Theories

John Austin (1790-1859) was a British legal philosopher and was the first Professor of Jurisprudence at London University. His publications had a profound influence on English jurisprudence. They include The Province of Jurisprudence Determined (1832), and Lectures on Jurisprudence. John Austin is best known for his work developing the theory of legal positivism. He attempted to clearly separate moral rules from “positive law. ” Austin’s theory also falls under Constitutions, International Law, non-sanctioned rules, or law that gives rights. Austin believed that people have different interpretations of what is wrong and right.

Therefore, ‘set’ laws needed to be established that has to be obeyed. There are three aspects of Austin’s theory of law – Analytical Jurisprudence, Legal Positivism and Command theory of law and the theory of legal sovereignty. Analytical Jurisprudence: It is a method of legal study that concentrates on the logical structure of law, the meaning and uses of its concepts, and the formal terms and the modes of its operation. John Austin’s particular form of analysis was reductive. He analyzed legal concepts in terms of non-legal concepts so that the entire law could be understood in non-legal terms.

Legal Positivism: In the 19th century, Austin developed legal positivism theory. The legal positivism states, “What is Law? ” Is it written? , Where does it come from? Positivism is from Latin ‘root-positus’, which means to be certain and fixed. Legal positivism states that laws are derived from written rules, regulations which have been enacted, adopted and recognized by a governmental entity or political institution, including administrative, executive, legislative, and judicial bodies. It is based on the legal philosophy that what is the intent of the enacting body.

Command theory of law and the theory of legal sovereignty: This aspect of Austin’s theory is based on the commandment of the sovereign. He realized that there should be fixed written commandments, which should be obeyed by all people. These commandments should be backed with sanctions. For example, if we do not or commit an offence which is codified in the Canadian Criminal Law, we shall be penalized. Austin also realized the need about the uniformity of law. By uniformity means, that the law should be equal for all people of the state.

According to this theory, mass media, though not under the direct control of the State, had to follow its bidding. Under an Authoritarian approach in Western Europe, freedom of thought was jealously guarded by a few people (ruling classes), who were concerned with the emergence of a new middle class and were worried about the effects of printed matter on their thought process. Steps were taken to control the freedom of expression.

The result was advocacy of complete dictatorship. The theory promoted zealous obedience to a hierarchical superior and reliance on threat and punishment to those who did not follow the censorship rules or did not respect authority. Censorship of the press was justified on the ground that the State always took precedence over the individual’s right to freedom of expression. Modern com was born in 1450 into an authoritarian society.

A few essential characteristics of this theory is that the states ranked higher than the individual in the scale of the social values. Only through subordinating himself to the state can the individuals achieve his goals and develop his attributes as a civilized citizen or man. As an individual, he can do little, as a member of an organized society, his potential is enormously increased.

This means not only that the state ranks higher than an individual, but also that the state has a caretaker function and the individual, a dependant status. The press belonged to the King/Emperor/ Pope, or in some cases, to private individuals who favored and were favored by royalty and authority. The press was the servant of the state. The world has been witness to authoritarian means of control over media by both dictatorial and democratic governments.

[pic] BTEC Extended National Diploma in Health & Social Care (Social Care) Unit 4 – Development through the Life Stages Assignment Title: Lecturer: Rebecca Drozd Room – Email – You will also need to: • Word processed your work • Include your name, pin & page numbers in a footer • Use Harvard Referencing System in your work including a reference list • Provide evidence of wider research by using various sources, e. g. websites, journals, text books. • 1. 5 line space • Use 12pt font size (Arial or Comic Sans) • Please bring this Assignment Brief with you to every lesson.

Launch date: First Submission date: Second submission date: | | |You are an investigative reporter on a celebrity magazine. You have been asked to discover all that you can about the development | |of a famous person of your choice. | Task One Produce a fact file which clearly describes the physical, intellectual, emotional and social development for each of the life stages of an individual to include relevant pictures, graphs and charts (P1) Grading Tip | |Your fact file needs to include information on the following: | | | |Life stages: conception; pregnancy; birth and infancy – 0-3 years; childhood – 4-9 years; adolescence – 10-18 years; adulthood – 19 | |-65 years; older adulthood; 65+; the final stages of life | | | |Definitions: growth; development; developmental norms; developmental milestones; life course; maturation; life expectancy | | | |Development; holistic development; physical, intellectual, language, emotional and social at each life stage; potential causes and | |effects of delayed and arrested development | Expand your fact file to include a discussion on the nature-nurture debate in relation to the development of your individual (M1) Add a written evaluation on how nature and nurture may affect the physical, intellectual, emotional and social development of two stages of the development of your chosen individual (D1) Grading Tip | |Use the following key words: | |Nature-nurture debate: key principles; biological programming; the effects of experiences versus heredity; maturation theory | Task Two | | |Your editor at the magazine has now asked you to research the life factors and life events that have influenced the development of this | |celebrity. | Develop your fact file further, and explain the potential effects of five different life factors on the development of the individual (P2) Grading Tip | | | |Use the following key words: | | | |Life factors: genetic, eg predisposition to particular conditions, cystic fibrosis, coeliac disease, asthma, brittle bone disease, | |rheumatic disease; biological, eg foetal alcohol syndrome, maternal infections, effects of diet in pregnancy; environmental, eg exposure to| |pollution, damp/ overcrowded housing, access to recreational facilities, access to health and social care services, bullying, family | |dysfunction, effects of culture, religion and beliefs, effects of discrimination; socioeconomic, eg income, expenditure, education, values | |and attitudes, peer groups, employment status; lifestyle, eg nutrition and dietary choices, alcohol intake, use and misuse of substances |

Add a written statement that clearly explains the influences of two predictable and two unpredictable major life events on the development of your chosen individual (P3) |Grading Tip: Your fact file needs to include relevant pictures, graphs and charts. | |Use the following key words: | | | |Major life events: differences in effect of predictable and unpredictable events; eg the birth of a sibling, leaving home, leaving | |care, leaving prison, serious injury, illness, starting school/ nursery, beginning and changing employment, redundancy, bereavement, | |marriage, parenthood, divorce; the interrelationship between factors. | Launch date:

First Submission date: Second submission date: Task Three |Vocational Setting: | | | |Your editor is very impressed with your work and has asked you to imagine that your chosen individual is now growing older. Will they| |still travel as much? Will they still like to be photographed? What kind of health and social care services will they require? Your | |fact file will need to include an explanation of the physical and psychological changes which may be part of the ageing process.

This| |will require research to find the relevant information as your chosen individual may not be at this stage. | Expand your fact file to explain the two theories of ageing (P4) Discuss two major theories of ageing in relation to the development of your chosen individual. (M2) Include an evaluation on the influence of two major theories of ageing on health and social care provision. (D2) For your chosen individual, explain the effects of physical and psychological changes which may be associated with ageing (P5) and discuss the effects on self-esteem and self-confidence of the physical changes associated with ageing how those changes could affect their self-esteem and confidence. (M3) Grading Tip: | | | |Use the following key words: | | | |Physical changes: hormones; menopause; cardiovascular system, eg atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease; respiratory system, eg emphysema, | |chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; nervous system eg motor-neurone disease, degeneration of the sense organs, degeneration of the nervous| |tissue, cognitive changes,; muscular skeletal, eg rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, effects of degenerative disease, muscle wasting due | |to poor absorption of nutrients; skin, eg loss of elasticity, effects of exposure to ultra violet rays, effects of smoking; the effects of | |illnesses that are more common in ageing | | | |Psychological changes: effects on confidence; effects on self-esteem; effects on ageism; effects of, eg role changes, loss of partner, | |retirement, increased leisure time, financial concerns, culture, religion, beliefs; theories of ageing, eg social disengagement, activity | |theory; application to current health and social care provision |

A person’s personality directly affects how he conducts himself and ultimately, how he will live his life. In more ways than one, then, personality helps direct a person towards success. Having said this, it is no wonder that the development of a person’s personality has long been the subject of psychological research. Of the many theories in personality and child development, Erik Erikson’s is one of those that have stood the test of time. Perhaps this is largely due to the fact that unlike most theories, his covers the whole life cycle of man.

It also helped that amongst the rather purist concepts – of nature vs. nurture phenomenon – his recognizes both the effect of internal development (of the body and the mind) and the influence of the outside world to a person’s personality. However adaptive Erikson’s psychosocial stages are, though, it is still important to reexamine it alongside our culture today, in order to gauge how effective and accurate it still is. On a general viewpoint, the main tenet of Erikson’s philosophy – that there are specific traits developed (or lost) in a particular stage in a person’s life – still holds even when analyzed alongside our ever-developing culture.

This means that on most counts, contemporary culture has strengthened Erikson’s theory – not negate or redefine it. For example, that the viewpoint of a person with regard to how trustworthy the world is shaped during the early years is still true (whether that occurs exclusively during infancy is up to now subject to verification): recent studies of incidents of suicide show its relation to the formation during the early years of the basic belief I have earlier mentioned.

Likewise, it is still true that a sense of autonomy is developed during the toddler years – when we learn to walk on our own, and feed and bathe ourselves. The continuous development of our educational system supports the two subsequent stages – play age and school age – in Erikson’s theory: indeed, it is during the time we start going to school and widening our circle that we develop initiative and the value of industry.

As for the next stage, adolescence, it still is the case that during these years – in our struggle for independence from parents; in our attempt to develop romantic relationships and strengthen our ties with friends; in our quest to find the answer to the question “Who am I? ” – we develop a deeper sense of our identity. I mentioned that on most counts, Erikson’s theory holds. There are several points in his work, however, that are redefined by a change in our culture. One of the most glaring changes would be in his stage of young adulthood.

While it is true that during this time we seek love and a deeper relationship, more and more of the American youth opt to stay single until their thirties. Whereas before starting a family occurs at this stage, now having kids occurs more in Erikson’s next stage – middle adulthood. In my opinion, the high incidence of divorce nowadays, and the lure of leading a life devoid of the immense responsibility married life entails, instills in us the belief that having a family takes careful planning and thus, takes time.

Upon examining Erikson’s theory, it is prevalent that he sees his stages as having a linear path; that is, the stages – and the development of the traits he singled out for each stage – occur one after the other, with each one having a direct effect on the stage it precedes. In simpler terms, then, if a person failed to develop trust in infancy, he will have a hard time cultivating autonomy in the next stage, if he even ever does. Such a pessimistic way of putting things, I believe, is doomed to criticism and negation in itself.

How many times have we heard of success stories, of people who rose above a troubled childhood to find love and success in their adult lives? Erikson, it seems, failed to take into account the strength of the human spirit to rise above any predicament. If there is one characteristic of our culture and our world today that may hinder us from successfully navigating through Erikson’s psychosocial stages, it is their being fast-paced.

In an environment where success is predominantly measured by what you own, we are driven to lead lives that place personal relationships in the back seat. Given this fact, it is possible that more and more of us will fail to resolve a crisis or two in the “right time”, as outlined in Erikson’s work. I believe, however, that despite this fact, in the end we will still tackle the issues inherent in our struggle to form our identity, and we will still be able to resolve them all.

This essay concentrates on the topic about the seven color contrast which is drawn by a great Swiss expressionist painter named Johannes Itten. Thus, this paper would also render definite attention in analyzing and assessing the use of color in two different paintings which are made by two respective artists, through the use of the said seven color contrast done by Johannes Itten. The paper holds on to the purpose of comparing and contrasting the particular usage of color in the paintings of Leonardo Da Vinci (Virgin of the Rocks) and Jan van Eyck (The Arnolfini Portrait) by means of utilizing the color theory of Itten.

The following would be discussed: • Understanding Leonardo Da Vinci’s Virgin of the Rocks • Discussion on Jan van Eyk’s The Arnolfini Portrait • The Virgin Rock and The Arnolfini Portrait At the end of the paper, this would render definite information that would accordingly differentiate Leonardo Da Vinci’s (Virgin of the Rocks) and Jan van Eyck’s (The Arnolfini Portrait) in terms of utilizing colors in their paintings. Understanding Da Vinci’s The Virgin of the Rocks.

Leonardo Da Vinci, as one of the great painters in the ancient history of painting, uses an approach and strategy in using color for the “Virgin of the Rocks” and/or sometimes referred to as “Madonna of the Rocks” which depicts the same characteristics of contrast between the light and dark.. Hence, as observable and evident in his painting, Leonardo Da Vinci’s primary use of color is set to provide a picture of artistic combination between the light and dark colors.

Just like many great painters in his time, Da Vinci’s use of color in his painting is regarded to be monochromatic, wherein he mostly utilized various darker shades, grayer tones, and paler tints that render great detail distinguishing between the light and black. In the said painting, Da Vinci’s usage of light color is specifically situated in providing lucid details of the face and position of the objects and the surroundings that clearly reveals the shade of light and dark colors in the rocks.

In other words, Leonardo Da Vinci’s basic usage of light and dark colors in the painting is his own approach in depicting the proper presentation of the effects of lighting in providing clarity and emotion to the visual. Thus, through this comprehensive observation, it can be said that Da Vinci’s use of color in “Virgin of the Rocks” falls under the category of “contrast of light and dark” and “contrast of saturation” in Itten’s seven color contrasts as his painting is mainly composed of light and dark colors which are accordingly and subtly used to signify single depiction.

Discussion on Jan van Eyk’s The Arnolfini Portrait As per the painting and work of Jan van Eyck’s entitled “The Arnolfini Portrait,” which is also referred to as “The Arnolfini Wedding” and “The Arnolfini Marriage,” the primary stance and use of color portrays a relative significance and value in composition of the painting.

Unlike Leonardo Da Vinci’s “Virgin on the Rocks,” where he mainly utilized light and dark colors, which resulted to a monochromatic painting, Jan van Eyck’s composition “The Arnolfini Portrait” is fundamentally filled with bright and glowing colors, which carry a single goal of depicting the wealthy lifestyle of “Giovanni di Nicolao Arnolfini,” the man who is with his wife in the painting. Jan van Eyck’s primary use of color in the said painting is set to depict life and draw a picture of realism.

Thus, van Eyck’s has used different radiant colors to present and improve the accuracy of life and actual picture and fine details of the living room where Giovanni Arnolfini and his wife are standing. In addition this, through the use of radiant and lively colors, Jan van Eyck is able to render definite details in the painting such as the shadow of Giovanni Arnolfini and his wife and the shade of light that comes from the window.

The use of bright colors also provides details on the lighting and the ray of light coming from the outside, which passes through the window that reflects on the half part of the chandelier and through the face of Giovanni Arnolfini and his wife. Thus, Jan van Eyck’s use of color for this painting is categorized as the contrast of complements. Virgin of the Rocks and The Arnolfini Portrait Through a thorough analysis and assessment of the two paintings, it is said that there are evident and observable similarities and differences in terms of the use of color.

As per the similarities of the two paintings, it is evident that both of the painters, Leonardo Da Vinci and Jan van Eyck, have utilized colors in such a way that it supports their goal of depicting realism and presence of life in their objects in the painting. Thus, the two artist and their paintings are also equipped with the most suitable colors in establishing the presence of lighting and/or the source of luminosity in order to further highlight realism and life.

In a sense, it can be said that the paintings and masterpieces of the two artists differ from each other in terms of their specific usage of certain types of colors. In constrast to the painting of Leonardo Da Vinci’s “Virgin of the Rocks,” Jan van Eyck has utilized mostly radiant and glowing type of colors to be able to highlight realism and enhance the genuine picture of life in Arnolfini’s wealthy life and the beauty of their living room together with his wife.

Leonardo Da Vinci, on the other hand, has mainly utilized a combination of light and dark colors to present life and provide details of lighting in his painting, which render and draw the appropriate emotions of the image. In the end, it can be said that the classical paintings of Leonardo Da Vinci and Jan van Eyck, which are entitled “Virgin of the Rock” and “The Arnolfini Portrait” are identical in such a way that these two artist have used colors to be able to achieve their main artistic goals, which is that of depicting realism and putting more life into their works.

Hence, the two paintings only differ from each other in terms of the particular colors that they use in its composition. As Leonarod Da Vinci has utilized more of the light and dark types of colors, Jan van Eyck has used mostly radiant and lustrous combinations of hues to enhance the quality of his painting and provide for the lively features of his depiction on the life Giovanni Arnolfini.

Work Cited

Itten’s Color Contrasts. Creative Commons License. Viewed 12 March 2009 ;http://www.worqx.com/color/itten.htm;