South Africa

diamonds Modern Africa is known for its huge mineral wealth, which overshadows all its other resources. In 1886 diamonds were discovered. The name De Beer became associated with the diamond find. De Beer was a Boer farmer whose barren farm had suddenly revealed that diamonds were beneath it. He soon sold his land and the diamond rush was on. H. V. Morton described it as the strangest looking trek in South African history. Sailors deserted their ships, soldiers their regiments, merchants their shops, clerks their offices, farmers their land, and the weirdest crowd ever seen in South Africa, good and bad, came over the mountains on horseback, on foot, in Cape carts, ox wagons, stage-coaches anything that would take them to the biggest lucky dip in history. ” Kimberley became the world ‘s diamond capital. The place was named after the first earl of Kimberley (1826-1902), who was a British statesman and colonial secretary. The early years at Kimberley were a chaos of individual miners.

The thousands of men who had rushed there from all parts of the world each bought little claims and began to sink shafts. Not God, the “Rock of Ages’, but the new source of hope became the rock “diamond. ” When the newly discovered 83 carat diamond, which would subsequently be known as the 2 “Star of Africa,” was held up before the House of Assembly in Cape Town, the colonial secretary declared, “Gentlemen, this is the rock upon which the future success of South Africa will be built. ” But the diamond industry didn ‘t bring peace and happiness.

Instead, it established the future pattern of white employment in South Africa as surely as it was done for the blacks. Poor whites would always be protected from the competition of even poorer blacks by formal job discrimination. • In 1859 the first diamond discovery was made in South Africa; however South Africa’s diamond heritage stems from a pretty little pebble picked up on the bank of the Orange River in 1867, not far from Hopetown. Erasmus Jacobs, fifteen years old and the son of a poor labourer, took it home as a plaything.

The stone was then given to a neighbouring farmer, Schalk van Niekerk, a casual collector of unusual stones. He in turn entrusted it to the trader John O’Reilly, who sent it (in an unsealed envelope! ) to Dr. G. W. Atherstone, a Grahamstown physician and one of the few people in the Cape Colony who knew anything about minerals. The stone was judged a ‘veritable diamond’ of 21. 25 carats and valued at ?500. Once cut, the stone weighing 10. 73 carats, was called The Eureka and is now kept at the Library of Parliament in Cape Town. The news triggered a flurry of excitement in the Hopetown area, but eager prospectors found only a few small stones to reward their efforts and drifted away disillusioned. The discovery must have been a hoax, it was suggested: everyone knew diamonds came only from India and Brazil! Almost three years later in March 1869, a Griqua shepherd named Booi, from the farm Zandfontein, picked up a pebble that caught his eye, he first tried to barter the stone for a place to sleep, then for breakfast – everyone turned him down.

He ultimately found his way to Schalk van Niekerk. By now Schalk had learned something of precious stones and bought it for virtually all that he possessed: 10 oxen, a horse and 500 sheep. The discovery of this stone set off the diamond rush that transformed South Africa from a struggling agricultural state to a leading industrial nation. Van Niekerk, in turn, sold it to a firm of local jewellers for ? 11200. The 83. 50 carat diamond, to be named ‘The Star of Africa’ found its way to England, where it was bought by the Earl of Dudley for the then princely sum of ? 5000. Said Colonel Secretary Sir Richard Southey to his political colleagues, “Gentleman, this is the rock on which the future success of South Africa will be built. ” How right he was, without the diamond finds there would be no Kimberley; without Kimberley there would have been no capital to finance the gold mines of the Reef; and without the Reef and its industries there would be no South Africa as we know it. Diggers flocked to the area and staked their claims along the banks of the Orange and then the Vaal River and its tributaries to the north.

They lived in tent communities in very harsh conditions; blistering heat during the day followed by icy cold nights. Most made little for their efforts, some made modest fortunes. It was only 30km’s from the Vaal River where the first significant finds were made, dry diggings on three farms, one of which was called Vooruitzicht. This farm was bought ten years prior for only ? 50 by two De Beer’s brothers who found themselves beleaguered by a swarm of gem-hungry diggers. They hurriedly sold it for ? 6300, a good profit but a drop in the ocean compared to the ? 0 million it would yield over the following years. Nearby was the discovery of ‘Colesburg Kopje’, site of the future Kimberley and the richest treasure house of high quality gem diamonds the world had ever known. The year was 1871 and the ‘New Rush’ had begun. The diggings attracted hordes of fortune seekers who came from all walks of life and many countries. By 1872 some 50000 men had encamped in the area. Soon the tents were replaced by corrugated iron and mud-brick houses and rudimentary hotels, bars, brothels, banks, stores, a church, a school, the famed Kimberly Club and the stock exchange.

The haphazard nature of the diggings were dangerous and could not be worked at all during the rainy season until an enterprising 19 year old Englishman named Cecil John Rhodes imported a steam operated pump to keep the diggings dry. That inspiration in turn set him on the road to fortune; Rhodes became a well known, high powered businessman and more famously an explorer who funded some of his expeditions through his involvement in the diamond industry. Some time later, Rhodes had decided that consolidation was the key to the success of the diamond fields.

Along with his associates he linked hands with a hard-headed diamond buyer called Alfred Beit, and so the monopolisation process began. By 1885, with Rhodes as chairman, the De Beers Mining Company was the major claimholder in the De • • Beers mine (named after the original owners of the farm Zandfontein) and had complete control by 1887. Barney Isaacs better known as Barney Barnato had successfully plied his trade as a ‘kopje-walloper’ (under-the-counter middleman between buyer and digger) and a claim-dealing entrepreneur.

Like Rhodes, showing remarkable business acumen Barnato became a multi-millionaire, and within five years of arriving in Kimberley he controlled Kimberley Mine. Kimberley Mine has been closed for decades but is now a popular tourist attraction known as ‘The Big Hole’. • By 1889, the future of the diamond world depended on the outcome of a battle for total control between Rhodes’ De Beers and Barnato’s Kimberley Mines, each backed by powerful overseas interests. Rhodes emerged the victor, a cheque for ? 5 338 650 changed hands and the two mines were brought under the control of a ew company, De Beers Consolidated Mines, the company which today, almost 110 years later still has its registered office in Stockdale Street, Kimberley. With Rhodes as chairman and Barnato and Alfred Beit as life governors De Beers Consolidate Mines won control of the other two major mines in the area and soon after a recently discovered fifth mine. Virtually the entire industry was united and the near monopoly was complete. In 1902 a young German-born diamond buyer arrived at Kimberley as the representative of a London diamond broking firm.

Ernest Oppenheimer’s family had been involved in South Africa’s diamond industry for many years. He decided to settle in South Africa and soon became mayor of Kimberley. In 1917, he moved to Johannesburg and was chiefly instrumental in founding Anglo American, initially a gold mining house but planned from the outset as a power in the diamond world. After the First World War, South Africa was granted a League of Nations mandate over German South West Africa (now Namibia), whose alluvial deposits now began to attract serious attention.

A syndicate, led by Anglo American, formed Consolidated Diamond Mines (CDM) in 1919 to exploit the deposits, and amalgamated eleven mines north of the Orange River. Later, when diamond discoveries were made in the Belgian Congo (formerly Zaire, now the Domocratic Republic of Congo) and Angola, De Beers underestimated the significance of these developments, while Anglo American moved in. When huge deposits of alluvial diamonds were located in Namaqualand on South Africa’s west coast and, in 1927, near Lichtenburg in the western Transvaal, Oppenheimer’s Anglo American again made its claim.

Oppenheimer was soon becoming the leading light in the diamond world, and in spite of opposition from De Beers directors who resented his swift progress was soon elevated to the board. As if to confirm his supremacy, Anglo American geologists working north of the Orange River found new deposits of gemstones even richer than those of Namaqualand. It was only a matter of three years before Oppenheimer was elected chairman of De Beers. Ernest Oppenheimer remained at the helm until his death in 1957, when his son, Harry, took over to run the giant conglomerate with outstanding success for the next quarter of a century.

Today it is run by Nicky Oppenheimer, who became chairman of De Beers on the 1st of January 1998. • • gold • The discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand in 1886 was a turning point in South African history. Far more than diamonds, this changed South Africa from an agricultural society to become the largest gold-producer in the world. Gold increased trade between South Africa and the rest of the world. For the main trading nations ie the Europe and the United States, gold was of value because their currencies were backed by gold. This was known as the gold standard.

Under the gold standard, these countries had to keep gold in a bank vault to the value of the currencythey issued. For example, if the government of a country wanted to print more money, it had to buy gold to back that money. If that country did not produce gold itself, it had to import gold from another country. Under the gold standard the price of gold was fixed internationally. It was kept low as this benefited nations in Europe and the United States amongst others. These strong nations did not produce gold and had to buy it from elsewhere to back their own currency.

In the 1930s many countries abandoned the gold standard. The effect that this had on the South African economy will be examined later on this feature. The Gold Rush On summer’s day in 1886, two prospectors discovered gold on a Transvaal farm called Langlaagte. Gold was not new to the Transvaal. African had mined gold hundreds of years earlier. More recently, gold had been found in the Eastern Transvaal. In most cases this gold ran out, forcing small mining towns to close down. The gold found at langlaagte was different. The gold discovered there ran for miles and miles underground, ‘an endless treasure of gold’.

The Richest Gold-Mining Area in the World. Gold changed the face of the Transvaal. Before 1886 it was a poor, struggling Boer republic but ten years later, it was the richest gold mining area in the world. As news of the gold find spread throughout South Africa and the rest of the world, men made their way to the Transvaal. They walked, rode on horse back, or came by ox-wagon. Ships no longer passed South Africa on their to Australia and New Zealand. Instead, boatloads of men arrived at ports and hurried to catch the next coach to the Transvaal, hoping to find the riches of their dreams. • • • • • • • • • •

The importance of the gold-mining industry The South African goldfields, 1996 (click on the map to see it larger, and to do the next exercise) A few years after the discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand, a string of mining towns marked out the gold-bearing Reef. The map that follows shows that the gold-mining towns formed a curve starting from the East Rand in Heidelberg, extending westwards across to • Krugersdorp and Randfontein. Later more gold mines were discovered further south and east. As a result of this ‘endless treasure of gold’, gold mining very quickly became the largest and most important part of the economy. • The world’s gold production for 1930 Percentage of the world’s gold produced in the Transvaal from 1895 to 1940YEARVALUE (POUNDS)TRANSVAAL (%)18954084300021,01900523120002,819057775600026,819109333200034,31915972180 0039,719206973900049,719258081700050,41935131 68000034,8194017335400034,4The nature of gold mining on the Witwatersrand The gold mining on the Witwatersrand had to soon evolve. The gold that was mined was very near to the surface of the ground. As with the diamond mining in Kimberley, the first stage of gold mining took the form of outcrop harvesting.

Under the supervision of a prospector, labourers would dig up the ground with picks and shovels in order to reach the gold-bearing ore. Deep-level mining Before long it became necessary to dig a lot deeper to reach the gold, even as much as a kilometre beneath the ground. This became known as deep-level mining. Deep-level mining required new and expensive machines. Machines were used to sink shafts hundreds of metres beneath the ground. By 1906 the Robinson Deep Mine just off Eloff Street in Johannesburg had become, at 800 metres, the deepest producing mine in the world.

Because of the heat and the gases underground, ventilationwas necessary for people working at such depths. Also, the deeper the line was, the more water was encountered. Special pumps had to be imported to remove the rater. Low-grade ore The rock from which the gold is extracted is called ore. The gold can be described as being ‘trapped’ in ore. A characteristic of the ore in the Witwatersrand is that it is low-grade. This means that a very large amount of ore always has to be dug up and crushed in order to get a small amount of gold.

Even today in some mines in Gauteng, as little as 3 grams of gold is obtained from 1 ton of ore. ‘An endless treasure of gold’ Although the ore is low-grade, the gold reef stretches for over 400 kilometres from Evander in Mpumalanga to Virginia in the Free State. This area produces most of the gold in the world. Depending on the gold price, people could carry on mining here years to come. The needs of the gold mines follows below. It shows the huge amount of money needed start a gold mine along with a supply of cheap labour. Without these, gold mining in South Africa would not have been profitable. • • • • • • • • • • • The needs of the gold mines The problem of mining, since the discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand, has been to make the poor ore product profitable. Some historians believe that if such poor ore had been found anywhere else in the world, it would have not have been mined at all. The plentiful supply of cheap labour available to the gold mines in South Africa made this viable. Who invested money in the gold mines? The amount of money needed to develop a mine was very large. Most mines were owned initially by investors who brought money in from other countries, hoping to profit from the new mining industry.

This money was spent on things like importing special machines for sinking shafts in order to reach the gold-bearing org in the depths of the earth. In addition, the mines needed people who were skilled at deep level mining. These people were mainly immigrants and their labour was expensive. Skilled workers came from Australia, America, Eastern Europe and especially Britain. In Britain the tin mines in Cornwall were closing down the same time as the gold mines in South Africa were starting up. So many skilled miners from Cornwall came to work on the Witwatersrand.

Because of the gold standard, the price of gold was internationally controlled and remained fixed for long periods of time. This meant that an increase in working costs could not be passed on to the buyers by increasing the price of gold. It soon became clear that the only way of mining profitably on the Witwatersrand was to secure a very large supply cheap, unskilled labour. How the mines got their labour In order to be profitable, the mines needed an ongoing supply of cheap labour. The mine owners therefore had to think very carefully about when they would get labour from and how they would make it cheap. We must have labour. The mining industry without labour is as … it would be to imagine that you could get milk without cows. ‘ President of the Chamber of Mines, March 1912 The problem that faced the mine owners was that there was no ready-made supply of workers whom they could recruit to work in the mines. They had to use many different methods to create and keep a supply of cheap labour. Workers in turn resisted these methods in various ways. Few Africans were willing to leave their fields to work underground. Most African farmers were not interested in working in the mines while they still had land.

Some, like the Pedi, had been prepared to work as migrants for short periods on the diamond mines in order to get money to buy farming implements, as well as guns to defend themselves. • • • • • • • • • • • Even mine owners had to find a way of turning the migrant system into a cheap one. In the years between 1890 and 1899 the number of African mineworkers rose from 14 000 to 100 000. This section shows how mine owners managed torecruitthose 100 000 migrant workers and how the migrant labour system was turned into a cheap one.

The governments (both Boer and British) and the mine owners worked together to guarantee the mines an ongoing supply of cheap labour. The conquest of the African kingdoms African independence was largely destroyed by the 1880s. Two examples of this were the conquest of the Pedi and the Zulu kingdoms. The methods used to force Africans to become migrant labourers included taking advantage of internal conflicts within African kingdoms. Going to war against the African kingdoms was another method used by both the Boers and the British. Once the African kingdoms had been defeated, the Boer and British governments taxes and land control easures left people with few options for survival except to seek work in the towns. • • • • • • Control over land By the 1880s the Boers had formed governments in the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. The British ruled over the Cape Colony and Natal. The Boers and the British were slowly extending their control over the land and the people living in these areas. By 1900 most of the land in South Africa had been taken over by white farmers, mining companies, land companies and by the government. In the Cape and Natal in areas like the Transkei and Zululand, land still belonged to African farmers but there was much less of it.

There were some Africans involved in commercial farming in the Orange Free State and the Transvaal. But Africans did not farm their own land in these provinces. Most of them farmed land that belonged to white farmers or unused land that belonged to land companies or the government. They were like the tenant farmers in Britain. Imposition of taxes Soon the Boer and the British governments started to impose taxes on their ‘subjects’. They made new laws that demanded taxes be paid in cash and not in cattle. Africans had to pay a hut tax of R1 per year for every hut.

It took a man about three months on the mines to earn this and many men went to work on the mines to pay the hut tax. Every man over 18 years old, black or white had to pay a poll tax of R2 a year. Black unskilled workers were earning between 5c and 19c a day on the mines. They had to use most of this money to buy food and clothes for themselves. It therefore took them months of extra work on the mines to pay the poll tax. • • • • • • The third form of tax was the labour tax. In the Cape, the then Prime minister, Rhodes, passed a law called the Glen Grey Act in 1894.

Among other things, this law forced all Africans in the Cape to pay R1 to the government every year. However, they did not have to pay this tax if they proved that they worked for wages for at least three months of the year. • Most African men therefore either had to: • earn money to pay the hut tax and the poll tax by selling produce, or working for a short time either on white farms or in towns, or avoid paying the labour tax by working for wages for short periods either on farms or in towns. In these ways thousands of men were forced to become migrant workers.

Most chose to go to the mines rather than to do farm labour because they could earn higher wages on the mines. They would go to the mines for specific lengths of time as short as three months or as long as two years while their wives and children stayed at home keeping the farms going. As result more and more men were separated from their families for increasingly long periods. Rhodes claimed that these taxes were meant to encourage independent African farmers to work for wages and to use the cash that they earned to ay for ‘wise and good government’. Early attempts at recruiting From Vusi goes back, Prezanian Comix/E.

D. A. Because of the very large supply of labour that the mines needed, the mine owners had to ensure that a sufficient number of men would spend enough time working on the mines every year. There was competition for labour between the richer mines and the poorer mines. The richer mines were usually able to attract workers by offering higher wages. At the same time, the very existence of the poorer mines depended on reducing working costs by keeping wages as low as possible. The mine owners solved this tension between the richer and the poorer mines by flooding the market with recruited workers.

These were workers who were encouraged to come and work on the mines by special agents or ‘touts’. ‘Touts’ were paid by recruiting agencies for every worker they recruited. In this way mine owners created a situation where there were more workers than jobs so that workers would be forced to work for lower wages. The mining industry was a major taxpayer to the Transvaal. As a result, the Kruger government co-operated with the mine owners. Although the government was concerned to ensure that the mines did not take African labour away from Boer farmers, it did agree to recruit labour for the mines.

This included allowing foreign labour from neighbouring countries to work on the mines. The Kruger government also introduced and policed a pass system. Africans were required to carry passes, a form of document, which allowed them to • • • • • • • • • travel and find jobs only with the approval of the government or an employer. This was designed to control the number of Africans coming to the urban areas. The pass system remained in place in one form or another until 1986. • • The rinderpest Another blow to those farmers who were able to hold onto their independence came with the rinderpest epidemic of 1896-7.

This cattle disease reduced many herders to poverty and starvation and many were forced to seek work on white farms or in the mines. Explaining causes Many causes or reasons have been provided to explain why thousands of African farmers went unwillingly to work on the mines every year from the late 1880s onwards. Some of these causes may have had a greater effect on people’s lives than others. Behind the scenes of the world of the workers 1897: Lord Miner became governor of the Cape Colony and British High Commissioner in South Africa. He was known for his dislike of Kruger, president of the Transvaal.

He also had a strong desire to expand Britain’s sphere of influence in South Africa. 1899-1902: The South African War (previously called the Anglo-Boer War) broke out and lasted for three years. An important cause of the war was the struggle for control over the goldfields. The mines were forced to close during the war. Workers returned home. This affected productivity and cost the mine owners and the economy millions of rands. Some say the war paved the way for the Cape Colony, Natal, the Transvaal and the Orange Free State to form one state. 904-1908: South Africa had to be rebuilt or reconstructed after the war. As part of its reconstruction programme the government under Milner secured cheap indentured labour from China. This enabled the mines to lower wages and ignore the demands of Southern African workers for higher pay and better working conditions. Milner’s reconstruction programme was similar in some ways to the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP). Milner’s government had to tackle the task of rebuilding the country after the South African War.

Africans did not accept the loss of their land or the imposition of taxes, passively. But it was hard for them to fight back because of the strength of the British and the Boers. The development of the mining industry largely destroyed independent farming as a way of life. It changed previous patterns of trade to produce a new economy and a new political system. This new system was controlled by whites. And, particularly during the period from the 1860s to 1910, Britain (and internationally-based companies) had a great influence over the way the country was governed. • • • • • • • • •

Inbound Tourism of South Africa There are two main factors in recent history that contributed to the increased number of Inbound Tourists to South Africa. The First would be because of the political history of South Africa. After the Second World war there were serious segregation laws implemented. Separating blacks from whites – they named it Apartheid. Play clip: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=Rz4F_InsBeo If you were a tourist in South Africa and you weren’t white you would have to make use of the non-whites facilities – which were usually of poor standards.

In an attempt to put an end to Apartheid, South Africa was sanctioned by the UN and naturally this put South Africa on the global stage. Shortly After ,the UK and USA boycotted South Africa with: * Economic sanctions * Military sanctions * Cultural boycotts * Sporting boycotts Later 23 countries joined in these boycotts. This meant that none of those countries traveled to South Africa . Musicians, actors, writers or other artists did not publish any of their material of South African nature.

South Africa was isolated from the world, in the sense that foreigners did no longer invest or visit South Africa but South Africa was still getting a lot of attention internationally. The protests against the Apartheid movement became more violent and the political unrest even worse. Of course this made tourists skeptical of travelling to South Africa. 1990 marked the end of Apartheid; in 1994 South Africa had their first democratic elections. Nelson Mandela was voted the first black President of South Africa.

Since 1994 South African Tourism growth has been exceptional Million people Year Only 16 years after being a democratic and free country , South Africa had the opportunity to host the 2010 Soccer World Cup . This event made the world even more aware of South Africa, everyone was talking about the Soccer World Cup and therefore South Africa as a country received even more publicity. Even without the number of tourists that visited South Africa for the Soccer , the number of tourists still increased. http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=SPEG8Gn6Qxk&feature=related

South Africa can cater for almost every type of tourist: * Business tourism * Cultural Tourism * Eco-tourism * Paleo-tourism * Adventure tourism * Sports tourism Today Tourism is one of the biggest industries in South Africa it even surpassed the Gold exports as the earner of foreign currency. Germany , the UK and North American countries used to make up most of the inbound tourist , but over the past year India and China have increasingly visited South Africa. The department of tourism is investing more into marketing in India and China.

There are also a couple of strategies put into place to improve the Tourism market in South Africa as a whole. OUTBOUND TOURISM Since the end of apartheid the majority of the population is no longer oppressed. The people of South Africa no matter what race can get better education and as a result they can also pursue better careers. Since more and more South Africans earned decent salaries they could put more money aside for travelling. Although domestic travel is higher than Outbound Tourism , the number of residents Traveling out of South Africa do increase every year.

Another factor contributing to outbound travel is globalization, people are getting more curious about the world and they want to experience different destinations first hand. There are also of course business trips as South African companies grow. Sources http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=WTiml3HNFtY (UNTWO) * http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=SPEG8Gn6Qxk&feature=related * http://www. statssa. gov. za/publications/Report-03-51-02/Report-03-51-022011. pdf * http://www. southafrica. info/travel/tourism-030912. tm#ixzz27Yai8HuF * http://www. southafrica. info/travel/tourism-030912. htm#ixzz27YaTs4rg * http://www. sagoodnews. co. za/tourism/tourist_arrivals_up_3. 3_. html * http://www. info. gov. za/speech/DynamicAction? pageid=461&sid=30329&tid=82144 * http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=Rz4F_InsBeo * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa_during_apartheidhttp://www. mongabay. com/reference/country_studies/south-africa/ECONOMY. html * http://www. euromonitor. com/travel-and-tourism-in-south-africa/report

Introduction

In recent times, it is sure that the importance of marketing research has increased due to serious competition between companies. That is why there are a plenty of method for information research in order to understand the mind of consumer which can be useful to make the plans and strategy for producing of marketing offering needed by consumer. In addition, through the researching of marketing, the company can build up the priority way to be connected in terms of closes between company and consumer. Therefore, most of companies in the world have tried to concentrate on the marketing area by investing a lot of money to investigate for gaining specific information which affects to increase a profit. In this essay, Firstly, the organisation selected is the company of Hyundai Motor. Secondly, target market is South Africa.

What is the Hyundai Motor Company (HMC)

Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) is one of the most competitive companies in Korea. From 1960s to the early 1980s, Korean government supported automobile industry through special policies and laws like ‘Automobile Industry Protection Law’ and ‘A Long term Plan to Promote the Automobile industry’ in order to boost the economy after the Korean War(1950-1953). While developing continuously with this support, HMC started to export their technique and products to other countries. Their first export was carried out in 1980s in Quebec, Canada. However, their first attempt was unsuccessful closing their plant rather early and struggled to succeed again in India in 1998. Now, HMC is a global company which could survive among other companies in competitive relation: KIA and DAEWOO during economic recession and has continued to develop from both inside and outside of Korea. (A review by Russell et al. 2006)

South Africa and consumer (Target Market)

According to the table it can be seen below, it show that the growth of rating of economy in South Africa has developed rapidly. It means that for motor company the South African can be consumer marketing area to get a profit.

In addition, South Africa has launched a programme called ‘Black Economy Empowerment’, since 1994. This programme is aimed at promote the Black People who have more disadvantages relatively under the circumstance of apartheid economically. Despite some criticism on this programme, it plays a crucial role in developing South Africa’s economy. To be concrete, it encourages companies being run by black owners, especially the Petroleum and Liquid Fuels (P&LF) and Mining industry to achieve economic growth within some years. (A reviewed by Stefano Ponte et al 2007) With this series of economic strategy, South Africa has founded more growing economic system and increasing the black people’s right gradually.

From this information, it can be known that the quality of life style of Black People in South Africa among Africa is developing due to policy of government which support Black People. As a result, the people supported by BEE policy might have became middle class who get a confidence economically and the ability to buy products. Briefly, it can be said that this group can be great market if the HMC is aimed at there.

I20 Hyundai car (market offering)

In mind of consumer, it is sure that the extent of safety of product is main issue. I20 is the motor produced which is one of the most safeties cars in Hyundai motor company. I20 contains of both the condition of safety and modern design including superb interior made from material which feel people comfortable. I20 is the prestigious European National Car Assessment Programme 5 star which proves the quality of safety. In addition, it is cheaper than other motor companies. It will be able to have a competitiveness of product to survive in business market if it is sold in South Africa. However, the Hyundai motor company need to have other market strategy for getting more powerful endurance. One example is that they put specific brand image and soul into I20 by using advertisement and giving people t-shirt drawn the picture and logo of I20 to connect with consumer. In conclusion, it should reach on the target group who became middle class in South Africa who has economical ability because of BEE policy established in time of Nelson Mandela. In addition, it should be focus on group which has educated under parent affected by BEE. They get a sense of selecting the car designed as modern and up to date and elegant.

Primary data and Secondary data

Generally, there are three types of information the company can obtain: Internal data, Marketing intelligence, and Marketing research. (The view proposed by Philip Kotler 2010 P.126-131).Three kind of information can be divided into two methods: Primary data, and Secondary data. Basically, the primary data is related to marketing research. Secondary data also is connected to marketing intelligence and internal data. When it comes to the principle of marketing, the mean of primary can be classified as ‘it consists of information gathered for the special research plan’. (Philip Kotler 2010 P.131) The secondary data can be defined as ‘it consists of information that already exists somewhere having been collected for another purpose’. Philip Kotler 2010 P.131)

Secondary data can be consists of two sorts of source: internal source and external sources. Examples of internal source are company reports, previous company research, salesperson feedback and customer feedback. The examples of external source are the published research, trade organisation, syndicated research and government source.

Primary data collection is divided into four types of collection: research approaches, contact methods and sampling plan and research instrument. (Philip Kotler 2010 P.133-142) Firstly, the research approaches consists of four types of researches: observational research, ethnographic research, survey research and experimental research. The observational research can be the technique to collect the primary data by observing the people in term of action and circumstance. The ethnographic research is to use the professional discover for understanding of natural the environment of consumer. The survey of research is generally the most useful skills for knowing of knowledge and attitude and preference. The experimental research is of collection general information. When it comes to contact method in a marketing research, generally, it is linked to the way of online to pick up the thought of consumer. The benefits of contact method by online are that it is cheap and speed. The representative examples of contact Methods are Mail and Telephone and personal interviewing.

According to principle of marketing, the definition of sample can be determined as ‘a segment of the population selected for marketing research to represent the population as a whole.’ (Philip Kotler 2010 P.139) In order to use this tactics, first of all, the company should consider who people to be selected for survey are. In addition it should be took into account how many people will be research as well as how the people can be chosen. Furthermore, the research instrument is questionnaires that it is general way by using phone and online. (Philip Kotler 2010 P.139-142)

What is the benefit of primary data?

Basically, there are advantages and disadvantages both primary data and secondary data. Compared with primary data, there are a number of secondary data so that it can be of use for the company faced with problem, indicating a way for overcoming of problem with developing of the understanding of problem.

However, there are some problems in a secondary data up to whether its information is relevant with problem of company or not. Therefore it is necessary for the company to consider the extent of relevant, accurate, up to date and impartial with the problem faced with company. (Philip Kotler 2010 P.133) On the other hand, the main benefit of primary data is to get the information for target group in the time of makeing new products, which affect the company get competitiveness for winning against competitive company.

In addition, this method will become the protection of wall for loss of profit by preparing the situation carried out. From the primary data, the company can obtain fulfilling conditions of information in term of accurate, up to date, relevant.

The conclusion

For company both secondary data and primary data should be need. Even though the cost of making of primary data is expensive but help the company to succeed against competitive company. (Illustrations of the Secondary VS Primary Market research can be found online. http://www.allbusiness.com/marketing/market-research/1310-1.html) For improving of marketing research skill, firstly, the company has to define what the problem is and the target marketing is. In addition, should be created new idea what the market place is and the target consumer is as well as considering of which product the consumer want to buy. If company build up the creative strategy for specific target market with consumer, it will be able to succeed.

Bibliography

1. SUH (2006) ‘Globalization and Employment Relations in the Korean Auto Industry:
2. The Case of the Hyundai Motor Company in Korea, Canada and India’ Vol. 12, No. 2, 131–147, EBSCO (Online), available at (assessed: April 2006)
3. Stefano Ponte, Simon Roberts and Lance van Sittert (2007) ‘Black Economic Empowerment’, Business and the State in South
4. Vol. 38, Issue 5, p933-955. 23p. EBSCO (Online), (assessed: ep2007)
5. Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong 2010 Principle of Marketing, Thirteenth Edition, p 126-142.PEARSON
6. http://www.allbusiness.com/marketing/market-research/1310-1.html (no date and Author)
7. http://www.hyundai.com/in/en/Showroom/Flash/SRFOVERVIEW/DF_IN_SR_BJ_080313131438.html (No date and Author)
8. http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~renglish/370/notes/chapt08/index.htm
9. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa [/level-freee-rstricted]

Globalization is the “shrinking” of the world and the increased consciousness of the world as a whole. It is a term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that is a result of dramatically increased cross-border trade, investment, and cultural exchange. Globalization has been dominated by the nation-state, national economies, and national cultural identities. The new form of globalization is an interconnected world and global mass culture, often referred to as a “global village. “(Bhagwati,2004). Globalization is perhaps the central concept of our age (Bhagwati, 2004).

Developing country refers to the countries which are economicaly and technologically undeveloped. South Africa stands as a semi-sephere nation making it differ from the rest of the developing world although it has party some charectateristics of a deceloping world. For South Africa to be the strongest African economy and attenting positions such as being a member of the g8 as been a clearl work of globalization making it at the center of the Africa. Globalization has managed to have an impact on the economy ,politics and social nature bringing about positive results for South Africa.

In this essay;The situation during economicec sunctions and its leberisation is clear evidance to economic libirazation I am going to illustrate how this process has had a positive impact in South Africa as a whole. primarly focusing on the positive impact globalization has had on South Africas economy . Through the broad and economic lebarization with other counties. The phenomeanall of globalization states that The integration of South Africa into an increasingly integrated world economy has encouraged closer economic, political, and social interaction.

In South Africa it has given companies access to wider markets and consumers access to a greater variety of goods and services. It has manifests itself in various forms such as an increase in international trade, financial flows, and foreign direct investment (Smith,2001). This has resulted in South African economy managing to emerge its market status. Its economy has been the centre of Africa and one of the strongest in the world and its economic realisation has been due to its effective and successfully eco integration with other parts of the world.

The economic growth has been due to the global economy (Smith,2001). Politically, globalization has resulted in the affluent and efficient government system adapted through integration of political systems party which holds fair economies making the government of South Africa, accountable and durable to stable economies . For instance, ANC leaders chucked decades of rhetoric and opened the South African economy to the rest of the world (Smith,2001). From my own personal perspective and experience in a “global village”.

Globalization has had positive impact in South Africa’s production of goods and services. For instance, the franchise of MacDonald’s has led to production aiming to maintain the global standard of the franchise producing standard global quality of production in South Africa (Ritzer,2000). Globalization has had a positive impact on the South African society . Myopic mindedness has been dealt away with and they have been set a more affluent and integration of ideas from different parts of the world which has helped the society in general.

For instance the AIDS awareness has become a global theme and has encouraged South Africa to get more involved in its Aids awareness which has primarily not been as successful in the past and due to the integration this has been possible. Different cultural ideas and tradition have also been interlinked and have asses to explore the world they leave in improving knowledge (Ritzer,200) In conclusion to my argument, globalization has had a more positive impact on South Africa.

They has been economic, political, technology and social integration (Bhagwati,2004) . They have been open trade improving the economy of the South Africa. Influence in the politics and technology helping develop new innovations helping the county. The global perspective of the society has since grown to be smaller, allowing different cultural integration and eliminating isolation and living the society prom to more knowledge.

Derivatives – Overview, Types, Advantages and Disadvantages

Introduction

In the present-day society, with the development of globalization, small companies are struggling to survive in a severe environment. Not only do they have to compete with large companies, but also are affected by the impact of fluctuating economic climates. Under this environment, they have no choice but to seize every chance to increase profits.

A feasible method is by using financial derivatives. These financial instruments, which are linked to a specific indicator, commodity or other financial instruments, can receive great rewards with only a small amount of investment. This essay first discusses four main financial derivatives: forwards, futures, options and swaps. Then analyze the pros and cons of financial derivative usage by small companies. Finally, suggestions are made for small companies to better take advantage of financial derivatives.

Definition of small business

“A small business is a business that is privately owned and operated, with a small number of employees and relatively low volume of sales. Small businesses are normally privately owned corporations, partnerships or sole proprietor ships. “

In this article, the four main group of financial derivatives discussed are forward, futures, options and swaps. They are basically business contracts made either in the financial market or individually negotiated between parties. Forwards and Futures obligate one of the parties to buy and another to sell a specific asset at a specific price on a specific date, Options give one party the right of selling or buying, not the obligation. Meanwhile, Swaps have obligations and rights set to exchange one security for another to alternate quality of issue, or investment objectives. In the research of (Kosik and Pontiff 2004)[3], among all the categories of derivatives, foreign exchange derivatives, interest rate derivatives and commodity price derivatives are the most frequently used derivative instruments by small firms.

Advantages

To start with, the most noticeable advantages for small companies of using financial derivatives are in the financial area. This includes predicting a future price trend, stabilizing costs and maximizing sales profits. When the company is concerned about the derivative market, the price of futures and options and commodity price derivatives can easily help it to predict the future price trend of its raw materials. Thus wise decisions on making instant large purchases or future purchases could be made. If the predictions prove correct, unnecessary expense on raw materials can be avoided. Another way small companies could take advantages is to stabilize their purchase costs. If the company enters into a commodity price forward contract, it could possibly stabilize its purchase costs. Since engaged in these derivative contracts, the company has accepted to buy a certain commodity at a special price, thus the purchase cost is fixed in contractual format. Or it could use foreign currency forwards and options to minimize the impact of exchange rate fluctuation in the same way. (Bodnar and Marston, 1988).[4] A third area a small company could benefit from utilizing financial derivates is to maximize its profits. A foreign currency forward or option contract with its distributors, the company is able to sell its products with fixed sales income in domestic currency. As a result, no more price or exchange rate fluctuation could influence the company’s sale revenue. There are three other advantages caused by derivative instruments. These are: increasing business reputation, expanding the company to enter the finance industry, and training the management team to handle more complex finance problems. There is a further explanation that derivative instruments can increase business reputation. When a company fulfills all the obligations and duties that the derivative contract included, distributors may think it a creditable partner and shareholders may give more credit to their invested entity as well. The second advantage is that a small company can gain opportunities to enter the high level of financial markets for its frequently participation in the derivative market. It is beneficial for the future development of the company. Through earning large quantities of short-term return, the firm’s volume could be increased and expansion into the financial markets could be realized (Gay and Nam, 1998).[5] Finally, the management team of a small enterprise could get plenty of experience in dealing with these advanced financial instruments. This could train them for better understanding of the whole economic trend, so they are better prepared for future financial work, benefiting the company in a fundamental way.

Disadvantages

Aside from all the possible advantages financial derivatives can bring for small companies, there are also corresponding disadvantages. Just as proper managing can cut down on material costs and maximize sales figures and profits, if used inappropriately, derivative instruments may result in huge losses or even bankruptcy for small companies.

The most recognized disadvantage that financial derivatives could bring about is financial difficulty. In this situation, it is hard to professionally handle the derivatives instruments, the consequences would be terrible. One appropriate example to illustrate the huge financial losses caused by derivative use is that five to six small firms in India have engaged in a lawsuit with private-sector banks with some improper handling of the derivative product, causing ten million losses on derivative instruments. In the second place, if the prediction is incorrect, a commodity price or foreign exchange future or forward contract will raise the purchase costs for small firms, for that this kind of derivatives sets the future amount due fixed whatever the future prices or exchange rate would be. In a similar situation, when arrangement is improper, interest rate derivatives will cause fund costs to rise. That is because the interest rate derivatives have set a limit to the funding costs. As a consequence, when the interest rate descends, funding costs are increased, leading to financial trouble for the small enterprise.

There have some other disadvantages come in other area except for finance. When company failure on derivative markets, shareholders, creditors and other relevant parties tend to be lose their confidence in the company’s performance, therefore, it will face a much worse financial position. Shareholders may start to sell their stocks, and creditors may ask for early repayment of credit. Under these circumstances, the reputation of company may be seriously damaged. Another drawback is the management team of the company may feel frustrated about their poor operation on derivative instruments, thus losing morale for attempting another innovative financial instrument, which could possibly put the enterprise into a more difficult situation.

Suggestion

After analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of derivative instruments which are used for small enterprises, some suggestions for making full use of these instruments can be made. Taking two fundamental factors into consideration, they are the size of firm and the special characteristics. Forwards, futures and options are recommended for frequent use, whereas swaps should be carefully used. When investing in these financial instruments the level of risk involved the selection of the type of derivatives.

Conclusion

To sum up, from comparing the advantages and disadvantages of derivative investments, it clearly can be seen that certain type of derivatives, such as forwards and futures, when used properly can bring visible benefits for small firms. On the other hand, when inappropriately used, derivative instrument may result in huge losses and even bankruptcy. Thus, the conclusion is that small companies can take many advantages of financial derivatives as long as they pay sufficient attention to their investments.

Reference:

1. The International Monetary Fund.(2008) Financial Derivatives. Available from: http://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/fd/index.htm [Accessed on September 09, 2010]
2. Small business .Available from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_business [Accessed on September 09,2010]
3. Koski, J. and Pontiff, J. (2004).Wiley Interscience. How are derivatives used.Availablefrom:http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119065624/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0. [Accessed on September 10, 2010]
4. Bodnar, G. and Marston, R. (1998). The Wireless Center for International Financial Research.1998 Survey of financial risk management by U.S. non-financial firms. Available from: http://finance.wharton.upenn.edu/weiss/survey98.pdf [Accessed on September 09,2010]
5. Gay, G. and Nam, J. (1998). The underinvestment problem and corporate derivatives use. Financial Management 27(4):53-55
6. Reuters India. India Axis Bk: clients’ notional derivative loss $169mln. http://uk.reuters.com/article/rbssFinancialServicesAndRealEstateNews/idUKBOM14592320080421.[Accessed on September 09, 2010]
7. Pennings, J. and Garcia, P. (2004). Hedging behavior in small and medium-sized enterprises: The role of unobserved heterogeneity. Journal of Banking & Finance 28: 951-978.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization

Globalization is such a commonly used term in the twentiethcentury. It simply means that the world has become integrated economically, socially, politically and culturally through the advances of technology, transportation and communication. It is undeniable to say that globalization has resulted in both positive and negative effects which must be addressed accordingly. To begin with, globalization has contributed to the worlds economies in many beneficial ways. The advances in science and technology have allowed businesses to easily cross over territorial boundary lines.

Consequently, companies tend to become more productive, competitive thereby raising quality of goods, services and the worlds living standard. Secondly, several companies from the more developed countries have already ventured to establish foreign operations or branches to take advantage of the low cost of labor in the poorer countries. This kind of business activity will provide more influx of cash or investment funds into the less developed countries. However, one cannot deny the negative effects which havederived from globalization.

One crucial social aspect is the risk and danger of epidemic diseases which can easily be spread as the mode transportation is easier and faster in todays advance society. This is evidenced in the recent birds flu disease which has infected most Asian countries over a short time frame. As large corporations invest or take over many off shore businesses, a modern form of colonization will also evolve which may pose certain power pressure on the local governments of the less developed countries.

Unemployment rates in the more developed regions like Europe may also escalate as corporations choose to outsource cheaper work force from Asian countries. In conclusion. I like to reiterate that globalization is inevitable and we must urge individuals, companies and governments to use a more balanced approach by taking appropriate steps to deal with matters relating to the financial or economical gains verses the social, political or ecological concerns of the world.

As combatants, we were used to an enemy that we could see, but HIV is an unseeable enemy. It became an issue of national security for a little state like Eritrea. Dr Haile Mehstun, the Secretary for Health in the probationary authorities of the freshly independent Eritrea during 1991-93

Introduction/Overview

It ‘s been 30 old ages since the designation and intervention of this disease we call AIDS and yet it seems that we are no closer to incorporating it than we are to bring arounding it. This has been chiefly due to the fact that the disease itself is alone in footings of how it attacks and spreads throughout the organic structure and besides because of the widespread and sustained socio-economic, political and demographic impacts.

It has besides been called a ‘long moving ridge event ‘ whose effects will be felt for coevalss to come.

Merely as the distinctive as the epidemic is, so excessively has been the response to it been. This response has been highlighted at assorted intervals by both hectic action on one manus and a entire deficiency of action on the other manus,

This was unprecedented international response, as ne’er before had there been a committedness of resources of this magnitude to a wellness cause.

As such this response became known as ‘AIDS Exceptionalism ‘ . The word, “ Exceptionalism ” , intending to handle or to give something the position of being exceeding had both positive and negative effects.

AIDS Exceptionalism began as a Western response to the originally terrorizing and deadly nature of the virus, International organisations such as the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS ( UNAIDS ) ,Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria ( the Global Fund ) and The US President ‘s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) , were formed to specifically address HIV/AIDS.

This response was mirrored in South Africa every bit good. Since the first instance was discovered in 1982, The SA Department of Health ‘s ( DoH ) reaction to the epidemic was guided by the responses of the Government of the Day. As such by the twelvemonth 2000, 18 old ages after the fact, it had developed the first National Strategy to turn to HIV AIDS.

This was followed by a mass motion by DoH together with NGOs, CBOs and foreign givers like PEPFAR and Jackson Foundation, to mobilise already constrained wellness resources to the direction of HIV/AIDS.

The South African Military Health Services ( SAMHS ) which offers Military Health Services to all sanctioned clients of the Dept of Defence, besides maps within the guidelines of the Dept of Health every bit good as the assorted statutory organic structures, besides engaged in this ‘drive ‘ to turn to the flagellum of this disease, as it was discovered that this unobserved ‘enemy ‘ had infiltrated our ranks.

The same response that was taken and adopted by the DoH was besides utilised within the SAMHS. Therefore the DoD launched the monolithic Masibambisane Awareness Campaign, followed closely by the Nationwide PROJECT PHIDISA which is a clinical research undertaking focused on the direction and intervention of HIV infection in the uniformed members of the SANDF and their dependents.

The major function participants in the designation, intervention and direction of the HIV became the Health Care Professionals ( HCPs ) in the Primary Health Care Services and the same was true for the Defence environment. The first point of contact for the bulk of our clients and the topographic point of on-going direction are Primary Health Care clinics. SAMHS adopted the same intervention and direction guidelines as DoH and offered these and other services to our clients. Any alterations to these policies and guidelines unwittingly affect the service bringing within the SAMHS. So foregrounding the National Health attacks and its effects besides reflects the general mode in which PHC services are delivered in the SAMHS.

Due to the graduated table and nature of the HIV epidemic, a disease specific response was seen as the most effectual manner of nearing the disease as it enabled capacity edifice of wellness systems in states in demand. It besides allowed at the clip a more manageable manner to place and turn to spreads in the wellness system whilst still being able to present a service.

This attack, nevertheless, resulted in parallel systems being set up, and caused breaks in twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours healthcare proviso every bit good as the disregard of other every bit enfeebling and life endangering wellness conditions.

This attack farther caused multiple convergences in the wellness service demands for HIV/AIDS and those for other diseases, which people thought did n’t necessitate this type of pressing, perpendicular response and intercession. PMTCT programmes can non be isolated from equal antenatal clinic services, household planning, bringing installations, and ambulatory services for chronic diseases of adult females and kids.

A pregnant adult female comes in at 28 hebdomads, kicking of a relentless cough and dark workout suits. At the PHC sister she is diagnosed on clinical marks and symptoms and history as being TB positive and is given a referral to the TB clinic – which is 2 doors off from where she is right now. Further trials reveal that she is besides HIV positive – so she is given a referral to the ARV/Wellness Clinic which is down the transition. Since she has ne’er had any Antenatal Care she is besides given a referral to the Antenatal Clinic – but she receives merely cough mixture today – because there no assignments available for her today in any of the other clinics. This is because we have adopted a perpendicular disease specific response to pull offing our patients.

These service bringing agreements are sometimes described in footings of perpendicular or horizontal attacks.

Vertical attacks use planning, staffing, direction, and financing systems that are separate from other services, whereas horizontal attacks work through bing health-system constructions.

However the planetary community noticed the frequent co-infections between HIV and TB these were persuasive grounds for seeking complementarities between services for each.

Background

In the past few old ages, there has been a recoil against this Exceptionalism with critics claiming that HIV/AIDS receives disproportional sum of international assistance and wellness support, and that this has deductions for other wellness issues.

Catching diseases and other wellness conditions were abandoned and/or neglected in favor of what became known as a civil-liberties attack.

This public wellness attack helped incorporate the epidemic in certain parts of the universe to changing grades. However in Sub-Saharan Africa the disease still wreaks mayhem with about 1400 new infections per twenty-four hours.

When antiretroviral intervention ( ART ) was unveiled at the 1996 International AIDS Conference in Vancouver, Canada, AIDS was transformed into a treatable disease. The coming of intervention shifted Western precedences of response “ The handiness of more advanced antiretroviral therapies has made it possible to handle efficaciously those with HIV infection, thereby increasing the importance of early designation and trailing ” .

As donor states displacement precedences, and in the context of the economic recession, the urgency around the HIV/AIDS response is one time once more worsening. This displacement in policy and international precedences does non alter the world of an epidemic that, after three decennaries, is still unfolding.

Others ‘ commentaries highlighted that many diseases and wellness issues ( such as malaria, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, under-nutrition and respiratory upsets ) resulted in more deceases than those related to AIDS in many parts of the universe, but were having less support.

Whether or non this disregard was because of the prioritization of the AIDS response or due to other factors was heatedly contested.

The current health picture

In low income states that have been the hardest hit by HIV, the wellness profile of the twelvemonth 2008, harmonizing to the WHO ( 2011 ) is as follows:

Low-income states

Deaths in 1000000s % of deceases

Lower respiratory infections

1.05

11.3 %

Diarrhoeal diseases

0.76

8.2 %

HIV/AIDS

0.72

7.8 %

Ischaemic bosom disease

0.57

6.1 %

Malarias

0.48

5.2 %

Stroke and other cerebrovascular disease

0.45

4.9 %

Tuberculosis

0.40

4.3 %

Prematurity and low birth weight

0.30

3.2 %

Birth asphyxia and birth injury

0.27

2.9 %

Neonatal infections

0.24

2.6 %

Internationally the taking cause of decease harmonizing to the WHO study updated in 2011, the taking cause of decease in 2008 was shockingly non due to AIDS – this could in portion be attributed to the hapless coverage or recording of deceases attributed straight to HIV/AIDS, but it alsol allows the Global Community a opportunity to gain that other serious wellness conditions which exist within our wellness systems, have the capacity to gyrate out of control due to the disregard by the AIDS Exceptionalism response.

Universe

Deaths in 1000000s % of deceases

Ischaemic bosom disease

7.25

12.8 %

Stroke and other cerebrovascular disease

6.15

10.8 %

Lower respiratory infections

3.46

6.1 %

Chronic clogging pneumonic disease

3.28

5.8 %

Diarrhoeal diseases

2.46

4.3 %

HIV/AIDS

1.78

3.1 %

Trachea, bronchial tube, lung malignant neoplastic diseases

1.39

2.4 %

Tuberculosis

1.34

2.4 %

Diabetess mellitus

1.26

2.2 %

Road traffic accidents

1.21

2.1 %

Harmonizing to the World Health Statistics 2012 study, one in three grownups global, has raised blood force per unit area – a status that causes around half of all deceases from shot and bosom disease and one in 10 grownups has diabetes. While the planetary mean prevalence is about 10 % , up to one tierce of populations in some Pacific Island states have this status. Left untreated, diabetes can take to cardiovascular disease, sightlessness and kidney failure.

Dr A new wave der Merwe, in 2007, found that bosom disease is the 2nd biggest slayer of South Africans after Aids ( est. 890 people / twenty-four hours decease from Aids ) . Harmonizing to the study 30 South Africans die from bosom onslaughts and 60 from shots alone- every individual twenty-four hours with 70 % of these occur in people younger than 55 old ages of age.

She farther stated that high blood force per unit area, high cholesterin and diabetes added well to the load of disease in South Africa. Heart disease is non the male merely job it was thought to be old ages ago. One out of four ( 25 % ) SA adult females younger than 60 is affected. Heart disease is the cause of decease in 20 % of all deceases in adult females – much in the same manner that adult females bear the load for HIV/AIDS more than work forces.

More than half the deceases due to chronic disease, including bosom disease, occur before the age of 65 old ages. These are premature deceases that affect the work force in the state and have a major impact on the economic system of the state. Premature deceases due to bosom and blood vas diseases in people of working age ( 35 – 64 old ages ) are expected to increase by 41 % between 2007 – 2030. The negative economic impact of this will be tremendous. And yet the bulk of our focal point remains on pull offing HIV/AIDS entirely.

The spread between resources required to implement HIV/AIDS programmes and those available has continued to turn over the past three old ages, this is particularly true with respects to the deficit of trained and skilled wellness attention workers particularly physicians and nurses. This has had a farther impact on the direction of other chronic conditions in that the already short supply of physicians and nurses are being channeled to HIV/AIDS Centres with the enticement of higher wages and increased inducements, go forthing fewer staff to pull off the turning figure of other patients with chronic conditions.

With the SAMHS as with the DoH clinics and wellness Centres one merely has to take a glimpse around to happen an copiousness of information, postings, booklets etc on HIV/AIDS, and really few if any on other Health Conditions. Expertness is directed and allocated to the ‘Wellness Clinics ‘ and to the ‘proper ‘ direction of HIV positive patients. The ‘other ‘ can do make with what ‘s left.

As Sachs notes in a commentary in The Lancet, “ We are non overspending on AIDS but under-spending on the restaˆ¦The pick is non between AIDS, wellness systems, and other Millennium Development Goals. We can and must back up them all.

Understanding health systems

The term ‘health system ‘ is a shorthand manner of mentioning to all the administrations, establishments and resources that are chiefly concerned with bettering wellness in a peculiar state. They guarantee the proviso of preventative, rehabilitative, healing, and other public wellness services, every bit good as the coevals of the fiscal, physical, and human resources needed for service proviso. Most significantly, wellness systems besides encompass the direction and administration agreements that help guarantee efficiency and equity in proviso of service, reactivity to patient demands, and answerability to communities and the broader society.

Why are wellness systems of import?

The recent planetary focal point on control of diseases such as HIV/AIDS, TB and Malaria has concentrated attending on intercessions that need to be scaled up, such as antiretroviral therapy, TB and malaria intervention, or intermittent intervention of pregnant adult females for malaria. However, the great bulk of intercessions depend in some manner on a basic substructure of services, which in bend depends on the being of a higher degree substructure that provides resources and supervising.

Since the Declaration of Alma-Ata, attending to wellness systems has waxed and waned. Most late, in the planetary wellness community at that place has been a displacement back towards advancing wellness systems, or horizontal, intercessions. Horizontal intercessions are defined as those that strengthen the primary attention system, better wellness systems service and bringing, and address general non-disease specific jobs such as wellness worker deficits and inadequate skilled birth attenders. However, there are matter-of-fact troubles with recognizing the rhetoric and funding horizontal intercessions.

The Global Fund via the Global Health Initiatives aims to beef up wellness systems to cut down the spread and impact of HIV, TB, and malaria and will assist many states fulfill their human rights duties, in peculiar the “ right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest come-at-able criterion of physical and mental wellness. ” Under international jurisprudence, provinces are obliged to take stairss “ to the upper limit of [ their ] available resources, ” , to increasingly recognize the right to the highest come-at-able criterion of wellness.

The Alma Ata declaration ( 1978 ) promoted a comprehensive attack to bettering wellness with a strong accent on constructing wellness systems “ from the underside up ” through primary wellness attention.

However this vision was challenged by those who argued that to accomplish a mensurable consequence it was necessary to concentrate on a limited figure of cost-efficient intercessions through selective primary wellness attention.

The accent on presenting cost-efficient intercessions resulted in an increasing array of selective programmes, frequently being promoted at the same time.

Service bringing agreements are sometimes described in footings of perpendicular or horizontal attacks. Vertical attacks use planning, staffing, direction, and financing systems that are separate from other services, whereas horizontal attacks work through bing health-system constructions.

Vertical vs. systems approach

However, there are many studies from experience that jobs may originate when several perpendicular, parallel subsystems are created within the broader health-care system. Parallel attacks are likely to ensue in:

• Duplicates: running parallel systems for presenting drugs to wellness installations will increase conveyance costs, and increase the figure of signifiers that wellness workers need to finish to procure their drug supply.
• Distortions: making a separate cell of better paid wellness workers for the specii¬?c undertakings of a programme may consume staff from other cardinal maps and/or demotivate staff who do non benei¬?t from higher wage or better conditions.
• Breaks: programmes frequently train wellness workers by taking them off from their occupations for several yearss or hebdomads, go forthing their stations vacant. This preparation tends to be coordinated across programmes, and may ensue in the same worker having several preparation classs in a twelvemonth, with a significant loss of services being delivered.
• Distractions: likewise, the specii¬?c and uncoordinated coverage demands of givers can take to several signifiers being i¬?lled by a exclusive wellness worker for the same job, deflecting them from more productive utilizations of their clip. ( United Nations: Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS No. 55, nem con adopted by the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS2001. )
• In amount, in a barbarous circle, weak wellness systems can restrict the effectivity of enterprises taken ND topographic point indefensible emphasis on already weak systems. This quandary drives a cuneus between wellness systems beef uping attempts and the work of the Global Health Initiatives and limits the capacity of both to accomplish their full potency The Community Systems Strengthening ( CSS ) Framework is a Global Fund enterprise which was finalized in May 2010. A bill of exchange CSS Framework was tabled at a workshop held 24-25 March 2011 in Johannesburg, South Africa.

South African response

The HIV & A ; AIDS and STI Strategic Plan for South Africa 2012-2016 flows from the National Strategic Plan of 2007-2011 every bit good as the Operational Plan for Comprehensive HIV and AIDS Care, Management, and Treatment. It represents the state ‘s multisectoral response to the challenge with HIV infection and the wide-ranging impacts of AIDS.

The NSP 2012-2016 was developed through an intensive and inclusive procedure of drafting, aggregation and bite of inputs from a broad scope of stakeholders; through electronic mails, workshops, and meetings. SANAC had chance to interrogate the bill of exchanges on three occasions. The national multisectoral response to HIV and AIDS is managed by different constructions at all degrees. States, local governments, the private sector and a scope of CBOs are the chief implementing bureaus. Each authorities section has a focal individual and squad responsible for planning, budgeting, execution and monitoring HIV and AIDS intercessions. In this program, communities are targeted to take more duty and to play a more meaningful function.

The NSP is based upon a set of cardinal Guiding Principles:

• ‘Supportive Leadership ‘
• ‘Effective Communication ‘
• ‘Effective Partnerships ‘
• ‘Promoting societal alteration and coherence ‘
• ‘Sustainable programmes and funding ‘

The intercessions that are needed to make the NSP ‘s ends are structured under four key precedence countries:

• Prevention ;
• Treatment, attention and support ;
• Human and legal rights ; and
• Monitoring, research and surveillance.

Key Priority Area 1: Prevention

• Reduce by 50 % the rate of new HIV infections by 2011. The purpose is to guarantee that the big bulk of South Africans who are HIV negative remain HIV negative

Key Priority Area 2: Treatment, Care, and Support

• Reduce HIV and AIDS morbidity and mortality every bit good as its socioeconomic impacts by supplying appropriate bundles of intervention, attention and support to 80 % of HIV positive people and their households by 2011.
• Mitigate the impacts of HIV and AIDS and make an enabling societal environment for attention, intervention and support
• Strengthen the execution of OVC policy and programmes
• Expand and implement CHBC as portion of EPWP
• Strengthen the execution of policies and services for older people affected by HIV and AIDS
• Mainstream the proviso of appropriate attention and support services to HIV positive people with disablements and their households

Key Priority Area 3: Research, Monitoring, and Surveillance

• The NSP 2207-2011 recognises monitoring and rating ( M & A ; E ) as an of import policy and direction tool.

Key Priority Area 4: Human and Legal Rights

• Stigma and favoritism continue to show challenges in the direction of HIV and AIDS. This precedence country seeks to mainstream these in order to guarantee witting execution programmes to turn to them.

Response within the SAMHS

UNAIDS ( 2003 ) reported that uniformed services, including peacekeepers, often rank among the population groups most affected by sexually transmitted infections ( STIs ) , including HIV. Military forces are two to-five times more likely to contract STIs than the civilian population and, during struggle, this factor can increase significantly. A military analyst with South Africa ‘s Institute of Strategic Studies has warned that, unless the spread of AIDS among ground forcess from high-prevalent states is stopped shortly, it is possible that many of these states will be unable to take part in future peacekeeping operations. This would stand for a serious blow since soldiers from states, with, or nearing, high-HIV prevalence rates ( above 5 % ) make up 37 % of all UN peacekeepers. UNAIDS

Strategic objectives of the SA military health service – Contribution to government priorities 2011-2014

Government Priority Outcome 2. The SAMHS nucleus concern is directed to lend to the Government Priority Outcome 2, A Long and Healthy Life for all South Africans.

The SAMHS is an active participant in the National Human Development Cluster and the Programme of Action of the bunch is straight linked to the following cardinal end products as identified and formulated by the bunch:

• Increased life anticipation at birth.
• Reduced kid mortality.
• Decreased maternal mortality ratio.
• Pull offing HIV prevalence.
• Reduced HIV incidence.
• Expanded Prevention of Maternal to Child Transmission programme.
• Improved TB instance Findings.
• Improved TB results.
• Improved entree to antiretroviral intervention for HIV-TB co-infected patients. Decreased prevalence of MDR-TB.
• Revitalisation of primary wellness attention.
• Improved physical substructure for wellness attention bringing.
• Improved patient attention and satisfaction.
• Accreditation of wellness installations for quality. Enhanced operational direction of wellness installations and improved entree to human resources support.
• Improved wellness attention funding and wellness information systems, improved wellness services for the young person and expanded entree to place based attention and community wellness workers.
• The undermentioned five cardinal end products that constitute the footing of the Health Sector ‘s Negotiated Service Delivery Agreement ( NSDA ) for 2010-2014 are required from the SAMHS:
• Health Promotion And Prevention Directed To Healthy Life Styles.
• Increasing life anticipation.
• Reducing maternal and child mortality rates.
• Combating HIV and AIDS and diminishing the load of diseases from TB and
• Strengthening wellness system effectivity.

The SAMHS has 6 major formations that deal with the operation of the SAMHS as a whole. Of specific mention to this treatment is the Area Military Health Formation, and the Tertiary Military Health Formation that trades specifically with the comprehensive direction of DoD patients.

The Area Formation is the Formation through which Primary Health Care is delivered to all SANDF members and their dependents through assorted Military Medical Clinics, Polyclinics and Base Hospitals.

Within the Department of Defence ( DoD ) the South African Military Health Services, the Surgeon General manages the HIV Programme since 1991 through a multi-disciplinary attack. The construction of the SA Military Health Service makes proviso for assorted degrees of direction, and the HIV Management Structure mirrors these degrees.

The first degree of the HIV Management Structure allows for audience to the Surgeon General and the remainder of the DOD, policy preparation, monitoring and coordination of the HIV ProgrammeThe 2nd degree of the HIV Management Structure allows for execution of the HIV programme throughout the DOD. “ Regional ” HIV/AIDS Committees.

• ”Nodal Points” or regional HIV programme directors appointed in the states, military infirmaries, the Institute of Military Medicine, Aerospace Medicine and the Institute of Maritime Medicine.
• HIV Workplace Programme Managers, appointed in every unit/workplace in the DOD.
• HIV Master trainers and other forces involved in the HIV Training Programme of the DOD.
• The HIV/AIDS Coordinating Committee is responsible for guaranting execution and coordination of the HIV programme and supervising the executing of the HIV programme. As such the commission is end product driven with respect to the direction of the entire HIV Programme. The HIV Programme Manager acts as president of the commission.

This Committee every bit good as the SG are guided by the National Strategic Plan and the Treatment Guidelines as developed by the DoH.

As is seeable there is n’t a Directorate for Diabetes or Cardiac Care or Director Hypertension and Stroke Management. So within the SAMHS as good energies and attempts have been mobilized in an exceeding attempt to turn to HIV/AIDS, as was demonstrated by the monolithic PHIDISA Project.

Challenge

The systemic challenge of human resources peculiarly in the wellness sector, attenuates the expected benefits of these committednesss.

The proviso of wellness services is labour intensive and a scope of both clinical and direction accomplishments are required to present quality wellness services in an low-cost and just mode.

There is presently an instability in the distribution of wellness professionals between the populace and the private wellness attention sectors, with the bulk of physicians, druggists, and tooth doctors in peculiar placed in the private sector.

In add-on, the migration of wellness professionals to developed states has contributed to the job of recruiting and retaining wellness professionals in the public wellness sector.

The most destitute countries such as informal colonies and rural countries are disproportionately affected by deficits in human resources..

Way forward

Controling the harrying effects of HIV/AIDS should non happen at the cost of pull offing other non-communicable chronic conditions that can be merely as lay waste toing. In order to guarantee that the badness of the HIV pandemic is met with the response that it deserves and to supply a comprehensive medical service the SAMHS has to accommodate to the undermentioned guidelines:

Adopting theoretical accounts of attention with per se high scalability. The huge bulk of African states use the western referral theoretical account of attention with big Numberss of specialised wellness workers, mostly indefensible for pull offing HIV and AIDS and timeserving infections.

Rigid staff definitions hinder occupation sharing and cross-training. In add-on, HIV and AIDS intervention runs the hazard of going a perpendicular programme, focused on a limited set of proficient intercessions offered without mention to people ‘s societal environment and insufficiently integrated with other wellness attention proviso.

The world is that people populating with HIV and AIDS live and work in communities non in wellness installations. The challenge is therefore to keep big Numberss of people

populating with HIV and AIDS in their communities and prolong them on long-run therapy with high conformity and attachment.

Urgently needed are large-scale incorporate public wellness theoretical accounts for turn toing antiretroviral therapy and other signifiers of HIV and AIDS attention and intervention at the primary attention and community degrees.

Redefining professional functions

• Developing and polishing public wellness theoretical accounts for HIV/AIDS intervention and attention will affect extended appraisals, stakeholder treatments and pilot trials.
• Among the likely issues: redefining and devolving functions and strategies of service and reexamining professional licensure and accreditation demands for wellness staff at all degrees.
• Pilot undertakings show that some undertakings related to antiretroviral therapy, such as everyday follow ups and reding, can be carried out by lay community workers, trained and supported by referral systems.
• Technology offers many exciting possibilities for leveraging rare accomplishments and expertness over big Numberss of midlevel and alternate wellness suppliers, possibilities to be investigated.
• Mobile wellness services need to be refined, adapted and used to widen antiretroviral therapy into widely dispersed communities. Any attack ( or set of attacks) will profit from leading, sound feasibleness surveies and policy or regulative counsel.

Increasing skilled human resources for wellness

• Most national or local wellness services are inadequately staffed to supply HIV/AIDS intervention and attention and serve people with other demands.
• The Joint Learning Initiative on human resources for wellness estimated that Africa needs one million extra wellness professionals in order to run into the WHO ‘s minimal staffing for wellness attention proviso ( Joint Learning Initiative 2004 ) .
• Health Care Providers themselves are acquiring sick at high rates, adding to losingss of forces who move to the private sector or other states.
• Health reforms adopted in many states in the 1990s demand to be reviewed in the visible radiation of current and future staff demands, including footings of service.
• Organizations stand foring wellness workers and authoritiess need to maintain forces in topographic point and better their motive, working environments and inducements.
• Plan implementers must besides undertake the reluctance of many wellness workers to work in rural locations.

Training wellness attention professionals

• Training for wellness suppliers to present antiretroviral therapy and relevant supportive, logistical and monitoring services remains limited.
• A Kenyan survey shows that merely 30 % of physicians ordering antiretroviral drugs had received preparation in administrating and supervising antiretroviral therapy ( Livesley and Morris 2004 ) .
• There is a clear demand to develop rapid developing methods in order to spread out services across all cells involved in antiretroviral therapy.

Meeting the costs of intervention and attention

• For scaling-up to be successful, the monetary value of antiretroviral therapy and other indispensable drugs for the direction of chronic conditions and related intercessions needs to come down to a degree that African authoritiess can budget for sustainably.
• Budgeting for antiretroviral therapy requires a vision and committedness to prolong support for at least five decennaries and possibly longer.
• Once started, antiretroviral therapy and medicine for lasting chronic conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure, must be provided for the patient ‘s life-time.
• The sustainability of support for HIV/AIDS enterprises raises legion political and ethical issues that can be resolved merely with committed leading.

Developing a patient attention substructure

• Health forces need substructure to back up their proficient and interpersonal accomplishments.
• Functioning research lab and proving installations must be available if antiretroviral therapy programmes are to win.

Increasing patient followup to increase attachment

• Patients must take their chronic medicine which includes antiretroviral drugs on a regular basis.
• If random breaks occur specifically with ARVs, the virus is likely to mutate into drug-resistant strains. The deficiency of attachment to intervention is non a new job. For illustration, the outgrowth of multidrug-resistant TB is related to the deficiency of attachment to intervention and inappropriate drugs.
• Many womb-to-tomb diseases like IHV are complex and time-demanding and T is complicates adherence. Close patient followup additions attachment, but this is a challenge in resource-constrained African scenes.

Sustaining drug supplies

• A discontinuance in drug supply increases the hazard of failed intervention, detrimental non merely to the patient but besides easing drug-resistant strains.
• Periodic drug deficits are non uncommon in Africa
• At the national degree the challenge is to construct strong drug procurance and distribution systems, avoiding supply breaks and leaks and guaranting drug quality.
• At the undertaking degree, logistics are important, guaranting safe drug storage and distribution.

There is besides an increasing demand for a strategic, co-ordinated attack to the epidemic and for the integrating of HIV/AIDS into the primary wellness attention system.

Recommendations for South Africa

By the Global Health Initiatives Fund, which can be implemented in the SAMHS include:

• “Ensure cosmopolitan entree to basic wellness attention, giving absolute precedence to the poorest and most vulnerable groups in the population ( kids and adult females ) -with specific mention it includes the married womans and kids of soldiers who live in rural otherwise unaccessible countries.
• Reinforce whole wellness systems, alternatively of establishing schemes on perpendicular plans ;
• Strengthen substructures, organisation and control of plans, purchase and distribution of indispensable medical specialties ( including antiretroviral drugs for the intervention of AIDS ) ;
• And, above all, invest in human resources within the public wellness sector through preparation, motive, appropriate and merely wage of wellness forces that will assist barricade the drain of staff to the private sector and abroad”.

Decision

The vision which fuelled our battle for freedom ; the deployment of energies and resources ; the integrity and committedness to common ends – all these are needed if we are to convey AIDS under control.

Right now nevertheless, since the handiness of ARVs, we have turned the tide on HIV/AIDS being the decease sentence that it began as, but we turned our dorsums on the other menaces that are harrying the wellness of our soldiers.

The question here is whether the harm caused was unjustified in the circumstances. In the absence of wrongfulness (egg where there was no intention to harm) a defendant may not be held liable. 4 The act must be the result of fault in the form of intent (dolls) or negligence (culpa). Fault refers to the blameworthy attitude or conduct of someone who has acted wrongfully. (4) There is a causal link between the conduct of the perpetrator and the harm suffered by the victim. In general, it should be shown that the person’s injury did result from the actions of the person charged with negligence.

In other words, there must be a clear causal relationship between the act and the injury. A person cannot be liable if he or she has not caused any damage. (5) delicate is a wrongful and culpable act which has a harmful consequence. Damages (causing harm) in the form of patrimonial (material) loss or informational loss must be present. There must be a connection between the negligent conduct and the injury (physical or mental). To receive an award for damages, a plaintiff must have suffered an injury as a result of the defendant’s negligent conduct. The plaintiff must prove that some damage occurred.

Although the injury or damage does not need to be bestial for an award to be ordered, the injury must be real rather than imagined. The courts are generally reluctant to award damages where there is not some form of injury. Educators may be found guilty of negligence if they fail to provide proper supervision fail to aid the injured or ill permit learners to play unsafe games fail to provide adequate instructions take unreasonable risks fail to organize field trips properly All these elements must be taken into consideration when answering the question. Ask questions such as, who was wrong, who is liable and why?

Support your answer tit the requirements for dedicate liability as stated above. TOEHOLD/202 5 Question 2. 2 Comment on the possibility of “contributory fault” on the part of the learner. In this case negligence is one form of fault. A negligent educator might not be held liable if a learner contributed to the injury by his or her own negligence. In other words, if a learner fails to exercise the degree of care usually expected of a person of that age, knowledge and experience the court may decide that owing to the learner’s contributory negligence/fault, the educator is not solely liable for damages resulting from an injury by his or her act.

Contributory negligence could be important in situations involving older learners, especially if such learners understand the full implications of their actions. On the other hand, young children cannot be expected to fully comprehend the consequences of some of their actions and behavior. Comments: There have already been a number of cases involving sport in South African legal history. The principles of the law of delicate apply to sport as they would to any other scenario in society.

This would relate to 3 possible areas, namely, personal injury, violence and spectator injury The law of delicate is a section of private law. This branch of law deals with civil wrongs against another person that cause the injured party to go to court to seek compensation from the wrongdoer for damages. If an educator creates a potentially dangerous situation, and then fails to remove the danger, which then results in loss or damage being caused to another, he/she will be held liable for such loss or damage.

A legal duty rests on the educator to prevent the potential danger from becoming a real danger. A delicate has 5 key elements that must be present. These are: (a) An act; (b) Wrongfulness; (c) Fault; (d) Damage/Loss (e) Causation. Each of these elements must be present before a person can be held liable in delicate. 6 In participating voluntarily in a game, the victim therefore consents to the possibility of injury and limits the possibility of pursuing a dialectal claim. Thus, contributory negligence involves some form of fault (in the form of negligence) on the part of the injured person.

The injured person failed to exercise the required standard of care for his or her own safety. Contributory negligence comes into play when conduct on the part of the injured person contributes to his or her injuries. When the court has to determine the damages, it will reduce the damages apportioned to the plaintiff in proportion to his or her own fault (e. G. Contribution to his or her own injuries) In , the law does not expect educators to anticipate every accident, but I them to behave as reasonable people.

It is easy to anticipate the poss. of an accident involving educators and children if a group of children supervised, if a minibus that transports children is not maintained or equipment is not properly stored. Only in the case of a truly unexpected be possible to assert that it was not reasonable to foresee harm. To educator can reasonably be expected to foresee dangers and anticipate depend on the facts of the case and on the circumstances (e. G. The n school activity, the location of the school or the age of the learners).

In you will need to be able to: define and explain education and legal concepts and principles identify and explain the purpose of important legislation discuss and interpret the relevant sections of the South African Echo discuss and apply common law principles to practical situations (egg t natural Justice, memo dudes in USA cause and stare decides principle) illustrate your answers by referring to examples from education practice 2. 4 Reading and interpreting questions