Texas

American westward expansion started in the 1820s and peaked by 1845. After the defeat of Napoleon’s armies on American and European lands, the minds of many Americans got concentrated on exploring own continent. This notion of expansion was greatly supported by the government and American presidents James Monroe and Andrew Jackson. Therefore, a number of new states were admitted to the country within those decades. Another reason encouraging American people to go west was the land boom which started after Louisiana Purchase.

After acquisition of huge territories, farmers received an opportunity to settle down along the Mississippi River and start their new businesses there. Together with the rise of the country’s banking system, this expansion substantially contributed to the development of economy and commerce in those times. In addition, in the 1830s President Jackson initiated a campaign directed on driving out American Indian tribes (including Cherokee Native Americans) living in Ohio Valley and on the territories around modern Georgia, Tennessee and Alabama to less fertile and attractive lands to the West of the Mississippi.

As a result of this governmental operation thousands of the Natives died in resistance fights or from hunger and diseases at their new place of settlement. This historical action is known as the Trail of Tears. Therefore, the above mentioned factors formed the background for continuing the expansion in the 1840s which was mainly about exploring the territories along the Pacific coast and far west. First of all, in 1845 Texas was annexed to the Union as a result of so called Texas Rebellion.

This was one more successful operation directed on gaining independence of Texas territories from Mexican domination followed by admission of Texas as a part of American Union. The reaction of Mexican government on these territorial pretensions of America was furious and in 1846 the Mexican War was initiated. The battles raged throughout New Mexico, California and Texas, but Mexican armies proved to be considerably weaker than American powers were, that’s why in 1848 President James K.

Polk celebrated his easy but glorious victory of new lands, including the parts of Colorado, Wyoming, Arizona, as well as Utah, Nevada, California and New Mexico. Furthermore, in 1846 the Union gained the territories of modern Oregon as a result of successful negotiations with the Great Britain which had those lands under control. This way the United States could dominate throughout the continent from the Atlantic seashore to the Pacific Coast. Therefore, within the period of 5 years the territories of the Union were increased almost by a third.

In order to justify and legalize its territorial acquisitions, American government issued a doctrine called Manifest Destiny. It stated that American nation was destined to expand and explore the lands to the west. Manifest Destiny was supposed to proclaim the main ideology of those times which was supporting and promoting the idea of expansion. Finally, in the beginning of 1948 gold was discovered in California. This discovery caused famous Gold Rush, during which thousands of gold hunters and “forty-niners” stampeded to newly discovered gold fields in far west looking for big money and a new wealthy life.

Historical period between 1835 and 1850 can be called the epoch of exploration and settlement. This huge territorial enlargement of the Union deepened the conflict and differences between South and North of the country, as well as it brought up the fateful question about allowing slavery in the western regions. Bibliography: • Noble, Matt. Westward Expansion (1807-1912). SparkNote. 18 Nov. 2007 <http://www. sparknotes. com/history/american/westwardexpansion>.

In ascertaining which between the federal government and the state and local government can best address the problems facing this nation, it is important that the pressing problems of the United States of America be identified first. Evidently, the most pressing problems of our nation today include job creation and economic growth, the war in Iraq, health care and social security, energy and the cost of gas, terrorism, illegal immigration and environment and global warming.

When it comes to addressing the problem of job creation and economic growth, the lead should not be taken by any of the two levels of government since both the federal as well as the state governments must share the burden of dealing with the same. At the state or local level, intrastate commerce must be readily addressed. While interstate commerce must be facilitated by the federal government.

The federal government however must be permitted to take the lead in addressing the problems of the war in Iraq, terrorism, illegal immigration energy and the cost of gas and the environment and global warming as these problems substantially involves foreign policy works that only the federal government is empowered to do. These problems require immediate attention and may oftentimes necessitate instant action which may only be delivered by the national government.

On the other hand, the problems of health care and social security must be addressed by the state and local governments for the identification as well as the cure to these problems can best be addressed locally. It is within the realm of the power of the state and local governments to make measures to attend to the problems of health care and social security. Discuss the Davis Administration and how it affected the writing of the 1876 Texas Constitution.

Governor Samuel Jackson Davis’ administration was perhaps the most controversial and unpopular one in Texas history. This may be because even his assumption to office was in the first instance questionable. The backbone of his administration was the Texas Constitution of 1869 which provided for the centralization of power into the Governor’s Office and the expansion of governmental power. Davis’ term lengthened from the original two years to four years and his salary was significantly increased.

Davis was able to have control over local state officials because of the vast appointing and removal powers granted to him by the constitution. The Davis administration was also criticized for levying unreasonably high taxes and incurring lavish government expenditures. Aside from his control over the State Police, the Constitution also empowered Davis to take charge of the State Militia which he both used to maintain law and order and compel local officials whenever they refused or failed to obey.

His unpopularity was bolstered by immense corruption coupled with his declaration of martial law in some counties. Texans have always preferred decentralization, cheaper government spending and abhorred the coercive force of the state police and the state militia and the declaration of martial rule. That is why in December of 1873, Texans replaced Governor Davis with a Democrat in the person of Richard Coke and subsequently rewrote their constitution.

Texans promulgated the Constitution of 1876 which, up to this time, remains to be the fundamental organic law of Texas. It provided for shorter terms and lower salaries of elected officials, obliteration of voter registration, local control of schools, low taxation and less government expenditure. Although the governor was given the power to appoint, fill vacancies, and enforce the laws of the land, he was not given control over local or other elected state officials. The 1876 Texas Constitution vastly differed from its predecessor constitution.

References:

Longley, Robert. “Federalism: National Vs. State Government.”  (2008). April 28, 2008 <http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/rightsandfreedoms/a/federalism.htm>.
Webmaster. “The Handbook of Texas Online.”  (2008). April 28, 2008 <http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/CC/mhc7.html>.

It is been a fact that our educational system has reached far beyond our imagination. Through the development of our educational system, we are able to enhance our technology by inventing that will be useful and meet the societies’ needs; and thus, these create to . It helps our society more lively and makes things accessible and a lot easier. Furthermore, as we continue to study this issue, we should try to understand what is an education and learn a little overview which regards to this.

Education is the growth and improvement of the capacity of the individual to be useful member of our society through teaching and learning precise beliefs, skills and knowledge. Confidentially, it is the procedure of taking in knowledge of numbers and language which are learned from parents and more members of the culture of the students and concerning the execution of surrounding objects.

The magazines, journals, books and digest in the field of education deal with the teaching and learning preparations and trainings which comprise game playing, testing, record keeping, seating arrangements, lectures, interests, scheduling, bullying, computer access and motivation. It is presently established and renowned that the greatest significant elements in some effectiveness of the teacher are the communication with students and the education and the teacher’s personality.

The greatest teachers are competent to interpret knowledge of a subject, excellent adjudication, into an important knowledge of a subject which is comprehend and kept hold of by the student. It is their capability to comprehend a subject expertly enough that they can be able to express its quintessence to a newfangled generation of students which is necessary of every teacher. The objective is to be able to establish a knowledge substance base which permits the student to develop as they are laid open into distinct life happenings. The transitory of knowledge from generation to other generation permits the student to develop and mature into a serviceable member of our society.

The purpose of this study is to explore the development of the and its impact it had on society.

Overview

It is generally acknowledged that the procedure of education starts at birth and endures during the course of life. There are many perceive and have confidence with that education begins previous than this- as indication by several parents who play music or read to the baby, hoping that it will persuade and motivate the development of the child. Education is frequently making used to denote to “formal education”. Moreover, it conceals a variety of occurrences since formal learning up to the constructing of understanding and knowledge amidst of our day to day living.

Eventually, every situation that we undergo aids or serves as a form of our education. Distinct people study and discover in distinct approaches and several things will have to be made clear several times in several distinct approaches before the majority of the students “gets it”. Several students, unluckily, will never “get it” in view of the fact that they don’t give any interest on it or have not able to learn sufficiently of the foundation knowledge of a prearranged subject to go forward to the next level. Each one of us receives informal education from several sources (see “Education”. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. August 25, 2006.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education). Thus, this informal education and formal education will lead us to bring change in our society by making new or advancements in our technologies, just like in the field of IT.

*Development of the Educational System and its impact it had on Society*

Through the progress in our educational system, we are able to improve our technologies which help us connect globally. Advance technology is part of the development of our educational system. Moreover, it also enhances our economic stability by engaging businesses globally using the advance technology that we have learned through our education.

Information technology as defined by Ben Meadowcroft in his study that “it is the technology that is utilized to store, manipulate, distribute or make information. Several nonprofit and institutions are keen and enthusiastic to understand either developing technologies and the Internet posses an authentic positive impact on civil society and either nonprofits are taking hold of the chances to utilize technology in groundbreaking procedures in order to fulfill their assignment. On the other hand, technology can be able to utilize to gather together the people internationally around a shared cause to realize and accomplish world-changing outcomes far beyond the assurance of empowering nonprofit organizations in order to perform significant purposes like as fundraising, and recruiting unpaid workers more efficiently.

In distinction to several of the undertakings expressed through William Galston, David Eisner declared that: “the truly transformative impact that the Internet will have on nonprofits is specifically in the area of building community.” James Austin stated that technology is redefining “community” while it is no longer concentrated on geography but then on another shared qualities which can connect people throughout cyberspace. He recommended a newfangled description of community “a group of people bound together by shared activities, purpose, and values.” As stated by Eisner, there are four inclinations that are unfavorable to understanding the internet’s influence in creating societies

Ø  There are more people who will discover and realize that it is easier to form supplementary associations as outcomes of the internet.

Ø  Inquiring each individual to give will become simple and uncomplicated since information and action can presently be incorporated. Example, contributors can read which regard the earthquake in India and then stretched and offer all at once through the use of internet.

Ø  Reports, fundraising, online societies and procedures to lend a hand, which Eisner called the “cycle of engagement,” will turn out to be frictionless, in view of the fact that the internet empowers people to learn regarding a dilemma and do something without delay and flawlessly.

Ø  By mean of networking, people can be able to perform simultaneously more carefully and thoroughly in high-quality information sharing and learning societies.

Online interaction gives a strong structural and administrative tool for advocacy operation and promotions. Mike Whitlam stated that “As a communication tool, as campaigning tool, it’s incredible.” But then, this strong association turn out to be a reality if not, nonprofit organizations posses the capacity to utilize technology. Eisner stated that:

“What’s really important is even where grants are related to technology,    grant makers need to take an interest in their grantee’s technological proficiency in the same way that they take an interest in their staff capability, their management, and their financial credibility.”

Turning to present inclinations in e-philanthropy, Austin declared that same as the Internet business world, the e-philanthropy society (with nonprofit and for profit) is undergoing distress labor pains. As Austin continued that there will be additional terminations and merging, but then the space will not disappear. The internet technology has irrevocably altered the philanthropic capital market. Austin was able to identify the four forces as the precarious shapers of the newfangled technology-based e-philanthropy society. Ant these are economic pressures, mistrust, clashing cultures and technology readiness.

An article entitled “education and Economic Development” stated that the development of the internet has taken along newfangled chances and enhanced communication to several businesses and people. Globally, IT expenditure is foretold to upsurge by 35 percent in 2010, as stated by the research firm IDC (Worldwide Black Book, 2004). As an outcome, the need will increase for extremely equipped individuals to administer and support IT systems.

In United States of America, every year there is an increase in need for those work forces have been the topmost amongst the It sector. Moreover, in several emerging countries, get into training on the newest technologies is either inadequate or unobtainable. An absence of way in to technology and education regarding its use is one issue contributing to the “gulf” amongst developed and developing economies. The said gulf is known as “digital divide” (see “Education and Economic development” http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac227/ac111/cisco_and_society/education_and_economic_development.html).

On the other hand, the article entitled “Science Education System Standards stated that the science education system standards give standard for adjudicating the presentation of the modules of the science education system accountable for giving schools with essential financial and intellectual means. In spite of the recurrent usage of the terminology “educational system”, the sense is frequently ambiguous. States are element of a national education system and schools are included as elements of a local society which can comprise universities and colleges, parks and museums, laboratories, community organizations, various media, businesses and nature centers.

The initial purpose of the science system is to provide society with technically and methodically well-educated citizens. Resources and information invigorate the system. The information’s nature-the greatness of resources- and the tracks along which they move are managed and regulated through policies which are limited and controlled in instruments like judicial rulings, legislation and budgets. Systems can be characterized in an assortment of procedures which depend on the intention and the data to be communicated. An example of this is in figure below which portrays the overlap amongst three systems which persuade the preparation of science education. This kind of illustration is a cue that actions done in sole system have insinuations not only in science education but then again for other systems too (see “Science Education System Standards”. http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/nses/8.html).

The overlap of three systems which persuade science education

Organization of performance amongst the systems can work for as a strong and influential force for alteration. But then, if performances are at cross intentions, their results and influences can be refuted and invalidated and make waste and conflict. The overlap in the figure above demonstrates that everyday pursuits of science classrooms are persuaded and manipulated indirectly and directly through several organizations that are themselves systems. National organizations and societies, private sector special- interest groups and government agencies at the local, regional, state, and national levels are three amongst many. Organizations have senior manager officer and administering body that eventually are accountable for the activities of the organizations and persuade on science education.

The sovereignty of government organizations to persuade classroom science originates from two sources and these are the: (1) legislative, judicial authority or constitutional, and (2) economic and political act.  Since education is not precisely brought up as a federal power in United States Constitution, authority intended for education exists in states or regional. Federal dollars might be sought out for precise usages but since dollars move through state organizations to local regions, their usage is lay open to alteration to meet up the state purposes. State education agencies usually have more unswerving effect on science classroom pursuits compared with federal organizations. The science education is also considered as a network to make easy thinking which concerns the system’s several interacting modules.

Science education system’s components aid an assortment of purposes which persuade the classroom’s practice of science education. The functions usually made the decision at the state-but there are times that the local will do- level comprises the substance of the school science course, the traits and qualities of the science program, the character of science teaching, and evaluation practices (see “Science Education System Standards”. http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/nses/8.html)

Several distinct organizations and trustworthy individuals interrelate. The illustration below portrays in what way is each individual and every agency from distinct systems interrelates in the groundwork, certification and science teachers’ employment. Science education system’s components which have a main influence on teacher’s certificate match in four classifications and these are: (1) professional societies like the American Association of Physics, American Geological Institute, National Science Teachers Association,  National Association Teachers and American Chemical Society; (2) program-accrediting agencies like the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education which confirms teacher educations programs and National Board for Professional Teaching Standards which confirms teachers; (3) ’s organizations functioning within and cross state, local levels and national.

Professional societies normally are not supposed of as accrediting agencies but rather their membership criterions explain what a professional is. The illustration below was taken from “science Education System Standards”. http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/nses/8.html.

A research study published in February 2005 entitled “the Impact of the State Higher Education System on the Texas Economy” and written by Carole Keeton Strayhorn explained that “Higher education has an important impact or effect on the Texas’ economy, increasing the Texas economic engine with 33.2 billion USD each year. Seeing that the system obtains just about 6 billion USD yearly in the state general revenue and regional property tariffs, each dollar capitalize in the higher education system of the state finally returns 5.50 USD to the Texas economy. This is an extraordinary and notable return, even for all-or-nothing technology instigation.

But then, when it comes to the Texas higher education system, the risk factors are much higher. In favor of, the investors in Texas are capitalizing in the most significant business enterprise for the preparation of the young Texans’ future. With this fundamental role, state higher education funding is bringing up the rear ground to other state service industries. After regulating for inflation, expenditure on public protection and alterations increased 223 percent in the previous 15 years at the same time as real higher education spending increased only 44 percent throughout the same p of time. This study of Carole Keeton Strayton scrutinizes the economic by two extensive avenues. The initial and most direct impact is the supplementary sales, profits and service made by external dollars being brought into the Texas economy.

The second is the long-term function higher education participates in escalating the capacity of the economy of the state by a more well-informed and beneficial work force. Her research presented that $3.1 billion in yearly student, investigation and health care-correlated higher education spending from out-of-state possessions is spent and re-spent by the Texas consumers and businesses every year to sum up $10.1 billion in economic amount produced. Furthermore, the Texas higher education system frequently links with the private sector to make occupations and enhance the Texans’ quality of life. Seeing together the profits and productivity-based methods, the Texas higher education system finally increases and multiplies the productivity capacity of the Texas economy having the average of 23.1 billion USD every year.

Adding together the “supply-side” of profit to the $10.1 billion impacts from out-of-sate spending take along the sum total impact of the higher education system on the economy of Texas to 33.2 billion USD every year. The contribution of higher education to the Texas economy is considerable and significant than to other businesses. In reality, the totality of three years of the economic impact of the higher education exceeds Texas’ 72 billion USD gas and oil business or 62 billion USD high machinery and equipment business. Eventually, a few of higher education victories demonstrate the function of higher education in expanding and intensifying occupations and the eminence of life in every Texan individual (see Strayhorn, C. K. “The Impact of the State Higher Education System on the Texas Economy”. February 2005. http://www.window.state.tx.us/specialrpt/highered05/).

In addition, the Texas higher education system comprises of 145 private and public colleges, health-related organizations and teaching centers and universities, comprising 44 private organizations and 101 state-supported. The admission every in university and college in Texas in 2004’s fall was about 1.2 million and was anticipated to range at least 1.3 million students in 2015.

Texas, as one of the most populated states, the students depend heavily upon public instead of the private higher education organizations. As stated by the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board, greater than 90 percent or about 1,064,620 students are admitted at its publicly-funded organizations which comprise universities (483,645), 57 community colleges and other two-year organizations (565,839), 35 and nine public health-related organizations (15,136).  The Texas’ public higher education is funded by a mixture of student fees, tuition, clinic and hospital revenue and other local endowments (see Strayhorn, C. K. “The Impact of the State Higher Education System on the Texas Economy”. February 2005. http://www.window.state.tx.us/specialrpt/highered05).

References

1. “Education”. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. August 25, 2006.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education

2. Meadowcroft, B. “The Impact of Information technology on work and society”. http://www.benmeadowcroft.com/reports/impact/

3. Galston, William. “Creating Vibrant Spaces for Civil Society Organizations on the Internet after E-Commerce”. http://www.independentsector.org/PDFs/factfind4.pdf.

4. “Education and Economic development” http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac227/ac111/cisco_and_society/education_and_economic_development.html

5. “Science Education System Standards”. http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/nses/8.html

6.  Strayhorn, C. K. “The Impact of the State Higher Education System on the Texas Economy”. February 2005. http://www.window.state.tx.us/specialrpt/highered05

Across the country, home buyers are experiencing the effects of last decade’s housing crash, as builders in many places hesitantly return to new construction. Supplies in 21 of the 100 largest markets, but experts believe it will be six months to a year before many other areas begin to see improvement.

Here are six regions where the growth of new construction is so painfully slow it simply doesn’t keep up with the demand. People in these areas are struggling because the housing shortage has been made worse by a very healthy tech economy. All of these regions could be in danger of losing large numbers of longtime residents, and in some cases already have.

1. San Francisco Bay area

The crisis in the Bay Area has reached such epic proportions, the Obama Administration has even  there. The large number of tech headquarters in the area has created a population boom that has added to an already bustling region. The city at the center of it all, San Francisco, consistently ranks atop with the highest-paying salaries, which has driven housing prices up. Only of households in the San Francisco area can afford houses in the city, creating a serious problem for the majority of people who don’t work for tech companies.

One of the odder developments in this ongoing drama is the city’s recent and slightly the small town of Brisbane just to its south. That town planned on approving a massive commercial development that would not feature any housing. San Francisco city officials weren’t happy because the city would probably be forced to provide most of the housing for workers in the new development. Top officials wanted to explore somehow taking over the small town. Cooler heads prevailed and now Brisbane and San Francisco are working on a compromise that will feature housing. It shows just how big of an issue housing supply has become.

Meanwhile, the ongoing San Francisco exodus has resulted in , Seattle, Austin, Los Angeles and all over the country, not to mention Oakland and other cities in the East Bay.

Related: 

2. New York metropolitan area

Like many areas with housing shortages, New York City is seeing . Although the Big Apple has always had a high cost of living, residents are drawn there due to its world famous 24-hour lifestyle, economic opportunities and availability of high-level, specialized jobs. A large number of wealthy individuals from all over the world have moved their money into real estate, especially in Manhattan, driving up costs for whatever is left.

The city  in tech in the last several years, thanks in large part to growing industries like FinTech and FashionTech. As perhaps the world’s leading financial center, New York is a hub for venture capital and the startup founders seeking it. All of this only compounds the existing problem with high rents in the city, because tech workers earn the salaries to afford the fewer units that are available in the most desirable areas.

Related: 

3. Dallas-Plano-Irving

This area of Texas was described as overheated . Dallas-Plano-Irving was accused of being one of the worst housing markets in the country because of rising costs, a shortage of properties, and the area’s overall economic conditions. The low price of oil has contributed to a in parts the Lone Star State, with more than 30 energy company bankruptcies in recent years. The sad fact is fewer people can afford somewhere to live in Dallas and surrounding cities.

The success of the state’s technology sector has contributed to this situation as well. When it comes to tech jobs, the Dallas Metroplex is , with even more jobs added last year. While this has helped improve the area’s overall economic outlook, it hasn’t helped with the housing crunch, as workers have come along and , leaving prices higher.

Related: 

4. Atlanta metropolitan area

ranked Atlanta’s housing shortage as worst in the country, with inventory well below normal levels. Tech sector growth in the area as it continues to recover from the recession, but homes are still within for big cities. Those prices are on the rise, though, with in the city qualifying as “luxury.” This may be affordable to tech workers choosing to relocate to the area, but it brings bad news to Atlanta-area residents who in non-tech areas.

5. South Florida

Nearly of working households in the Miami area devote at least half of their monthly income to housing. This, combined with an affordable housing shortage in the area, has made it difficult for lower-to-middle-income residents to find housing. South Florida has turned to tech as an answer to its employment woes, more tech jobs to the area, which it is hoped will benefit the local economy.

6. Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue

Like Silicon Valley, the Seattle area tech companies and their workers, creating a demand for housing. Unfortunately, the existing shortage of housing in the area means that many new arrivals face similar problems to what they’d find in San Francisco. Condo prices in Seattle have already this year due to the influx of tech workers. This trend is only expected to increase, partly because the area’s housing prices are still lower than what you’d find in Silicon Valley.

While homebuilders nationwide are rushing to fulfill demand, those who are thinking about selling their homes often wait because they realize that if they sell they won’t be able to find anything affordable in their city, if they want to stay. Gradually, the national housing inventory is improving in many areas, but that’s complicated by the rise in technology jobs around the country. As companies pick certain cities for their headquarters or other offices, it brings an influx of tech workers who can handle the increased housing prices. That leaves thousands of non-tech residents behind in the search for an affordable place to live. 

A woman who has made her name very well known throughout history and American Government is the late Barbara Jordan. Barbara Charline Jordan, and attorney and American politician, was born on February 21, 1936 in Houston, Texas. Throughout her career she served as a congresswoman in the United States House of Representatives from 1973 to 1979, and as a professor at various universities and institutes. Jordan’s education began at Robertson elementary and Phillis Wheatley high school in Houston’s fifth ward.

While attending Wheatley, she was a member of the honor society and participated in debates and public speaking engagements. After graduating in the top 5% of her high school class, Barbara Jordan would go on to attend Texas Southern University despite hopes of attending the still segregated University of Texas at Austin. Barbara Jordan graduated Magna Cum Laude from Texas Southern with a double major in political science and history. After contemplating of attending Harvard School of Law, Jordan went on to attend Boston University Law School where she graduated in 1959.

After she passed both Massachusetts and Texas bar examinations, Barbara Jordan, being a woman so eager to throw herself into her profession, set up a law practice in her parents’ kitchen until she could save up enough money to move her firm to the fifth ward, a primarily African American populated area of Houston in which Jordan began her education and career, in 1962 and 1964, Barbara Jordan campaigned for the Texas House of Representatives. In 1966, Jordan ran for the Texas Senate and won the Democratic Primary with over 60 percent of the votes.

Jordan’s Victory made her the first African American woman to serve in the Texas senate and the first African American elected to that body since 1883. She was re-elected to full in 1968 to 1972, when she became the first African American woman from a southern state to be elected to the United States House of Representatives. In 1974, Barbara Jordan gained attention from the nation for her service on the committee charged with hearing and evaluating the evidence bearing on the possible impeachment of then-President Nixon in what was called the “Watergate Scandal”.

At one point President Jimmy Carter expressed interest in making Jordan Attorney General as well as a U. N. Ambassador, but Jordan was deeply rooted in congress and was even thinking of challenging Sen. John Tower in a 1978 re-elect. Unfortunately, Jordan fell ill and became unable to carry out her decision and retired from politics all together. Having served as Professor of Political Science once before at the Tuskegee Institute, Jordan became a professor once again after her retirement from congress, this time as Professor of Public Affairs at the Lyndon Baines Johnson School of Public Affairs.

Though she had returned to living as a “private citizen” Jordan would go on to maintain a very active stance within her community despite many unfortunate physical ailments. Sadly, Barbara Jordan passed away January 17, 1996. She would lie in state at University of Texas at Austin’s Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, and being that she was no stranger to firsts throughout her radiant career, even in her untimely passing; Jordan became the first African American woman interned at the Texas State Cemetery. Barbara Jordan