Weapons

Teachers and Faculty Carry Concealed Weapons on Campuss
Imagine the feeling of safety as if it is invariably within our control or ability. people that are in ownership of a hidden arm are cognizant of the duty and the consequences of what can go on when utilizing a hidden arm. Safety of instructors. all other employees and pupils at a larning intuition can greatly better if the staff could be armed with hidden arms. Besides we must retrieve that all citizens of the United States have the right to transport and have a arm as guaranteed by the 2nd amendment of the fundamental law of the United States of America. Safety and security could be greatly improved with instructors and module transporting concealed arms on campus. hence. the instructors and module addition security ; the safety of the pupils can besides be achieved.

The 2nd amendment to the fundamental law guarantees people the right to have and utilize a arm without intervention from the authorities ( Constitution ) . Although to transport a hidden arm requires extra permitting in all the provinces and districts of the United States. This is to assist everyone is safe and guarantee that a arm does non stop up in the incorrect custodies. This can dwell of a complete and through back land cheque. fingerprinting. and even mental wellness ratings may be required in some provinces. Some provinces besides require the applicant exhausted clip on the shot scope. schoolroom. and go to a basic huntsman instruction class. This includes the safety demands that a individual is expected to follow when in ownership of a arm and the proper manner to procure a arm when finished with its usage. After the certification procedure is completed this ensures the individuals has the ability to decently have and keep a hidden arm license.

Most instructors and module accordingly would hold to take the clip to procure the proper certification so that they would be compliant with all the province and local Torahs to transport a hidden arm. Since. the instructors are traveling to hold more cognition of the pupils to cognize how to defuse a hostile or bad state of affairs. On the other manus the module being familiar with the campus layout would cognize how to procure the campus for the safety of everyone else on the campus. Even if this state of affairs merely happened one more clip and it saved the life of one individual instructors and module transporting a concealed arm could extinguish this state of affairs from of all time go oning at any learning establishment.

Most instructors have already spent at least four old ages or more in school to learn and assist people larn in a safe and unafraid environment. Not to be in fright that a disturbed or disquieted pupil brings a arm to school and intends harm person. Besides teacher’s giving a class that a pupil thinks they should hold received a better class than they did. Then the pupils that carry arms to school to settle a mark with another pupil or even the spill over from an incident related to old pack activity.

As a consequence of instructors and module transporting a concealed arm a 2nd idea would hold to be raised in the culprits mind cognizing they were traveling into a state of affairs where the resistance is besides transporting a hidden arm. Besides. let’s non bury that this is a right that we have and are non in any manner be forced into or even have to take part in.

Similarly. school systems all over the United States are engaging a school resource officers and private security contractors to hold armed forces on campuses. This is known to diminish the opportunities of state of affairss intensifying with armed individuals on campuses. This would supply the added security that is needed to keep order and safety on our campuses. This will guarantee the pupils. instructors. module members are stay safe to foster their instruction and keep the unity of the acquisition establishments today and forever. However. the cost for the added constabulary or contracted security forces. and this will far transcend the cost of developing instructors or module forces to transport a hidden arm on campus ( Lewis ) .

Therefore. allow us non bury that all of us will necessitate to utilize these establishments for schooling. proving. and larning a new occupation. It is safe to state that making these things in a safe environment is traveling to do that easier on anyone when preforming any undertaking required at larning establishments.

Merely people that are willing and able to take part in this type of plan feel a demand for the added protection and security for our kids in school. instructors. and module. What would hold happened if a keeper noticed the culprit at Sandy Hook Elementary School and challenged him and he ne’er breeched the school. What if the gunslinger was challenged by the keeper before even acquiring inside the school. With a hidden arm on the module member this could hold been wholly avoided and ensuing in no loss of any lives. As a consequence of the presence of arms on campuses or anyplace we are ever traveling to hold the menace of force proving our security steps. As a consequence of instructors and module members transporting a concealed arm this will cut down the menace of force in our school guaranting that our kids safe and unafraid when we leave them at a learning establishment.

Plants Cited
Lewis. Lyndsey. “Nevada Considers Arming Professors. ” Chronicle of Higher Education 53. 44
( 2007 ) : A20. 1/7. Print.
Fundamental law of the United States of America. Bill of Rights the Second Amendment. ” The right
to have and utilize a weapon” . World Wide Web. archives. gov/exhibts/charters/bill_of_rights. ( 1789 ) .

The article published in the New York Times July 22, 2012 by Jack Healy entitled “Suspect Bought Large Stockpile of Rounds online”, addresses an absence of laws regulating the sale of ammunition. Jack Healy is a rocky mountain correspondent for the New York Times, and has reported on the war in Iraq from Baghdad. Healy’s article elicits good emotional engagement with the reader, but it is fundamentally lacking sound logical arguments and ethical credibility. Aurora shooting suspect James Holmes purchased a 6,000 rounds of ammunition prior to the shooting in Aurora Colorado.

Holmes purchased bullet¬¬proof vests and a high capacity 100 round drum magazine. Holmes was a college graduate with a clean criminal background. Holmes was legally able to purchase firearms and ammunition in Colorado and nationwide. States such as Illinois, Massachusetts, and New Jersey, and several cities have laws regarding the sales of ammunition. These laws include licensing, permits and requiring gun stores to keep records of ammunition purchased. According to Healy, Holmes used a black commando style outfit as well as other tactical gear during shooting.

Police apprehended him outside the theater still wearing the bulletproof vest, and carrying four handguns. Healy argued how Gun-control groups said the purchases of the ammunition demonstrated how easily anyone could build a veritable arsenal without attracting attention from law-enforcement officials. Healy quotes Tom Mauser, a gun-control advocate, to exemplify this point, “it’s a wide open marketplace” Healy states that ammunition and arms websites are prolific online, and buyers can purchase almost anything firearm related including ammunition.

Healy quotes Gov. John W. Hickenlooper of Colorado, a Democrat, “that the killer might have built a bomb or found some other lethal device if no assault weapons had been around. Healy concludes the article with a quote from Dudley Brown, the executive director of Rocky Mountain Gun Owners saying “I call 6,000 round of ammunition running low. ” I think that the article by Jack Healy was reasonably well written, and it was emotionally engaging for the reader.

The logos of the article is fundamentally flawed due to the lack of logically sound and accurate conclusions. Finally the article loses its’ ethical integrity when the authors bias becomes apparent to the reader. Healy’s article contains bias for the regulation of ammunition sales, as well as confusing terminology. The article contains contradictory and inaccurate facts, and quotes selected for emotional impact rather than relevance and purpose. First I will address some of the logical contradictions in the article.

Healy said “Unhindered by federal background checks or government oversight, the 24-year-old man… was able to build … a 6,000-round arsenal legally and easily over the Internet, exploiting what critics call a virtual absence of any laws regulating ammunition sales” In this quote Healy leads the reader to believe that there are no laws, and no regulation regarding ammunition sales. Later in the article Healy admits there are laws restricting ammunition sales in Illinois, Massachusetts, and New Jersey as well as cities like Los Angeles and Sacramento.

Healy contradicts his earlier point by highlighting the states that do have laws regarding the sales of ammunition. This contradiction leaves the reader not knowing which conclusion is valid. The second flaw in the articles logic is the argument that the sale of ammunition is unregulated, and without government oversight. This main theme that is present throughout the article is technically inaccurate. According to smartgunlaws. org, a nonprofit gun law education website, thirty-two states have laws regulating unreasonably dangerous ammunition, this is over half of the states.

Sixteen states have laws regarding age restrictions and the purchase of ammunition. According to Smartgunslaws. org the majority of states have laws concerning ammunition purchases, laws concerning purchase of dangerous ammunition, (such as armor piercing), laws concerning minimum age of purchase, or laws concerning the ability of convicted felons to purchase ammunition. One of the other major flaws of this article is Healy’s illogical use of quotes.

Here is one of instances where Healy uses a quote and does not acknowledge or clarify the quote: “It is a war tool,” Representative Carolyn McCarthy, Democrat of New York, said of the 100-round drum that the police say Mr. Holmes purchased online. “They’re meant to kill. They’re meant to kill as many people in as short a period of time. ” Ms. McCarthy’s husband was among six people killed in 1993 by a gunman on a commuter train Before this quote Healy was talking about a failed 1999 gun control bill.

After the quote Healy continued to talk about the legislation. Healy stated both republicans and democrats had doubts about the effectiveness of the proposed legislation. The technical execution of the quote interrupted the flow of the paragraph. The quote did not fit in the paragraph in a logical manor. Healy’s quote was deliberately spliced into the article to provide sensationalism needed to make it newsworthy. Healy used the quote to provide a more interesting article, and to appeal to the emotion of the reader.

The ethical appeal of the article is compromised by Healy predominately presenting evidence supporting increased gun and ammunition regulation. The article is twenty-seven paragraphs long; twenty¬¬-five of them are either neutral or support increased regulation of guns and ammunition. Two of the paragraphs expressed opinions opposing an increase in gun and ammunition regulation. By not equally addressing both sides of the issue equally, Healy loses credibility with readers who oppose increasing the regulation of guns and ammunition.

Healy does acknowledge the opinion of gun groups with a vague quote, “To gun groups, such an unfettered marketplace stands as a bulwark of their Second Amendment rights” This is the only place in the article that Healy acknowledges this viewpoint. This quote is not substantial enough to gain the ethical appeal lost earlier in the article. One of the positive attributes of Healy’s article is his emotional appeal to the reader. Healy uses graphic quotes and vivid imagery to provoke emotional response, and connection to the reader.

Healy takes the reader on an emotional roller coaster throughout the article encompassing all types of emotions. Consider the following quote by Healy: Three weeks after the purchase, stunned and bleeding witnesses outside the century 16 multiplex in aurora would describe how a man dressed in a black commando-style outfit and a gas mask strode into the where they were watching a midnight screening of “The Dark Knight rises,” tossed some gas-spewing grenades into the packed auditorium and opened fire.

In this sentence by Healy uses extremely graphic imagery to create an appeal to pathos in the article. Sentences like the one above are mixed in throughout the article along with facts about ammunition laws, and quotes. Healy uses emotion to keep the audience reading, throughout the article. Healy’s appeal to pathos is strong and well-constructed throughout the article.

Advancements in Rockets My paper is going to inform you of the advancements that we the world have made over the years. The success and the failure that we have made and who and what has and hasn’t influenced the rocket in how its made or the look and shape and why it flew and how it flew and the advantages of having rockets and the different types of rockets. The Chinese were one of the first to start experimenting with gun powder they made arrows and attached a tube full of gun powder the escaping gas made the arrow move faster and fly farther and thus the first rocket was born.

Later the Chinese used the gun powder idea and made a bigger tube and a longer arrow to help them fly straighter they used these new rockets to defend them from the attack of Mongols in 1232 the Mongols called these rockets “arrows of flying fire” and these arrows had great psychological effects on the Mongols. Europe the Mongols took this rocket idea and spread it through out Europe. In England a monk named Roger Bacon worked on improving the gun powder to make the rockets fly farther.

In France Jean Froissart found out that you can shoot rockets more accurately by shooting the rockets out of tubes. In Italy Joanes de Fontana made a water skimming torpedo that was used for setting enemy boats on fire. Rockets and Science, Sir. Newton did a lot of studying on how gravity works and found his three laws of motion witch help people advance rockets and find out how rockets would do in outer space. Newton’s law then had a great influence on the shape and the look of rockets. In about 1720 a Dutch professor designed a car with a steam propelled jet engine.

Germany and Russia began working with rockets with a mass of more than 45 kilograms. Some of these rockets were so powerful that their escaping exhaust flames made holes in the ground even before it got to leave the ground. During the late 18th century to the 19th century. The success of Indian rockets against the British in 1792 and 1799 it caught the eye of artillery expert Colonel William Congreve he then set out to design the rockets for the British government his rockets then became highly successful in battle.

Used by British ships in the War of 1812 they inspired Francis Scott Key to write “the rockets’ red glare,” later know as The Star- Spangled Banner. The devastating nature of war rockets was not their accuracy or power, but their numbers. In a single battle thousand of them would be fired. An Englishman, William Hale, developed a technique called spin stabilization. In this method let escaping exhaust gases to strike a small vane at the bottom of the rocket causing it to spin witch is still used to day.

Ecological rehabilitation

The restoration and renewal of the ecology which is the link between living beings such as animals, plants and micro-organisms and their environment after it has been ruined or decayed due to human intervention.

Development

The change or amelioration of a condition or an object towards a better and more complete state.

Nuclear test sites

The piece of land or place where nuclear weapons which are created by the energy related to the nucleus of an atom are tested to verify and check their efficiency. We count two types of nuclear weapons, the atomic bomb which explodes after the breakage of the nucleus, and the thermonuclear weapon also called hydrogen bomb, that is supposedly 1000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb, which reacts to the merging of nucleuses. The phenomenon of the modification of atoms nucleuses is also called radioactivity.

Humanitarian Impact

The shock a population can receive after a fatal event, in this case an explosion, this could lead to people getting hurt, wounded, ill or even dying.

Environmental Pollution

The contamination of the environment by toxins that can come naturally or by energies and disrupts the climate.

Disarmament

Removal and withdrawal of weapons from a country which can be seen as dangerous and threatening. In this case we talk about nuclear disarmament to prevent the use of nuclear weapons during times of conflict or even to avoid tests who can menace one’s life or health.

Major Countries and Organisations Involved

Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO)

Founded on the 19th of November 1996, this organization prepares the application of the treaty opened for signatures on the 24th of September 1996 and it forbids the use of nuclear weapons on the surface of the earth, underwater, underground and in the air. The CTBTO helps with the prevention of the development of nuclear weapons for countries trying to get it and complicates the process of making bombs stronger for countries who already own them. It diminishes the damage done to humans and to the environment after an explosion.

This organization enters into force when all the countries have signed the treaty but is already in partnership with the International Monitoring System (IMS), the IMS, monitors seismic stations, distinguishes very low frequency waves, discloses radioactive particles in the atmosphere. Upon getting the information from the IMS, the consultation and clarification requests an on-site inspection which has to be accepted by at least 30 of 51 members of the CTBTO for the inspection to take place.

• International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN)

Alliance of non-administrative organizations of more than a 100 countries which started in Australia and then launched in Austria in 2007. This campaign’s goal is to raise awareness about the use of nuclear weapons and to help the implementation of the treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons by the United Nations, which was approved and put in place on July 7th 2017 in New York. In 2017, ICAN was rewarded a Nobel Peace Prize for its attempts to highlight the effects of nuclear weapons and for collaborating with great associations such as the red cross and 468 more partners.

ICAN’s mission is to focus on the humanitarian consequences and the environmental effect of the explosion of nuclear weapons which can affect someone’s health for a long period of time and ruin ecosystems. They want to draw attention to all the aftereffects of the detonation of a nuclear weapons such as an atomic or hydrogen bomb.

• United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs (UNODA)

Office of the UN since its establishment in January 1998 and at its head since the 1st of May 2017, Izumi Nakamitsu, a Japanese lady who is the Under secretary general and a high representative. The mission of the office is to

implicate nuclear weapon disarmament and to prevent their proliferation.

• United States of America (USA)

The united states of America also known as one of the five nuclear weapons states had around 30 000 weapons during the Cold War but since the NewStart treaty, the number of missiles was reduced to 1550 active and ready to use ones (deployed). The NewStart treaty signed in 2010 but adopted on February 5th 2011, between Russia and the USA which requires the considerable decrease in weapons detained by these countries. However, the stockpile that indicates the utter number of explosives owned by the US is more important. In 2010, President Barack Hussein Obama revealed the number of weapons which was 5113.

As we can see on the chart, the number of weapons has been importantly reduced. In 1962, it counted 25 540 projectiles and in 2017 it reached 3822. This great contrast shows how much the stockpile was weakened over the years.

On the 16th of July 1945, the US tests the first ever atomic bomb in history in New Mexico. They had been working on its construction since August 1942 with the Manhattan Project which gathers Canadian, British and American scientists and researchers to create this dangerous and deadly weapon. During the 2nd World War and on the 6th and 9th of August 1945, they detonated two atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that result in the surrender of Japan from the war which offered the victory to the USA and its allies and displayed the power of an atomic bomb.

The States were the only country with the atomic bomb until 1949 where the Russians had built an atomic bomb of their own. On the 1st of November 1952, the USA tests its first thermonuclear weapon on the Eniwetok atoll in the Pacific which gives them the upper hand for a short period of time as they were the first to ever test a hydrogen bomb until the soviet created and tested their own a year later.

Russia

Russia is known as the 2nd nuclear state in the world. Their first atomic bomb was tested in Kazakhstan, in the region of Semipalatinsk on the 29th of August. This test site was often used by the USSR to test their weapons from 1949 to 1991 when the site was officially closed, many deaths were caused by these tests because some people were living in that region and suffered directly and others were harmed by the side-effects like radiation which is very dangerous for the body.

Russia had around 40 000 warheads but had to reduce that number and reached around 4300 missiles in 2017. After the NewStart treaty evoked earlier, it had to have 1550 weapons.
During the cold war, the nuclear race began between the Russians and the americans as they both developed powerful nuclear weapons and caught up to each other as soon as the other had made progress. Russia’s first hydrogen bomb was on the 12th of August 1953 and it exploded at the Semipalatinsk test site however the biggest hydrogen bomb of all history is the Tsar bomba which exploded in 1961.

France

In 1960, France tested its first nuclear weapon in the Sahara Desert in Algeria. This country had already established chemical weapons during World War I but never a weapon this powerful. Nowadays t is believed that France possesses around 300 explosives which include submarine and atmospheric missiles, they have a limited number of missiles but they are different and fit multiple environments. In 2008, president Nicolas Sarkozy declared that France will keep its submarine weapons in place but cut down on the air-launched ones leading to the count of 290 explosives.

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom is the third country to have developed nuclear weapons after the United States of America and Russia. In 1940, the Tube Alloys program of nuclear weapons started researching about nuclear weapons. In 1943, the UK joins forces with the US during the Quebec Agreement act and forms the first atomic bomb with the help of Canada. On the 3rd of October 1952, the United Kingdom testes its first atomic bomb whose code-name was “Hurricane” in the Montebello Islands in Western Australia. From 1952 to 1957, 12 nuclear weapons were tested in Australian areas such as The Montebello Islands, Maralinga and Emu fields. On the 15th of May 1957, they tested their first hydrogen bomb but it wasn’t a successful explosion, it was weak and not as powerful as they thought it would be. Nowadays it is believed that the United Kingdom possesses around 215 warheads.

China

In china, the development of nuclear weapons started in 1955 which led to their first atomic bomb test on the 16th October 1964. It was believed that the Chinese scientists were helped by the Russians which made the USA feel threatened after realizing how important the success of the explosion was however they weren’t shocked by the test as rumors announced that China was establishing a nuclear weapon. On the 17th of June 1967, China tested its first thermonuclear bomb in the northwest of the country. The 29th of July 1996 was marked as the day where the 45th which is the last Chinese nuclear bomb was tested a few months prior to china’s signature of the comprehensive nuclear-test-ban treaty. Nowadays, the estimated number of warheads in China is around 270 weapons which can be distributed by air, land and sea.

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

This organization was founded on the 29th of July 1957 and its objective is to rehabilitate the environment after it has been damaged by nuclear explosions. They repair the polluted soils and the water and recover the sites where nuclear weapons have been tested for them to be reusable. This agency also raises awareness about the humanitarian impact of explosions which can affect your health dangerously.

Timeline of Events

1. August 19, 1943
   The Quebec Agreement was signed, it says that the US and the UK would have to get each other’s agreement before using their nuclear weapons against one other or against other countries.
2. July 16, 1945
3. Trinity site: The first nuclear test ever of an atomic bomb by the United states (US) with the backing of the United Kingdom and Canada in New Mexico during World War II and was part of the Manhattan project which developed the first nuclear weapon.
4. August 6 and 9, 1945
   The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were deposited by the US during World War II which then forced the Japanese to surrender. These two bombings are the most known ones as they were the only uses of nuclear weapons in wartimes.
5. From 1949 to 1991
   The Union of Soviet Socialists Republics (USSR) tested around 456 nuclear weapons in their first testing site in Semipalatinsk in northeast Khazakstan. The Russians tested their weapons with no care of the suroundings, the populations and the environment, the radiation directly touched the people living there. The soviets announced that Semipalatinsk was a deserted place with no human being but the truth was then revealed when the site was officially closed in 1991 by the president of Khazakstan Nursultan Nazarbayev.
6. November 1, 1952
   Ivy Mike: The first hydrogen Bomb which was 700 times more powerful than the first ever atomic bomb was deposited by the US government over the Marshall Island. The Elugelab Island an Atoll of the Marshall Island disappeared after the bombing.
7. February 28, 1954
   Castle Bravo: This blast was the first bombing of the Castle series, bombing over the Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands, Castle Bravo is the largest and most powerful US detonation ever. It was followed by the bomb of Castle Romeo and was tested in Open Water, it was considered the third strongest test of the Castle Series. Around the same time the bomb of Castle Yankee was deposited and was considered the second most powerful of the Castle Series Tests in 1954.
8. October 30, 1961
   The Tsar Bomba: On this day the USSR deposited the most powerful and biggest man made explosion ever created. It was believed that the Tsar bomba a hydrogen bomb layed in Northern Russia was 3000 times stronger than Hiroshima.

Previous Attempts to solve the Issue

In 2009, serious concerns of the Government of Kazakhstan rose in regards to the Semipalatinsk nuclear testing ground closed in 1991. The UN’s General Assembly called on the Government in tackling the challenges of rehabilitating the region and its inhabitants while implementing a local programme to face the problems from the previous nuclear testing grounds. A draft resolution named “International cooperation and coordination for the human and ecological rehabilitation and economic development of the Semipalatinsk region of Kazakhstan” (document A/63/L.67) where the Assembly expressed an important worry when in regards to the negative effects of nuclear testing on the region’s ecosystem and the accumulation of radioactive substances in the soil which created problems with the pillars of the sustainable goals.

In the resolution “International cooperation and coordination for the human and ecological rehabilitation and economic development of the Semipalatinsk region of Kazakhstan”, the general assembly expressed its concern about the dispersal of radioactive substances. In order to solve this issue, troops were sent to add clean soil to the old polluted ground of the test site between 2011 and 2013 to attenuate the consequences of the explosion and to limit the contaminated soil from spreading because of the wind.

Possible Solutions

There is an urgent need to solve this issue as the explosions of nuclear weapons can be very harmful and dangerous to a person’s health.
A feasible solution to the problem of nuclear test sites being radioactive is to completely end nuclear tests which cause more harm than good, the grounds of the test sites are contaminated which prevents the plantation of vegetables who can be the source of income to live of a farmer and his family. The environment is polluted, the populations living in these areas and the ones surrounding the test sites breathe an unsanitary air which can cause illnesses.

Another possible solution is to integrate this issue in the educational system in order to raise awareness, to teach students, teachers and even parents about nuclear tests and test sites and for them to understand the effects they have on the environment and their humanitarian impact.

Specific hospitals can be built to cure diseases of a radioactive origin where doctors, nurses, surgeons and the staff are specialised in this field and can easily heal people whose lives are in danger because of their presence in the surroundings of nuclear test sites or even prevent them from getting sick by giving them a sanitary procedure to follow.

These days with the importance of technology and the large use of social media, spreading knowledge around the world becomes an easier procedure. A few specialist of the ecological rehabilitation can reach out to the populations of the world using social media and inform them about all the information they need to know. They can also encourage them to build campaigns against nuclear tests to raise awareness and to inform their circle of acquaintances as this issue is not very popular.

Laws can be put in place to forbid the use and the testing of nuclear weapons. These will prevent countries who hold missiles of this sort of using them in case of a conflict and a time of war or even to test their power and their efficiency.