Childhood

The concept of adult education in India was introduced to provide education to those who did not get the opportunity to study during their childhood. A series of programmes have been initiated to promote adult education. Adult education in India has helped a number of people realise their dreams even though they did not get formal education at the right age. Both basic and vocational education is provided as a part of adult education. Here are some essays of varying lengths on Adult Education in India to help you with the topic in your examination.

Essay on Adult Education in India

Adult Education in India Essay 1 (100 words)

The concept of adult education in India originated to offer education to those who were deprived of formal education during their childhood.

The National Fundamental Education Centre (NFEC) established by the government of India in 1956, initiated a Directorate of Adult Education. The Centre came to be known as the Department of Adult Education and formed a part of the National Institute of Education under NCERT in the year 1961. It later separated from NCERT and became independent entity in 1971.

The number of activities in the field of adult education has increased over the years across the country, though a vast chunk of India’s population still remains illiterate.

Adult Education in India Essay 2 (150 words)

Directorate of Adult Education in India stemmed from National Fundamental Education Centre (NFEC) that was established by the Indian government back in 1956. Later, it came to be known by the name Department of Adult Education and formed a part of the National Institute of Education under NCERT. The government promoted adult education and as it saw a considerable increase in the educational activities the department shifted from NCERT and formed a separate entity.

Illiteracy is a major problem in our country and the concept of adult education has been introduced to curb this issue to some extent. Any adult who was deprived of education during his early life and feels the need for seeking basic or vocational education can enrol for the adult education program. A number of programs have been initiated to promote adult education for those who have crossed the age of formal education. National Literacy Mission (NLM) launched in the year 1988 is the most prominent of them all.

Adult Education in India Essay 3 (200 words)

Illiteracy is the root cause of most of the problems not only in India but also in other developing nations. In order to overcome this problem, our country has not only made education a fundamental right of every child and come up with The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act but has also introduced the concept of adult education. Any adult who could not get formal education in his early life can enrol for adult education. An adult can seek both basic education and vocational training based on his requirement.

The concept was introduced in the year 1956 and many adults have benefitted from it. Adult education has opened new arenas for several adults. It enables them to earn their living by securing better paying and more respectable jobs. Education does not only make a person earn better but also makes him more aware about the things happening around him and empowers him to bring about change in the society.

A number of night schools have been set-up to provide education to adults who work during the day. This way they can seek education post their working hours. Besides, many NGOs and public sector enterprises also extend their support to this mission.

Adult Education in India Essay 4 (250 words)

The introduction of adult education in India came as a boon for thousands of people. A number of people in India, especially those from the poor classes, are deprived of education during their childhood due to various reasons such as lack of funds, family circumstances and lack of schools in the vicinity, etc. While they may remain unaffected by this loss during their childhood the hit them hard as they go out to earn their livelihood. However, they now have the option to seek education even as adults so as to shape a better future for them.

The concept of adult education in the country was initiated by the National Fundamental Education Centre (NFEC) set up by the government of India in 1956. Since then it has helped several adults seek basic as well as vocational education which in turn has helped them in the following ways:

• Education helps a person take up better paying jobs which means it aids him in becoming more capable of taking care of his family.
• It raises a person’s standard of living.
• Uneducated and unemployed people are more prone to turn towards criminal activities. Education helps in eradicating such activities to a large extent.
• An educated person has access to more information and thus becomes a lot more aware about what is happening around him. It also empowers him to work for the betterment of society by questioning the wrong and supporting the right.
• Educated parents are able to raise their kids better.
• They also contribute to the overall progress of the nation by doing their bit.

Adult Education in India Essay 5 (300 words)

Illiteracy is said to be a curse for the society. High illiteracy rate impacts the growth of a nation adversely. India is among the various developing nations that are faced with the problem of illiteracy. However, the Indian government is continually working hard to curb this problem. It introduced the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act to ensure that every child gets education. Education has been made the fundamental right of every child in the country. Besides, provisions have also been made to provide education to the adults who were deprived of it during their childhood.

The much appreciated concept of Adult Education in India was originated by the National Fundamental Centre (NFEC) that was set up by the Indian government back in 1956. The centre was later named as Department of Adult Education and became a part of the National Institute of Education under NCERT. Adult education was promoted by the government and many people came forward to make the most of the opportunity being offered. Soon there was a huge increase in the number of people enrolling for it as well as a substantial increase in the educational activities. With this the Department of Adult Education separated from NCERT and formed an independent entity.

As the name suggests, adult education is aimed at empowering those individuals who were deprived of education during their childhood. The government has opened a number of schools to impart education to the adults. Both basic as well as vocational education is provided here.

So, people are not only imparted education but are also trained to earn their livelihood through adult education. Special night schools have also been opened in many states so that people can study after their working hours. Several individuals have benefitted by this. Education has helped them seek better paying jobs and establish a good social standing.

Adult Education in India Essay 6 (400 words)

One of the biggest problems in our country is that the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer. The main reason behind this is that those belonging to the poor classes are so engrossed in earning their livelihood to make their ends meet that they overlook the importance of seeking education. Instead of sending their kids to school, people from the poor classes send them to work as for them more working hands in the family means more income. As these kids grow they have no other choice but to indulge in menial tasks such as cleaning and sweeping due to lack of education and the trend continues.

In order to break this vicious circle, the government of India has come up with the concept of adult education. All those adults who could not seek education during their childhood and want to get educated later in life can enrol for the adult education program. As part of this program, both basic education as well as vocational training is imparted to empower the individuals to shape a better future. It is the sole choice of an individual as to what he wants to opt for.

Directorate of Adult Education initiated in India from the National Fundamental Education Centre (NFEC) established in the year 1956. Since then the government has continually been making efforts to promote adult education in the country. A number of schools including ones that offer night classes have been opened to provide adult education. Also various means and modes are being used by the government to emphasize the importance of seeking education and the efforts have not been futile. Several individuals have come forward to make the most of this opportunity and the number is on the rise. With this, the number of educational activities being offered has also seen a significant increase.

While many seek education to get good employment opportunities and earn their livelihood, a number of people especially women have come forward to seek adult education just to become more aware and help raise their children more efficiently. Apart from this, adult education also helps in the following way:

• Better job means increased income which means you can take better care of your family.
• Education makes a person more aware about what is happening around and empowers him to bring about change in the society.
• Uneducated and unemployed individuals are more drawn towards criminal activities. Education can help curb these problems to some extent.
• Education is also one of the first steps towards building a strong and progressive nation.

Other writers, like Sharon Hays, mount descriptions of American mothering that implicitly criticize some of the facets of attachment parenting. After reading these authors’ pieces alongside the work of attachment parenting proponents Like Lauren Lindsey Porter, William and Martha Sears, and Katie Allison Grange, do you believe that the critics’ condemnation of attachment parenting Is fair? Does AP place undue demands on women? Why or why not? Questions to Ponder: Is attachment parenting synonymous with “intensive mothering? ” Why or why not?

Do you think attachment parenting always entails the type of parenting the authors criticize, or might aspects of attachment parenting in fact work against “intensive mothering? Is the rise of attachment parenting to blame for the stressful nature of motherhood in contemporary American society, or are other social structures at fault (e. G. Lack of maternity/family leave, lack of subsidized public childcare options, etc. )? Are the practices AP promotes (co-sleeping, breastfeeding, and barreling, for example) problematic? Are they Incompatible with paid work?

How does social class Influence the practice of attachment parenting, and do the authors myopically focus on the middle/upper-middle classes? Why do you think attachment parenting has been targeted as an object of criticism? Note that I do not expect you to answer all of these questions; I’m including them merely to give you a sense of some of the directions you might take with your Format and Specifications: In an approximately 4-5 page (1200-1500 word) paper, make a claim about whether or not you believe the critique of AP levied by the critics Is a fair and reasonable one, and why.

The why Is as Important If not more Important than the stance Itself, and should play a part in your actual claim, so that your claim is not merely “the critique Your claim should be clear yet robust, and contestable, and you should draw on at east 2-3 of our in-class readings (note that you may use the Accredited and Blades and Rowe-Finickier readings on paid work and mothering as well) to support it. You should also cite at least one source that we have not read together as a class (more on that later), for a minimum of 3-4 sources.

All of the papers you write for this class should adhere to MEAL guidelines both for citations (which will be parenthetical) and for the works cited page. You need not include works Vive given you to read for this course in your works cited page, but you should always put any outside sources that you cite on your works cited page. Please refer to your syllabus for specifications on margins, font, font size, and word count! Outside Sources: The following links might prove to be useful in learning more about the theory and practice of attachment parenting, and may lead you to other sources as well.

I will generally accept any of the information on these sites as credible sources on attachment parenting as it is perceived by its adherents. Www. Disenfranchisements. Org (official website of Attachment Parenting International Group) www. Wisped. Org (note that I don’t normally encourage the use of Wisped for academic research, but TTS entry on AP is actually quite accurate and helpful; also contains links to other sites) www. Saddlers. Com (more from William Sears) www. Gastrointestinal]u. Com (this is Grange’s blob; you can also link too list of her essays and articles from here) www. Naturalistic. Mom (the site on which the Porter reading appears; explores AP from a “Natural Family Living” perspective) www. Mothering. Com (website for “Mothering” magazine, an AP/NFG publication; contains numerous articles and hosts the largest discussion board on the web regarding attachment parenting issues) If you have questions or concerns about a source you intend to use, and whether it is reliable, feel free to ask me my opinion. You will have more time and opportunity to refine your use of outside sources during the revision stage, but you should make a reasonable attempt to flesh out your evidence in this draft.

Rhea Shawnee English Paper I-Draft Parenthood can often be extremely overwhelming and demanding. Putting aside your entire life and giving up everything to satisfy the needs of your baby is not an easy or poses a huge responsibility on parents. In my opinion, the critiques condemnation of attachment parenting is not fair. I believe that the concept of attachment is reasonable and infant necessary for infants to develop into skilled, independent and mature individuals who share a strong emotional bond with their parents.

First and foremost, it is essential to know what Attachment parenting is all about? It is ‘an approach of raising children who are well connected to their parents rather than a strict set of rules. ‘A common misconception that people have is considering intensive mothering to be a synonym for attachment parenting. Intensive mothering is based on the idea of completely sacrificing your needs and desires and devoting our life to your child or in other words letting your child dictate your life.

Most of the articles such as DRP. Laurel’s neighborhood focuses on the extreme extent people go to in order to raise their child in the “perfect” way. The author in a rather sarcastic tone aims to make the readers realize that even in the sass’s and ass’s parents raised babies who turned out to be Just fine without the concern that they aren’t spending enough time with their kids and needing to demonstrate in countless ways each and everyday that you really, really love your child’.

It lays emphasis on the fact that if you re unable to provide technologically advanced gadgets like ‘Baby-Be-Safe Crib sheet or video surveillance cameras to keep a check on the nanny looking after your baby or electronic monitors to check the babies heart rate even before he is born’ you are considered an incompetent parent.

Attachment parenting on the other hand means ‘opening your mind and heart to the individual needs of your baby and letting your knowledge of your child be your guide to making on the spot decisions about what works best for both the mother and child, that is learning read the cues of your baby and responding appropriately to those uses. ‘ It encourages parents to find out which parenting style fits their lifestyle in the best way and modify what does not work for them. As sears says, “Like any Journey, parenting requires adjustments along the way. Attachment parenting does not pose undue demands on women in the sense that it is not compelling you to do all the seven Baby Bi’s and being practical and realistic, if not impossible it is extremely difficult to do everything that is recommended. It mainly advises you to incorporate whatever makes the connection between you and your child stronger in your day to ay routine. Attachment parenting does not expect parents to spend 24 hours of a day Just attending to your child, instead it’s the quality of time during which you are able to develop a feeling of trust and make your baby feel that he/she can rely on you for his needs.

A frequently asked question that people have is won’t the constant nursing and attention giving to your child be problematic? People feel tied down with the seven Bi’s of attachment parenting and might consider them to be challenging. However, many attachment parents after being interviewed stated, “l feel so connected with y baby. ” “l feel right when with her, not right when we’re apart. ” “l feel fulfilled. ” The seven Bi’s of baby wearing include, ‘breastfeeding, balance, beware of baby wearing and birth bonding. Attachment parenting is a very typical way of parenting and all these practices have been practiced all over the world for hundreds of years only recently these practices have been termed together as attachment parenting. Though some people may consider the seven Baby Bi’s to be highly problematic if they are working mothers but as stated earlier, it is not mandatory to follow all seven of them. For instance, I feel breastfeeding is essential for the health of the baby, moreover, ‘Current studies show that babies who are breast fed tend to be healthier, more secure and even score higher on IQ tests!

In addition the bond between breastfeeding mom and baby tends to help form a secure attachment for the baby as he or she grows. Breastfeeding also tends to be an economical choice for many families. ‘ ‘A British study of 36 middle-class mothers and their three-year-olds found that securely-attached children scored 12 points higher on the Stanford-Bines intelligence test than did insecurely attached children (Crandall and Hobnobs 1999). Since research has proven that breastfeeding is vital for healthier growth of babies I think it would be unfair for those babies who are not breast-fed.

Another topic that is highly debated over is whether a baby should co-sleep or not? Research has come to a conclusion that co sleeping reduces stress and anxiety levels among babies as they sleep in a safe and sound environment close to their parents. Co-sleeping may be a stress-reducer as well. A British study reports that children (aged 3-8) who slept in their parents’ rooms showed lower daily levels of the stress hormone cortical (Wentworth 2007).

Its is argued upon by people who say that it may be dangerous for the baby to sleep on the same bed as the parent and co sleeping may be spoiling the baby as it would not make him independent and the baby needs to learn how to sleep alone at some point. However, co-sleeping does not mean that the baby has to sleep on the same bed as the parent. The baby can sleep anywhere in the same room as the parents or in a crib right next to the parents bed it would still be considered co sleeping.

The main idea is for the baby to be close to the parents so that the parents can easily tend to the baby if needed. If pondered upon, intensive mothering is much more problematic in comparison to attachment parenting. Intensive mothering is Judging your capability as a mother on the basis of your ability to afford expensive and luxurious products. In that sense it can be said that attachment parenting is reasonable, as at least it is not expecting parents to go over the top to raise their child.

All Attachment parenting is asking parents to do is treating your child with love and affection and to getting to know your child better. Which part of that is unreasonable or unfair for mothers? A child is not a machine; it is not inbuilt with functions neither goes it come into this wide world prepared to react to all the situations it is faced with. Parents need to understand what is going on the babies mind and respond accordingly. This can only be possible if the parent spends enough time with their baby. If parents are unable to find some time out they should not to have a baby.

As critiques put it, attachment parenting may pose undue demands on women, as she is the sole person who can provide the kind of care, love and attention that the baby is unable to devote herself to her babies needs when he/she needs it the most she is not ready for the . In western cultures, it is not an obligation for a married couple to have children. If both parents are professionals and have chosen their career over their family, it would be a wiser option not to have babies, as there is no point raising a child who is going to be neglected.

In several parts of the world such as India, it is almost mandatory for a married couple to have children or else the family members along with the society raise questions and the mother is expected to leave everything aside and raise the baby. This is very customary in India, as my own grandfather did not let my mother continue with her equines, as he wanted her sole attention to be on raising her children. Therefore, a majority of the Indian babies are attachment parented. However, in countries like America, no one is putting a gun to your head to have a baby.

It is entirely the couple’s choice. Therefore, in conclusion, the fact remains that every individual is unique and one parenting style cannot fit everyone. I feel that a majority of the critiques “who tend to criticize attachment parenting don’t really understand what attachment parenting is all about,” “So many studies show that if you meet the needs of a child when she’s nouns, she will grow into becoming more independent. ” Attachment parenting is a broad parenting style that promotes seven ways to get connected with your baby.

Moreover, attachment parenting is exactly what has been practiced all over the world for years only now its been given a name; the only change that has occurred is that there has been a significant increase in the number of working mothers. Attachment parenting is criticized because it is thought to pose strenuous demands on working mothers but it is always possible to try to mix and match parenting style and figure out what works for them. It is not setting out a strict set of rules to raise a baby and above all it is because of its flexibility why I feel attachment parenting is fair and reasonable.

Imagine being a teen adult who has to deal with a baby, go to school, and work. Well, that’s what Bobby has to deal with when his girlfriend has a baby and she leaves him. Bobby’s experience as a teen adult and teen adults in the media care for and do things differently. Bobby’s and the teen adults’ lives have changed ever since a baby entered their lives. Nothing will be the same? First of all, Bobby has to take care of the baby all on his own without his spouse, while the teen adults on the media at least have their spouse or family to help them.

For example, when Bobby found out that he got Naira pregnancy he was scared at first and shocked. But when his parents found out they told him that they were not going to help. Also, later on, Naira wasn’t okay with It so she left Bobby to continue her life. Bobby was all alone with the baby! In addition, Bobby’s world turned upside down when the baby came Into his life; as did the teen parents in the media. For Instance, Bobby couldn’t do all the cool things he used to do with his friends. His friends didn’t care though because they understood his problem.

The teen parents In the media will try to do the opposite ND pretend that they never had a baby in the first place. People will do whatever It takes to take care of a baby or Just drop It out of their head like It doesn’t even exist. In conclusion, parent, young or old, have babies and those babies are their responsibilities no matter how much It changes your life. Teen parents and Bobby have lives that have changed throughout their life. While teen parents go help from family or their spouse, Bobby only got friends and a babysitter. The moral of Bobby’s and the teen parents’ stories are to expect the unexpected and be prepared when It comes.

Human Development Categories of culture, race, and ethnicity are fluid, continuously shaped and redefined by social and political forces. Cognitive Development Pattern of change in the mental abilities such as learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. Cohort A group of people born at about the same time. Critical period A specific time when a given event or its absence, had a specific impact on development. Culture A society’s or group’s total way of life, including customs, traditions, beliefs, values, engage, and physical products-all learned behavior passed on from parents to children.

Developmental Scientists Study? Change and stability in all domains of development throughout the life p Domains of Development Development lists study processes of change and stability in all domains, or aspects of development throughout all periods of the life p. ; Physical, cognitive, psychosocial. Each affects the others Environment The totality of nonhereditary or experiential, influences on development. Ethnic gloss An overexploitation that obscures or blurs such variation (term such as Black or Hipic).

Ethnic group A group united by ancestry, race, religion, language, or national origins which contribute to a sense of shared identity and shared attitudes, beliefs, and values. Ethnicity and cultural patterns Affect development by their influence on the composition of a household, it economic and social resources, the way its members act toward one another, the foods they eat, the games children play, the way they learn, how well they do in school, the occupations adults engage in, and the way family members think and perceive the world. Extended Family

Multidimensional network of grandparents, uncles, cousins and more distant relatives who often share breadwinners and child rearing responsibilities and the older children are responsible for younger brothers and sisters. Heredity ; Is inborn traits or characteristics inherited from the biological parents Historical generation A group of people strongly influenced by a major historical event during their formative years. Human Development The field of human development focuses on the scientific study of the systematic processes of change and stability of people. Ways of studying human velveteen are still evolving, making use of advanced technologies. ; Almost from the start, human development has been interdisciplinary which means that it draws from a wide range of disciplines, including psychology, psychiatry, sociology anthropology, biology, genetics, family science, education, history, and medicine. Imprinting The instinctive form of learning which during a critical period in early development, a young animal forms and attachment to the first moving object it sees, usually the mother. Canard Lorenz, Austrian, Zoologist (1957); got a newborn ducklings to follow him. Lorenz believes that imprinting is the result of (pre) disposition toward learning, that is, the readiness of an organism’s nervous system to acquire certain formation during a brief critical period in early life. Individual differences Differences in characteristics, influences, or development outcomes. ; Influences on development come from both heredity and environment. Many typical change during childhood are related to maturation. Individual differences tend to increase with age. In some societies, the nuclear family predominates; in others, the extended family. Socioeconomic status affects developmental process and outcomes through the quality of home and neighborhood environments, nutrition, medical care, and schooling. Multiple risk factors increase the likelihood of poor outcomes. ;Influence may be normative (age-graded or history-graded) or normative. Life-p development Developmentally have come to recognize that human development is a lifelong process. Maturation The unfolding of a natural sequence of physical and behavioral change.

Multidimensional households Have become more common in recent years b/c, both men and women are arraying a t later ages and due to an influence of immigrant populations that embrace this type of household (Latino, African Americans, Asian). Non-normative A characteristic of an unusual event that happened to a particular person or a typical event that happened at an unusual time of life b/c they disturb the expected sequence of the life cycle. (Such as women having a baby in her mid-flies, losing a parent at an early age, surviving a plane crash).

Normative age-graded influences Highly similar for people in a particular age group. The timing of biological events is fairly predictable within a normal range. When do people experience puberty? 10 girls and 12 boys Normative history-graded ; Influences are significant events like the Great Depression or WI that shape the behaviors and attitudes of a historical generation. Normative influence There are two types and they are biological or environmental events that affect many or most people in society in similar ways and events that touch only certain individuals.

Nuclear family A household unit consisting of one or more parents and their children, whether biological, adopted, or stepchildren. Two-generational kinship, economic. Paul Ballet Identified seven key principles of a life-p development approach. A. Development is lifelong B. Development is multidimensional C. Development is multidimensional D. Relative influences of biology and culture shift over the life p E. Development involves changing resource allocations F. Development shows plasticity G.

Development is influenced by the historical and cultural context Physical Development Growth of body and brain, including patterns of change in sensory capacities, motor skills, and health. Plasticity The range of modifiability of performance. Additionally, evidence shows that it is to Just general characteristic of development that applies to all members of a species, but that there are individual differences in plasticity of responses to environmental events as well such as children with different temperaments.

Poverty A risk factor or a condition that increases the likelihood of a negative outcome (health, education, longevity, economic acquisitions). ; If it is long-lasting, can be harmful to the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial well-being of children and families. Psychosocial Development Patterns of change in emotion, personality, and social relationships. Sensitive periods Times of development when a person is particularly open to certain kind of experiences. Scientists Study The scientific study of human development began with studies of childhood during the 19th century.

Adolescence was not considered a separate phase of development until the 20th century, when scientific interest in aging also began. ; Developmental change, both quantitative and qualitative, as well as with stability of personality and behavior. ; Four goals are: describe, explain, predict, and modify Social Construction Division of the life p into periods is a social construct, that is, a concept or reactive that may appear natural and obvious to those who accept it, but in reality is an invention of a particular culture or society. Concept of periods of development Socioeconomic Status (SEES) ; Based on family income and the educational and occupational levels of the adults in the household. Periods of Human Development (Life Span) Prenatal (conception to birth) The abilities to learn and remember and to respond to sensory stimuli are developing. Infancy and Toddlers (birth to 3) The use of symbols and ability to solve problems develop by the end of the second ear and comprehension and the use of language develops rapidly.

Early Childhood (30th) Children gain more self-control and become interested in other children ; Preschool experience is common and is more so. ; Egocentric thinking exists but the understanding of other people’s perspective grow. Additionally, intelligence becomes more predictable. Middle Childhood (6 to 1 1) Control over behavior gradually shifts from parent to child, and peer groups become increasing important. ; Memory and language skills increase and children begin to think logically but concretely Adolescence (11 to 20)

Signifies a unique period of development in industrial societies ; The search for identity-personal, sexual, and occupational ; The ability to think abstractly and use scientific reasoning develops. However, immature thinking persists in some attitudes and behaviors but education focuses on preparation for college or vocation. Emerging and Young Adult (20 to 40) Exploratory period in the early to mid-twenties, many people are not yet ready to settle down to the typical tasks of young adulthood which include establishing independent lifestyles, occupations, and family. Thought and moral Judgments come more complex and educational and occupational choices are generally made. Middle Adulthood (40 to 65) Some decline in physical capabilities is likely and middle-age people find excitement and challenge in life changes, such as the launching of new careers and adult children. However, some face the need to care for elderly parents. ; Mental abilities peak and expertise and practical problem solving skills are high which may contribute to career success and earning powers. Additionally, creative output may decline but improve in quality. Late Adulthood (65 and over)

People generally need to cope with losses in their faculties, the loss of loved ones, and preparations for death. Additionally, if they retire, they must deal with the loss of work-based relationships, but may get pleasure out of exploring neglected interests and engagement in volunteer work. ; Most people are mentally alert although intelligence and memory may deteriorate in some areas. They have a tendency to find ways to compensate for memory deterioration. True/False Life-p studies in the US grew out of long-term studies designed to follow children through adulthood. (T)

Researchers have discovered that adolescence has been considered a separate period of development since at least 200 BC. (F) ; It is easy of developmental scientists to consider the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial domains of development separately, because they are almost entirely unrelated to one another. (F) Dividing the human lifep into periods is a social construction, which means that it is obvious to everyone exactly how to define when a person passes from one stage to the next. (F) Different societies divide the lifep into different periods from the ones listed in your textbook.

T) ; Individual differences include the ways people differ in physical build, health, intelligence, and lifestyle. (T) As people age from childhood to adulthood, the role of maturation becomes more influential in their development than individual differences. (F) Socioeconomic status is unrelated to most people’s development. (F) A critical period is a time when a given event, or its absence, has a specific impact on development. (T) ; Paul Ballet’s life-p developmental theory is incomplete because it does not consider the influences of culture and history upon development. (F)

The Life of Juan Leonardo from Birth Through Adolescence Diver University John Smith This report is based on the adolescent life of Juan Leonardo, who is 17 years old and a senior in High School. I interviewed Jean’s mother Maria Leonardo. She weighs around 150 lbs and she is 5’5 inches tall. She has the ability to obtain and apply many are that she is loyal, she is devoted, she had an affectionate , aspiring, ambitious and she has always been highly motivated. She does what she can to better her family life.

She is extroverted and she enjoys social interactions and tends to be enthusiastic, verbal, assertive, and active. She told me that she enjoys large social gatherings, such as parties and cooking large meals for her family and friends. She is a nurturer and a caregiver. Her weaknesses are that Maria is very talkative and not a good listener at times. She has no history of any medical issues in her family. Maria believes that the best thing in life is family and that is what she values most. All through her pregnancy she had no issue with her health. She talks bout the early symptoms which include headaches, nausea and lower backaches.

In the first three months of her pregnancy, Maria said she slept more often, but it was a restless sleep. She felt sleepier during the day and was having more difficulty sleeping at night than before she was pregnant. She knew that she needed to eat healthy for her and her son, so she made sure that she increased her intake of protein, folic acid, iron and calories. She was twenty six years old when she got pregnant with Juan. Maria felt that she was very active while pregnant with Juan cause she already had two other young children and she was always running around after them.

She didn’t smoke or drink alcohol during any of her pregnancies. She did have a lot of prenatal care from her doctor and never missed any appointments. Juan fell in the 95th percentile at 36 months on the growth chart. He was extremely bright and he had the abilities to learn very fast. Maria said Juan did everything a little faster than an ordinary child. His cognitive abilities with memory and problem solving were above average and Maria felt he was always learning to do wings by himself. He exhibited the Piglet’s seniority thinking and operational thinking.

Even though during his seniority stage he had limited knowledge of the world, he still was more advanced than others is age. During his operational stage he started reading and he definitely exceeded the expected milestones. During his first stage of the Erosion’s psychosocial stage, Juan was very nurtured by his mother Maria so he gained a lot of trust in her and he had a very secure attachment. Juan wanted to do everything by himself, like using the toilet by myself and brushing his teeth during the second stage. Juan became more active during the third stage always rough housing with his brothers.

Maria was very involved in Jean’s preschool activities. She volunteered to come in and help out during all the class parties and events. Maria helped Juan understand his feelings, good and bad, and he was shaped to behave almost Just like the image of Maria herself. Juan showed a lot of empathy for others and was a very loving child. Because Juan was the youngest of three he always had to share with his brothers. He as very attached to his mother, never wanting to leave her side. Maria said that Juan had lots of memories growing up.

They took many vacations to the ocean and camping as a family. He was always acting more than his age, very active, and loved outdoor activities like soccer and swimming. Juan had a rapid growth in height between ages 9. 5 and 14. 5, peaking at around age 13. His motor skills begin to develop earlier, which helps explain why he always seem happy drawing, coloring, painting and cutting things out of paper and she was often more satisfied sitting still s he is somewhat stalks. During elementary school years Juan was very advanced in doing his schoolwork.

He was very physically fit as a child and he loved playing sport with other children. Though out the processes of cognitive development he was able to master problem solving, and decision-making, from childhood through to adolescence. He never lacked ideas or an opinion and he was always learning from others. Jean’s father was not around after he was born so he was raised solely by his mother. They had a very close relationship and while she was very caring Maria was also very strict. She would punish her son’s with timeouts and if necessary she would pk them.

The lack of his father did not have any negative effects on Jean’s development. Instead, Maria believes this made Juan want to be a better man for his mother and his brothers. Juan had a large circle of friends. He was never the type to stay inside playing video games or watching television. Juan loved to be outdoors and was very active, He loved soccer in basketball later in his adolescence and was very skilled at all physical activities he participated in, Jean’s older brother’s spoke tit him about sexual maturation and puberty.

He developed normally and did not go through any negative effects because of this. He did not struggle with his weight because he and his brothers were so active. He was generally happy going through all the different stages in life. Maria believes in teaching a child to feels good about themselves and not to think about what others are saying. His social and emotional needs did not interfere with his way of thinking because he was always given the chance to express his feelings and thoughts with his family.

Juan said that he was ware of his social status and he felt the need to behave in a way that maintains his positive image. Any behavior that may be socially unacceptable to his peers, elders, or mother was not acceptable. He was never into drugs or drinking. Juan always wanted to keep his nose clean and make Maria proud. As he was going through the four identity stage, he was most worried about his self-identity. Without a father Juan sometimes struggled making decisions that would prove he was a good young man.

He questioned what was right and wrong sometimes, but he always looked to his other and thought if she would approve or not. Jean’s self-esteem and values were very high, he never let any factors affects his life negatively. Juan is an honorable and respectful young man who has a bright future ahead of him. His amazing mother, Maria did a commendable Job raising him as a single mother and she is doing everything in her power to raise Juan in the right way. He is respectful and well behaved from what I learned as I was interviewing Juan and Maria. I know Juan makes his mother very proud.

Stefanie Markel 1/2/2012 English Composition II Maria Mahon Adoption vs. Artificial Insemination Argument Essay When starting a family, parents are given several options. Unassisted pregnancy, where a couple gets pregnant with no outside interference, artificial insemination, or adoption are several options that a couple would consider when deciding to start a family. The two that I will focus on are the latter two, adoption and artificial insemination. Adoption is a special, somewhat heartbreaking subject for me, however, for the sake of this argument, it needs to be addressed.

I will touch on the pros and cons of each technique of starting a family. My position is that the decision to adopt or be artificially inseminated is an informed decision that each person should make after reviewing all of the information that one can gather. IF it were me, I would prefer artificial insemination, for of course, my own personal reasons. The adoption process brings to light several pros and several cons that a couple or single parent would need to consider before proceeding. Before considering adoption, one would need to consider these things, 1. cost of adoption, 2. ) domestic or international adoption, 3. ) and cost of caring for child, 4. ) opened or closed adoption. One pro of adoption is if you are not able to have a child of your own, there are many children out there that need a home and family to care for them. Depending on the situation a child is in, you may be saving that child from abuse, neglect, poverty, or malnutrition from environmental challenges (if adopted internationally you may see this more so than domestically).

On the other hand, it may be a situation of an underage mother that has no help or ability to care for the child. Another pro of adoption is that you would be able to have a child even if you as couple or as a single mother cannot conceive on your own. A con of adoption is that it is expensive; there is a lot that goes into approving someone to be able to adopt a child. And the time that it takes for an adoption to be finalized can take months up to years. The end result of holding a child in your arms is the biggest pro of all.

Now a con in the child’s point of view would be not knowing who your biological parents are or your heritage. As a child who was adopted grows older, he/she may have questions that can be difficult at best to explain depending on the circumstances of the adoption. This is where my experience comes in; however, my experience is an exceptional situation. I was adopted by my maternal grandmother at the age of 10 years old. This was an open adoption. This made things very difficult. My mother did not just have my grandmother adopt and then leave me be.

No, she was in and out of my life constantly, usually when it was convenient for her. This made things difficult for my adoptive mother to deal with. This is not usually a normal situation. My children, not by my choice, however, were also adopted last year. The adoptive parents do not allow me contact, this is a closed adoption. I hope to one day change this. (personal experience) While my mother gave up her rights willingly, I did not willingly sign the papers giving up my rights, I was forced to. These are two extreme situations of adoption.

When my children get older, they will ask the questions of who they are and where they come from of their adoptive parents, then my hope is that they will come find me so that we may eventually have a mother/children relationship. The second option that is available for prospective parents is artificial insemination. This is a slightly less expensive option to become parents, depending on what route you take. A pro to this, is that you can become a natural parent, by this I mean the child is yours biologically.

Now depending on the situation, you may be seeking to have a child, but do not have a partner. Or your partner (male) may not be able to help conceive a child. These are just two reasons that you would choose this option, there are many reasons, and all are different for different people. In this process, at least one process that is, you can go to cryogenic clinic, select the donor you wish, and have a doctor inseminate you. To choose a donor, select age, race, medical history (personal and family), profession, hobbies.

This will bring up donors to choose from. Another con is that even though you can select pretty much everything about a donor, your child will not look like your partner, and could eventually raise questions later. Another con, as a single parent choosing this option, as your child grows older, they may ask questions that you cannot answer, as well as the question to find their biological father. In conclusion, of the two options given, each have their pros and cons but they both have a wonderful ending result, a child to love.

No matter what choice you choose, remember a child is a precious responsibility and nothing to take lightly. When it comes time for me to choose, it may be possible for me to choose both, having been adopted I do know the benefits to the child in a normal situation. And I would love to experience pregnancy again, although I may not have a partner, I do know that I will have lots of support if I decide to do the second option. I would very much like to give a child a home someday and get them out of whatever situation they are in. References Adoption. com, retrieved 1/4/2012 from http://forums. doption. com/thanks-life/62158-seeking-adoptees-pro-life-pro-adoption-testimonies. html Adoption. org, retrieved 1/3/2012 from http://www. adoption. org/adopt/pro-adoption. php Personal Experience of being adopted and having my children taken from me and being adopted by foster parents LifeScript: Healthy Living for Women, retrieved 1/3/201, http://www. lifescript. com/Health/Conditions/Womens-health/Pregnancy/The_Pros_And_Cons_Of_Artificial_Insemination. aspx WebMD, retrieved 1/3/2012 from http://www. webmd. com/infertility-and-reproduction/guide/artificial-insemination

Unit 4: Development Through the Life Stages P1: Describe physical, intellectual, emotional and social development for each of the life stages of an individual. Through every life stage we experience physical, intellectual and social and emotional development. Physical development is when the appearance of the body changes. Intellectual development is the mental process of knowing, for example problem solving. The social and emotional development is when your emotions, your personality and social interactions begin.

Conception is the process described when the penetration of an egg cell by a sperm cell fuses to form the first cell of a new living organism. Conception normally occurs in the fallopian tubes as a result of sexual intercourse. Pregnancy begins when the embryo implants or embeds itself in the living of the uterus wall and develops. An amniotic sac filled with fluid that surrounds the embryo and acts as a shock absorber. A placenta filled with the mother’s blood and through which the embryo obtains nutrients and eliminates waste.

The umbilical cord contains the blood vessels that transport nutrients, oxygen and waste products between the embryo and the placenta. The first few weeks of the pregnancy are critical for the embryo and its development can be affected by the health and behaviour of the mother. The next life stage is birth and infancy this is to the age of 3 years. The physical developments throughout this stage are the following. The body doubles in height and quadruples in weight. Motor skills progress from simple reflexes to coordinates motor abilities such as grasping and walking.

The child’s sensory and perceptual ability develops rapidly. For example when the baby is 0 to 6 months their short- sightedness reduces and their eyes begin to focus more clearly. Another physical development would the brain responding to stimulation, such as a child copying an adult clapping. The intellectual development in birth and infancy is when basic structure of language is learned through baby talk with adults. This development would usually occur 0 to 6 months. Babies often use crying, cooing and babbling as their first communication.

Further language skills are developed by the age of 1, to constructing sentences by the age of 2. Children start to be aware of world progress through immediate sensory motor experiences such as hearing familiar voices and pointing. Lastly children start to think about the concept of objects, for example objects still exist when out of sight and awareness. This development occurs from 6 to 12 months when the child begins to pass objects between hands. It develops further at 18 to 24 months when children can throw a ball and use a crayon. By the end of birth and infancy children can build a tower of bricks and use scissors.

The social and emotional developments in birth and infancy are the following. The child’s emotional responses change from basic reactions to more complex. For instance the child may become self-conscious when playing with other children. Independent behaviours increase with parental encouragement around feeding, dressing and toilet training. By the age of 18 to 24 months the child can use a spoon and remove some clothing. The ability to relate to playmates emerges at the end of birth and infancy the child; this shows the child has developed confidence and basic social skills.

The fourth life stage is childhood; this is between the ages of 4 to 11 years old. One of the physical developments in the early ages of childhood is the brain; it attains 90% of adult weight by the age of 5 and develops faster than any other body part. Physical strength increase and body proportions become more adult like. Also athletic skills such as running and jumping dramatically improve in the early years of childhood. Fine motor skills involving the use of smaller muscles develop, allowing younger children to handle small objects with more accuracy such as pencils.

When a child reaches the middle of its childhood the growth of the brain slows down, this is from the age of 7 to 9. Physical growth also slows but height spurts occur. Expansion of the heart and lung capacities supports more physical endurance such as swimming and football. In late childhood puberty begins with rising hormone levels. This also shows a specific physical change in gender, girls producing breasts and boys testes enlarging. Girls’ growth spurt begins with gains in height, weight and musculature. The intellectual developments for children in their early childhood are the following.

Firstly social interactions with parents and play mates allow their knowledge about the world increase. Also language develops rapidly, resulting on average a 14,000 word vocabulary. In the middle stages of childhood a child’s memory capacity expands, as well as the ability to think about thought. As a result of this a child would be able to organise their own learning. In late childhood a child’s logical thought processes to abstract thinking. A child would have many language skills including synonyms, double meanings, metaphors and humour.

There are several social and emotional developments that occur in the early stages of childhood. Firstly a child playing alone or with others becomes increasingly complex and imaginative. Also children become aware of gender roles. When children are near to the age of 6, they have the desire for independence and control over environment increases. This makes parent’s supervisory role more challenging. In the middle stages of childhood peer groups become more significant as dependence shifts to friends for help. Children experience loyalty and share mutual interests.

The awareness of and involvement in outside world, increases awareness of family, economic and political conditions. In late childhood peer groups often divide into cliques due to many reasons, for example personality, style and beliefs. The awareness of gender stereotypes continues to increase. Issues increase around sibling rivalry and separation from family. The next stage in life is adolescence this is between the ages of 12 to 17 years old. The physical development in early adolescence is the body continues to grow in height and weight.

Early adolescence is between the ages of 12 to 15. Another physical development is that girl’s growth spurts peaks while boys typically begin. The physical development in late adolescence which is ages between 16 to 19 years, this is the stage during puberty. This is when there are changes in level of growth and sex hormones which cause the development of sex organs. It also develops sexual characteristics. Females continue the develop breasts, but experience broadening of the hips, onset of menstruation and first ovulation, growth of pubic and armpit hair.

Males experience growth of muscles, broadening of the shoulders, growth of the larynx, production of semen and body and pubic hair. Both genders have an increased activity of the sweat gland. One of the intellectual developments in adolescence is having the ability to grasp irony and sarcasm. The ongoing development of vocabulary expands to more abstract words. Also the understanding of complex grammar continues to improve. Lastly thinking becomes more self conscious and critical, this is usually influenced by the media. The ability to cope with new problems and situations is reached by the end of this period.

There are many social and emotional developments in adolescence; this is mainly due to hormones. In the early stages of adolescence sexual orientation begins to emerge. This stage in life is where most parent and child conflicts are likely to happen. Also peer pressure is likely to increase at this stage. This is because children are getting to the age where they want to try new things out like alcohol, smoking and shoplifting. In late adolescence sexual orientation continues to develop, whereas cliques decline in importance. The process of developing and maintaining intimate relationships begin.

At this stage your identity is greatly influenced by personal factors, including family and peer relationships, economic and political circumstances. Near the end of adolescence you are introduced to the world of work and career planning. Adulthood is between the ages of 18 to 65 years. The physical functioning increases through the 20’s and peaks around the age of 30, but can be maintained through exercise. In early adulthood, 20 to 40 years of age there is a gradual increase in weight and body fat and a decrease in lean muscle mass.

The efficiency of many organ systems begins to diminish at the rate of 1% a year. Sexual responsiveness remains high throughout this period, although some men start to slow down. Physical appearance changes by developing grey hair and wrinkles towards the end of early adulthood, this continues into the middle stages of adulthood. When aged 40 to 65 years, health and potential onset diseases affected by preventive behaviour could appear. For example smokers could suffer from lung cancer. Also in this life stage gradual changes in hearing and vision will occur.

Another main development in this life stage is menopause begins in women. In early adulthood the intellectual development of vocabulary and knowledge continues to grow through work interactions and every day problem solving. Wisdom begins to develop in early adulthood. In the middle of Adulthood reaction time and mental processing slows down due to old age. Another development in this life stage is short and long term memory remains relatively stable. The social and emotional developments in early adulthood are the following. Firstly the need of achievement is often met through satisfactory of work.

Secondly friendships become particularly important for people who are single. Also personalities are most likely to change up to the age of 30, with additional maturation continuing into the 40’s. In the middle of Adulthood this is where it’s most likely for a mid life crisis, this is due to self confidence and their relationship with the world. This stage in life will often experience facing age discrimination. However this time of your life could experience the greatest productivity at work. The last stage of life is older adulthood this from the age of 65 and onwards.

The physical development of this life stage is when the brain becomes smaller and functions more slowly. The body will weaken and this will affect organs and major body systems. A lot of older people suffer from arthritis because of muscle strength which causes stiffness of joints. In older adulthood short term memory may decline, but active exercise of mental abilities helps to maintain functioning. Intellectual developments in older adulthood include the decline of language abilities. In this stage of life there is a decrease in drivers due to the speed of processing information.

Another development is the ability to receive information, organise and interpret it declines. There are also social and emotional developments for the older adulthood. For example the retirement experience is shaped by social class and gender factors, including income, health and amount of previous planning. In this stage of life human beings have a sense of well being which tends to be higher than all previous periods. Also a lot of older adults are extremely satisfied with life, this is usually dependent on family involvement.