Security

National Security

When the United States is engaged in military conflict, do the demands of national security supercede conflicting claims of individual rights?

” …Only the greatest dangers can outweigh that of changing the public order, and the sacred power of the laws should never be interfered with except when the safety of the country is at stake”. Because I agree with these words given by a great philosopher of the social contract, Jean Jacque Rousseau1, that I affirm the question.

The question gives the circumstance in which we debate whether or not national security ought to supersede conflicting claims of individual rights. That circumstance is when the U.S. is engaged in military conflict and when national security is at stake. We can infer that these infringements on rights would only be temporary until national security was no longer at stake, in which case, these rights would be restored.

Because the question inquires the United States and its values, we must understand and examine what the U.S. was first founded upon. The Declaration of Independence was what America first established itself upon and states that this country entitles it citizens to, “Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness”. We must realize that to receive Liberty and Happiness means first we must have Life, furthermore the protection of.

We cannot protect societies liberties and individual rights, if we cannot first protect the citizens’ lives and ensure their security. Once we protect the people, we can then protect their rights.

The government’s duty to the country is to do what is best for the country as a whole as seen fit by the government. John Locke2, another philosopher of the social contract affirms this; “To avoid this state of war (between one individual to another) is one great reason of men’s putting themselves into society, and quitting the state of nature.” He also explains that men give up certain rights for protection and establish a government to do so. Until the whole country is in a stable state, the government cannot further do their best to do what is best for the individuals of the country.

Clinton Rossiter3, a political scientist, best demonstrates this in his book, Constitutional Dictatorship: Crisis Development in the Modern Democracies. “No form of government can survive that excludes dictatorship when the life of the nation is at stake”. If we plan on maintaining the rights we have now, we must give up a little sometimes, so we can do what is best for the country. Legal commentary by John W. Dean4, dealing solely with this subject, “Democracy works best in times of peace, when there is debate, compromise, and deliberation in forming governing rules, regulations, and policies.

When confronted with a major crisis – particularly one that is, like terrorism, of an unfamiliar nature – the nation will turn to the President for initiative and resolute leadership. If our very existence and way of life are threatened, Americans will want their President to do whatever is necessary.” This explains that peace and war cannot occur at the same time, and that a democracy’s job is to protect it’s people and their rights, but does not and, sometimes can not, acknowledge them in times when national security is at stake.

Martin Shaffer5, professor of political science at Oxford University demonstrate that an approach to a situation is different based on the circumstance, ” Preservation of the American system of constitutional rule is the ultimate purpose of a crisis regime, but it acknowledges no restrictions in assuming the authority needed to achieve this goal”.

Imagine two people robbed a bank and were still inside the building. The police would go in and arrest them immediately. But imagine the same situation with new circumstances. The bank robbers have hostages. Now the police have to find a new approach to a situation to protect the hostages. We must realize that the rules and regulations need to change to meet the circumstances of the situation, and that to obtain individual rights means obtaining national security first, especially in the time of a crisis regime, as stated.

Protecting individual rights over the security of our country puts the country at risk of losing those rights, and more importantly the lives of our citizens.

During the Civil War, President Lincoln imposed martial law and suspended the writ of habeas corpus, to better protect the U.S. He suspended the rights of citizens to protect the country. This aided the Union in winning the Civil War, which may not have happened if not done so. John W. Dean4 stated, “The U.S. Supreme Court made clear in Ex Parte Milligan, following the Civil War, that ‘the government, within the Constitution, has all the powers granted to it which are necessary to preserve its existence.” After the war was won, those rights were restored and the citizens now had national security and individual rights.

An example of this is the case of Jose Padilla, the U.S. citizen having links with the Al-Qaeda network. He is being held as an enemy combatant and being imprisoned with no case brought against him. Mr. Ashcroft stated that there was legal authority under the laws of war and clear Supreme Court precedent, which establishes that the military may detain a United States citizen who has joined the enemy and has entered our country to carry out hostile acts.

If given his individual rights and was not detained, Padilla may have been able to assist the Al-Qaeda into further information about the U.S., further hurting and destroying America and it’s citizens. In normal circumstances, individual rights should be respected and Padilla should be innocent until proven guilty, but because he could pose a threat to national security, his rights have been suspended. Limiting the rights of this one man protects the rights and lives of the whole country.

Limiting rights for the security of the country, has been proven effective in the past, and if not done, would have harmed America.

During the Great Depression when the Price Control Act needed provisions, Franklin D. Roosevelt6 stated, “In the event the Congress should fail to act, and act adequately, I shall accept the responsibility, and I will act.” And he reminded the Congress: “The President has the power … to take measures necessary to avert a disaster which would interfere with winning of the war.”

Americans right to representation had been taken away. However, Roosevelt took Constitutional Dictatorship and forced Congress into doing what was needed for the best of the country and was able to restore that right to representation, among other rights, quicker and more effectively than if this right was not tampered with.

Franklin D. Roosevelt also interfered with individual rights, but protecting American citizens, with Japanese internment camps after Pearl Harbor. Japanese Americans, were put into camps and given strict curfew times, to protect the Caucasian Americans from possible threats of Japanese Americans, and protected the Japanese Americans from the strong hatred being felt towards them from the Caucasian. When the war was won, the Japanese were let go, repaid for lost income, and the Japanese remained loyal to the country. However, if we were not to do this, and some Japanese were able to help Japan by telling them our secrets, we may have lost the war.

When a war is lost between two countries and one country can conquer the other, the winning country’s government is implemented into that country. That is how countries are formed and how they got to be. Now if Japan won this war, we may not have our current system of democracy or the rights we have. Roosevelt, by allowing for the camps, fought to protect the lives of Americans and the rights they had for a long time and insured their safety, just by sacrificing them for a short while.

In conclusion, infringement on individual rights provides for the greatest good of the country, and national security ought to supersede these rights in times of military conflict. I support the suspension of people’s rights because it has worked in the past to win wars and I have faith that it will work in the future. If we want to save this country we must give up our rights to protect the lives the countless others and our futures. I believe without life there is no use for liberties.

In any given territory, peace and security are of paramount importance and an arrangement that may help to protect and preserve peace and security is one of collective security. Collective security can be understood as a security arrangement, political, regional, or global, in which each state in the system accepts that the security of one is the concern of all, and therefore commits to a collective response to threats to, and breaches to peace. Collective security is one of the most promising approaches for peace.

This has a history of its own and it has evolved over time. The Concert of Europe which was established by the Congress of Vienna after the Napoleonic Wars was created to address these issues. However, its mission was not accomplished as it failed to prevent World War I.

The League of Nations was then formed as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. This was the first large scale attempt to provide collective security in modern times and its principal mission was to promote world peace. However, the onset of the Second World War showed that the League of Nations had failed its primary purpose.

The United Nations (UN) was then created to prevent another such conflict. This was established on 24th October, 1945 to promote international cooperation and also to promote peace and security amongst states. Since its creation, the UN has often been called upon to prevent disputes from escalating into war, or to help restore peace when armed conflict breaks out, and to promote lasting peace in societies emerging from wars.

The Security Council, which is responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security, the General Assembly and the Secretary-General all play roles in fostering peace and security and the United Nations Charter enshrines this mandate as the Preamble states that the United Nations is determined, “to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security.”

Noteworthy is the fact that, by the very act of joining the UN, all members “confer on the Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security and agree that in carrying out its duties under this responsibility the Security Council acts on their behalf”.

They also consent “to accept and carry out” the decisions of the Council on any peacekeeping action that may be required. When a dispute leads to fighting, the Security Council’s first concern is to bring it to an end as soon as possible. On many occasions, the Council has issued ceasefire directives which have been instrumental in preventing wider hostilities.

It also deploys United Nations peacekeeping operations to help reduce tensions in troubled areas, keep opposing forces apart and create conditions for sustainable peace after settlements have been reached. The Council may decide on enforcement measures, economic sanctions (such as trade embargoes) or collective military action.

The General Assembly can make recommendations on the general principles of cooperation for maintaining international peace and security, including disarmament, and for the peaceful settlement of any situation that might impair friendly relations among nations. The General Assembly can also discuss any question relating to international peace and security and make recommendations, if the issue is not currently being discussed by the Security Council.

Pursuant to its “Uniting for Peace” resolution of November 1950 (resolution 377 (V), the General Assembly may also take action if the Security Council fails to act in a case where there appears to be a threat to or breach of the peace, or act of aggression. The Assembly can consider the matter immediately with a view to making recommendations to Members for collective measures to maintain or restore international peace and security.

The Secretary-General is empowered to “bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security”. One of the most vital roles played by the Secretary-General is the use of his “good offices” – steps taken publicly and in private that draw upon his independence, impartiality and integrity to prevent international disputes from arising, escalating or spreading.

The first UN peacekeeping mission was established in 1948, when the Security Council authorized the deployment of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) to the Middle East. Since then, there have been a total of 64 UN peacekeeping operations around the world.

Over the years, UN peacekeeping has evolved to meet the demands of different conflicts and a changing political landscape. Born at the time when the Cold War rivalries frequently paralyzed the Security Council, UN peacekeeping goals were primarily limited to maintaining ceasefires and stabilizing situations on the ground, so that efforts could be made at the political level to resolve the conflict by peaceful means.

UN peacemaking expanded in the 1990s, as the end of the Cold War created new opportunities to end civil wars through negotiated peace settlements. A large number of conflicts were brought to an end, either through direct UN mediation or by the efforts of others acting with UN support.

The nature of conflict has also changed over the years. Originally developed as a means of dealing with inter-State conflict, UN peacekeeping has been increasingly applied to intra-State conflicts and civil wars. Although the military remain the backbone of most peacekeeping operations, today’s peacekeepers undertake a wide variety of complex tasks, from helping to build sustainable institutions of governance, through human rights monitoring and security sector reform, to the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of former combatants, and demining.

The Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) provides political and executive direction to UN peacekeeping operations, and maintains contact with the Security Council, troop and financial contributors, and parties to the conflict in the implementation of Security Council mandates.

The Department works to integrate the efforts of the UN, governmental and non-governmental entities in the context of peacekeeping operations. DPKO also provides guidance and support on military, police, mine action and other relevant issues to other UN political and peacebuilding missions.

The experience of recent years has also led the United Nations to focus as never before on peacebuilding – efforts to reduce a country’s risk of lapsing or relapsing into conflict by strengthening national capacities for conflict management, and to lay the foundations for sustainable peace and development. Building lasting peace in war-torn societies is among the most daunting of challenges for global peace and security. Peacebuilding requires sustained international support for national efforts.

The United Nations has been at the center of expanding international peacebuilding efforts, from the verification of peace agreements in southern Africa, Central America and Cambodia in the 1990s, to subsequent efforts to consolidate peace and strengthen states in the Balkans, and West Africa, to contemporary operations in Afghanistan, Haiti and Sudan.

This study tries to explore human perceptions of security In urban environments, by Investigating the impact of design actors in the built environment on an individual’s perception of personal safety in that space. This study was carried out within the context of an urban design study rather than within a human psychology-based study. To validate these factors a site from the traditional fabric of Mohammedan is studied and is compared with the same factors at a site in the newer fabric of the city.

The paper finally attempts to establish the relevance of the traditional urban form within contemporary city developments, in achieving better sense of security in public spaces. Understanding of the basic theme a. Deflation of Sense of security Sense of security In simple terms can be defined as a human feeling that makes the person convinced that he she is safe and secure in a particular place or context. The person with a sense of security is not feared of any force which can be a person, a group of persons or an animal or any other manmade / ‘supernatural’ force which can put them in danger (physical or mental damage).

People develop specific fears as they learn about certain people, objects, animals or natural/ ‘supernatural’ forces. A child was conditioned to fear a white rat in the laboratory might fear even other white, furry objects Kenny P. Joy I 2 traumatic accident. For example, if a child falls into a well and struggles to get out, he or she may develop a fear of wells, heights (acrophobia), enclosed spaces (claustrophobia), or water (aqua phobia). There are studies looking at areas of the brain that are affected in relation to fear. L Variation in the definition.

The definition of sense of security varies from person depending on their age, gender, and cultural background. In all of these categories there is a weaker section which is feared of the other group or some external force, be it manmade or ‘supernatural’. In the case of gender, women being weaker by physical strength fear f attacks of men on them in form of sexual assault, rape, eve teasing etc. Whereas in the case of age, children, being weaker in physical strength, associated lack of mental maturity in understanding the reality, make them fear of adults or even ‘supernatural’ powers who can pose harm to them.

Often cultural backgrounds affect the sense of security since form, color, light, sound, smell and other characteristics which are a part of any space will have different meanings in different cultures. The concept of sense of security is not confined to people who belong to any of the weaker groups of these categories but is applicable to any person. For example an able bodied adult male who does not belong to those weaker groups, also is prone to dangers of attack or theft in the public by criminals or animals. The fact that he is also in danger, inculcates a lack of sense of security within him.

Here, when it was discussed about the about the victim of such an attack losing sense of security, we should not 1 http://en. Wisped. Org/wick/Little_Albert_experiment 3 forget that the sense of security of these criminals too are in question. They are again in a fear of danger from being caught by police. Though these are some of the basic factors that determine a person’s sense of security, sense of fear in various forms is generated in a person due to the physical character and quality of the space where he is placed.

For a person, the sense of security within an urban space is primarily linked with the level of familiarity, which means a sense of fear is generated in the person automatically in an uncertain environment. Fear can channel one’s energies away from areas of perceived threats and into directions that seem safe. Fear is a distressing negative sensation induced by a perceived threat and is a basic survival mechanism in response to a specific tumulus, such as pain or the threat of danger. Factors that determine sense of security in an urban space. Acre level to micro level. At a macro level the location and the context of the urban space of study determines the sense of security of the person using it. This factor has an impact on the way a person moves within a city through preferential selection of routes which give him a sense of security. The next factor that affects the sense of security includes characters at precinct level – legibility and permeability. Legibility of the space makes a person free from getting clueless in an unknown urban space by aging the place more graspable for the user.

Permeability helps in removing the feeling of a strange enclosure for a user in an unknown place with provision of number of visible alternative routes. These qualities are predominantly dictated by the form of the urban space. 4 Further going down into smaller levels, there are fine elements within the urban space including visual and non visual elements, which makes the space feel secure for the user. They include factors such as width of the space or street, lighting level, sound, smell, architectural details, artifacts, etc..

Besides characteristics of a space, he sense of security is also created by the kind of people who are associated with the space directly or indirectly. This dimension which comes into the picture while defining the sense of security is territorial definitions. When the territories of an urban space is defined well by the associated people through physical elements like form, character, details etc. Or non physical elements like activities, sound, smell, their cultural expressions etc. It creates a sense of non belonging or unfamiliarity (often attached with fear) for a person entering into the transition space.

Definition of an urban space that offers sense of security: The sense of security of an urban space cannot be defined in terms discreet qualities which secure a safe feeling to any particular group (weaker group) of people discussed above neither can it be defined in terms of any quality which acts at a particular scale (micro to macro as discussed above), but is a quality which is a complex of all the above mentioned factors at all scales acting upon any person at any particular time in a particular urban space.

Time become another factor defining the sense of security as various processes along he time, make the visual and non visual qualities of the space change accordingly. Time determines the type and intensity of activities happening in any urban space changing the level of sense of security throughout the day. The sense of security in urban space is relatively high when the perceived activity level of a particular urban 5 space is high for which time is a very important factor to be considered.

The lack of activities, proper lighting, attack of dogs etc create an environment in Mohammedan city wherein beyond midnight and before dawn level of sense of security will be extremely low. Since the control of built form design has little to do with the perceived sense of security during the odd hours of the night, the study limits its scope into the non – odd hours. Relevance of sense of security in urban design: Sense of security adds on to the quality of an urban space.

Proper design and effective use of the built environment can lead to a reduction in the fear and incidence of crime, and improvement of the quality of life. Recent trends and concepts of urbanism across the world, being learnt from the mistakes of the past forms of unsustainable urban development, have been stressing and demanding distance friendly urban spaces and networks to get integrated with mass public transit systems. Sense of security, therefore becomes an essential quality of the urban streets and other spaces to bring in people into walking who have once left walking and resorted to private vehicles.

Establishing the relationship of sense of security with the design of urban space Factors that determine sense of security in an urban space: The above discussion identifies two key factors whose subcategories can be listed down as the elements that determine the sense of security in the urban pace which include: The form of the urban space: This multidimensional element can be broken down into further sub elements such as street width, built form height, street enclosure ratio, building setbacks, texture of the surface, porosity of the built envelope, the size or the footprint of the buildings and permeability. Relation of the interiors with exteriors: Though the discussion is predominantly about the sense of security in urban space or the space between buildings, the spatial configuration and the relation of the interiors with the exterior spaces is an important factor. The elements which define this relationship are as follows: Compound wall, position of the entrance into the building, level difference of the ground level with the pedestrian surface level, presence of parking space in front of the building, amount of vegetation in front of the building, percentage of openings in the building elevation etc.

Validation of these factors through case studies of urban spaces in traditional urban form: To understand and validate these findings in reality, urban spaces in the traditional built fabric of Mohammedan: Teen Darwin precinct with neighborhoods around (fig 1). The dense built fabric with low rise attached built structures housing a mix of uses predominantly residential and typology plays an important role in the keeping up the perceived sense of security. Urban spaces in between purely residential built environments often interact with the pedestrians very weakly and the level of activity is very less.

This space gets activated as more and more building uses and activities like commercial or cultural activities gets inserted into it as what is seen in the site under study. The urban form is characterized by narrow pedestrian scale streets with small building footprints. The built form itself evolved out of strong social relations which in these neighborhoods. The territoriality was strongly marked by an area within which the inmates engaged themselves throughout the day – the flower shop, temple, vegetable and grocery shop, work place (often at not so far distance from the neighborhood till recent times).

The public space seeps into the residential transition 7 spaces (verandah). The presence of large openings on the building fade always gives the pedestrian a sense that people can see him or in other words gives a sense f presence of people (rather than alienated or lonely) while moving through these public spaces. The In short, the perceived level of activity is high which in turn maintains a high level of natural surveillance. This traditional fabric essentially thus maintains a high level of perceived activity throughout the day and even late hours of the night.

Fig 1 – Site map (Source – Google Earth) Fig 2 – Built form (source – Author) Contemporary scenario: Understanding the changes occurred to the urban form structured by new principles which are predominantly non pedestrian and how it affected sense of security in public spaces: The perceptions and meanings of security have changed over time as technology transformed the form of the cities and the way in which they work. The built form which was predominantly fine grained became coarser and coarser as well as loosely packed.

This transformation was in fact a product of the process of evolution of the urban form which got mutated by the insertion of automobile movements. The new age lifestyle redefined the character and qualities of living and work environments. As Kenny P. Joy I 8 making them shift to new comfortable and faster modes of movement through automobiles. This in turn affected the pattern of distribution of facilities and various building uses essentially disturbing the pedestrian scale of streets. The conventional planning principles made cities which are large grained with wide roads and segregated activity zones for different activities.

This made the Indian city devoid of it original character and vibrancy created by a vibrant mix of activities or land uses. The city became more and more complex in its physical and social systems which supported it. Crimes rates rose in new forms and the sheer number which in turn affected the notion of public space as an alien space. People took time to associate themselves with public spaces and minors generally are discouraged in using public spaces especially in odd hours. Though systems to ensure security through police or security personnel as well as technological advancements (like CATV surveillance, mobile tracking systems etc. Have been put into use in public spaces, they work in their own limitations. Moreover for a pedestrian using the public space, these systems are additional backup systems of security which still hold a second place after the basic instincts or the responses to the environment through which he / she s moving. Demonstration through a case study: The site selected for understanding the change happened in the urban form is the newly developed area on the western side of Mohammedan – Nehru Magna Junction precinct (shown in fig 3).

The site is located along BRATS corridor – a conventionally planned area in the Western side of Mohammedan city. The neighborhood and the adjoining commercial belt got developed into its current form after the insertion of the BRATS corridor in 2010. 9 Fig 3 – Site plan (Source – Google Earth) It has got a mix of housing typologies ranging from low rise apartments cluster of mall footprints as well as taller apartment complexes with few or nil commercial spaces in the ground floor.

Since the streets are designed for vehicles, the street widths are large and lack elements make them pedestrian friendly. The built form includes typically, discreet built forms forming islands (or array of islands) within open spaces unlike the previous case where the open spaces formed the islands in between the built form. The spaces between the buildings which contained human activities in the previous case became spaces of movement here. Relationship of the built form with on street pedestrian became weak due to many factors.

The built form of especially the residential neighborhoods is characterized by residential buildings separated from the street space with a compound wall needing for more privacy within the property. The low rise built forms as residences or the second Kenny P. Joy I typology found are the tall apartments which may or not have commercial space in the ground floor. A family claim to a territory diminishes proportionally as the number of families who share that claim increases. (Oscar Newman. Creating Defensible Space).

In these tall apartment blocks, the number of dwellers is so high hat, they hardly take any responsibility or rather use it considerably to a basic level of activity. This makes the space further inactive and less maintained bringing down the level of sense of security of that space. The other qualities of urban form that determine the sense of security includes permeability and variety. Conclusion This study examines the relationship and role of urban form and typology in determining the level of activity as well as natural surveillance which are the quintessential determiners of sense of security any urban space.

In above discussions on case studies, a significant trend observed is the evolution of built arms to achieve more privacy. When the built form is evolved out of a process in which pedestrian behavior, activities and his response with nature is structuring principle, the sense of security a pedestrian enjoys is much higher than in an urban space within a built form structured by behavior and movement pattern supported by automobiles.

Mohammedan city current growth is through a form of development which is a characteristic of the latter case. In the contemporary urban development where dimensions of privacy, demands of new lifestyle and perceptions of security eve changed urban form, the traditional urban form may not be possible to be recreated as it is, but the principles of the same can be incorporated within to create urban spaces which may not render a sense of fear in the users. 11 Reference Books Phaedra,Shills, Khan, Camera and Errand, Shills.

Name Professor Subject Date Airport Security: Essential to Guard Citizens Airport security measures are essential to guard citizens against the significant potential for disaster. Airport security is the process of protecting public transport by aircraft, as well as the terminals from which passengers of these aircraft arrive and depart. The growing attempts of terrorist attacks on aircraft from the mid-1970s through 2001 have provided the need for greater security.

The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, forced the government to create the Transportation Security Administration (TSA). Airport security has drawn the focus of the American public. With accounts of human error and various news reports of TSA failures to catch contraband items, the security debate draws a great deal of scrutiny from the public. There has been growing support for, and the eventual introduction of, full body scanners to improve the effectiveness of the security screeners.

These scanners afford the TSA officers the technology to visually observe under the clothing of individuals entering the gate areas, making certain that there are no potential threats slipping through the security screening process. Checklist for Informational Essay 1. Does my introduction clearly state my thesis and give the reader an indication of the direction my essay will take? 2. Are my topic sentences and body paragraphs clear and well developed? 3. Have I fully supported my thesis with ample supporting details and examples? 4. Have I used a sufficient number and variety of sources in my paper? . Are all of my sources properly cited in the body of my paper according to MLA format? 6. Does my conclusion effectively summarize my main points and restate my thesis in different words? 7. Have I carefully proofread and revised my paper for sentence variety, word choice, grammar, and punctuation? 8. Does my Works Cited page include only the sources cited in the text? Is it correctly formatted? 9. Have I used the correct margins, line spacing, and other format issues required by the MLA sample essay and the sample provided by my instructor?

Sources http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Airport_security https://www. cia. gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol50no3/airport_security_5. htm http://www. mlresearch. org/blog/job-search/394/airport-security-jobs-2 http://www. aviationnews. us/articles. php? art_id=13593&start=1 http://academic-papers. blogspot. com/2009/01/airport-security. html http://blog. appleseedexpeditions. net/how-to-go-through-airport-security-with-student-travelers/ http://www. naturalnews. om/033054_airport_security_biking. html http://www. heritage. org/research/reports/2006/07/time-to-rethink-airport-security http://www. rbs2. com/travel. pdf (Good source) http://www. aclu. org/files/kyr/kyr_english_5. pdf (rights in airports) http://www. fas. org/sgp/crs/RL32670. pdf http://llr. lls. edu/docs/41-1kornblatt. pdf http://www. businessweek. com/technology/content/aug2006/tc20060810_208055. htm http://www. airport-int. com/news/future-airport-security-technology-system-unveiled. html http://www. airport-technology. com/contractors/security/

This boils to the fact that a rocker will perform his duties to the fullest only when he Is sure that even when an accident occurs he will be taken good care of. “One of the most important things that an employer should provide to his employees Is safety even at a low risk site” says Pushup Vela the human resource assistant at Prime Aluminum Ltd.

Brief History of Safety and security is that one of the effects of the Europeans coming course of time it was discovered that it was absolutely necessary to safeguard the interest of both the employer and the employee, hence the introduction of the arioso means of regulating employer-employee relationship.

Initially, it was thought that the employees were being made objects of servitude but in the long run it became apparent that this sort of relationship requires the incorporation of rules to avoid either party being cheated out rightly. Labor law which was fashioned to ameliorate the prevalent crisis engulfing the industry in England at a time was adopted in Nigeria as a direct consequence of colonialism by the United Kingdom. 1. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to seek and to find out whether there are challenges inherent in this area that a human resource manager faces in his day to day routine duties within the organization thereby suggesting possible solutions that sought to overcome some of the challenges and well as providing some recommendations for the organization and to discuss and understand how Prime Aluminum Ltd deals with their occupational safety, health and security policy and what process it uses to achieve the broad objective of getting the relationship between employee and the employer and based on Prime aluminum Ltd. . 3 Scope of the Study By working on the term paper, Vive been able to understand how the policy has been incorporated in the institution, the challenges faced in the human resource department in implementation of such a policy, the presentation of some of the solutions as well as some of the recommendations Vive been able to come up in the course of my research. When I carried out this research, I experienced some scopes in the area of this report.

Bearing in mind the acquaintance and time of the paper has been wide- ranging specifically within the revision challenges inherent in the area of occupational health, safety and security suggesting the possible solutions as this rear basically deals with the top management level and low management. Being a student of Human Resource Management class, I got a chance to work with the Assistant Head of Human Resource, Mrs…

Pushup Villain, where I got a chance and experience to engage on a one on one interview where she took me through the occupational health, safety and security policy and processes and how it makes sure they achieve their goals in the organization. 2. 0 Focus on Organization 2. 1 About Prime Aluminum Ltd Prime Aluminum Ltd has over 40 years of experience in their team of specialists;

Prime Aluminum Casements Limited (PACE) has built a reputation of providing high quality solutions for aluminum windows, doors, structural glazing, curtain walling, ceilings, partitioning, claddings, office fit-outs and external fade related requirements across all building sectors. It is located on Mambas road as well as Lemur road. Prime prides itself in accomplishments and finding high quality solutions for all aluminum windows, doors, structural glazing, curtain walling, requirements for clients in an equitable, environmentally friendly, socially responsible and economical manner.

Improve working conditions that are necessary to ensure higher labor productivity, better quality work, healthier labor relations and compliance with quality standards. Health and safety in the workplace is no more a new thing or issue in organizations but it is still handled as a new topic in, Prime Aluminum of today all because of the way it is being practiced. However, there appears to be some gradual improvement in awareness and practice. This part of this research work is meant to examine and describe the law as it relates to health and safety at work 3. Findings

Research Questions Analysis This part of the study presents the response of the HER of Prime aluminum on safety health and security policies distributed questionnaires and as obtained from the interview How do Security policy, health and safety help with strategic decision making? Pushup: Strategic decision making is all about risk management. Getting the right information on Security policy, health and safety improves the chances of success, and helps to prevent accidents – which every business needs to do because accidents are so costly, in all sorts of ways that many organizations do not realize before one occurs including Prime . He goal of the company is to focus on health of all the employees so as to get employers who are fit to do the Job. For example we had an employee who was injured where he was working in the site. He was a very potential employer but due to less safety we lost him. Thus we are now struggling to get one who did such a great Job which is costing us a lot. What is the perception of the employees on health and safety issues and policies? Pushup: This part of this research work is meant to examine and describe the law as it relates to health and safety at work.

By law, employers have to protect employees’ health, safety and welfare at work. They have to make sure the workplace is safe and without risk to health. As part of this duty, employers must: 1. Keep dust, fumes and noise under control 2. Make sure that plant and machinery are safe and regularly maintained, and that the systems used in the workplace are safe 3. Provide protective clothing where necessary 4. Report certain diseases and injuries to the relevant authority 5.

Provide adequate first aid equipment and facilities At sites where heavy machinery are being used; it is certain that the level is higher cause of the mechanical movement of parts of such machinery and therefore for the employee that will be monitoring or operating such machinery will be exposed to accidents. In a case like this, it should be known that the level of safety that will be provided will be much more than that of a site where ordinary hand tools are been used.

Based on the above, we now understand that the level of Safety and Health protection will be higher nowadays because of the rapid mechanization of the manufacturing industry and the accidents that may occur will definitely be more fatal elicits. Do health and safety career problems actually reach the top and directors? Pushup: Health and safety is one crucial element of the mix of skills, along with finance, marketing and human resources, for example. It is becoming increasingly important because this could cost the firm a lot. UT in most cases the top directors are hard to reach because they are normally out of own doing business and it gets difficult for the HER to focus both on the workers at the sites and at the office. But these problems are normally taken care of at the end of the day. Could you give some examples of the biggest safety risks being faced by leaders? Pushup: employees undoubtedly face their biggest risks while driving for work. There is a very personal effect on individual directors – a director can set an appropriate example – or an inappropriate one.

For example, if they speed to reach yet another meeting, or if they work long hours and drive a long way home after exhausting meetings. Directors have the legal responsibility if things go wrong and police will prosecute if, for example, a driver falls asleep at the wheel because of an over-long working day. What can they do about it other than set an example? Pushup: One of Prime aluminum’s key issues is the management of occupational road risk – driving for work – which is why we offer a full range of solutions which can be targeted at those deemed to be the highest risk.

These range from consultancy to driver training, and also computer-based driver risk assessments, which can be the cheapest, but most effective, way to start. What comes after that? Pushup Consider again the director who is a keen motorcyclist – if he or she suffers an accident it could bring the business to its knees! From Prime aluminum’s work with its key major award winners we know that one in five accidents occurs in the home or while at leisure, so if we can reduce those, then the negative cost that accidents cause the workplace can be greatly reduced as well. What sort of training is available to directors?

Pushup: Because directors have limited time available they will often not be able to go on pre-scheduled safety training courses. Prime aluminum addresses this through two routes: Conferences, where directors can network and key new developments can be highlighted by top speakers such as leading personal injury arresters and FETES 100 leading company case studies given by their chief executives Tailored consultancy and in-company safety training means that companies can have a day or two of intensive focus on health and safety which is exactly right for their business.

All of these options make directors aware of their legal duties and responsibilities, as well as the savings they could make if safety is properly managed, and the positive benefits of doing it properly. 4. 0 Challenges and solutions at Prime Aluminum Ltd security of his employees. Health and safety form an integral part of work environment. A work environment should enhance the well -being of employees and thus should be accident free.

The terms health, safety and security are closely related to each other. Health is the general state of well-being. It not only includes physical well-being, but also emotional and mental well-being. Safety refers to the act of protecting the physical well-being of an employee. It will include the risk of accidents caused due to machinery, fire or diseases. Security refers to protecting facilities and equipments from unauthorized access and protecting employees while they are on work.

According to Folia, & et al (1993), asserted that a proper understanding of the various work situations in manufacturing, textile, mining, construction and other labor intensive industries reveal that workers are exposed to hazards. These include: physical contact with poisons, dust inhalation, exposure to organic and inorganic chemicals, extreme temperatures of hot or cold, accidents, injuries, falls, burns and scalds, other dangers and sudden death. However, the health and safety of the workers have been recognized as a fundamental human right.

The need to foster a safe work environment, protect co-workers, family members, employers, customers, suppliers, nearby communities and other members f the public impacted by the workplace environment is the primary goal of all Occupational Health and Safety(OH)practice An integrated occupational health and safety policy is essential for developing a stable and productive work environment. The government has in recent time enacted laws regulating the labor market and it has also been revised to promote healthier labor relations, appropriate working conditions, equity in the workplace and improved skills.

Improved working conditions are necessary to ensure higher labor productivity, better quality work, healthier Barbour relations and compliance with quality standards. The economic gains associated with occupational health and safety policy improvements include: a. Increased productivity and worker morale; b. Reduction of working time lost due to injury and disease; c. Reduced equipment down-time, reduced damages to materials and machinery, and savings in the costs of recruiting and training replacement employees; d. Reduction in transaction costs such as insurance costs and legal fees.

Adequate occupational health and safety policy and standards are required for a nation’s continued integration into the world economy. International investors who subscribe to world- class occupational health and safety standards are reluctant to invest in markets in which local firms are able to compete unfairly through reduced occupational health and safety standards. Increasingly, African exporters particularly those who export to developed economies are being required to comply with international quality management standards.

These standards require world-class performance in areas such as occupational health and safety policy, environmental protection and product safety A health and safety management system involves the introduction of processes designed to decrease the incidence of injury and illness in the employer’s operation (Alberta, 2006). The successful implementation of this resources, and a high level of employee participation. The components of effective health and safety management system are briefly explained below: a.

Management leadership and organizational commitment. For this system to be effective, management must show leadership and commitment to the program. To achieve this, management should put the organization’s expectation around health and safety into writing by developing a health and safety policy. Employees who forms part of the health and safety committee, should be involved in writing the policy, and to be signed by senior operating officer, to indicate the commitment of management. B.

During the final stages of World War II in 1945, the United States conducted two atomic bombings against Japan in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. After six months of intense strategic fire-bombing of 67 Japanese cities the Japanese government ignored an ultimatum given by the Potsdam Declaration. By executive order of President Harry S. Truman the U. S. dropped the nuclear weapon “Little Boy” on the city of Hiroshima on Monday, August 6, 1945, followed by the detonation of “Fat Man” over Nagasaki on August 9.

These are the only attacks with nuclear weapons in the history of warfare. Within the first two to four months of the bombings, the acute effects killed 90,000–166,000 people in Hiroshima and 60,000–80,000 in Nagasaki, with roughly half of the deaths in each city occurring on the first day. The Hiroshima prefectural health department estimates that, of the people who died on the day of the explosion, 60% died from flash or flame burns, 30% from falling debris and 10% from other causes.

During the following months, large numbers died from the effect of burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries, compounded by illness. A plausible estimate of the total immediate and short term cause of death, 15–20% died from radiation sickness, 20–30% from flash burns, and 50–60% from other injuries, compounded by illness. Since then, more have died from leukemia (231 observed) and solid cancers (334 observed) attributed to exposure to radiation released by the bombs.  In both cities, most of the dead were civilians.

Six days after the detonation over Nagasaki, on August 15, Japan announced its surrender to the Allied Powers, signing the Instrument of Surrender on September 2, officially ending the Pacific War and therefore World War II. Germany had signed its unavoidable Instrument of Surrender on May 7, ending the war in Europe. The bombings led, in part, to post-war Japan adopting Three Non-Nuclear Principles, forbidding the nation from nuclear armament.  The role of the bombings in Japan’s surrender and the U. S. ‘s ethical justification for them is still debated.

This session will help you with; POP Describe the physical, dynamic and procedural security considerations in a custodial environment CEDI Evaluate the need for security and control in a custodial environment Objectives C]III students will be able to; C]State what is meant by the term ‘Dynamic Sec rite’ C]Discuss the type of information that could be gained from Prison intelligence Comes students will be able to; C]List the benefits of a good prison regime Recap on Physical Security C]What is the difference between an Open or Closed orison in terms of security?

Licensed is completely locked C]Open allows prisoners out for work/weekend home visits Estate the difference between a Category A prisoner and a Category D prisoner C]Category A – Pose threat to society, maximum security, crimes such as murder, rape or terrorism. Logicality D – Can be trusted in open conditions and sometime allowed out. Low risk. What does dynamic security mean?

Surveillance – Covert and overt Clientèle’s gathering L]Monitoring everyday activities Prison definition of Dynamic Sec rite C] The process of looking for patterns n intelligence, close monitoring of gang members, sharing of information, close relationships with external agencies and partnerships to share intelligence, along with tackling the drug and violence issues.

Areas for concern C]Visits – family or solicitors Commitment of prisoners for work, education, C]Mail – outgoing and incoming Phone calls monitored Group work Consider what information can be gathered from monitoring prisoners in these areas; C]Visits C]Movement of prisoners for work, education, Phone calls Question Elf you were sent to prison what would be your biggest concern?