study of parental depressive symptoms’ impact and relationship in child development and negative behaviors in early childhood. Although the problem is clearly stated, the researchers did not provide a comparative group; such as childhood behaviors related to parents without depressive symptoms. Review of Literature Although the researchers alluded to other literature and studies that address this problem, they stated that the research is in its early stage without naturalistic observation studies to compare and contrast their findings. Hypothesis The researches predicted that parental depressive symptoms would affect early childhood behavior.

Their hypothesis indicated that children learn to regulate their emotions through learned behavior and relationships. The parental relationship is an important factor in early childhood development and depressive symptoms create conflict and may prevent the parent from modeling positive behaviors. Participants The study’s sampling was very narrow in scope; including geographical area, sampling size, and lack of diversity in sampling. This study flaw makes the results challenging to apply to other settings and populations. The sampling was from an urban area and was mostly White and Latino. It will be difficult to transfer findings to other races and rural populations whose experiences and resources may be different. Instruments The instruments used in the study were both naturalistic observations based on the EAR and evidence-based assessment tools completed by the parents. Children wore the EAR for a day-long period where 30 second sound bites were recorded, coded and analyzed for specific behaviors.

Procedure The study only focused on the parents’ depressive symptoms as the root cause of the child’s negative behaviors. The study does not account for other factors; such as other caring adults, other mental health/physical health conditions, parental substance use, parental depression treatment, other household conditions, societal influences on the child, environmental influences, poverty, and community resources. Data Analysis The study’s data was gathered by research assistants who were responsible for transcribing the EAR recordings and coding the results based on their interpretation of the sounds. Data input is dependent on the research assistants’ accuracy and may be subject to human error. Additionally, parental responses on the evidence-based tools are subjective to the parents’ past experiences, interpretation of questionnaires, and parent responses impacted by past stigma or discrimination. The connection between parent gender and child behaviors were significant in considering interventions by fathers versus mothers. Results and Conclusions The results are presented logically, yet due to the narrowness of the study, additional research is necessary to determine the connection between parental depressive symptoms and early childhood behavior. Although the study concludes that parental depressive symptoms can have a direct influence on children’s negative behaviors, too many variables are not accounted for.

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Relationship paper: Overview

My expectations from our friendship was a lot because she was very important me almost as to consider her like my sister. I expected to get proven that true friends do exist and that no matter what, she would be by my side. She has proven that to me and everyone knew we were best friends. Due to the way she was with me, I always had mentality that best friends last forever. I get really attached to people and sometimes scared to ever lose anyone close to me. My friendship with her relates a lot to the METHOD because that’s exactly what occurred in the same order.

As our friendship progressed, every year there would be periods of time where we “thought” we were mad at each other because of lack of communication at times. If I ever felt sad I always contacted or cached out to her first, I would wait and see If she would do the same and It went vice versa. It was freshman year when our school schedule changed and effected our friendship. Our classes were so distant from each other and we no longer shared lockers. She was part of the cheer team and so that took up most of her time.

Plus, she met a lot of new girls and spend more time with them. My expectations changed and I understood that it was time consuming but communication went both ways. Most of the time I felt like I was the only one that made effort. Some investments I made were going to watch her perform. I paid and attended almost every game and I knew she appreciated that. That showed a lot about my person and I knew she felt proud to have me around as well. This was continuous throughout high school and soon enough it became a habit.

I accepted the change and it then became normal. In a way we were too needy for each other so the space was much needed. 2. Some ways that we have communicated nonverbally are using symbols. We would always wear matching Jewelry that signified our friendship. We did almost everything the same, always matched with clothing as well. Some nonverbal expressions included a lot of looks. If we were ever in an awkward situation, we always gave each other a look that showed we felt uncomfortable or any clue to go.

We knew what looks we gave each other meant right away. A lot of friendships that are strong and last long, depend on nonverbal communication. The quality of my friendship with her always improved because we could easily read each other, and understand the emotions behind each other’s words. The way you respond to someone nonverbally can show that you understand and care about them and the relationship will grow and be fulfilling to both. Verbally wise, it’s always been very Important to pay close attention o what I and my friend say to each other.

Having this friendship with her has taught me a lot on how to be an effective communicator and listener. Understanding the meaning of one’s words and the Ideas and feelings behind them Is very Important. Dual perspective is the ability to understand another’s perspectives, feelings and perceptions of what she would say or do something wasn’t so easy. At times it was quite difficult. Asking questions before Judging or commenting and explaining my own feelings and needs so the friend understood where I was coming from help us communicate a lot more.

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Stability: Does Gay Marriage Encourage Stable Relationships?

Angelica Causaren Bom25 Stability: Does gay marriage encourage stable relationships? * Being married is a source of stability and commitment “Case No. S147999 in the Supreme Court of the State of California”: “Being married is a source of stability and commitment for the relationship between spouses. Barriers to terminating a marriage include feelings of obligation to one’s spouse, children, and other family members; moral and religious values about divorce; legal restrictions; financial concerns; and the expected disapproval of friends and the community. * Gays can have stable relationships w/o marriage Adam Kolasinksi. “The Secular Case Against Gay Marriage. ” The Tech (M. I. T. ) February 20th, 2004: “Some argue that homosexual marriages serve a state interest because they enable gays to live in committed relationships. However, there is nothing stopping homosexuals from living in such relationships today. ” * Most gays don’t care for marriage commitments. Most homosexuals are not interested in the restrictions and commitments of marriage.

This simply argues against the notion that offering marriage will have a widespread stabilizing effect. Since very few gays will opt for it, little stability will be gained within the relatively promiscuous gay community. Social gain: Is gay marriage good for society? * Gay marriage is beneficial where it exists today Alliance Defense Fund on Opposing Views. com. Retrieved 3. 1. 2010: “Massachusetts no longer shuts committed same-sex couples out of marriage. The sky has not fallen, and actually communities are better off, because promoting responsibility is good for everyone.

As observed by the Massachusetts newspaper The Republican, ‘even some of [the] most vocal opponents have come to realize that the controversy over [allowing access to] marriage was a lot of fuss about nothing. ‘ In fact, The Boston Globe reported that in the first election after the discrimination ended, ‘every challenger to a supporter of gay marriage was defeated. ‘” * Gay marriage does not help propagate society Adam Kolasinksi. “The Secular Case Against Gay Marriage. ” The Tech (M. I. T. February 20th, 2004: “Homosexual relationships do nothing to serve the state interest of propagating society [… ]. ” * Gay marriage does not help society; can’t justify costs Adam Kolasinksi. “The Secular Case Against Gay Marriage. ” The Tech (M. I. T. ) February 20th, 2004: “Homosexual relationships do nothing to serve the state interest of propagating society, so there is no reason to grant them the costly benefits of marriage. [… ] When a state recognizes a marriage, it bestows upon the couple certain benefits which are costly to both the state and other individuals.

Collecting a deceased spouse’s social security, claiming an extra tax exemption for a spouse, and having the right to be covered under a spouse’s health insurance policy are just a few examples of the costly benefits associated with marriage. In a sense, a married couple receives a subsidy. Why? Because a marriage between to unrelated heterosexuals is likely to result in a family with children, and propagation of society is a compelling state interest. For this reason, states have, in varying degrees, restricted from marriage couples unlikely to produce children. ” * Is same-sex marriage good for society? The ongoing debate over civil unions and same-sex marriage often generates more heat than light. * Maggie Gallagher and John Corvino . * Gallagher, a same-sex marriage opponent, argues that marriage between a woman and a man is the fundamental, cross-cultural institution for insuring that children have loving, committed mothers and fathers. Corvino, a same-sex marriage advocate, argues that recognizing same-sex unions would be good not only for gay people, but also for society at large, since society has an interest in supporting stable, loving relationships for all its members. In the course of their debates, Gallagher and Corvino address many sub-topics: the needs of children, the complementarity of the sexes, the analogy to the civil-rights movement, the alleged slippery-slope towards polygamy and polyamory, and the implications for religious freedom. They work together to promote a more productive conversation on these issues. Rosalia Pere BOM25 *society * Same sex Marriage also known as gay marriage or gender-neutral marriage is marriage between two persons of the same biological sex or social gender.

Homosexual relationships are increasingly gaining the acceptance in other countries. But still banned in the Philippines. Possible reasons for same sex marriage: -Homosexuality is accepted lifestyle nowadays with most evidence strongly supporting biological causation. -Legalizing same sex marriage will be big help for orphanage since same sex partners cannot pro-create which would probably brought them to adopt. Possible reasons against same sex: -It would weaken the definition and respect for institutional of marriage. -It would further weaken the traditionally family values.

Marriage is a special contract of permanent union between a man and the woman entered into accordance with law for the establishment of conjugal and family law. Recently we’ve seen Filipino gay and lesbian couples getting married in the Philippines. Resparkling the debate on same sex marriage. Philippine laws do not recognize and protect same sex marriage. It doesn’t matter which religion you belong. Unlike certain matters like divorce. Traditionally in our country marriage has been defined as a religious and legal commitment between man and woman as well the ultimate expression of love .

Status of same sex marriage: Philippines: The New People’s Army of the Philippines conducted the country’s first same-sex marriage in 2005. However it was not recognized by the government. Within the government there has been some debate on the issue of same-sex unions. The Roman Catholic Church stands in fierce opposition to any such unions. But since 1991 the Metropolitan Community Church Philippines has been conducting Same Sex Holy Unions in the Philippines. As of 2010, the issue of same-sex marriage is not “under consideration” in the Philippines.

The only thing under consideration is a possible ban on same-sex marriage, including refusal to recognize marriages performed overseas. No political party has placed gay rights on its platform aside from Akbayan, a small party with only one representative in Congress. Question : •Why the number of homosexuality increase in our society ? Jaimee marcaida Do Catholics oppose same-sex marriage because they think sex is dirty? Do they not want others to have fun? The Catholic Church takes a very high view of marriage and human sexuality.

As the account of Genesis shows, marriage and sexuality were created by God and given to mankind as gifts for our benefit. Scripture records God’s statement that “it is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him a helper fit for him” (Gen. 2:18). As a result, “a man leaves his father and his mother and cleaves to his wife, and they become one flesh” (Gen. 2:24). Some may forego the good of marriage to serve a higher calling (cf. Matt. 19:10-12), but it is a good nevertheless. Marriage is a conduit through which God’s grace flows to the couple and their children. The Catholic Church understands marriage between a baptized man and woman to be a sacrament, a visible sign of the grace that God gives them to help them live their lives here and now so as to be able to join him in eternity. 2 For Catholics, marriage is social as well as religious, but its religious. aspects are very important. The Bible repeatedly compares the relationship between man and wife to that between God and Israel (cf. Hos. 9:1) or between Christ and his Church (cf. Eph. 5:21-32). For Catholics, marriage is a holy vocation.

Since the Church sees marriage as holy, it believes it must be treated with reverence. It also recognizes that marriage is basic to the health of society and therefore a public institution that must be defended against harm. Marriage is a public institution. Consequently, proposals that could harm the institution of marriage must be subjected to the same sort of objective analysis that we give any public policy question. Marriage is not just a private matter of emotion between two people. On the contrary, its success or failure has measurable impact on all of society.

Rational analysis yields solid, objective reasons for limiting marriage to one man and one woman-reasons anyone can agree with on purely secular grounds. Our analysis will show that prohibition of homosexual marriage is not just a “fairness” issue, nor does it require anyone to “force religious dogma” down anyone else’s throat. Nor is it a manifestation of hatred, as proponents sometimes suggest. “Marriage is a special contract of permanent union between a man and a womanentered into in accordance with law for the establishment of conjugal and family life. it should not be legalizad in the philippines because we are the only christian dominant country in asia, and because Filipinos valued marriage a lot and respect its meaning and its purpose in the cycle of life. Furthermore Filipinos are applying in their culture the christian virtues and that includes marriage. Same sex marriage will never prosper in the Philippines for two reasons: one because of the strong Catholic upbringing of most Filipinos, and two, because Filipino homosexuals are far from united. Marriage is a bond between a man and a woma

Marriage is a special contract of permanent union between a man and a womanentered into in accordance with law for the establishment of conjugal and family life. ” This is part of the definition provided in Section 1 of the Family Code. The Supreme Court stated in a 2007 case that one of the most sacred social institutions is a special contract of permanent union between a man and a woman, referring to the institution of marriage. One of its essential requisites of marriage is the legal capacity of the contracting parties who must be a male and a female. ecause most of us are raised in Christian families; thus, espouses the doctrine that a man is made only for a woman especially in the Philippine Family Code. The Code is explicit in providing for a marriage between a male and a female. Even the present Philippine Constitution advocates the same idea as implied from instituting the family as a basic social institution. Marriages are entered into in view of creating families. Procreation is obviously possible only between members of different sexes.

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Death of a Salesman Family Relationships

Battle between Father and Son Family relationships always have a way of playing a key role for the duration of most literary pieces. According to Arthur Miller’s novel, Death of a Salesman, the interaction of Willy and his sons, Happy and Biff, shows that family ties usually are connected either physically or emotionally in some way or another. Willy Loman is just like every father in a father/son bond, yet all he wants is to be a part of his son’s life.

Even though Biff and Happy admire and have so much love for their father when they are younger, later down the road when they are older suddenly they realize he had failed to prepare them for the real society in life. Many people would say that in the play that the father/son relationship would be considered merely ironic. In a sense, one might consider that a poor relationship stems more from the lack of love and attention from the father. With that in mind however, the Loman family’s circumstances would be considered the complete and utter opposite.

Ever since the day Willy Lomans’ first son was born, he vowed for his life goal to be the perfect father (1214). Throughout his life, he becomes enthralled with becoming the absolute ideal father, so to speak. It’s displayed through Willy’s actions and even his words that all he wishes for his son’s is for them to be what he sees as successful (1216). Although Willy may not be considered the best salesman out there, he has the constant urge to keep believing he needs to keep trying harder in order to give off the impression to people that he’s an excellent provider.

With all his troubles, sacrifices he makes, and even his final suicide they all end up being for his sons, and not nearly for himself. Father Loman’s constant need to try and better his way of becoming a perfect father to his son’s drives him to believe that if he commits suicide he could better provide a different life that he wished he could’ve given to his son’s (1277). From the first line to the last, Willy had the instinct to think that if he did so much for his boy’s he had hoped that someday he would be considered an even greater father than his own was by making the so many sacrifices he did.

All Willy really wants is to be a part of his son’s lives and, Miller shows this by the example of when in the play Biff comes home to recollect himself, Willy seems to think this as a failure because he would rather see his eldest son be likely more successful rather than his youngest, Happy. Hereafter, Willy tries to take matter into his own hands, ‘I’ll get him a job selling, he could be big in no time’, he says to Linda (1215). Partially due to Willy’s consistency in Biff’s life conflicts start to erupt more partially to do with the fact being that they had different ideas of what the ‘American Dream” really is.

With Biff believing that the most inspiring job to a man is working outdoors, his father disregarded by saying that working on the road selling was the greatest job a man could possibly have (1276). The boys are clearly not at all fully functioning adults because of their upbringing throughout their life. Another major issue in the play with the father/son relationship between Willy and his sons is the amount of love shown towards them. The continuous support from growing up had molded the Lomans into men who always fled back home whenever a problem approached.

Biff says to Willy, ‘I never got anywhere because you blew me so full of hot air I could not stand taking orders from anybody! ’ (1275). were babied so much all through their childhood they never got a real chance of growing up and trying to choose for themselves of what they really wanted in their own lives. Being raised to only know to want one thing like selling, for example, puts pressure on everyone else especially the eldest, Biff.

In real life today we are faced with decisions of what is next after high school; In Death of a Salesman, Biff was pressured primarily from his father to be a famous football player but then when things turn for the worst he suddenly loses everything and nothing to live for but selling like his father, which is not his true idea of what the ‘American Dream’ is supposed to be. The father/son bond in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman, leads to a tragedy of downfall in the Loman family.

Willy’s longing effort to be the perfect father did not have much success for him in the life he tried to accomplish living. Once finding out that he still had his sons’ love he was immediately overwhelmed with it all. Suicide was Willy’s last resort to try and make up for what he wasn’t able to provide for his son’s growing up to give them the money from the accident. His immediate departure in the end left Happy, Linda, and Biff in despair and uncertainty of what was really going on through Willy’s thought process.

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Relationships among the leadership behaviors

Firstly, in choosing which of the leadership behaviors to use, two variables influence the choice: the subordinate’s characteristics and the task’s characteristics. The leader behavior is subject to these characteristics, making this a situational leadership theory. No single leadership behavior works for motivating every person and the leader supplies what is missing to motivate the follower. After this initial assessment of the follower and the task, the leader then helps the follower define goals and then reach them in the most efficient way.

Leaders may even adapt their styles with an individual during the completion of a task, if one part of the job needs a different motivation from another. [House, 1971] Secondly, in all the cases, adjusting the leadership style to suit the situation plays to the advantage of both the leader-follower relationship and the business. Employee performance and satisfaction are increased, creating a productive and beneficial working environment. [Peter, 2004] Thirdly, situational factors also determine the effects of leader behavior in all the four leadership styles.

These are the personal characteristics of the workers, and the environmental pressures which the workers must cope with in order to accomplish their goals. Fourthly, all the leadership styles share the similarity in that it is the leader’s job to assist followers in attaining goals and to provide the direction and support needed to ensure that their goals are compatible with the organization’s goals. A leaders behavior is acceptable to subordinates when viewed as a source of satisfaction and motivational when satisfaction is dependent on performance, and the leader facilitates, coaches, and rewards effective performance.

Lastly, research has shown that subordinates work performance and job satisfaction are positively influenced when the leader compensates for the shortcomings in either the subordinate or the work setting [The Basic Idea behind Path-Goal Theory, n. d. ] This applies in all the four leadership styles. Applications of the leadership styles The leadership traits as developed by Robert House can be utilized in various ways. One of them is in the emergency service oversight, which is discussed in detail below.

Emergency services oversights are the public organizations that regulate and monitor emergencies. For example, the Delaware Emergency Services Oversight Council (DEMSOC) is charged with monitoring Delaware Emergency Medical Services system to ensure that all elements of the system are functioning in a coordinated, effective and efficient manner in order to reduce morbidity and mortality rates for customers of Delaware. Using the example of DEMSOC the four leadership characteristics can be applied as follows:

First, for DEMSOC to operate smoothly there is a need for the leaders to show concern for the welfare of the subordinates –paramedics in this case- and provide a pleasant working environment. This will go a long way in boosting their self-esteem and making the job bearable especially that of dealing with traumatized accident victims at a short notice. Such supportive leadership will encourage the followers to trudge on despite the demoralizing odds inundated by strict deadlines and compassionate-demanding duties.

Two, directive leadership would be very effective when the paramedics are relatively inexperienced in their job, for instance if they are fresh from their training. The leader will have to allocate them schedules of the exact work to perform and at the specific time. It would also come out handily when dealing with a rare situation, for example when a new type of injury has to be dealt with and there is no set out procedure to follow. Three, participative leadership would apply best when the work at hand has to be performed by an advanced care paramedic.

Such a person has many years experience in delicate works and can be relied upon to make suggestions. When a rescue operation is extremely delicate necessitating effective coordination, the paramedic’s advice would play a critical role in decision making. Four, since emergency services oversight deal with saving lives or lessening suffering, the best possible standards and goals would be essential. Consequently, the leader has to show faith and confidence in the abilities of the paramedics to succeed. [Peter, 2004] Conclusion

Although the Path –Goal theory is complicated and sometimes confusing, it reminds leaders to persistently think of their core purposes as leaders, that is, to help define goals, clarify paths to get there, remove obstacles that may exist, and provide support and encouragement for achievement of goals. Most of the responsibility is on the leader however, and there is little emphasis identified for the follower. Some argue this kind of leadership may be counterproductive over time, resulting in learned helplessness. [House, 1971]

References: House, R. J. (1971). “A Path-Goal Theory of Leadership Effective”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. XVI, 321-38 House, R. J. , ; Mitchell, T. R. (1974). “Path-Goal Theory of Leadership”. Journal of Contemporary Business. Vol. 3: 81-97. Peter, G. N. (2004). Leadership: Theory and Practice (4th Ed. ). Sage Publishers, CA. “The Basic Idea Behind Path-Goal Theory. ”[n. d. ]. University of Maryland, retrieved from; http://terpconnect. umd. edu/~dbalon/EDCP317/notes/Path-Goal Theory. pdf. Accessed 2009-07-02 Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley

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Relationship between Companies Act

Parker J found the argument of Mr. Acton inconsistent under the following grounds as he has misread the judgments of both the cases of Ebrahimi v Westbourne Galleries Ltd and O’Neill v Phillips . In the case of Ebrahimi v Westbourne Galleries Ltd there is an express warning by Lord Wilberforce that a company – even if it is a quasi – partnership – can not be treated as if it were a partnership as laid down by Lord Hoffmann in O’Neill v Phillips.

Secondly it must be noted that for arriving at the decision of passing a winding up order on the just and equitable ground and under the provisions of section 459, Lord Hoffmann drew a parallel by applying the reasoning of Lord Wilberforce in the Ebrahimi’s case. As per Lord Hoffmann in O’Neill v Phillips, the winding up jurisdiction is not wider in scope than the remedies available under s. 459. Passing of a winding up order on a company can be equated to the passing of a death sentence on the company.

Moreover s 125 (2) of the Insolvency Act 1986 clearly identifies that the winding up order should be taken only as a last resort (as per the statutory provision stated above). Parker J was of the opinion that when there was no ground which is unfair under s 459 then the company need not be wound up under s 122 applying the principles of just and equitable grounds. If such an order is passed it would be inconsistent with the judgment pronounced by Lord Hoffmann in O’Neill v Phillips

Parker J also opined that if the decision in the case of Re R A Noble & Sons (Clothing) Ltd is to be taken as authority for withholding the proposition that an unfair conduct which could not be established so for the purpose of s 459 can be a case for winding up on just and equitable ground, then such authority is inconsistent with the decision in O’Neill v Phillips. Hence Parker J concluded that” if the conduct by the majority relied on by Surendra in the instant case is not unfair for the purposes of s 459, it cannot found a case for a winding-up order on the ‘just and equitable’ ground.

” Conclusion: Based on the argument of Mr. Acton and the comments of Parker J in his judgment in the case of ReGuidzone Ltd the following issues emerge in respect of the remedies available to the minority shareholders. An analysis of the legal aspects of the issue of protection of the minority interests of the company is concerned exceptions to the general rule established in the case of Foss v Harbottle had been provided. It has been established that the minority shareholder can sue under the circumstances of derivative actions, personal wrongs and against unfairly prejudicial conduct.

Several circumstance and acts have been established under the law having the characteristics of unfairly prejudicial under s 459. Under all such circumstances cases have been decided by providing appropriate remedies to the petitioners and the courts have arrived at the decision of winding up only as a last resort. Thus s 459 is having much wider scope and has been applied invariably in large number of cases to set precedence for the ‘unfairly prejudicial ground’. Hence it can be regarded that s 459 has a much wider scope than s 122.

Although s 122 of the Insolvency Act 1986 gives the power to the courts to pass the order of winding up of the company under just and equitable grounds, s 125 provides an alternative to the ultimate decision by restricting the scope for winding up by requiring the courts to investigate in to options available for mitigating the grievance of the petitioner other than winding up. Hence the intention of the statute is not to pass the winding up the order at the first instance as being claimed by Mr. Acton.

Parker J is correct in refuting Mr. Acton’s argument that simply because it is proved that the company is quasi – partnership it automatically becomes subjected to the winding up decision which is incorrect and inconsistent with the decision given in the case o’neill. It is also incorrect to assume that though the act committed is not ‘unfairly prejudicial’ under s 459, it can be regarded as a just and equitable ground for winding up, simply because the act was committed by the majority against the minority.

Parker J is also correct in saying that Mr. Acton’s contention that S 122 of the Insolvency Act 1986 has a wider scope than s 459 of the Companies Act 1985 is not acceptable as according to the controlling provisions of s. 125 provides for the search of all other alternatives before a decision for winding up could be passed and this definitely includes consideration of s 459. On this premise s 459 has a wider scope than s 122.

Parker J is relying on the judgment of Lord Hoffmann in the O’niell case that a company can not be treated as if it were a partnership even if it is a quasi – partnership as quoted by Lord Wilberforce in Ebrahimi case. Perhaps this is the foremost decision to influence Parker J in pronouncing his judgment in the case of Guidestone Ltd. On this basis only Parker J finds the argument of Mr. Acton inconsistent with the settled law.

Though there are other factors which weighed with the judgment of Parker J the fact that the company Guidestone Ltd need not be treated as a partnership is the foundation on which Parker J has made his conclusion. Under these circumstances the decision of Parker J that “The jurisdiction to make a winding-up order on the just and equitable ground under s 122(1)(g) of the Insolvency Act 1986 was not wider than the jurisdiction to grant relief under s 459.

Accordingly if the conduct by the majority relied on by S was not unfair for the purposes of s 459, it could not found a case for a winding-up order on the just and equitable ground” can be considered as in accordance with law and natural justice. Hence in view of the foregoing it can be concluded that Mr. Acton’s comments about the relationship between section 459 of the Companies Act 1985 and section 122(1) (g) of the Insolvency Act 1986 cannot be considered as having some validity and the interpretation of Parker J in Re Guidezone [2000] 2 BCLC 321 is absolutely tenable under law.

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