Belief

Governor Winthrop had a ream to build a puritan society with strict rules on his “city on the hill”. He was not going to let Anne Hutchinson, a forceful woman with unique religious beliefs, decompose his plan. Anne developed a respectful reputation during her early years in New England as a midwife, healer and a devout Christian. It was because of this reputation and her general magnetic personality that drew people to her. She was an intelligent woman, which was rare, so people wanted to listen to what she had to say.

This would have been fine, except what she wanted to talk about was her religious beliefs. A woman preaching In a Puritan rich colony was unacceptable and was not to be tolerated. Although, the strong willed Anne, who finally had the freedom to express her religious beliefs was not about to quit. A woman, preaching her religious beliefs outside the church walls, was sufficient enough of a crime to bring Anne Into trial. Under Governor Winthrop lead, no person, especially female, would preach unless you were a member of the clergy.

The Puritan ministers were the only apparent conduit between the people and God and any possible gateway to heaven. This belief gave Governor Winthrop a lot of control in managing his colony. So here Is the problem he faced. The Governor Is advocating that you must be “approved” through the Puritan ministers to get into heaven, and now there is this influential woman preaching too many others that you can access God directly through your own actions and beliefs. So why follow the church based rules laid out by the Government If you can write your own destiny?

Governor Winthrop was prosecuting Anna not just because she was a woman acting out of her social etiquette, but because he was threatened that with her existing influence and religious beliefs, his “city upon a hill” would fall. I believe the outcome of Anne Hutchison trial was decided before she stepped In the door. ; What does this episode say about the hopes and difficulties of the ‘City upon a Hill’ community that John Winthrop and others were trying to build?

John Winthrop, a man very steadfast in the Puritan faith believed that the reformed religion could create a functioning community. He hoped to build a model community In which all others would follow, John Winthrop, along with other early colonists, had confidence that the new colony would be so perfect, that other English people would migrate and reform. Winthrop yearned for a society based on, “community solidarity’. It would be a well-oiled machine where all settlers would work together In harmony to build this dream colony.

According to Governor Winthrop, this type of community could not exist without uniform religious beliefs. Therefore, he put laws in place that empowered his Puritan ministers and obstructed any other beliefs. The foremost difficulty that the “city upon a hill” faced early on not share the same Puritan beliefs that John Winthrop laws had scripted. It is difficult to ask people escaping the corrupt Church of England religion, to simply fall onto another dictatorial way of religious belief.

The bigger the colony grew, the more difficult it got for Winthrop to govern the growing amount of dissenter’s within his colony. Also, settlers began to find opportunity for financial gain in the colony of Massachusetts, and this monetary hunger in individuals soon overshadowed their religious beliefs and standards. From dissenters to the vastly increasing population and monetary gain of individuals, John Winthrop hope for a religiously uniformed “city upon a hill” had collapsed, and the hope for religious freedom in America had begun.

Paradoxical Thinking of Google Abstract Paradoxical thinking is looking at a problem from opposite perspectives. We live in a complex world which is full of paradoxes. Paradoxical thinking has contributed to many companies success. It is important for us to know about paradoxical thinking. This article analyzed that how Google applies paradoxical thinking in their interface, products and ’20 percent program’. Then the article indicated that the key to learn paradoxical thinking is open in mind. Paradoxical Thinking Introduction Before we get started, we need to know what is paradoxical thinking.

A paradox is a group of statements that are contradictory. And paradoxical thinking is looking at a problem or a situation from different or even opposite perspectives, and finding the same thing which is deep down in two opposite perspectives. (Westenholz, 1993) For example, in the 1830’s, Faraday had observed that a current of electricity passing through a wire could cause the magnetized needle, which was located close to the wire, to move in a rotational direction. This was the basis of his electric motor. But he didn’t stop with this.

He twist his mind and found that moving magnets can cause electricity to flow. This is one of the most brilliant application of paradoxical thinking. Paradoxical thinking has helped plenty of companies to be successful. The following research on Google is trying to find out how they practice paradoxical thinking. Research on Google Company History Google Inc. is an American corporation which provides internet-related products and services. It has the dominant position in this field. Google Inc. was founded in 1998 and set up the workspace in a garage.

At the end of 1998, Google was recognized as the search engine of choice by “PC Magazine”. In 1999, Google received 25 million dollars investment and started its rapid growth. In 2000, Google started to release multiple language versions of Google. com and became the world’s largest search engine by acquiring the first billion-URL index. (Schonfeld, 2008)Google’s initial public offering of 19,605,052 shares stock took place on Wall Street on August 18, 2004. Opening price: $ 85 per share. And the price is around $700 per share. Recently, Google. om is listed as the internet’s first most visited website, and numerous international Google sites are in the top hundred, as well as several other Google-owned sites such as YouTube and Blogger. (“Our History in Depth” . Google Inc, 2012) Interface At the end of 20th century, countless search engines were published. What makes Google. com outstanding? I think the interface is a very important factor. As we can see in the pictures, many search engines, such as HotBot, Excite, DogPile, used very complex and colorful homepage in order to attract visitors and indicate their websites’ powerful functions.

While Google. com used a very simple homepage. It only got a logo, a textbox and two buttons on the website. At first, the complex homepages maybe more attractive because of their colors and structures. But visitors more concern about the result pages than the search engine page. Then the convenient Google. com became popular. This is a good example of paradoxical thinking. Complexity cannot always be good. Simplicity can be a better choice. Besides the simple homepage, the “Google doodles” is also a determine difference. The doodles are not just comics, they also include mini games and short animations.

Visitors will have fun and learn some knowledge through these doodles. The doodles are great mixed with Google’s logo. It will connect visitors good feelings with Google. com and make them more willing to re-visit it again. Sometimes people come back not because the functions, but for the little funny tricks. (Gube, 2009) Products and Services Google provide a variety of services for people and businesses, not just search for the word you typed. The CEO, Larry Page, described the “perfect search engine” is something that “understands exactly what you mean and gives you back exactly what you want. This means making search smarter and faster. You can save time when searching information and have more time on the stuff you are good at. Advertising covers more than 90% of Google’s revenue. Google has implemented various innovations in this market. Traditional way of advertising is that showing a product or a service and then trying to raise your interests about it or persuading you to pay it. While Google uses a different way. It takes full advantage of its search engine. The ads show up in the result you found and are related to what you are looking at. Helft, 2009) Ads are presented to you, according your interests. Only a few sentences can be more effectively than traditional ads. And people are more willing to see the ads that are related to what they are looking at. Google search is Google’s core product. Now it is far more than a web search engine. You can get access to all the Google’s products and services through it. Google’s mission is to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful. They want to build a worldwide information centre. For example, the Google map.

You can see almost everywhere all over the world. And you can get various information, such as traffic information, geography information, even the street view. Google also developed Chrome and Android to make it simpler and faster for people to do what they want to online. All the Google products and services are trying to make the complex web and information simpler and easier to access or use. 20 percent time Theories of workplace control don’t talk much about freedom. The workplace is often understood as a totalizing environment, saturated with obvious and subtle forms of coercion.

It is kind of like a prison camp. While, companies like Google have created environment that resembles a playground more than a prison camp. They use a innovative time off program called “20 percent time”. This program allows the staff devote 20% of the working time to independent projects of their own choosing. (Walker, 2011) Although, not all the independent projects can be applied, Google have got many innovative products, such as Gmail, Chrome, Google Earth and so on. This program is contra to the theories of workplace control, but it keeps Google’s creativity.

Culture Google is known for having an informal corporate culture. Unlike other big company, Google has a casual culture. Google has some philosophy like “you can be serious without a suit”, “work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun. ” (Stross, 2008)They believe that great, creative thing are more likely to happen with the right company culture. It does not just mean lava lamps and rubber balls. The culture put an emphasis on team achievements and pride in individual accomplishments has contribute to their success.

They have built wonderful offices to make employees feel comfortable and fun, and made the company attractive and creative. Learn Paradoxical Thinking Paradoxical thinking is not a talent. It is a skill that you can learn and practice. Paradoxical thinking is looking at a problem or a situation from different or even opposite perspectives. The core is “outside the box”, which means be open in the mind. We need openness, courage and curiosity to think paradoxically. Openness means that we need to pay attention on our ideas that seem to be ridiculous and be open to learning new subjects.

Be brave to try a totally different approach to what you are doing. Be curious about everything, especially that you have been ignoring for granted. Always ask yourself “Can I change this into the exact opposite? ” Being a paradox thinker need to be skeptical. The more skeptical you are the better a paradox thinker you will be. Do not take for granted what others accept as a routine (K. R. Ravi). The eight skills related to intelligence are memory, logic, judgment, perception, intuition, reason, imagination and paradoxical thinking.

Paradoxical thinking is often regarded as the least used of these skills. This is because that companies that survive hold rational views. While paradoxical thinking involves the ability to reverse, manipulate, combine, synthesize opposites (K. R. Ravi). It is hard to accept paradox for people that cannot live with two seemingly contradictory forces at the same time. Summary We live in a complex world which is full of paradox. It is very important for us to learn paradoxical thinking. (T. Belasen) By thinking paradoxically, we can find new opportunities, improve our performance.

For management and leadership, paradoxical thinking means try opposite ways, and find the expectation in these ways. For example, the Greyhound bus line have gone through a very tough time because of the Green Tortoise. The Green Tortoise line’s price is half of that of Greyhound. It is hard for Greyhound to compete with Green Tortoise on price. Instead of reducing the journey time and cost, the owner of Greyhound increased the journey time from four days to six days. This is trying a opposite way. Since he is more familiar about this place than the Green Tortoise does, he added more ‘fun’ into the six days trip.

His fun trip strategy gave him a new opportunity and changed travel into a pleasure industry. References “Our History in Depth” . Google Inc. (2012, October 21). Retrieved from http://www. google. com/about/company/history Gube, J. (2009, September 12). Popular Search Engines in the 90’s:Then and Now. Retrieved from http://sixrevisions. com/web_design/popular-search-engines-in-the-90s-then-and-now/ Helft, M. (2009, March 11). Google to Offer Ads Based on Interests. The New York Times. K. R. Ravi. (n. d. ). Paradoxical Thinking. Retrieved from http://www. krravi. com/PARADOXICALTHINKING. df Schonfeld, E. (2008, January 9). “Google Processing 20,000 Terabytes a day, and Growing”. Retrieved from TechCrunch. Stross, R. (2008). Planet Google: One Company’s Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know. New York: Free Press. T. Belasen, A. (n. d. ). Paradoxes and Leadership Roles. Walker, A. (2011, November). ‘Creativity loves constraints’: The paradox of Googles twenty percent time. Ephemera: Theory & Politics in Organization, pp. 369-386. Westenholz, A. (1993). Paradoxical Thinking and Change in the Frames of Reference. Organization Studies, pp. 37-58.

Select two television adverts that promote a similar product. Compare the two in terms of how they attempt to sell their respective products and examine each in terms of how successful you think they are likely to be in selling their product. After analysing both the Carlsberg and the Guinness adverts my first observation was that, although they advertise similar products, they are extremely different in content. This is very significant because it shows that these two companies have vastly different ideas and maybe different target audiences when it come to marketing their product.

The Carlsberg advert is a very modern; male orientated sketch, which combines realism with fantasy. It starts with trendy, up to date/club scene music then the first shot opens on three ‘normal’ looking ‘blokes’ walking through sliding doors. The entire advert is based upon following these three blokes on their holiday. They board the plane and the airhostess greets them with a pint of Carlsberg each, they get to their seats-which are the only three on the entire jet- and are situated in a room with beautiful women and a huge TV screen, which is playing football.

In the next shot they are given a fresh pint of Carlsberg each, but they can’t reach it comfortably so we then see the pilot move the whole plane upwards just so the pints can slip into their hands. Next we see the three blokes being dropped off at a luxury hotel in a luxury limousine and the porter is waiting to bring their bags up to their rooms. In the next shot they look at their fabulous hotel suite while the porter struggles with the bags and then there is a view of the ‘paradise’ island.

Then the three blokes, each with another pint of Carlsberg, go out onto the balcony where, to their immediate horror, they see another hotel being built next door, a typical holiday disaster. But, this not being a typical holiday, the builders turn out to be ‘page three’ girls, absolutely gorgeous and not wearing any underwear. There is a shot of a ‘builder’s bum’ and then the owner is revealed, to their delight, to be a gorgeous girl. Then, to end, we see a beach scene with three sun beds, a builders hat and a beach ball rolling across the still sequence and the words ‘ Carlsberg, probably the best lager in the world’ across the bottom.

Whilst at the same time we hear ‘If Carlsberg made holidays they would probably be the best in the world. ‘ This advert cleverly blends the normal, realistic male fantasy with the realms of fiction and almost makes fun of the stereotypical male in order to sell their product. The Guinness advert, however, is a very arty, stylistic piece, which is shot in black and white to give it a classic look and uses narrative speech to add a sense of story. The advert starts with a close up shot on a middle-aged man’s face looking upwards.

At the same time we hear a deep voice speak the opening words (it seems) to the story, which is continued as needed throughout, then the words fade out and a distinctive drum beat follows, continuing for the bulk of the advert. The next few shots are of the main man (as seen before) and some younger-looking friends preparing to surf, running into the water and some under water shots which make you feel as if you are diving in with them. The next shot is another under water shot that shows horses hooves, then it is followed by a front view of the waves and the surfers.

This is followed by a birds eye view shot of the four surfers and the huge wave, this shows the audience just how big the wave actually is. In the next shot we see the surfers preparing for the enormous wave and the white horses also preparing to ride the wave. The next shot is of the main man swimming from above, but when the camera is brought under water the shot is of horse hooves swimming instead. Next we see the surfers trying to catch the wave and succeeding from a side view which really gives a good perspective of the waves’ immense height.

The power of the wave and nature is really felt in the next shot as the white horses are galloping on the waves and all the surfers are thrown off their boards except the main surfer who rides it perfectly. Following this is a series of short shots of the surfer, the wave and the horses and, because of the speed, it creates a dramatic and powerful effect and at this point the drum beat is more pronounced. Then silence. The calm is resumed and the main surfer is victorious. He has conquered the ultimate challenge that nature had to throw at him.

We see some short shots of him riding the wave when it has broken and his friends running to hug and congratulate him. After rejoining his friends they all run back to the water as if to try again. The advert is concluded with a picture of a pint of Guinness and the words ‘Good things come to those who wait… ‘ complete with the music in the background. This advert almost glamorises being middle aged- trying to promote the idea that it is experience and not youth that helps you achieve your goals.

Age is also incorporated in the slogan as ‘Good things come to those who wait’ is about ageing and it suggests that good things come when you are older (after you have waited). Both these adverts are targeted at a specific audience. For example, the Carlsberg advert is very modern, with a hip soundtrack and it features three young ‘Lads’- This is because the advert is aimed at a younger audience. Whereas, the Guinness advert, with its classic style, middle aged main character and its artistic approach to film, will automatically appeal to a more mature audience.

This is a clever way to grab the attention of a specific audience because in order to make a lasting impression it is important to identify with your chosen target and give them what they want. In order to sell their product, Guinness has chosen to adopt an old fashioned style of film and create an intriguing, artistic piece -which also incorporates a sense of story. We are able to recognise the audience the advert is aimed at through a combination of all these things.

The main characters featured in an advert are, in fact, extremely significant when it comes to selling the product because in order to interest viewers they have to identify with the main characters to a certain degree. The character in the Guinness advert is certainly an older man most probably in his thirties, this can give us quite a strong hint that the producers are aiming their advertising at a more mature audience and it would probably appeal to a male audience, who are forty plus, and defiantly feel that they are not past it.

Whereas the characters in the Carlsberg advert are young, not particularly attractive and appear to be very ‘normal’. This is an interesting sales technique because, as the avert is aimed at younger, laddish males, the producers are trying to say that you don’t have to be anything special to get beautiful, page three, women. Both these audiences are quite general but they are also aimed at particular circles with their genders and age groups, such as; I believe that both adverts are aimed at males, of different age groups, but what these different groups have in common is their social outings.

I think the advertising is aimed at people going to the pub and buying beer or maybe people who buy crates of it for party’s -but with the same kind of sociable attitude. This is because of the groups of men found in both the adverts; these made me associate beer with friendship and groups in a sociable way. This also led me on to a thought about the beliefs and values of these particular groups, which I think very much, tie in to the age of the audience.

For example, the vintage style of the Guinness advert is, I believe, aimed at the more vintage character with old fashioned ideas and values and also the idea of achieving personal goals is communicated which might suggest it is aimed at people who are ambitious, but the more modern Carlsberg advert with the younger characters, I think, would be aimed at a student- types audience with newer ideals and more modern values. All these factors within the advert help to build a wider picture of the target audience and the specific aims of the producer are revealed.

Belief System Introduction Each country has its own culture as each person has his/her own religion. Belief system of a person or a society is the set of beliefs that they have about what things are right, wrong and what things are true, false. The personal beliefs of us play a small part in each religion, which it points out the special of it that no others can have. Religion is certainly a type of belief system, but not all belief systems are religion. Each individual person has different types of belief system, hence, the ways their behaviors are and the ways they act are different.

But when that individual person Join in a specific religion, he/she needs to follow all typical laws or rules that that religion has made and created. For society: a group of people that has the same belief system will have the same acts together, forming a basic standard for that society. Due to different religion, that group of people will have different ways of solving problems. For example: when there is a disadvantage as a difficult circumstance, the Buddhists will organize a donated campaign where people can help each other to bring up the society, making it more and more better.

Last but not east, things usually go the way it decided to go and so sometimes we become conscious with everything around us. Along the Journey of life, we will be able to find out what and where we want to become. Hence, belief system is an actual set of precepts, which our daily gives us words, actions and thoughts in life. Belief system can refer to [1] A religion- the belief in and worship of a god or gods, or a set of beliefs concerning the origin and purpose of the universe. A philosophy – a personal outlook our viewpoint.

An ideology – a set of idea that constitutes one’s goal, expectation and actions. It is a ay of looking at things and theorizes of a visionary or impractical nature. [1] Global/ International Perspective Depend on each region, each area, each ethnic and each family; an individual person choose for his/her own religion, as it should be suitable with their mind, and they like to be apart of the religion. They must be instructed in an appropriate way and a right way and they have the rights to choose whether they want to be in the religion or not.

There is no force in this. It should also depend on How they act What they do How they treat things (interact with others) MAJOR RELIGION IN THE WORLD 1. Buddhism [3] [4] [5] Buddhism focuses on the development of a personal spirit. The number of Buddhists in the world at between 230 million and 500 million is making it the world’s fourth-largest religion. Buddhists believe that life should not be destroyed Buddhists take responsibilities for what they do and the results they receive.

Buddhists try not to harm living things, try to have a kind-hearted and always control feeling and think clearly before doing a thing Buddhists are required to have equal respect to all living things. Buddhists go to pagoda, temple to pray for good. All temples represent for 5 elements, which is: Fire, Water, Wisdom, Earth, Air and hey have a statue of Buddha. 2. Hinduism About 900 million persons or 14 percent of the world’s population follow Hinduism. It is world’s 3rd largest religion in the world Major religion in India (80%) and Nepal Hinduism is the oldest religion in the world.

Hindus believe in a Supreme God. Hindus believe that life is a cycle of birth. We born, we death and reborn. Hindus believe that successful life depends on how the previous life was lived. Hindus believe that killing a baby that hasn’t born yet is worse than killing parents. But also because boy is more prefer women may choose to abort the baby to prevent new baby girl would be born. Most Hindus are vegetarians and they don’t eat beef. 3. Islam With 1. 57 billion Muslims, Islam is the second-largest religion in the world.

People who follow Islam are called Muslim Muslims believe that God sent prophets Jesus, Moses and Abraham) down to teach them the way of living. Muslims believe that their final prophet was Muhammad. Muslims believe in angels. Muslims believe they have only one God is Allah and Allah was the one who created all living things. Muslims who are women are allowed to get abortion because Muslims believe the women are responsible for it and they are originators who give earth for the baby. Muslims believe animals exist for a benefit of human beings and they are not allowed to harm or treat them bad. . Christianity [1 2. 1 billion Followers bring Christianity to be the world’s biggest religion. People who follow Christianity are called Christian. Christianity focuses on the teaching of Jesus Christ who believed are the Son of God. Christians believe God had created animal for human to use so Christians are allowed to treat animals whatever the way they want to. In the old time Now, Christians believe they have to treat animals kindly due to they are weaker than us, ND God created animals to live a harmony live with human.

They deserve to be respected somehow and treated generous. They read, learn and follow things from the Bible. Valentine is the most popular which everyone not only Christian know about this day 14 February which came from Saint Valentine. The cross symbol of the Christian is one of the most powerful symbols in the world which you can see it everywhere in your daily life. You even wear them on your body. Christians usually go to church on weekend to show their love and obedience to God, to build up their spirit strength ND to provide fellowship with other Christians. 1 *Almost every religion has some sort of principle that says we should treat our fellow man kindly. Furthermore, many religions go a step further and give specific instructions on how we should care for the poor and downtrodden in society. Atheism The road to atheism tends to be very personal and individual, based upon the specific circumstances of a person’s life, experiences, and attitudes. Nevertheless, it is possible to describe some general similarities, which tend to be common among quite a few atheists, particularly atheists in the West.

Atheism is characterized by an absence of belief in the existence of gods. This absence of belief generally comes about either through deliberate choice, or from an inherent inability to believe religious teachings that seem literally incredible. It is not a lack of belief born out of simple ignorance of religious teachings. Globalization affect to belief system Globalization refers to connect worldwide together, creates relationship between people and makes them become more familiar with each other.

People from different region and areas can easy know about each other and how they are doing in other part of the world. Globalization also is the expansion of global linkages, the organization of social life on a global scale, and the growth of a global consciousness, hence to the consolidation of world society. Globalization affects culture because when people of different cultures and from different places come together and shares what they have; they get to know each other. They bring back what they have learned and it enters into society and culture.

If we focus on the cultural consequences of “globalization”, we see positive and negative effects. Through globalization, people are not indiscriminate like in the past. Nowadays, through traveling, Internet, high technology, free flow of information, people have more logical and scientific reason to be sure in their belief. It is somehow can not explain all the original of a problem but it helps people to know whether that thing is right or wrong to believe in. Beside the positive aspects of globalization is its negative aspect: CONFLICT between nations.

Conflict doesn’t mean that there has to be a fight between nations, it could be arise from two different belief systems. For example: The Arab-Israeli Conflict is act of hostility and political tensions have lasted about a century. It involves the establishment of the modern State of Israel, as well as the establishment and independence of many Arab countries during the same period, and relations between Arab countries and Israel The conflict between Islam and the West: The continuous violence of Muslims around the world to publish the cartoon of the Prophet Muhammad.

All of this violence, whether or not excited by the extremist Islamic group, showed a strong rise of the Islamic spirit, and challenge the dominance of Western civilization. Muslim conflict – the West has and continues to emerge as the main trends of world politics in the 21st century. Solutions: _Promote Dialogue Youth Hanoi could strengthen traveling to visit an Islamic country or China to exchange through seminars and conferences. Cultural Exchange: tourists visit to Western Country _Mutual Learning _Exchange experiences _Organize training courses All of these actions enhance exchanges and mutual understanding and exchange of neutral understanding. Different belief system can bring different ways of doing things such as many people in the world nowadays think that same-sex marriage is Just a normal things. But for some people and parents, they think it’s not acceptable and they do not allow it to append to their children or their relatives.

This is one of the problems that are happening in the world also. Local/National Perspective Vietnamese belief system Vietnam is a country with many forms of belief and religion. Vietnam is very convenient with connecting culture, religions with other countries in the world because of its position located. 5] At present, in Vietnam, there are about 75 % of the population have their own belief system, of which millions in 76 millions total followers of 6 religions, but most of the population are non-religious. Buddhism: 10 millions followers Christian: > 5. Millions followers Protestantism: 60. 000 followers Muslim: 1 million followers Ho Hay Buddhism: 1. 3 millions followers Cacao Dad: 2. 4 millions followers. Vietnamese belief system can refer to many factors Culture Position located Family perspective & Personal perspective Rules/Laws In Vietnam, we celebrate both New Year Events and Lunar New Year that maybe only China has the same traditional. During Et Holiday, the young children will receive lucky money that will bring them luck for the whole year that include good health, well-doing in education etc.

We also have spirit money and lucky items that we always bring it beside us. We consider it as something will protect and bring luck to us. In Vietnam, people usually work in a group, they listen to other opinions to consider whether it’s right or wrong, they sometimes need proof for their belief. Hence, from there, they believe and follow what they informed about. We can hardly distinguish the Vietnamese Culture because it is the mixture of many belief system, values due to the influences of neighboring countries.

Even Vietnam is not a rich country but the Vietnamese people are very easily integrated. We seem to have one common belief system is that in every situation, whether we are at home, school or many, respect is always the very important to show how we behave. We have our own freedom to believe in what we think is right beside rules and laws that have applied to follow. Parents in Vietnam believe the age when they can be sure that their children are fully grow-up is 22 right after they finish university, however, their children are consider adults once they reach the age of 18.

The mother in Vietnam also really hard to allow their daughter to go out lately at night and commonly, they usually don’t accept for them to sleep over their friend’s house when they are monger than 18, the mother believe that it’s not appropriate and it should not happen if you are a girl. Even though we have many different belief systems in our country, maybe in a small community also, but we don’t have and show any bad attitudes to others. We respect it, and we know that each person can have his/her own religions, they might think the way we never do, but they don’t as we either.

More important, what they do don’t usually effect our lives. Family/Personal Perspective I am not really Buddhist but I read book and I follow some of the rules that Buddha teaches. I feel that all of those things are right and I believe that it is good for me to learn it. What I believe is not really same as my family, but somehow, because I am not fully-grown up yet so I can’t really make my own choice. But in my opinion, the life now is very different from the life of few decades ago, so the way my parents think cannot be same as young people now.

I have some of my friends who are Christian. We have a lot of not common things such as I go to temple but they go to church. They believe in Jesus Christ but we believe in Buddha. And there are many of the things they do different from me. I think it is important to study to understand the relationship of belief system to social behavior in order to avoid significant errors in social interaction. Each person has his/her own religion so we have to respect it. It feels weird when something that you never do before but surely there’s once when they feel the same way to you.

Sex is a really broad construct. It is a nucleus facet of being human which includes gender, sex, gender and sexual individuality, erotism, sexual orientation, emotional attachment/love, every bit good as human reproduction. Sexuality is expressed or experienced in ideas, desires, phantasies, attitudes, beliefs, values, patterns, activities, functions, and relationships. The impact of gender on wellness publicity lies in the fact that its ( gender ) look is determined by a multiplicity of factors. Assorted factors including biological, socio-economic, psychological, cultural, religious/spiritual, and ethical factors find how one experiences and expresses one ‘s gender. Sexuality has a direct consequence on wellness publicity. Knowledge about gender therefore is really utile in publicity of wellness. Socio-economic, psychological, cultural, and spiritual dimensions of gender determine people ‘s wellness and intervention seeking behaviours particularly those who are already infected with HIV and/or other STIs. Culturally and socially generated beliefs that those people infected with HIV are promiscuous and immoral has led to stigmatisation of those PLWHA ( SaunamaA? ki et Al. 2010 ) . Consequently, as a consequence of the fright generated through stigmatisation, some patients, particularly those who are freshly infected, find it hard to seek early medical attention ( Outlaw et al. 2010 ) . The stigma environing gender and HIV/AIDs has an consequence on the wellness practicians themselves every bit good. It hampers the ability of the wellness practicians to supply the sex instruction that is needed as portion of the holistic medical attention that should be given to PLWHA.

Surveies ( Lewis & A ; Bor 1994, Higgins et Al. 2006, Cort et al. 2001, Lavin & A ; Hyde 2006, Rana et Al. 2007 ) indicate that although nurses believe that discoursing issues of gender is of import and portion of holistic attention that should be administered to patients, many of them do non discourse issues of gender with patients. Although nurses gave assorted grounds for their reluctance to discourse issues of gender with their patients, their grounds boiled down to the socially construed facet of stigmatisation which surrounds gender affairs. As indicated in A Taiwanese survey ( Tsai 2004 ) , one of the grounds given for non discoursing gender is the fright of being embarrassed. The nurses besides feared that the patients would comprehend treatment of gender as irrelevant to intervention. A survey by Lewis and Bor ( 1994 ) found out that nurses in England seldom or wholly avoided including inquiries sing gender when acknowledging a patient into the ward. This indicates the fact that gender is a affair that is socially perceived as extremely personal and therefore is treated in secretiveness. This perceptual experience of gender negatively affects the publicity and disposal of wellness attention where unfastened treatment of gender is needed particularly when supplying wellness attention to PLWHA.

Due to differences in beliefs across civilizations and faiths sing gender, wellness practicians frequently find it cumbersome to discourse gender with their patients. Practitioners find it disputing to undertake the issue of gender without piquing the patient. Sometimes, the patient may wholly decline to collaborate since his/her civilization does non let him/her to openly discourse gender affairs. Rather than confront these challenges, wellness practicians chose to avoid discoursing gender with their patients ( Rana et al. 2007 ) . This negatively affects wellness publicity every bit far as sexual wellness is concerned. The effects are even more serious when the patients are PLWHA. Sexual wellness publicity is besides really cumbrous among sex workers due to the repressive forces of socialisation which bring about stigmatisation. Discoursing affairs of gender with marginalized and vulnerable groups such as sex workers is a utile scheme in battling the spread of HIV/AIDs and other STIs. Although, sex instruction targeted at sex workers is really indispensable, it is hard to transport it out because of stigmatisation that is generated through societal interaction ( SaunamaA? ki et Al. 2010 ) . Many sex workers fear coming out in the unfastened because the society perceive them as immorality and wicked and this hampers any opportunity of keeping a workshop with the sex workers for the intent of discoursing with them affairs about their gender that could assist in controling the spread of HIV/AIDs and other STIs.

A survey carried out in Zurich, Switzerland, found out that some of the outstanding grounds given by sex workers for prosecuting in sex work were deficiency of another occupation, need for money to pay debts and purchase drugs, and need to give fiscal support to households ( Rossler et al. , 2010 ) . This indicates that low socio-economic position can take to harlotry and therefore impact the manner an single experiences or experiences her gender. The nexus between socio-economic position and look of gender among sex workers has an impact on wellness publicity. In a state of affairs where sex workers engage in the hazardous behaviour of sex work for economic grounds merely, wellness practicians find it hard to deter such sex workers from in harlotry since making so without turn outing an option would n’t be practical and would probably run into opposition from the sex workers. In the same survey ( Rossler et al. , 2010 ) , 40 % of the interviewed sex workers asserted that they engaged in sex work because they liked it. This shows the linkage between psychological science and look of gender. It is apparent that the sex workers had a perverse craving for sex which is psychological in nature. In other words, they were enduring from sex dependence. Sexual activity workers who show dependence inclinations are besides a challenge to public wellness practicians since they contribute to the spread of HIV/AIDS.

In instances where sex workers are already infected with HIV/AIDS, there high hazard behaviour makes them an easy mark for secondary infection every bit good as infections with STIs. The socio-economic and psychological grounds for prosecuting in sex work pose a challenge for wellness publicity. It is hard to prosecute in any meaningful run against bar of spread of HIV/AIDS and other STIs by sex workers without turn toing the two ( socio-economic and psychological ) chief factors that cause harlotry. Given the nature of their occupation, sex workers frequently bow to the demands of their clients and engage in unprotected sex thereby increasing their hazard of HIV and other STI infections ( SaunamaA? ki et Al. 2010 ) . Even in instances where there is usage of rubbers for protection, sex workers are besides at high hazard of undertaking diseases that are spread through skin contact such as venereal warts. For the sex workers, gender is something that is expressed physically without any emotional fond regards. Despite the societal stigma sex workers see along with repressive Torahs, they manage to exert their perverse look of gender. It shows that the demand for economic addition for some and pleasance for others is more powerful than the societal stigma. Expression of gender, for the sex workers, goes beyond cultural beliefs and norms. The sex workers ‘ high hazard behaviour non merely exposes them to HIV and other STIs but besides to maltreatment and force. A research carried out by Rossler et Al ( 2010 ) found out that most of the sex workers who were interviewed had experienced maltreatment and force including colza and physical force. This poses a new challenge for wellness publicity among the sex workers. Health practicians have to embrace the issue of force and maltreatment when discoursing affairs of gender with clients such as sex workers.

Assorted people express their gender by prosecuting in sex due to assorted grounds. As pointed above, sex workers for case engage in sex for economic grounds every bit good as to seek pleasance. Other people may prosecute in sex for reproduction intents. Sexuality and reproduction is really ambitious in people who are already populating with HIV/AIDS. Health professionals find it a delicate issue to discourse gender with a patient life with HIV/AIDS and who has a strong desire to hold a babe. Although some adult females populating with HIV/AIDS may give birth to HIV free babes, this is non ever guaranteed as accidents may happen during birth that could take to infection. The physiological status of the female parent can besides take to the babe being infected while still unborn. Reproduction in the context of HIV/AIDS is hence a gender issue that straight affects wellness publicity. Peoples may besides prosecute for the intents of seeking titillating pleasance ( erotism ) . Studies show ( Outlaw et al. 2010 ) that some people, particularly sex nuts, engage in titillating look of their gender when they are sing emphasis or depression. They titillating pleasance such people receive from sex Acts of the Apostless as a temporal counterpoison to their nerve-racking state of affairss. Newly infected patients with HIV for case, see a province of emphasis and depression one time they learn about their status. If such people are the type that engages in erotism when they are stressed or depressed, so they pose a challenge to wellness publicity. Due to their nerve-racking provinces, they can easy throw cautiousness to the air current and engage in titillating sex as a consolation to their nerve-racking conditions and thereby easy infect an unsuspicious sexual spouse with the HIV virus. For people populating with HIV/AIDS, prosecuting in sex with unprotected spouse because of emotional love/attachment, erotism, reproduction, or any other ground is ever hazardous irrespective of whether protection is used or non ( SaunamaA? ki et Al. 2010 ) . Protection merely reduces the opportunities of the clean spouse signifier acquiring infected or the opportunities of secondary infection but the hazard is ever skulking in the background. The look of gender through sex among people populating with HIV/AIDS is hence ever a great challenge to wellness practicians and their attempts to advance wellness.

Understanding of issues sing gender is really of import in wellness publicity. Due to differences in beliefs sing gender across civilizations, there is demand to advance integrating and edify about the hurts of backward beliefs. Health practicians should take a bold measure and reference gender affairs with their patients particularly those populating with HIV/AIDS. Once patients, particularly those populating with HIV/AIDS, are made cognizant of the importance of gender treatment in advancing their wellness, they are likely to set a side their reserves for their ain good ( Mitchell & A ; Knowlton 2009 ) . Therefore, it is of import for wellness practicians to get down by explicating to the patient why gender treatment is of import and one time the patients understands the principle of such a treatment, the practician can so continue with turn toing gender issues that surrounds the patient ‘s medical attention. Privacy is of import in such treatments as most patients experience really insecure discoursing gender openly ( Tsai 2004 ) . Sexuality treatments will peculiarly be of benefit in advancing wellness among those patients populating with HIV/AIDS.

Sexuality treatments targeted at wellness publicity should turn to all affairs sing gender including organic structure unity and sexual safety, erotism, gender, sexual orientation, emotional fond regards, and reproduction. Health practicians need to cognize and practically use the cognition they have about the above gender issues to wellness publicity. Sing organic structure unity and sexual safety, receivers of attention demand to be acquainted with wellness advancing behaviours for timely designation of sexual jobs ( Yang et al. 2010 ) . As a scheme for advancing wellness, sex workers for case can be encouraged to be executing regular check-ups and wellness showing to observe any sexual transmitted infection while it is still at its early phases of incubation. Early sensing increases the opportunities of successfully pull offing and handling the infection ( Lyttle & A ; Thompson 2004 ) . Sexual safety besides requires the proviso of schemes to forestall the happening of instances of sexual coercion such as sexual force ( sexual maltreatment and torment ) which are peculiarly rampant among sex workers ( Mitchell & A ; Knowlton 2009 ) . One scheme of advancing wellness every bit far as sexual safety is concerned is go throughing of Torahs that protect persons from sexual coercion. When advancing wellness through sexual safety, wellness practicians need to educate receivers of attention about how to accomplish the freedom from undertaking or conveying sexually transmitted infections. In instance of those infected with HIV, cognition of one ‘s position is of import in avoiding transmittal of the virus or cases of secondary infection ( SaunamaA? ki et Al. 2010 ) . Body unity and sexual safety facet of gender besides requires the demand for decrease of inauspicious sexual effects of mental or physical disablements. Sexual wellness publicity besides entails the decrease of the negative impact of medical and surgical processs on an person ‘s sexual life.

Refering erotism as another facet of gender, attention receivers need to be educated about their organic structure as related to sexual response and pleasance. Health attention practicians need to do attention receivers aware that sexual pleasance is of import in life and therefore should be achieved in a safe mode where a batch of duty is exercised and within a model where the rights of others are respected ( Lopez 2010 ) . Encouraging people to seek sexual pleasance responsibly and in a safe mode would be a peculiarly utile scheme of advancing wellness among sex nuts and sex workers. The wellness benefits would even be more marked if the pattern of consensual, honest, non-exploitative, and reciprocally enjoyable sex is encouraged and adopted by the attention receivers. Responsible sex behaviour means that people populating with HIV/AIDS for case, will first see issues of secondary taint or virus transmittal and thereby seek protection before prosecuting in sex. When discoursing gender with patients, practicians besides need to adequately address issues of sexual individuality and sexual orientation in an attempt to advance wellness. Discrimination based on sexual individuality and orientation demand to be discouraged as it frequently leads to sexual force and maltreatment ( Higgins et Al. 2006 ) .

It is of import for wellness practicians to understand that sex, sexual individuality, and gender in general has been surrounded by assorted beliefs and is treated with secretiveness as a agency to societal control. The society has put in topographic point assorted schemes in signifier of societal norms and beliefs which have makes affairs sing gender to be handled with extreme attention and secretiveness. Men and adult females have been socialized to execute certain distinguishable functions which help in specifying their sexual individuality. As discussed antecedently, transverse cultural beliefs refering gender and which have been used as a agency of societal control, straight affect wellness publicity. Health practicians are frequently faced with the challenge of patients who do non desire to discourse their gender since they consider it as a personal issue that should be treated with secretiveness ( Cort et al. 2001 ) . Some wellness practicians, like the patients they treat, besides believe that gender affairs are personal affairs that should non be interfered with ( Coleman et al. 2009 ) . Due to the socially construed beliefs sing gender, proviso of holistic wellness attention where gender is discussed with patients becomes a challenge.

*“A Beautiful Mind”:* A Rhetoric Speech Analysis John Nash delivered his acceptance address after receiving the 1994 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. In his speech, he aims to inform his audience after his lifetime of pursuits, what he concluded are logic and reason. John Nash began his speech with a personal belief that is common with most scientists saying “I’ve always believed in numbers and the equations and logics that lead to reason. ” By doing so, he establishes common ground with his audience in which they can relate to.

Here he captured their attention by saying “I’ve always”, by using past tense, it implied that what he has found is contrary to that. In his next statement “But after a lifetime of such pursuits, I ask,” it proves what was disguised in his opening statement, but that only recently he has found his answer. “What truly is logic? ” and “Who decides reason? ” by stating these two questions that have led him to think otherwise, opposite to his original belief, it directs the audience to ponder about what he has found that is opposite to what is commonly believed in logics and reason.

The use of “quest” in his next statement, emphasis a great deal of work and hardship for the conclusion he is about to make. It gives credibility to what he is about to say. “My quest has taken me through the physical, the metaphysical and the delusional… and back” He further emphasis this work and hardship by the stating not one but three of what can be called three properties of the world or to be exact reality.

He used parallelism by the use of the word “the”, this was important for the audience since it was necessary (as he is speaking to scientist) to show that the three properties were of equal importance. Also the employment of “Back” in his sentence calls magnitude to his credibility. It establishes ethos. Subsequently, John Nash concludes what he has found. Parallelism was utilized by the usage of “Most” to give meaning and weight to what he has concluded in his pursuits and that it had uttermost significance to his career and to his life. My” was used to establish that his discovery had equal impact on his career and life. The result of his quest is stated as “It is only in the mysterious equation of love that any logic or reason can be found” gives prominence that without love nothing can be done. That love is necessary for any logic and reason to be concluded. And here John Nash allows the audience to draw their own conclusion of what love allows us to do. He appeals to pathos of every individual’s understanding of love.

Since it is necessary in an acceptance address to thank a person and furthermore as evidence to his discovery, he thanks his wife without the direct use of wife, but with the repetition of the word “You” it raises speculation on whom is “You” maintaining the audience’s attention. “You” also in his concluding remarks and in conjunction to his earlier statements establishes that indeed without his “You”, he wouldn’t have a career or a life; she is indeed all his reasons.

A human service worker’s beliefs, values and clinical gestalt play very important role in how they treat and assist clients. Human service workers strive to put their clients at ease, and to help them meet their needs. Through the text exercises and classrooms discussions I have learned that there are many things that I need to work on in order to ensure that I will be an effective and productive social worker. In the exercise “Clients I might find hard to accept” I learned that it is not for me to agree or disagree with their beliefs, but it is for me to try to see things through their eyes in order to assist them properly.

The goal of every human service professional is to help those in need. To do these human service professionals must not push their beliefs or values onto their clients. I will come across clients that come from different backgrounds, environments, and who different beliefs and values. None the less they are human and should be treated as such. One must keep an open mind when working with clients. When doing so clients will feel respected, confident, and comfortable. Human service professionals must learn, and grow from past experiences. A Human service professional’s repose should be calm, exhibit reliability and confidence.

Clinical repose is an area that I need to work on. I need to be able to ensure that I can remain calm, regardless of what is occurring around me, or in my personal life. Large societal and system contexts, lead to immediate contexts. It is always good to know where a problem comes from, in order to find a solution that will be beneficial. Dillon & Murphy (2003) states: The clinician’s anchored and relaxed presence acts as an island of calm and allows the client to stay self-focused without being distracted by the clinician’s needs or anxieties. This repose is central to supportive presence.

It provides a clear but unobtrusive holding environment for the work and the relationship. Clients come to know that they can count on the clinician to remain centered and steady regardless of events and developments. Even in the face of the unexpected, clinicians try to remain as calm and reliable as possible . My personal and professional assumptions about clinical helping and their relationships to my beliefs, values, past experiences, familiar and cultural background are: that in clinical helping one must see value for the lives, health, and well being of others.

In clinical helping one can learn from past experiences, from an individual’s cultural background, and maybe by even changing one’s values after learning and forming a connection with clients. Before this course I was under the impression that my beliefs, and values have no place in the human services field, I thought that leaving them out would be best for my clients, I have learned otherwise. I have come to the realization that one’s values and beliefs are what make them an excellent human services worker. Human service professionals have a genuine concern for other people.

When seeking employment in the human services field, future employees look for agencies that share their beliefs and values. I would find it very difficult to work with staff members who do not try to the best of their ability to help clients due to differences in values, beliefs, backgrounds, or preconceived ideas. The National Association of Social Workers (2009) states that an ethical principal for social workers is that: Social workers treat each person in a caring and respectful fashion, mindful of individual differences and cultural and ethnic diversity.

Social workers promote clients’ socially responsible self-determination. Social workers seek to enhance clients’ capacity and opportunity to change and to address their own needs. Social workers are cognizant of their dual responsibility to clients and to the broader society. They seek to resolve conflicts between clients’ interests and the broader society’s interests in a socially responsible manner consistent with the values, ethical principles, and ethical standards of the profession (p. 1).

Insights that I have gained about the strengths, I have are that my strengths in listening, and open my mind to the views of my clients are needed strengths, and will be beneficial to me and my clients. There are some areas in which I have determined that I need to work on further. I need to be more aware of the gestures that I am making, and my facial expressions, so that my clients will feel comfortable, and place their trust in me. I also need to find a way to use my values and beliefs to assist clients, but not to form my opinions, or influence decisions.

Dillon & Murphy (2003) acknowledges that: Individual values are cherished beliefs that develop in the context of family and sociocultural influences. Clinicians may value anything from personal autonomy to personal hygiene and can find themselves dismayed or offended by clients who do not share their value systems. As clinicians, we need to be aware of our values and how they influence our responses to clients in ways that may leave them feeling unaccepted.

Clinicians must be dedicated to being nonjudgmental—unconditionally accepting people for who they are without necessarily accepting all their behaviors. The clinician’s nonjudgmental stance leaves clients free to confide openly and honestly without fear of rejection, shaming, or reprisal. As we work with clients and are exposed to diverse situations and beliefs, we often find that our values are challenged and changed. A side benefit of clinical work is that our lenses are inevitably widened so that we both see and appreciate more of the world beyond our own.

We ourselves stretch and grow through exposure to differences . Human service professionals must be able to put their feelings aside in order to serve the client. It is our ethical responsibility to not let our beliefs and values get in the way of our decision making. It is up to the social workers to ensure that their clients feel comfortable, respected, and that they have confidence in them as a change agent. I believe that I have a lot to learn, and a lot of areas that I need to work on, but with practice and awareness I will go far.

Reference

1. Dillon & Murphy (2003) Interviewing in Action: Relationship, Process, and Change. Retrieved December 14, 2009, from e-books chapter 4
2. University of Phoenix National Association of Social Workers (2009) Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers. Retrieved December 14, 2009, from www. socialworkers. org/pubs/Code/code. asp
3. Rankin (n. d. ) Motivational Interviewing in Human Services. Retrieved December 14, 2009, from http://www. media. ncrtm. org/presentations/ARCA_50/ppt/rankin. ppt