Wireless Network Fundamentals

However, the two limitations of the Babel make it inappropriate to use it everywhere. Babel has faith in intermittent routing table updates without using a trusted transport. Stable networks produce more traffic than protocols that have the capability of sending updates during the alteration of network topology. These are the circumstances responsible for protocols like OSPF, IS-IS, or the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP).
Moreover, Babel also needs a hold time during the retraction of the prefix. This hold time is also not implemented to the specified prefix being revoked. After that, it doesn’t stop quick convergence that may be available later. It can also apply to any shorter prefix that incorporates it. Also, if an earlier disaggregated prefix converts into aggregated one, it will be beyond our reach for a few minutes. It is the same thing that is deemed as inappropriate to implement in mobile networks and it’s based on the automatic prefix aggregation.

Thesis Organization
Chapter 1 explained the history and introduction of the basic topics which are linked to our thesis. Wireless Network fundamentals, Wireless Network, and different routing protocols are the main topics that have been briefed in this chapter.
And Chapter 2 explains a comprehensive research review accompanied by the problem formulation and purposes. While in chapter 3, NS3 software is implemented for simulation. And chapter 4 will provide the simulation analysis.
CHAPTER – 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This topic introduces the history of several papers which are interrelated to our topic. Here is a concise description of the papers evaluated below:
The common vehicular ad-hoc networks will have the requirement of having the design of efficient congestion control policies that will make able to communicate steadily and reliably between vehicles and infrastructure nodes. This is the scheme that will decrease the load through the communication channels and also fulfills the need of reliability need for the application.
Shivani Kukreja(1):
Wireless mesh networks and data delivery method are reliable communications between mobile nodes in the mesh-based topology. Some complications also arise in wireless mesh-based networks such as endurance, loyalty, route determination, and others. Moreover, we have also offered an efficient data delivery system that depends on MAC and Physical Layers. Besides, it also has the capability of recording the node movement and implements some routing method that an obtain maximum data delivery system with low-speed of the mobile node.
Puneet Mittal, Paramjeet Singh, Shaveta Rani(2):
When we compare the the performance of AODV, OLSR, GRP and DSR routing protocol by using OPNET simulator, the efficiency can be evaluated with the various circumstances like Delay, Load, Media access delay, Retransmission, Throughput for Database load as well as Network Load.
Miguel Sepulcre et al (3):
It designed and estimated a contextual common stuff key system that practices the traffic context data of each vehicle to minimize the channel load while providing the requirements of the vehicular application.
There are three various operational modes examined with increasing cooperation and usage of traffic context information; autonomous mode (AM), cooperative mode (CM), and contextual cooperative modes (CCM). This is the structure that made to extend the policy to multi-application situations via the development of a new interface adaptation layer.
Dusit Niyato et al (4):
It explored accessing an optimal channel that faces trouble most of the times, and it offers the quality of service (QoS) for data transmission in the known vehicular network. Such types of networks also makes able to identify the access the radio channels (sometimes) called shared use channels and these allocated to licensed users.
Besides, they can keep the channel for dedicated access called an exclusive-use channel used for the transmission of data. cluster-based communication along with the vehicular nodes is the other part for which the composition for channel access management is intended. This structure commonly has three portions like for shared-use channels opportunistic approach, an exclusive-use channel reserved, for cluster size control.
The model for hierarchical optimization is also made for the optimal policy framework. For authentication, location privacy is also considered while privacy status among vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is based on location privacy. It’s very vital for the VANETs to grow perfectly. An intelligent answer for location privacy in VANETs is created by frequent pseudonym changing. The solution is also unreasonable if modifications are done to the pseudonyms in an odd time or location.
Rongxing Lu et al (5):
If you want to overcome from the dilemma, a valuable pseudonym developing at social spots (PCS) policy to attain the provable location privacy is also formed. In the common spot, numerous vehicles may meet was introduced like a road junction when the traffic light turns red. Any set size is also considered as the privacy of the location and two other sets analytic models are produced to examine the location privacy greatly which is evolved through the PCS policy.
The model in the present scenario follows a vehicle in a spatial-temporal process and advanced technique is also considered that can be implemented for character factors to trace a vehicle and find new location-privacy-enhanced procedures through a powerful threat pattern. Besides, an evolved method is also required to provide security for the information of a particular vehicle.
IEEE and ASTM acquired the dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) standard which is the fundamental method for the subsequent formation of vehicular safety information. Communication-based vehicle safety usually needs reliable and swift message delivery which generally requests broadcast communications in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs).
Xiaomin Ma et al (6) :
We introduced and maintained a distributive cross-layer method to plan the control channel in DSRC. Besides, a three level of broadcast service is also involved which is great for various potential vehicle-safety-related applications.
The network parameters based on contemporary traffic load and network circumstances are identified by using IEEE 802.11p for better execution and safety. However, his is not treated as a proposed method. Signature-based privacy is also involved to provide for VANETs.
Kyung-Ah Shim (7):
We have produced a Limited Privacy-Preserving Authentication Scheme (CPAS), where pseudo-identity-based signatures helped us a lot that provides a safe vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) messages in VANETs. Each information got through the process sent by a vehicle is mapped to a distinguished pseudo identity.
It is a trusted authority that can continually retrieve the fundamental character of a vehicle from any pseudo-identity that is operating through CPAS mode. A roadside unit (RSU) is applied to authenticate the various collected signature by minimizing the total verification time.
The pseudo-identity (ID)-based signature (IBS) method is intended to make it bale from batch verification which is more relevant for the vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications than the vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) transmissions. The estimation of CPAs on a large-scale, the VANET testbed with turning vehicle mobility models is also implemented that doesn’t come under CPAS as well.
Jaehoon (Paul) Jeong et al (8):
Here, a Trajectory-based Statistical Forwarding (TSF) method is given for the multi-hop data delivery from the infrastructure nodes like Internet access points to move vehicles in VANET. The very first endeavor is to test the system to vigorously utilize the packet address vehicle’s trajectory for that type of infrastructure-to-vehicle data transmission. The transmission of the data is achieved through the sum of target points based on the purpose.
Vehicle’s trajectory is the best convergence end of the packet. Here the packets move ahead in multi-hop to a chosen destination point by TSF, by which the vehicle is about to pass. These forms of endpoints are selected optimally diminishing the packet delivery delay. Besides, it also achieves the necessary packet transmission probability. The trajectories of vehicles are used as packet transmitters for the more capable data forwarding in vehicular networks
Francisco Javier Ros et al (9):
It’s based on to broadcast algorithm which is made for various vehicular conditions. It’s utilized only for the local information received through periodic beacon information.
Also, it’s drastically helpful for confirmation of the distributed broadcast information. It has also a probability of vehicle may or may not belong to a relevant dominating set. Here the decision can be taken by the vehicle. A shorter waiting period is also determined by the vehicles in the relevant dominating set to the achievable retransmission.
During the time-out termination, retransmission by the vehicle is permissible with the alert that it gets in a message from its neighbor. Occasional connectivity and form of new neighbors are found by re-establishing the evaluation timer. The research is in progress in order to further minimize the protocol if there is any presence of multiple contemporary broadcasting tasks has been followed.
And the protocol should be befitted for delay-critical security application. Hence the usage of retransmission time-out is to be examined that gives delay coercion from the reports. Cost, coverage, and accuracy are important terms to examine the vehicles in traffic monitoring with the global positioning system. However, security is also one of the vital aspects to be considered in the existing systems.
Baik Hoh et al (10):
It depicted a method related to the virtual trip lines which are also linked cloaking system. Another system design somewhat relates the privacy requirements which are modified to enhance the efficiency of real-time traffic evaluation. Here, the Virtual trip routes are represented as geographic markers that indicate where vehicles are allowed to offer speed updates. And these markers are used to circumvent exact privacy of specific locations.
The system is illustrated with GPS smartphone clients that perform controlled analysis with more phone-equipped drivers. It has also been examined that key-based privacy can be provided for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks that includes the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs) for security purposes. The verification of the information is accomplished by checking the certificate of the sender is integrated into the current CRL in the PKI system.
Albert Wasef et al (11):
This is the process made for an Expedite Message Authentication Protocol (EMAP) for VANETs by which the time-consuming CRL alter. Besides, it’s also drastically helpful in the inspection process that in EMAP utilizes a keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC).
HMAC is called as a common non-revoked On-Board Units (OBUs) where the EMAP includes the key configuration that facilitates non-revoked OBUs to constantly share and update a confidential key. There are various security architectures created for Vehicular Communication (VC) systems that come to an arrangement of using public key cryptography for secure communications.
P. P. Papadimitratos et al (12):
Here, it gave the design which is effective and scalable to produce the CRLs to various nodes within a region. In the design of such CRL distribution systems, the source is also established. Besides, it also shows the process of configuration of them to attain more convincing elements.
However, there is also a hardship also occurs in the distribution of CRL in VC systems is examined and the process through which the CRL transmissions occur with very low bandwidth is considered greatly. Here all the vehicles can gain the latest CRL with the obstacle of minimum minutes to drive like the duration of travel.
Moreover, the trade-offs are represented with the process in the system which is to be configured to reduce the delay in delivering the messages that comes out after the investigation process. Here the thought of the certification with key authority can also be employed where the certificate authority grants keys and permissions to vehicles for safety purposes in VANET.
CHAPTER-3
SIMULATION METHODOLOGY
This section will provide a detailed overview, directory structure, various important files implemented in simulation environment set up procedures:
INTRODUCTION
It’s is an arduous task to deploy and debug protocols in real networks. A simulation is a key tool that helps in developing VANET protocols. The simulation also helps in presuming and proving the verification of the protocols which are in large-scale systems. Besides, it’s also drastically helpful in offering flexible testing with several topologies, mobility patterns, and other physical & link-layer protocols.
A simulation has not the ability to provide evidence in real-world scenarios. Various examinations have also been conducted showing the vital divergences between various simulators that show an identical protocol. Thus, the result obtained from the simulations should be evaluated carefully that it can give a precise result.
NS3 Overview
The ns-3 simulator is known as a discrete-event network simulator targeted which is essentially used for the research and educational purpose. The ns-3 project was started in the year 2006 which became an open-source project. Here, we’ve introduced new ns-3 users to the system through an interesting process.
However, it becomes tough for some users sometimes to learn the essential information from detailed manuals and to turn this information into running simulations. There are some examples of simulation as well with the inclusion of explanations of key concepts. Full ns-3 documentation has also been introduced with the pointers to the source code.
There are some key points worth noting in such circumstances:

The project aims to maintain an open environment for researchers to participate and share their software as NS-3 is open-source.
NS-3 is not called as a backward-compatible extension of NS-2 which is a new simulator. The two simulators are both written in C++ but NS-3 is a distinct simulator that is not compatible with the NS-2 APIs.
As there are some models of NS-2 that previously ported from NS-2 to NS-3. This project will help in maintaining NS-2 while NS-3 is built that will analyze transition and integration mechanisms.

Key Abstractions

Node

A computing device connects to a network is called host or sometimes an end system as well. As NS-3 is a network simulator which is not particularly an Internet simulator so this study doesn’t implement the term host as it is closely associated with the Internet and its protocols. Besides, the more general term is used by other simulators that as in the Graph Theory – the node.
The primary computing device concept is called the node as in the NS-3. This is the same concept represented as in the C++ by the class Node. Methods for managing the representations of computing devices in simulations are obtained from the Node class. To understand the Node concept thoroughly, you should think like computers by which you’ll be able to add the working capacity.
The same basic model has also been used in the case NS3 as various applications, protocol stacks and peripheral cards with their linked drivers can also be added to enable the computer for performing the useful tasks can also be added greatly.

Application

The computer software can be classified into two broad categories. As a memory, processor cycles, disk, network etc., are several computer resources that can be adapted by System Software. Usually, it doesn’t implement the resources to complete tasks that can give direct benefit to them. A user would run an application that introduces and uses the resources controlled by the system software and thus it become successful in obtaining the same purpose.
The line of division between system and application software is to provide the prerequisite level change that occurs during the trap of the operating system. In NS-3, it has been included the concept of an operating system as well as the concept of privilege levels or system calls. The software applications run on computers to complete tasks in the real world. The performance of NS-3 applications depends upon NS-3 Nodes to drive simulations in the simulated world.
In NS-3, the concept for a user program generates some activity to be simulated is the application and this concept is represented in C++ in the application class that. provides methods for controlling the descriptions of our version of user-level applications in simulations.
It has also been deemed by the developers to practice the Application class in the object-oriented programming mind so it can build new applications. We are using the specializations of class Application which is called UdpEchoClientApplication and UdpEchoServerApplication. These applications constitute a client/server application set which is used to form an echo simulated network packet.