Smoking

The paper aims to provide new knowledge and view in the legalization of a harmful substance or drug. The paper’s purpose is to let people understand the sides of argument. The topic caught my interest and I figure that drug abuse is a timeless tale in society that concerns every one of us. Through research on the topic, I was able to learn so much from it and the alarming statistics of marijuana usage.

Writing a paper is not easy. I was having a difficult time trying to arrange the enormous facts I was able to gather and present them in a way that the reader will not be overwhelmed by it. The paper is well-researched and well-written. People will get a lot of insights from the paper. Revision is improving my writing skills and the paper should be subjected first to criticisms before I will revise it.

The paper is about the legalization of marijuana. I did not expound more on the effects of marijuana to humans that might help the reader understand more of the topic. The paper is regarded as an intellectual piece that is full of knowledge and view. It serves my purpose to inform and to impart knowledge on people. I would like people to react on what they think of the data and if they agree or disagree on the proposal of legalizing the drug. I want people to be critical when they read my paper.

Should Marijuana be Legalized?

One of the most persistent problems of society is drug addiction. Drug addiction is a very crucial dilemma in the society. Using illegal drugs poses threats not only on the health of the people but it also creates other dangers to the society. One of the illicit drugs that are commonly used by people is marijuana.

The use of marijuana is the most common in the United States (“NIDA InfoFacts: Marijuana”). There are various reasons why some people attempt to use marijuana. And as such, when the individual has been addicted to it, dependency, withdrawal symptoms and the craving for the drug make it difficult and almost impossible to quit using the drug. The long duration of marijuana intake can lead to people’s addiction on the substance.

They feel the need to use the drug even though it interferes with their school, family and recreational activities. As the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States, statistics show that over 83 million Americans within a particular age bracket have tried to use marijuana at least once.

The use of marijuana is considered illegal according to the current legal system. But there are arguments clamoring for the legalization of the use of marijuana due to the claims of its health benefits in some psychological and mental conditions. But the legalization of the drug posed new problems of drug abuse especially among children and adolescents.

Marijuana (Cannabis Sativa)

Marijuana is the psychoactive product of the plant Cannabis Sativa. The drug is composed of the dried flowers and leaves of the plant. Evidence claimed that marijuana is used since the early times and during the 20th century due to its prevalent use in medicinal, spiritual and recreational purposes. Evidence have proven the existence of marijuana and its relevance in the religious rituals and practices of other countries.

Marijuana is consumed in various ways. Inhaling and oral intake of marijuana are two of the most common ways of using the substance. Over the years, certain devices such as joints and smoking pipes were developed to aid in the intake of marijuana. Each society has a different method in preparing the plant before it can be consumed.

The increasing use of this drug both for legal and illegal purposes became alarming. And as such, the possession, intake and selling of the various psychoactive substances from cannabis became illegal in most countries.  Thus, majority of the countries have already enforced laws prohibiting the proliferation of the drug.

Intake of marijuana is most of the time detrimental to the health of the people dependent on it. A recent study conducted by Canadian researchers found out that the smoke coming from marijuana contains a higher level of toxic substances than normal tobacco smoke. The toxic substances include ammonia and hydrogen cyanide making it a greater risk for health problems (“Marijuana Smoke Contains Higher Levels of Certain Toxins than Tobacco Smoke”).

Legal Status and Decriminalization of Marijuana

Since the start of the 20th century, most countries have already enacted laws prohibiting the possession, cultivation and use of marijuana. The laws created considerable impacts on the legal and non-recreational purposes of the plant. Because of this, there are some regions wherein the handling of cannabis Sativa is considered legal.

There are jurisdictions that lessened the penalties for the possession and use of marijuana in small quantities. The offense is penalized by a fine or confiscation of the substance, instead of imprisonment. The laws focused more on the trafficking of the drug in the black market.

Some jurisdictions, on the other hand, focused on the treatment and rehabilitation of the children and frequent users of marijuana. Other jurisdictions allowed the use of marijuana for medicinal purposes. Some countries retain the restrictive notion of making drug tests mandatory, particularly in Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. In some countries, simple possession of the drug is punishable by a life sentence or execution.

Although the use of marijuana remains illegal, marijuana possesses a superior safety record as compared with other legal drugs. Misuse of over-the-counter and prescription drugs had caused death to a great number of Americans each year, while marijuana is one of the drugs with the lowest cause of fatality.

There has not yet been a known case of over-dosage for marijuana causing death (Gerber & Sperling 84). Despite the instituted laws that prohibit possessing, cultivating, using, and selling of marijuana, many people are opposing the enacted law and claim for the decriminalization of the handling of marijuana.

The claims are based on the health benefits and non-drug purposes served by the plant. One of the non-drug purposes of marijuana is its function in the industry. The common name of marijuana is hemp and a cultivation license may be acquired from the European Union for the industrial purposes of marijuana. Fiber and fuel are the main products of industrial hemp cultivation.

In North Carolina, the governor may be the top public official, but for the past 200 years tobacco has been king. The state grows half of all the tobacco in the United States, and the original cash crop remains its economic backbone.

But beginning next month, North Carolina will be home to one of the nation’s toughest youth smoking laws, with a ban on tobacco use in public schools. Most students can’t smoke at school anyway, but the law applies to everyone on campus, year-round: parents in the stands at football games, maintenance crews in the school garage, teachers in the parking lot.

Getting the law passed was no simple feat in a state that still depends on people lighting up. North Carolina spends just 4 percent of its annual $426 million of tobacco revenue on smoking prevention (less than half the minimum federal recommendation), and, at 35 cents, maintains one of the country’s lowest cigarette taxes. In all, it took six years of local advocacy and the votes of all 115 of the state’s school boards.

“It wasn’t easy,” says Mark Ezell, the state’s tobacco-free-campus director. “I got called a Nazi a few times.” Health advocates who want the state to go further are likely to be called a few more things.

Source: Philips, M. (2008) ‘A Bump On Tobacco Road’ Newsweek Online [online] available from http;//www.nesweek.com/id/147789> [August 3, 2008]

The article I chose has the topic of smoking ban on schools on North Carolina. It is a landmark case on the massive efforts of different groups and individuals to educate the youth on the health risks of smoking. Although there is already an existing law that prohibits smoking of the students in their school premises, the new law was tougher and stricter in sense.

For smoking is now a total ban on schools through out the state, not only for the youth but also for the teachers, employees or even ordinary visitors. This will ward off any attempts, influences or temptations of the youth to smoke by seeing their teachers or adults doing the same thing. This is also a daring step of the state authorities even though they will be having a tough battle against big multinational cigarette companies.

The article shows that smoking among the youth is a big problem. Cigarette companies usually on their marketing strategies targets teens, encouraging them to smoke on an early age. If they will be hooked on their youth on smoking, it will be difficult for them to quit smoking while growing, and this means a big sum of money for the cigarette companies. Moreover, smoking is usually introduced by peers on high schools. They usually try smoking because of curiosity, peer pressure or simply they just thought that it is ‘cool’ to smoke, like the Marlboro Man.

Companies and their marketing arms promote smoking as part of the ‘youth culture’, that smoking should be experienced by every youth and that smoking is a requisite for them to ‘belong’ on a group. Furthermore, even if smoking is prohibited for students on their school grounds, but visitors, teachers and other school staff are allowed to do so, the students will juts simply question such policies.

Why they are not allowed to smoke inside school yet non-students are allowed. So it means, smoking are only banned inside, but allowed outside school premises.

And even worst, they will have the perception that when they reach adult age, they are already ‘legally’ allowed to smoke. Lastly, anti-smoking campaigns will be only effective if the people behind it will not only focus their efforts on lobbying to the proper authorities to pass ordinances or laws on prohibiting smoking on public places or schools. They should also intensify their campaign on educating not only the youth, but everybody, on the illnesses and ill-effects of cigarettes on our health.

I don’t remember exactly when I took to smoking or how the habit had developed in me. However I remember well that my pattern of smoking has been fairly consistent, at least for the last couple of years, smoking about six cigarettes a day. There are of course days when I have smoked a couple of cigarettes more or less too. Most of my friends don’t smoke and they don’t like smoking in their presence, although they wouldn’t object it on the face. I am aware of the risks of smoking, its association with cancer and strokes, and had long decided to abandon it.

I had convinced myself that I need to give up smoking. However I didn’t have a plan or deadline for it; not that I was ignorant of this fact. I knew that to get rid of any habit, one should have a concrete plan and an anticipated schedule. In my mind, I believed I would soon be implementing one for myself. Unfortunately I did nothing in an effort to quit smoking, only compensating it with a feeling that I have a strong untested will power and can easily quit whenever I wanted. It never struck me that the quitting should start now.

It so happened, that I had an opportunity last month to attend a seminar on ‘Modern lifestyle trends and its impact on health’. Here the speaker emphasized that habits like smoking, alcoholism, drugs, sexual attitudes can only be reversed when it is within a reversible range. He said it was his personal opinion that chronic addicts cannot come out of it, no matter what the de-addiction programs he or she goes through. He then went on to give scary facts that awaited the pursuers of these habits. This was when I got really scared, and decided to call it a day.

I knew I was not a chronic smoker although I thanked God; he didn’t define a chronic smoker. I realized and accepted the fact that I had not made even the slightest attempt, to give up smoking. I took a resolution that quitting efforts would start right here and right now. I was careful enough not to fall back on Behavior Modification Project 3 my will power and put it through an acid test, by deciding to quit immediately. I began to plan a way of achieving a no smoking state in a gradual way. I was happy that although my efforts to quit smoking had been late, it was being done cautiously.

Had I taken an unplanned and arbitrary decision, like stopping instantly; and if it had rebounded, there were chances that I would probably never get out of it. For the first week, I had decided that I would smoke no more than six cigarettes a day, so as to average about six or lesser number per day. For the second week, I had planned a reduction of two cigarettes a day, so as to average about four or less per day. Then the most important third week, where I further reduced the number of cigarettes to just two per day. Then the hopefully successful fourth week, where I would be a non-smoker.

Although I was confident, I was apprehensive of the possibility of achieving these goals. I recollected the times when I didn’t have a cigarette and desperately needed one, and to the extent I went, to get one. As my goal to quit smoking is to be achieved only in stages, I thought it necessary to reward myself whenever I reach the goal, for the week. This would not only be an encouragement for me, but also an acknowledgement of meeting target for that week. I decided to treat myself to a half hour, either in a flight simulator or with friends.

This was my roadmap to quit smoking, planned in detail. The first week wasn’t difficult as it was almost like any before; the only difference being that it should not exceed six any day. However, I considered this week as a crucial one because this was the first week I was ever under smoking conditions. I smoked only about five for most days of this week. The second week was more difficult, as I could smoke only four or less. Here too I tried to restrict to the least possible and I smoked less than the target. I smoked only about three per day for most days, touching four only twice that week.

I allowed and enjoyed the treat I promised myself, after each week. Then came the ultimate third week Behavior Modification Project 4 where I had to be more resistive to temptations; just two cigarettes a day. It was indeed difficult but I was determined, and knew it was worth it. On the third day of the third week, I had a feeling that things might become extremely difficult, and even impossible in the fourth week. Third week looked achievable, but I feared the fourth ultimate week, where I had to be without cigarettes.

I realized, I needed any possible help to keep me off cigarettes. I joined a meditation class by the mid of the third week. By the time fourth week started, I felt I could comfortably keep off cigarettes for the week. I didn’t feel the urge to smoke one that entire week. In fact, I would say, the fourth week was the most comfortable and a confident one as I felt that smoking was no longer a problem with me. When I went for my treat that weekend, I sensed the feel of being a non-smoker, for the first time.

Since the beginning of civilization, man has always persuaded his interests for recreation by using tobacco as a frontline substance for his leisure. As time passed by, more production of tobacco started till it reached a stage where today there are numerous cigarette companies selling their cancer sticks at the most reasonable rates. The desire to light a cigarette has always been one of the top most priorities of people who indulge in smoking and in their pretext of soothing their desire for a smoke; they more often than not forget the amount of hazard and trouble caused by the smoke emitting from their cigarettes.

Cigarette smoking is one of the worst ways of self destruction and even after knowing its negative impact on the body, a smoker always tends to overlook the danger associated with it and continues to smoke irrespective of the location in which he is standing. The issue of raising a ban on smoking in public has always been a controversial one and has always been taking the side of a non-smoker than people who are indulgent in public smoking. Non- smokers always tend to move away from a location where a smoker is footing and always have a feeling of their sentiments being abused or overlooked by a person who is smoking near them.

The history of the smoking ban can be dated to the sixteenth century when the Pope Urban VII made it mandatory law of smokers not being welcomed near the premises of the church and also issues a penalty for people who violated this law. This law however did not catch as much attention as the issue is catching on the twenty-first century. Today because of the advancements of medical science and research on the adverse effects of smoking, we have been able to pin point the negative impacts of smoking on a smoker and the passive smoker near by to him.

The following will shed some light on the physical negative impacts of smoking on a smoker: ‘Smoking causes lung cancer, heart disease, emphysema, complicated pregnancy. Smoking by pregnant women result in fetal injury, premature birth, and low birth weight. Smoking is associated with a reduced bone mass and an increased risk of osteoporosis’.

There are evidences too on the fact of smoking affecting post operational procedures, especially related with ones in which transfusion of blood is on a higher side because of the attempt to join bones or tissues which due to accidents and other trauma are disarrayed from each other. Apart from knowing these entire statistics a persistent smoker would continue to smoke and silently destroy his body, but for that soothing experience the smoker might make some innocent bystander a partner of his misery, by making him a passive smoker.

The second hand smoke inhaled by a passive smoker is considered to very dangerous and it causes a lot more harm and eventuality than what it looks at the moment. The worst effect however of passive smoking is on children, and the following evidence will vindicate the point of having smoking bans in public places due to its adverse effects on children: ‘Exposure to tobacco smoke doubles the chances of your child for illnesses like bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. They are also more likely to suffer from ear infections (glue ear), tonsillitis, and asthma. It may damage a child’s olfactory function’.

Legislators and law makers understood the total provocation being inhaled by passive smoking and brought the necessary amendments to the laws of the state by banning smoking in public places. The need for the law to amend was felt by lot of people who were unnecessarily being forced to hazardous health conditions for no fault of their own. Smoking which were rampant in leisure places like pubs and restaurants were the most harmful, as a majority of people have a habit of smoking along with taking intakes of alcohol.

This nature of these smokers brought the non smoking populace visiting such leisure outlets in very uncomfortable positions and in one way brought an infringement of the constitution to these victims of passive smoking. There was a nationwide applause for the banning of smoking in public places and a majority of the nation was giving it thumbs up and also considered it an important decision which was taken to curb smokers from spreading any amount chances of passive smoking to non smokers. The following evidence will shed light on the nation’s opinion of having a smoking ban in public places:

‘Gallup’s 2004 consumption habits survey reveals that the American public is fairly accepting of such ban. A majority of 58%Americans currently say they favor a ban in their state that would make it illegal to smoke in workplaces, restaurants and bars’. (Courtesy: Alec M. Gallup, Frank Newport , “The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 2004” .Page 306. Retrieved on December 2, 2008. Gallup Organization. Published by Rowman & Littlefield, 2006) There are a lot of advantages that can be grouped with the banning of smoking in public places.

Firstly a commuter or a non smoker can have fresh whiffs of air without the mixture of tobacco endorsed smoke hovering around. Secondly the ban itself makes the smoker smoke less which in turn is helping him from reducing the health hazards which he would eventually inflict on himself over the period of time. The ban on smoking in one way slows down the process of self damage that smokers tend to endure with their constant puffing. It has estimated that around thousands of Americans die every year due to active and passive smoking, and the ban would definitely help the figure of passive smoking by a great extent.

The ban comes with a whooping of $50 for the first violation and $75 for repetitive violations. This becomes more deterrent for an active smoker and eventually brings him on the brink of leaving the habit or the least bringing down his no. of cigarettes by a good amount. Another big advantage related with the ban, is that the risk of fire catching up in factories or other places to due to a burning cigarette is greatly reduced and it brings the work place into a much safer and a cleaner zone. Also it helps saves the energy consumed by ventilators that are required to recycle the air in such places.

However there are certain sets of disadvantages of such a ban too and the most primary one is they way smokers get into more hazardous situations in smoking zones. Here due to a large amount of smoke gathering the ventilation is slower which results in itchiness of the eyes and other lung problems because of the amount of passive smoking inhaled by active smokers. This somehow gives smokers a second class treatment as it becomes acceptable for the government for non smokers not to undergo minimal passive smoking but to allow massive passive smoking for active smokers in such zones.

A lot of restaurants and bars feel the crunch as their smoking customers refrain from coming to them and thus it bring a drop to their turnovers. In today’s high stress working atmospheres, employees are feeling more frustrated as somehow the tension which they could feel being released by their smoking has been feverously curbed. Smoking ban is one of the most righteous decisions of the government helping non smokers from the unwanted dangers of nicotine filled smokes.

However when the law was being implemented not much attention has been given to smokers rights and at times it is becoming a little hypocritical situation. Nevertheless the main objective of such a ban bring back a life to their citizens which could be void of at least one addiction and would be more fruitful to them in terms of having a hale and hearty standard of living.

Reference:

1. Cheap Cigarettes, “Effects of Cigarette Smoking”. http://www. cheap-cigarettes. com/Effects_of_Cigarette_Smoking. asp
2. Passive smoking”. http://www. stopsmokingtoday. com/dync/13/Passive_Smoking.html
3. Alec M. Gallup, Frank Newport , “The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 2004”. Gallup Organization. Published by Rowman & Littlefield, 2006
4. http://www. notosmoke. com/herbal-smoking-articles/pros-and%20cons-of-smoking-ban. htm
5. BRADLEY S. KLAPPER, “WHO Urges Smoking Ban in Public Places”. May 29, 2007. http://rds. yahoo. com/_ylt=A0geu.. NnTVJvk8BvQdXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEyamNvY2Y3BHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDNQRjb2xvA2FjMgR2dGlkA0Y4NjJfOTM-/SIG=13u9q6ff9/EXP=1228336909/**http%3a//www. sfgate. com/cgi-bin/article. cgi%3ff=/n/a/2007/05/29/international/i122741D62. DTL%26type=politics

Bryce Langdon Professor Joliffe English 1301 17 October 2010 Smokers Smoking tobacco has been around for many thousands of years and cigarettes specifically have been around for a few thousand as well. Smoking can be split up into several classifications with three of the primary ones being those people who smoke to reduce tension, people who socially smoke and habit smokers. Regardless of the type of smoker a person is, smoking is an addiction and harmful not only to the smoker but to family members, coworkers and any other person who comes into contact with the second-hand smoke.Social Smokers.

Casual smokers are those who typically do not inhale the cigarette smoke. They are not addicted to the nicotine. Some may think they are safe from the harm of a cigarette by “pretending” to smoke, but do not let this kind of smoking fool you. A person is still getting some of the affects of the smoke on top of other environmental toxins and second-hand smoke. Many times the casual smoker is only compensating for something being in their hands and often times will turn into a regular smoker. Casual smokers often times smoke a lot more than he or she will publicly admit.Many regular smokers envy the casual smoker because they believe that they have better control over their addiction and can stop on a dime but the fact of the matter is that most casual smokers end up smoking for false pleasures, trying to feel like they did when they were non-smokers (QuitSmokinGuide.

com, 2009). Smokes to Reduce Tension. A person who smokes to reduce tension uses the cigarette to manage negative effects, stressful situations and feelings of anger, fear, and anxiety. These type of smokers are often considered “light smokers” because life is full of stressful situations , hence the tension.Light smokers typically smoke between half a pack to one pack a day. Casual smokers easily slip into this smokes to reduce tension classification and often have been smokers, quit, and taken up smoking once again, several times. Many light smokers could still benefit from products aimed at reducing nicotine addiction, like nicotine gum or counseling, however changing priorities and lifestyle often help these type of smokers kick their habit (Painter, 2009).

Habit Smokers. According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 1. 3 billion people are smokers worldwide and smokers die an average fifteen years sooner than nonsmokers (Hawkins).For most habit smokers, smoking is not even enjoyable any more. People often have developed a behavioral pattern that causes them to light up as a response to a cue, for example a cup of coffee or getting into the car. Habit smokers can fall into the category of heavy to chain smokers who consume anywhere from two to more than three packs a day. When the habit smoker takes the steps necessary to quit smoking the possible withdrawal symptoms can be ugly but one must remember these are results from the person smoking not because they decided to stop.

Such symptoms could include tingling or numbness in the arms and legs, severe headaches, diarrhea or constipation, and a overall uncomfortable feeling. CONCLUSION With several classifications of smokers, they are have similar characteristics for example they are cause lung damage. However, depending on the degree of smoker that a person is depends on how difficult it is going to be for the person to quit once they actually put their mind to it. No matter the classification, any person who quits smoking will be making a difference right away.A person’s taste and smell will get better, along with breathe smelling better, decrease in nasty cough, and more importantly add years onto the end of their life.Works Cited “Casual Smokers. ” QuitSmokingGuide.

com. 2009. Web. 19 Oct 2010. . Painter, K. “Your Health: Light smokers could need help quitting, too.

” USA Today 16 November 2009: n. pag. Web. 19 Oct 2010. . “Smoking Classification. ” Projects for Students by Students.

Oracle ThinkQuest, n. d.. Web. 19 Oct 2010. . “Types of Smokers (by Cigarette Consumption).

” Nursing Research (n. d. ): n. pag. Web. 19 Oct 2010. .

Lift Not The Painted Veil Which Those Who Live Lift not the painted veil which those who live Call Life: though unreal shapes be pictured there, And it but mimic all we would believe With colours idly spread,–behind, lurk Fear And Hope, twin Destinies; who ever weave Their shadows, o’er the chasm, sightless and drear. I knew one who had lifted it–he sought, For his lost heart was tender, things to love, But found them not, alas! nor was there aught The world contains, the which he could approve. Through the unheeding many he did move, A splendor among shadows, a bright blot Upon this gloomy scene, a Spirit that strove

For truth, and like the Preacher found it not. Percy Bysshe Shelley Charlie Townsend Post: married British vice-consul = smart, sensible and he knows very well of what’s going on evidence – after walter walked away when he first found them in Kitty’s room, kitty was so panic but townsend knows that Dr. Fane will do nth. To cause any scandal – when he’s discussing about the dealing with strikes(walkouts)/ boycotts in Shanghai with businessmen in the Colony Club, he banned the suggestion of seeking help from Chiang Kai-Shek as he knew that he’s a nationalist that must stand on the side of Chinese, he will not help them suppressing the strike. mature and experienced woman-hunter, very dissolute person and e’s unfaithful to his wife Evidence –flirted kitty from the very first moment they’ve met when they’re watching the Chinese opera.

Telling kitty what happened to the actor in the opera which he thinks it may be similar to Kitty (she weeps for the lively, vivacious girl she once was the lonely woman she has become; she weeps for the love she’ll never feel, for the love she’ll never give) to flirt Kitty made Kitty believes that he understands her, admire her Charlie Townsend found it so easy to get hold of her As described by Waddington: he had his little flirtations +As described by Dorothy: the women who fell for her husband were so consistently second-rate. Does even his wife know that her husband is a gallant/licentious/dissolute person that flirts many women +having an affair with Kitty adultery, he only sees Kitty as his mistress to satisfy his physical needs (attachment: lever) Dorothy is more important to him because “whatever happens, we must try to keep Dorothy out of it”  did not want to hurt Dorothy and nth in the world could induce him to divorce her

Women are always under the impression that men love them more than they really do. Film language – = selfish, vain and incapable of caring for anyone but himself Care for his reputation/ job/ post: “do you have any idea of the importance of my station here ” – at that time, there’ll be many rumors that ruin the reputation of a man if anyone divorce his wife and marry another woman. Therefore he cares more about his reputation, his position than what will happen on Kitty if he does not marry her, as Kitty is just someone who means very little to him.

Film language – =a person who made false promise Evidence – sent kitty a ring as a gift – RING: symbolize love, faith and commitment. He proclaimed that he loves Kitty when he was having sex with Kitty, actually he does not love her, it’s just a way to flirt Kitty and make Kitty willing to continue the affair with him. – promised that he would help solve the problem when Kitty was forced to be divorced. After 5 years, at last, he still did nth, not even a letter to show his concern. “I should have written”

Film language – Why Townsend treat Kitty as close as 5 years ago when he later met her in London =the only one that failed to change in the film He never learn from any experience or errors that he has made; Besides, he does not think that he had done sth wrong does not feel sorry /guilty for breaking Kitty’s marriage He tried to date Kitty again in his later few weeks in London (to see if there’re any more chances for him to flirt kitty again, like 5 years ago) – described by Kitty – “no one important” 0th century that artists began to use it fully; a pipe would stand for thoughtfulness and calm; the cigarette symbolized modernity, strength, and youth, but also nervous anxiety; the cigar was a sign of authority, wealth and power. The decades following World War II, during the apex of smoking when the practice had still not come under fire by the growing anti-smoking movement, a cigarette casually tucked between the lips represented the young rebel, epitomized in actors like Marlon Brando and James Dean or mainstays of advertising like the Marlboro Man.

It was not until the 1970s when the negative aspects of smoking began to appear; the unhealthy lower-class loser, reeking of cigarette smoke and lack of motivation and drive, especially in art inspired or commissioned by anti-smoking campaigns. [ Literature Just as in other types of fiction, smoking has had an important place in literature, and smokers are often portrayed as characters with great individuality, or outright eccentrics, something typically personified in one of the most iconic smoking literary figures of all, Sherlock Holmes.

Other than being a frequent part of short stories and novels, smoking has spawned endless eulogies, praising its qualities and affirming the author’s identity as a devoted smoker. Especially during the late 19th century and early 20th century, a panoply of books with titles like Tobacco: Its History and associations (1876), Cigarettes in Fact and Fancy (1906), and Pipe and Pouch: The Smokers Own Book of Poetry (1905) was written in the UK and the US.

The titles were written by men for other men and contained general tidbits and poetic musings about the love for tobacco and all things related to it, and frequently praised the refined bachelor’s life. The Fragrant Weed: Some of the Good Things Which Have been Said or Sung about Tobacco, published in 1907, contained, among many others, the following lines from the poem A Bachelor’s Views by Tom Hall that was typical of the attitude in many of the books: The cover of My Lady Nicotine: A Study in Smoke (1896) by J. M. Barrie, otherwise best known for his play Peter Pan. “So let us drink To her, – but think Of him who has to keep her; And sans a wife Let’s spend our life In bachelordom, – it’s cheaper. ” —Eugene Umberger[68] These works were all published in an era before the cigarette had become the dominant form of tobacco consumption and pipes, cigars and chewing tobacco were still commonplace. Many of the books were published in novel packaging that would attract the learned smoking gentleman. Pipe and Pouch came in a leather bag resembling a tobacco pouch and Cigarettes in Fact and Fancy (1901) came bound in leather, packaged in an imitation cardboard cigar box.

By the late 1920s, the publication of this type of literature largely abated and was only sporadically revived in the later 20th century. [69] Cigarettes in old films were early forms of ‘product placement’ 5. Cigarettes as Phallic Symbols Back during the Hays Code days, cigarettes were clever devices used as metaphoric hints at sexual activity. When characters shared cigarettes, such as in Now, Voyager, To Have and Have Not and Rope, it implied a sex act. When Marlene Dietrich held a cigarette in any of her films, the prop was a phallic symbol implicit in projecting an image of bisexuality.

And ironically, in a film as explicit as 9 Weeks, a cigarette may have been a required stand-in for Mickey Rourke’s penis during a strip-tease scene, because male nudity continues to be a taboo while the naked female body is common on the big screen. However, not all cigarettes in films represent sex and/or phallus, but due to the heavy employment of the prop in such a way for so many years, it’s hard for moviegoers (particularly those of us with film studies degrees) to think of them as anything but sex symbols.

Fortunately, Hollywood is being forced to censor out cigarettes from their movies (for even featuring a pack of cigarettes), and meanwhile they continue to break sexual taboos at the same time. So this cliche is likely to go way very soon. Friendship Since friendship is not a very important issue in the Painted Veil, Compared to love and death, I’ll just talk about the more significant one. = kitty and Waddington At the very first beginning: Then: At the end: = Dr Fane and Colonel Yu When Colonel Yu met Walter, Then, after At the end: =Kitty and sung ching

At first, Sung Ching was appointed by Colonel Yu to protect Kitty due to the anti-foreigner atmosphere in china, kitty felt like she was guard as a prisoner Then, she started to reject Sun Ching’s protection and treat him badly when she was finding Mr. Waddington for mailing the letter, tell him to go away and she does not need him At the climax of the anti-foreigner movement, Sun Ching saved Kitty and Walter from the crowd, on the next day, kitty then ask Sun Ching to come with her friendly. Mei-tan-fu Background info = a village mad up by the author, not a real village (at first lanned to build a new village of Mei-tan-fu in Guangxi, however, the cost is too huge and overwhelming sent a scout to find a village for the film found a completely untouched village = Huang Yao – 800 years history; untouched because there’s no telegraph poles or anything else to contact people in other places perfect for shooting The rivers and mountains shoots are taken from Huang Yao, it’s from Guangxi ~> on-location (means the film is shot at the actual place where the action occurs) Mei-tan fu is a place with many significance in the film, please pick one to and explain why.

Significances: = new home of the Fanes = the place where death rest – Chinese villagers/ walter/ kitty seeing two corpses + colour of lights 1st: the corpse of a villager pass along the same road of Kitty and Walter’s sadden chairs 2nd: the hut where kitty and walter stays – the doll on the bed of kitty’s room Walter: “I won’t touch that if I were you, they may have died in that bed” 3rd: the corpse of a villager on the side of the road when Kitty walked out from Mr, Waddington’s house 4th: the bodies are buried too close to the river th: the death of Sister Maryse 6th: the soldiers removing corpses from the villagers’ house 7th:the death of walter =a place for reunion -kitty and walter=a place where they fall in love again Before the union, Walter and Kitty were separated spiritually due to the affair . /. kitty and charlie How – after kitty had heard from the nuns about Walter helping the orphans stating to know that he is a good man and wants to improve their relationship.

After Walter had seen Kitty playing with the orphans, he started to have better feelings for Kitty After the union, their relationship has been recovered, they even have sex after drinking with Mr. Waddington and XX. Then they travel on the boat to let Kitty visit the water XX. =changes brought by cholera(+ve and -ve) – kitty(+ve)/ walter(+ve &-ve)/ colonel yu(+ve) Described by Kitty- no place for a woman; madness for me to go Described by Dr. Fane – small town on a tributary of Yangtze River, in the interior Film language: color of light, long shot.

Ethics can be refer to many things such as a code of rules, a set of principles one lives by or the study of what is right or wrong (Bowie and Duska 1991). Either than everyday life, ethics matter also in business. They matter because it is essential for business and also they are unavoidable. In the opinion of Sternberg (2002 p. 15 ) “Business ethics challenge is to make it better and far from being anti-business, business ethics actually provides essential support for maximising long-term owner value”.

Fisher and Lovell (2003) pointed out that, in business when companies grow larger to meet the ambitions of organization’s members, they may also act selfishly and not in the public interest and this kind of activities matter in ethics. Also in the opinion of Singer (1991 p. 31) profits are no longer condemned along with avarice in moralizing sermons and corporations are no longer envisioned as faceless, soulless, amoral moonlights.

For now, the real concern of the companies should be just how profit should be thought of in the larger context of productivity and social responsibility and how corporations as complex communities can best serve both their own employees and the surrounding society. Moreover Weiss (2003) mentioned that, the main aim of business is to make profit but to make profit companies should not make harm or be the reason of making harm due to their activities.

If this kind of activities takes place for the focusing on individualistic pursuit of profit, human’s social needs became ignored and this is not ethical in the opinion of Fisher and Lovell (2003). Bowie and Duska (1991) also supported this idea and added that besides avoiding making or giving harm, companies have to be trustworthy and stand behind their promises. Turning back to tobacco companies, the products they produce are also harmful and it is one of the key reasons of causing deaths.

However besides these points, a research in USA showed that, in 1994 %64 of the USA citizens thought that, smokers themselves are either mostly or completely to blame for the health problems faced by smokers in USA. Only 25 percent said that the tobacco industry was either completely or mostly to blame. In 2000, %59 of Americans in the current poll say that smokers are to blame for their own problems, with just 26 percent saying that the tobacco companies are mostly or completely to blame.

Fourteen percent said both are to blame equally. In another research and in a very similar industry, gun industry’s actions are not generally blame for causing death; citizens (%28) thought that mostly the ones who buy them are responsible for this kind of activities and deaths (www. globalethics. org). As mentioned before, company should be trustworthy and has to stand behind its words. There was an announcement made by former Geoff Bible who was the CEO of Philip Morris who said that

“if they found out that cigarettes had killed one person that company would stop making them immediately” (Temple 2004) and for now smoking causes 11,000 deaths a day (Bhatiasevi 2001) and Philip Morris tobacco company is still running their business as fast as strong as possible which can be understood as making unethical action. Sternberg (2002) explained that, unethical companies or activities can be costly in all conditions for the ones who are making them. Failure to recognize and address ethical problems can lead to very substantial charges, both legal and financial.

Also he added that most of the company failure story’s main reason is not showing keen interest such points in ethics. Turning back to tobacco companies, due to producing harmful products, governments are charging these companies by huge amounts of money and also restricting their actions in many areas. Besides economical punishments, many countries are banning tobacco advertisements. For an example in UK government made heavy regulations on tobacco advertising.

Tobacco companies can not make advertisements which will directly effect the citizens and encourage them to smoke (UK GOVERNMENT 2002). By this kind of action governments believes the ban will help cut the number of people taking up smoking. However tobacco companies disagree with this idea that claiming advertising only encourages existing smokers to swap brands and that will be it (BBC 1999).

However, another research showed that, besides many regulations on advertising, only the tobacco companies in USA spent $5.6 billion per year on advertising and promotions and this rate is increasing constantly by the following years because these companies found another way to advertise their products. Neither than direct advertising, they are doing indirect advertising which can be explained in five points which was explained in the 11th World Conference on Tobacco or Health (2000). First one is the sports sponsorship. Tobacco compaies link their products with health and athletic prowess and reach large number of people including young ones by sponsoring sporting events and teams such as F1 grand prix.

Marlboro is one of the biggest sponsorship of the champion Ferrari team. Millions of people are watching and supporting them and this group is not only the adults’ actually mostly young generation. Other method is making promotional items. Tobacco companies put their cigarette logos on t-shirts, hats, backpacks and other consumer items popular with children and among adults. Third one is Brand Stretching which can be explained by sharing brand names just like Marlboro Classics clothing, Salem Power Station music stores and Benson ; Hedges coffees and coffee shops.

These marketing strategies are powering up their promotional actions when advertising is banned. The fourth one is giving free samples especially in the places for the young people like shopping malls, rock concerts and discos. This kind of activity cost them a little but it enables them to make new customers addictive to their products. The last activity, they focus on is the entertainment sector. They become the sponsorship of discos, rock concerts and other events popular with young people.

They are trying to say that they are always with us in all conditions to make costumers to remember and keep them in mind all the time. As it is obvious from above, activities of tobacco companies are effecting young generation besides adults. There is a huge increasing trend in young generation to smoke. The number of these smokers is increasing and for now there are billions of smokers’ around the world. In an example, due to the activities of Philip Morris 2000 kids in a day become addicted to smoking (www. tobaccofreekids.org)

However, in the opinion of BAT (www. bat. com) and Philip Morris (www. tobaccofreekids. org) their only target is adults. They are making up campaigns to prevent youth from smoking and they are organizing seminars and different activities in schools and in televisions to explain the harms of smoking. Moreover, in the report of BAT company announced that, government made many research about their policies and actions but they had never been charged or blamed for any kind of actions for targeting young generation (www.bat. com).

Besides these announcements in 1984 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company market researcher admitted in a secret internal report that “Younger adult smokers have been the critical factor in the growth and decline of every major brand and company over the last 50 years. They will continue to be just as important to brands/companies in the future for two simple reasons: The renewal of the market stems almost entirely from 18-year-old smokers.

No more than 5 percent of smokers start after age 24.[And] the brand loyalty of 18-year-old smokers far outweighs any tendency to switch with age… Brands/companies which fail to attract their fair share of younger adult smokers face an uphill battle. They must achieve net switching gains every year to merely hold share… Younger adult smokers are the only source of replacement smokers… If younger adults turn away from smoking, the industry must decline, just as a population which does not give birth will eventually dwindle. ” (www. who. int)Smoking is one of the key problems for all the inhabitants around the world.

Tobacco producers are generally very big companies and they have huge effect on countries economies and also in media. As most of the other companies do, they are making profit and trying to fulfill the demands of their customers. However, their products are directly the main reason of many deaths. The actions they made, the words they said, are not fitting what they have to do. None of them can be explain in terms ethical. But the thing is, really are they responsible from these consequences or their customers.

It is human’s responsibility take care of their life and health. These companies are not pointing gun to their heads to start smoking. Mostly customers are choosing this way but it is definite that tobacco companies are indirectly pushing them for smoking. Neither than who carries this dreadful flag, tobacco companies should not convince environment and they must start being ethical in all action that they will make in the future because they have their own social responsibility to fulfill besides filling up their pockets.