Tax

To be clear on the people who receive welfare benefits, it is necessary to divide everyone into classes. Even if people refuse to admit they are in a ‘class’ there are clear characteristics of what class they belong to. This division that is still active now, was even more operational in the 19th century. It was a way of life that the higher you were in the social class and hierarchy, then the more successful and prosperous you were to become in life.

It was also some times a case of where you lived. It was Charles Booth that marked on maps of London where each social class lived. Places like Mile End Road and Orsman Road contained the ‘vicious poor’, the people at the bottom of the hierarchy. They were labelled as; ‘The lowest class which consists of some occasional labourers, street sellers, loafers, criminals and semi-criminals. Their life is the life of savages, with vicissitudes of extreme hardship and their only luxury is drink.’

Although this may seem that Booth is being ‘snobbish’, it was noted that Booth had sympathy for the poor. He worked with the lower class, and reported that it wasn’t always necessary to have money to be happy. He described that although the poor were more likely to die of disease and less likely to survive, he thought that they seemed to be happier, without nurses and servants etc. That the rich are more likely to suffer from being spoiled than from harshness, ‘that the simple natural lives of working-class people tend to their own and their children’s happiness more than the artificial complicated existence of the risk.’

Now in the 21st century, these locational divides are still in place, although the locations of the ‘vicious’ poor have changed. While it is more noticeable in the 19th century maps, the upper class and lower class virtually side by side, it is possible that people were more willing to tolerate each other, nowadays there are more clear divisions. This change could be due to people’s tolerance and attitude towards different classes.

However, it seems more apparent that there are different attitudes towards social classes. Usually, people aren’t willing to live near people of a lower class, places like council estates accommodate people of the same status, but they are prepared to pay taxes towards their welfare and benefits.

During the 1800’s the conditions of the workhouses, and the ‘relief’ from the government or parishes was of little help. People still struggled to make ends meet. The rule was that no one got above the lowest workers wage, which was 12s to 15s a week. It was said that for a comfortable life, a worker needed a wage of 30s a week, concluding that few people had a comfortable life.

In 1885, it was reported that 25% of the population lived in poverty, however, after Charles Booth investigated, and wrote Labour and Life of the People, he found that actually 35% of the population were in poverty.

In simple terms, it was harder to receive help in the 19th century. Today there are fourteen types of benefits, including: benefits in kind for employees, child maintenance, council tax benefit, disability and carers benefits, housing benefit, incapacity benefit, income related benefits, invalid care allowance, mothers, widows and families benefits, retirement allowance, statutory sick pay, unemployment benefit, unfit for work benefits and war pensions and industrial injuries.

While in the 19th century, it was an innovation to have the poor law, today there are 2.7 million people claiming incapacity benefit, and the government are trying to reduce this number.

1.610% of the population are on incapacity benefit; this is an immense difference from what it was in the 1800’s. Although there are so many types of benefits, the government has become more active in getting people into work.

The attitude of the government is that they need as many people in work as possible; they have introduced schemes such as EMA, something that would never have been thought of in the 19th century. People’s attitude was that the government were doing something about the increasing poverty, at the expense of the economy.

But why is the government making changes to benefits? The bottom line is that society has a responsibility to care for those unable to work.

The government have introduced new schemes to prevent people from abusing benefits, the same thing that the government did in the 1800’s when welfare was introduced. The changes proposed are likely to separate the seriously disabled or those suffering from terminal conditions such as cancer, who are unlikely ever to return to work, from those claiming to be incapacitated by a “bad back” or depression.

People’s attitudes have changed enormously from the 1800’s to the present day. In the poor law days, going into the workhouse was shameful; people did as much as they could to prevent this, it was the lowest they could go. The workhouse conditions were terrible, starvation was often a common factor, families were separated and people’s dignity and rights weren’t an issue.

People’s attitudes today have changed a great deal over the years not because welfare benefits have changed, but because people’s basic human rights have become more of a factor. It is expected that people who cant feed and look after themselves or their family, can receive help from the government. This way of thinking has developed partly from the original poor law. People started thinking that they needed to help others, even if it meant paying in taxes.

Today, although people aren’t ‘proud’ of receiving benefit, it has become more acceptable; it is possible for people to stay on benefits their whole lives however, it costs the government �12 billion a year to fund benefits. This extra spending has been criticised by certain groups.

There a lot of differences between 19th and 21st century welfare benefit. People’s attitudes today mean that it is common for people to receive benefits. They know that they can fill in a form and receive at least �55 a week, not including child allowance. Today people can live just as well as people who work, which has caused some protest.

While it seems that in the 19th century, welfare was a last resort, they didn’t want to receive help, partly because the standard of help sometimes wasn’t better than being left to starve.

From old maps of London, it can been seen that people used to live close to others of different classes, while today, it is more likely that people move to places that are within the same income bracket. This displays another way that attitudes have changed, that people aren’t willing to live near people who cannot support themselves, or they live near people of similar means.

However, some similarities can be found, although it can be assumed that today attitudes have become more relaxed, today’s government tries to remain vigilant as it was years ago. The government are aware of people mistreating the benefit, and so have chosen the attitude to fight those who misuse it. This could include imprisonment and fines etc.

People had more of a superior attitude towards people on benefits in the 1800’s, it was assumed by some that these poor were too lazy to work and the same can be said for today.

But the underlying principle still remains, in the 19th century and 21st, welfare benefits are aimed to help people, and although people may have different feelings about those dependant on welfare, the benefits will still remain in place.

Colin Nardella Mr. Conroy AP U. S. History Ronald Wilson Reagan was born on February 6, 1911 in Tampico, Illinois to Nelle and John Reagan. Reagan graduated from Eureka College and studied economics and sociology during his four years there. Eureka College, located in Illinois, was founded by abolitionists who belonged to the Christian Church religious movement (Eureka College). Reagan, a member of the Christian Church himself, based many of his political stances on the values he took from his religion and the college he attended.

Before entering into politics, Reagan started out as a radio sports announcer and later became a prominent actor and a television host. During Reagan’s acting career, he became president of the Screen Actors Guild from 1947-1952, which was dealing with suspicions of communist infiltration at the time. After his acting career, he hosted the popular television show, General Electric Theater (“American President Ronald Reagan”). From Reagan’s time in public service, he was able to gain fame in his acting career.

Reagan is most known for surviving an assassination that was attempted by John Hinckley, a mentally disturbed young man from Colorado. What’s extremely disturbing was the reasoning behind his assassination. Hinckley attempted to murder the president not for a political agenda or because he was a part of another party, but mainly for the attention of the actress Jodi Foster. On March 30 1981, after being gunned down, Reagan was rushed to the local emergency room, and while facing death Reagan still kept his character and jokingly asked the surgeons in the emergency room if they were republicans.

As a result of his recovery from the traumatic event, Reagan not only pulled through quickly, his popularity among the American people highly increased as he returned to work at the White House (“American President Ronald Reagan”). Yet with the good comes the bad, Reagan’s popularity rate wouldn’t stay high for a long period of time due to the decisions that would have a major negative impact on the nation economically, as well as socially. A few months after coming back to office Reagan, was confronted with a major crisis. In the month of August in 1981, the U. S. ir controllers went on strike because they felt they served a substantial amount to their government. Therefore, they felt they deserved to be on U. S. government pay-roll, even though at the moment, they were on a pay-roll through a different union. One would think that Reagan would see where the air controllers’ frustrations resulted from, and yet instead of coming to agreement Reagan pulled something extremely dramatic. He came to the decision to fire each air controller that went on strike. Reagan then replaced these skilled gentlemen with individuals who were nowhere near qualified and labeled as “scabs”.

As a result of his negative actions, the commercial flight industry would soon face even more hardships (“American President Ronald Reagan”). This was just the tip of the iceberg that lowered his popularity rate. Reagan continued with actions that just kept disappointing the American people each and every time his actions did not meet his domestic policy goals. What Reagan failed to address, was not the economic issues in the United States, but the fact that his actions were negatively affecting the social issues in the country as well (“The Reagan Administration”).

When it came to the major AIDS crisis in the United States and the controversial drug issue in the United States, Reagan refused to accept that these two topics were deemed to be critical issues among the people. What’s highly disturbing is the fact that while the AIDS epidemic was hitting the country at full force, the United States’ own president was denying the fact that it was an epidemic even with all the facts in front of him (“American President Ronald Reagan”). President Reagan looked at the AIDS epidemic extremely casually. In fact, he felt that it wasn’t a social issue, but instead more of a “moral issue”.

Reagan believed that while America was on a moral decline, the AIDS virus was spreading like wildfire. In short, he felt the younger generation lacked the morals that would prevent selfish sexual behavior. So when people of the young generation were diagnosed with the horrid virus, the president looked down on them with disdain. As a result of this theory, Reagan lost a lot of support from the young voters. In this case, the president showed his very conservative beliefs, especially his lack of understanding. Reagan’s conservativeness is evident in his dislike of abortion and homosexuality.

Reagan used the Moral Majority as a driving force in his administration. The Moral Majority was a new political movement created by Reverend Jerry Falwell, who said, “Americans are sick and tired of the way the amoral liberals are trying to corrupt our nation,” in 1979. This movement was also against drugs, the coddling of criminals, and communism (The American Nation). Reagan realized that the United States was in an economic crisis, and figured the best way for the United States to save billions, was to cut the funding of several programs.

Reagan’s domestic policy placed a heavy emphasis on cutting taxes, balancing the actual US spending budget, and worse, taking support away from social welfare programs that many lower class Americans needed on a daily basis to survive. Although Reagan promised to cut the budget, his presidency resulted in a national debt, mainly from his military and defense spending. President Reagan supported taking away from programs that helped out the minorities of the United States. Even worse, Reagan took away from programs that assisted single mothers and children with no guilt what so ever (“The Reagan Administration”).

During his presidency, he continued to take away from the social programs, in hopes that the US government would be able to save billions. Eventually the United States government minimized welfare program spending by over $20 billion. Reagan also succeeded in slashing taxes to a point where the government was barely collecting any income revenue. Now even though the Americans loved the tax cuts, they failed to realize that tax cuts aren’t always the best solution, especially in an economic crisis.

The American people and the Reagan Administration failed to realize that without revenues from taxes, the government was unable to pay for the services it provided. To add fuel to the fire Reagan not only dramatically reduced tax rates, but worse increased total government spending, particularly in the areas of defense. Reagan also reduced federal aid to education, federal contributions to state governments, and placed new restrictions on Aid to Families with Dependent Children. Surprisingly enough, Reagan supported government aid to private schools run by church groups, even with the constitutional principle that separates church and tate (The American Nation). This support showed yet another example of the Moral Majority playing a significant role in Reagan’s domestic policy. Yet unfortunately, the Reagan Administration was unable to control the increasing government spending rate (“The Reagan Administration”). The United States government was spending billions within their own military, mainly because Reagan believed the U. S. armed forces had been deteriorating and needed to undergo a re-building process, especially with the imminent fear of Soviet attack. As a result of this spending policy, the U. S government increased their military budget by about 35 percent.

This military spending budget also included the War on Drugs. In 1987, Reagan signed a drug enforcement bill that granted $1. 7 billion to fight drugs. Furthermore, Reagan increased the space program budget. During his presidency, the manned space shuttle Columbia, which was launched by rocket power, orbited the Earth for several days and was used for the transportation of satellites into space. Another space shuttle called Challenger, which was launched in 1986, is infamously known for its explosion after takeoff, causing the death of all its seven astronauts (The American Nation).

The Reagan administration did not have easy terms in office, in regard to the nation’s domestic situation. The administration was forced to deal with a major economic recession, a year after his election. President Reagan believed that his system of “Reaganomics,” could get his country out of an economic crisis and turn it in to “booming” economy. Reagan asked Congress to lower taxes by 30 percent, which he reasoned would leave people with more money that they could use to invest. Reagan believed that these investments would stimulate the economy by generating more goods and more jobs (The American Nation).

But what Reagan and his administration failed to realize, is that while they did make the American people happy with the tax cuts, they also increased the national debt because their spending did not make up for the loss of profit. Also, the administration didn’t keep in mind the social well-being of some people when they cut spending from multiple welfare programs and educational programs. Reagan showed a greater interest for military programs in his spending then social programs. Also, it is important to note that Reagan nominated the first female justice to the Supreme Court, when he chose Sandra Day O’Connor.

The Reagan administration’s accomplishments and mistakes will be permanently remembered in our nation’s history for decades to come; hopefully one generation’s mistakes can help the future generation avoid issues within our economy, and government as a whole. Bibliography “American President Ronald Reagan (1911–2004). ” Millercenter. org. Ed. Lou Cannon. University of Virginia. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. <http://millercenter. org/president/reagan>. Carnes, Mark C. , and John A. Garraty. “Chapter 31. ” The American Nation : a History of the United States. 13th ed.

New York: Pearson/Longman, 2008. Print. “Eureka College History. ” Eureka. edu. Eureka College, 2007-2009. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. <http://www. eureka. edu/discover/historicec. htm>. “The Reagan Administration. ” HowStuffWorks “Learn How Everything Works! ” Discovery Communications. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. <http://history. howstuffworks. com/american-history/the-reagan-administration. htm>. “Ronald Reagan. ” Whitehouse. gov. The White House. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. <http://www. whitehouse. gov/about/presidents/ronaldreagan>. Reagan Domestic Policy And Developments By: Colin Nardella

Strategy and Implementation Summary Since our company Is the commercial agent for selling different band mike power and mike within deliver goods. Therefore, has focuses on selling the mike power for the family which has a newborn baby and some family which always drink mike every day. Want to deliver the different famous band of mike power and mike around Hong Kong. It hope to save the time of customers for going to buy different mike power and mike in market. Also, some mike powers is not easy to find in Hong Kong. For example, Hole, Optimal, Whacko etc…

The second strategy focuses on educating the benefits of drinking mikes. Provide the different kinds of mike products such as high calcium, low fat for different customers. For example, elder may drink the mike which has the high calcium for avoiding astronomical. 5. 1 SOOT Analysis Strengths: 1 . The customer of Hong Kong can deliver goods to the customers free at certain time. Delivery is free on orders over $500, or it is charged for an extra $20, exceptions will be noted In the website of our company. 2. Provide different band of mike power and mike which are not easy to buy In Hong

Kong. For example, Hole, Optimal, Whacko etc… We know that some customers like the band are come from different countries. It is a specific for our company. 3. Have a big freight house for storing a lot of goods. When customers send a order to buy mike power , we will conduct the mike power provider and report the order how many mike power the customer need. Then we will help the customer store the mike power In the freight house before delivery goods. Also, we store some different band mike power in our freight house for avoiding insufficient supplies.

Weaknesses 1 . Mike power provider may have the quota for supplying the mike power. Since some mike powers are come from different countries, the mike power may supply the mike powers In their countries firstly. That may let the order from customer cannot request immediately before the mike power provider have enough mike power. 2. A lot of fresh mikes cannot be store longer time. The period of store of the fresh mikes normally is one month. So f we need to provide some fresh mike from other countries. We may need the refrigerator for store the fresh mike. 1 .

Nowadays, the parents are usually buy the mike power from different country, such as, Japan, Unite state, Australia . Also, some brands are not easy to buy in Hong Kong. Therefore it is an opportunities for selling some different brand of mike power. 2. Some families or parents are busy at work. If we can deliver the mike power and mike product to customer house. Also, some parent have the newborn baby who is need more time for taking care are also our focuses customers. It can save the time from customers and then they have a lot of time to take care their baby. Threats

Bicycles Is a London based company, which Is part of rapidly expanding global market. There Is currently huge potential for growth within the Industry. Sales of the folding bicycles are expected to reach 19,000 with a pre tax profit of IEEE,OHO for the year. In a bid to boost production to 50,000 bikes per year they are currently in the process of a El m revamp and the introduction of new management.

The lack of growth within Prompt Bicycles is also as a result of the fierce intention from overseas manufacturer’s, which are able to produce more bikes at a much faster rate and with a lower wage cost but Prompt bicycles are unwilling to move locations due to the high investment they have made in tools and specific skill training for their 85 staff. Prompt Bicycles have managed to reduce cost In some areas such as not having to invest In new tools or machinery as a result of their design hardly changing for 20 years.

They have also managed to save on marketing cost through relying on word of mouth to promote the business, there are plans to change this In order to try and increase sales in the overseas market Summary of Prompt Bicycles Prompt Bicycles is a London based company, which is part of rapidly expanding global market. There is currently huge potential for growth within the industry.

Sales The lack of growth within Prompt Bicycles Is also as a result of the fierce impotently from overseas manufacturer’s, which are able to produce more bikes at a Prompt Bicycles have managed to reduce cost in some areas such as not having to invest in new tools or machinery as a result of their design hardly changing for 20 mouth to promote the business, there are plans to change this in order to try and increase sales in the overseas marketer’s of Prompt Bicycles increase sales in the overseas Summary of Prompt Bicycles increase sales in the overseas market

After the French and Indian War, which was a brutal battle against the British colonies and New France, Britain had an enormous debt to pay off. The British Empire looked to he colonies to help pay off the money, but colonists were not at all compliant with this. Nevertheless, Britain went ahead with their plans and enforced several acts that not only restricted the colonists In Issues pertaining to their economy. But also created much dissatisfaction with life in the colonies.

The constant shifts in British policies regarding economic policies and trade designed to benefit the British Empire, especially the Stamp Act, Townsend Act, and Tea Act, caused much discontent amongst colonists, thus sparking a sense of rebellion that led to the orientation of unified, organized groups and ultimately the American Revolution. The Stamp Act, enforced In 1765, spurred a rebellion that later helped to create the Stamp Act Congress. The Stamp Act virtually taxed the colonists on nearly every piece of printed paper, such as newspapers and legal documents.

Though the outraged colonists saw it as unjust, the British thought their enforcement was justified. As Thomas Whitely, advisor of the man who wrote the initial Stamp Act, said in “Considerations… ” ” , , [the British] are not yet recovered from a War undertaken solely for [the Americans’] Protection… Hey should contribute to the Preservation of the Advantages they have received”. According to this, the Brothels thought their primary reason for being so In debt was due to the wars they had been fighting In America towards the colonists’ favor.

Whitely believed that colonists should also partake in contributing towards paying off the debt. The Stamp Act became the first blatant attempt of the British to use the colonists and their growing economy to benefit the Empire. Because this act’s intentions were so obvious, the colonists had extremely opposing reaction. Colonists also began boycotting stamps and goods to bell against the act. They also formed the Stamp Act Congress to devise a unified protest against the taxation.

According to Patrick Henry, “the Taxation of the People by themselves, or by Person chosen by themselves to represent them, who can only know what Taxes the People are to bear… Is the only Security against a burdensome Taxation, and the distinguishing Characteristics of British Freedom”. This quote from Henry portrayed the colonists’ perspective on the phrase “No Taxation Without Representation” and that colonists would only find taxation fair If they were allowed o discuss their own pollens to Parliament that would actually be taken Into consideration.

Overall, the Stamp Act caused discontent amongst colonists while also causing more rebellious behavior to arise. The Townsend Acts were another series of policies that greatly angered colonists, especially merchants, in that through these acts, the colonists realized the immense and unjust control the British had over them. These acts focused particularly on following were all practical necessities at that time. Though these acts went against mercantilism in that they were bound to discourage British manufacturers and encourage manufacturers from the colonies, the creator of this taxation demanded to have this enforced no matter what.

The Townsend Acts also shut down the New York assembly, who had been providing part of the money needed to house British troops when the Quartering Act was imposed. The act shut down the assembly until the full amount lost from the Boston Tea Party was appropriated. In response to this, John Dickinson, who had served in the Stamp Act Congress, stated “There is another late act of parliament which appears to me to be unconstitutional, and… Destructive to the bibber of theses colonies… The Townsend Acts claim the authority to impose duties on theses colonies, not for the regulation of trade… UT for the single purpose of levying money upon us”. This depicts the true perspective of colonists. These acts were not enforced for the purpose of Just gaining more authority over colonists and their trade, but also exhibited the immense power the British held over the colonists. Britain taking away the assembly was what hit colonists the hardest. Though the portion with taxation on goods mostly impacted merchants, the rest were still greatly angered by how the British shut down the assembly.

They began to ponder on the possibilities of Britain taking away the rights of having any assemblies since they had disassembled New Work’s. This caused much uproar in the colonies, who did not want their only ties to somewhat of a government taken away by the British yet again. The imposition of the Tea Act in 1773 especially riled up colonists, even women, which proved even more that the acts were truly intolerable in that women were not very active in the rebellion up until then. At the time, the East India Company was trundling to survive.

This act helped the company and gave it the right to export its merchandise directly to the colonies without paying any regular taxes that were imposed on colonial merchants. To the colonists, it was Just another scheme from Britain to solve their issues by using the colonies towards their benefit. They opposed this act because it affected the already-standing taxation on colonists. Also, not only was the money from the act put towards helping a British company, it went towards the fund to pay of Britain’s war debt from the French and Indian War. In response, he colonists boycotted British tea.

In a tea party that occurred in Denton, North Carolina, the women who participated stated they were “determined to give memorable proof of their patriotism… And could not be indifferent on any occasion that appears nearly to affect the peace and happiness of [their] country’. They would do anything if it meant that they were able to be free from the harsh acts from Britain. In addition, this statement was given by women who were, at the time, supposed to stay in their homes and complete housework activities such as cooking, sewing, and cleaning.

This resisting behavior was unfitting to the standards of women and the act obviously discontented colonists so much that women felt the need to become involved in the political affairs. All in all, the Stamp Act, Townsend Act, and Tea Act, as well as many of the other acts, caused colonists to become discontent with life under the rule of the British. For a long time, they had been dissatisfied, but these impositions brought about a rebellious attitude that spurred colonists to resist their new common enemy: the United States evolved greatly that ultimately transformed it into how it is today.

Caused by a contraction in economic activity or aggregated demand. Downturn in the business cycle, derived demand for labor) When there is a untrue in the business cycle, demand fro goods and services falls, forcing firms to reduce production and reduce number of workers to maintain profit level. Structural unemployment Caused by the mismatch between the skill demanded and the skill possessed. (Increased by restructuring of the economy and the introduction of new technology) Workers unemployed from pre-restructure (old) companies, do not find the skills they possess not appropriate In the newer Industries.

Causing the situation where the company requires labor, but still cannot employed that group of unemployed (Xx long-term unemployment unemployed for a period of 12 months or more. The longer a person is out of work, the harder it becomes for them to get a Job. Long- term unemployment can start out originally as cyclical unemployment. Egg. A downturn causes a person to lose his/her Job. During the later recovery, the economy may not grow quickly enough it eliminate for all cyclical unemployment.

Resulting the person to find him/herself to be unemployed for more than 12 months (changing into long-term unemployment), this long-period of time may cause the person to lose their Job-related skills, so employers will be more reluctant to hire someone who has en out of work for a long time. Seasonal unemployment Caused by the seasonal nature of some Jobs (changes In the labor market which occur regularly each year, Independent of the business cycle) For example: tourist related jobs and jobs associated with holiday seasons such as plump older man working as shopping centre Santa Clauses at Christmas .

This unemployment rises during the December-March period of the year when school-leavers are seeking Jobs and enter the labor force (year 12 graduates, or year 10) frictional unemployment Occurs as people change jobs (from one Job to another). What is required to change Jobs: Time, employment opportunity, attendance of Job Interviews administrative details. There will always be a small level of frictional unemployment Into the labor market, although Improving the efficiency of Job placement services can reduce the level of frictional unemployment.

Regional unemployment reduces its demand (for reasons of undergoing large scale structural change and adjustment) for labor causing widespread unemployment. Hard-core unemployed because of personal characteristics, such as: metal or physical disability anti-social behavior drug abuse hidden unemployment Refers to those individuals who are not counted in the official unemployment figures because they have given up actively seeking work or have gone back to school. Rises during a prolonged economic downturn.

Slower growth in aggregated demand means that the prospects of finding a Job are very low, and some individuals become discouraged from seeking work. They are not officially employed as they are no longer actively seeking work, but they are still considered to be a part of the unemployment problem since they would work if labor market conditions were better. A rise in hidden unemployment will be fleeted in a fall in the labor force participation rate rather than as an increase in the official unemployment rate. Underemployment (technically not unemployed) Referring to the individuals who have part time or casual Sons, but would like to work more hours per week are said to be underemployed. They are a significant problem in the labor market, since they represent under-utilized labor resources. (As the worker are willing to work more hours, but the conditions of the labor market prevent them from doing so) Estimates of Australia’s underemployment have risen dramatically in recent decades. A increasing share of Jobs have been creased on a part-time or casual basis. Causes of Unemployment deficiency in aggregated demand (AD=C+I+G+X-M, major cause of cyclical unemployment) cyclical changes in the domestic and international economic activity may lead to changes in the demand for labor. Since the demand for labor is derived from the demand for final output, any decline in aggregated demand may lead to a rise in cyclical unemployment. Structural changes in consumption and production (causes the level of structural unemployment to rise. Ole of wage expectations in pushing up the price of labor to capital (causes a rise in the laundry unemployment or wage induced unemployment) Rapid rises in real wage costs will reduce the demand for labor and provide employers with the incentive to substitute capital for labor. A lack of efficiency in the labor market in matching labor skills with the Jobs available can influence the level of frictional unemployment Rigidities in the labor market like government regulations (egg. Super, taxation) can also reduce the hiring intentions (through higher ‘on costs’ of labor) of employers, causing unemployment.

High ‘on cost’ of labor and a lack of skills, education and training If workers do not have access to education and training they will be less skilled and in lower demand by employers for the Jobs available How hidden unemployment and underemployment distort the official statistics The hidden employment are when people given up looking fro work or receive income support from a spouse, partner or parent and and not eligible for Job Search Underemployment are people working part-time who want to work more hours or switch to full time employment, the ABS calculated the underemployment rate in 2012-13 as 7. % and the labor utilization rate as 12. 9%, showing separate statistics room the unemployment rate. Which groups in Australia are more likely to experience higher than average rates of unemployment and why. The incidence of unemployment varies between demographic and skill groups in the labor force. Groups accounted fro disproportionably high shares of unemployment: Young and less educated labor force participants recent immigrants persons whose Jon was in blue collar occupations Highest rates of unemployment – teenagers (15-19) 23. % for males and 29. 6% for females Teenagers experience difficulty in securing their first Jobs because of lack of experience, education, training and skills. Age employment (%) 15-19 52. 8 20-25 11. 8 25-44 4. 9 45-52 (long-term unemployment) (all 2012-13 data) There is great difficulty for older workers to find full-time or part-time work if they have been made redundant or retrenched due to industrial restructuring or reforms to industries such as car manufacturing.

Other groups: workers with low levels of education attainment experience higher rates of unemployment than those with higher educational qualifications unemployment races tend to be higher in industries affected by high rates of structural change like manufacturing , building and construction and trades (rates falling as demand rose ruing housing and resource booms in asses as more labor is demanded) Aborigines and Tortes Strait Islanders family status (sole parents, dependent students and non dependent children) The economic and social effects of unemployment Economic effect: opportunity cost of lost output and income (primary economic cost of unemployment) lower real GAP and reduced national income (thus reduced living standards) economical and social hardship for the unemployed and their families and dependents (falling level of consumption with their satisfaction of life) poverty traps because of welfare dependency increasing taxation burden erosion of tax due to unemployment and a rise in cyclical expenditure on social security payments (leading to a rise in budget deficit or fall in budget surplus) less equal distribution of income (unemployed will be reliant on income support from loss of human capital, as the unemployed will not be contributing their skills and experience to the workforce and will need to undergo re-training loss of self esteem and dignity rising crime rates increased drug and alcohol dependency health problems fro the unemployed higher suicide rates breakdown of family relationships ass of self esteem and human dignity Recent policies the government has used to help combat unemployment Promoting Higher Sustainable Economic growth In order to educe cyclical unemployment, monetary and fiscal policies can be used to offset cyclical downturns in the economy, increasing levels of unemployment that accompany periods of slower economic activity. Fiscal Stimulus and the easing of the monetary policy potentially can stimulate the aggregated demand or spending and increase the output of services in the economy. Higher levels of output will require increased levels of employment, which in urn will lead too lowering of the level of (output, used it-I 2008-09 during the UDF and recession, to support aggregated demand and employment. However for the last few decades, monetary and fiscal policies are relatively ineffective in terms of reducing structural unemployment.

Labor market reforms Designed to: make labor markets more flexible encourage more competitive work practices higher levels of labor productivity Giving employers greater incentive to hire additional workers, leading to higher levels of employment. It is a movement towards decentralized wage determination, where rims and employees are able to negotiate wage increases on the basis of improved levels of productivity. Awards Modernization that makes awards simpler instruments that do not impede workplace efficiency and employment growth is another key element of the government’s labor market reform Labor market legislations such as the Workplace Relations Act 1996 incorporated measures designed to curb union powers and weaken unfair dismissal laws, directly intervening with the labor market.

Funding for Vocational and school education (including National education framework for schools to raise literacy and innumeracy standards) Australian National Training Authority established (to improve skill development of workers through ongoing education, training and development) Labor market assistance to Job seekers: Job Services Australia (contracted national network of private, community and government organizations to assist the unemployed find Jobs) Australian Job search (online Job noticeable, government run) time frame polices 2008-09 Rued government established Education Investment Fund with initial allocation of bob to be spend on higher education, vocational education and training facilities.

Is Hong Kong an ideal place? According to the Global Urban Competitiveness Report (2007-2008) Hong Kong dropped 7 places to 26 as a competitive city for investment. If it’s any consolation, Hong Kong remained one of the most affluent cities in the world and one of the top 5 in Asia in term of economy, infrastructure and freedom of speech. Yes, Hong Kong is undoubtedly achieved so well with flying color, having a stable economy, good job market and good accessibility to anywhere due to intra-city transport network.

However, the quality of life in this cosmopolitan city does not completely meet the expectation of its people in terms of social, economical and environmental indicators. Firstly, Hong Kong is particularly shot of flat land for building purpose. Owning to the scarcity of land and the large population, housing has often been a grave problem in Hong Kong. Indeed, many Hong Kong people aspire to own a better home. However, due to spiraling rent and house prize, more and more people are unable to afford the high value.

Sandwich class suffers the most. As they are not eligible to public housing, the only choice for them is to endure extremely high prize. Reasonably good housing accommodation within the means of the average Hong Kong people is often seriously lacking—- the government should exert themselves. Secondly, serious air pollution spoils the quality of our life and threatens our very existence. In fact, the problem of air pollution has been particularly acute in recent year and the number of days with foggy condition per year also increases.

Those lingering exhaust fumes leave a bad impression on the minds of visitors. This turn down the tourism industry, as they are unsatisfied the view of the Victoria Harbour. Thirdly, as Hong Kong follows a “small government” traditional thinking, one of the important reasons for having an unprecedented surplus is a simple tax system and lower tax rate, attracting businessman to invest and tourists to spend here. Behind the government’s bumper harvest, a large demand to share the fruits of economic development is pushing on Financial Secretary.

After the fiscal budget is launched, the policy remains the same as the previous budget, showing that they have no sense of improving the quality of living of the citizens and strengthen the competitiveness of Hong Kong. Hong Kong has best of the west and east blended here. Hong Kong people are proud of having such advantages. When the housing problem and air pollution are solved, Hong Kong will surely become a more stable and prosperous city. Hong Kong government should take more concern from society to get benefits from flourishing economy.