Children

While the basic nature of art is mimetic, these representations of reality functions to give an account of events and people that needs . Art therefore partakes in accounting the history of mankind in relation to nature.

Winslow Homer’s painting “Boys in a Pasture” and Paul Gauguin’s “Children Wrestling” are a case in point. Both paintings reflect a naturalist framework that depicted the innate and dedicated fondness of children on the natural environment, which at the same time reveals the ideal peace and harmony that both artists try to portray.  Their artistic approaches reflect Henry David Thoreau’s (1992) natural history which principally reflects the significance of the objectives and systems of science in humanity.

Similarities

Aside from the mode of painting which is oil painting in canvass, both painting have similar elements, children and nature.

The Boys in a Pasture can be considered to portray Homer’s reminiscence of his own childhood while at the same time conveying a positive outlook for a brighter future considering that it was painted after the American Civil war.  Homer’s principal source of inspiration for the painting was the American rural scene which depicted the serenity, peace and simplicity of life.

In the same vein, Gauguin’s painting contained the themes of peace and contentment however set in the ambiance of Brittany.  It also conveys a positive outlook by depicting children playing in nature. It must be noted that wrestling is contextualized as a regional tradition.

“It was the practice for young Breton villagers to participate in wrestling matches after Sunday mass” (Dorra, p92)  Children and children playing are often used as representation of innocence, youthfulness and purity of thoughts vis a vis the corruption of mind that is attributed to maturity.

  While Gauguin apparently uses this concept, Homer’s depiction of natural innocence was also reflected with his use of daisies which may have been derived from William Wordsworth’s ritualistic exultation to youthfulness, “To the Daisy” of 1802.  (Scoggins, 1966)

Finally, both Homer and Gauguin have their figures of persons with averted faces which are not particularly identifiable so that they can more effectively and generally represent a universal concept of children or youth.

Effective behavior management among children with developmental delays is an essential element of special education. This needs to be administered by adults in the early childhood to form a firm foundation of the acceptable conducts and desirable activities of special children. It is through a successful behavior management that the concerned children would be able to behave appropriately in the future.

In addition, a well-managed behavior of children with developmental delays allows for a smooth performance of adults’ roles, thereby providing help and the much needed care for these special children.

It is therefore necessary for parents, teachers, service providers, and related professionals to adhere to and uphold an efficient behavior management among children with developmental delays because this leads to the achievement of beneficial outcomes. This premise is what chapter 13 of the book “An Introduction to Early Childhood Special Education: Birth to Age Five” by Linda Dunlap (2009) particularly imparts to the readers.

Chapter 13 of the book entitled “Behavior Management” emphasizes the need for behavior management in an effort to address and eventually resolve issues concerning how children with developmental delays behave toward other people and within a specific environment. In this chapter, Dunlap (2009) provides the public with vital pointers to consider which would be helpful in carrying out an effective behavior management of children with developmental delays and those with related developmental concerns. Key Points The 13th chapter of the book can be better understood in light of the fundamental components of behavior management.

According to the author, the key points of behavior management include an emphasis on the positive rather than negative conducts of children with delays. That is, the effectiveness of behavior management lies on the ability of both adults and children with delays to bring out and improve desirable and valuable behavior. In doing so, the effort leads to the elimination of undesirable conducts because it is those which are only appropriate that would remain and would be provided room for development (Dunlap, 2009).

When the desirable behavior of children with delays is developed, the purpose of assisting them to create and improve techniques to deal with their personal behavior is eventually achieved. This condition leads to the next vital point which is the need for diversified and efficient behavior management strategies that would be definitely helpful and valuable for children with delays (Dunlap, 2009). Dunlap (2009) also explores the establishment of logical expectations of adults surrounding children with delays, such as their parents, teachers, and professionals dealing with developmental concerns, as part of behavior management.

These logical expectations involve taking into account the respective growth stage of each child. Most important among these key points is the principle which must always be remembered by adults. That is, children with developmental delays use and react to behavior management strategies that are similarly suitable and beneficial for normal children (Dunlap, 2009). Desirable Behavior Dunlap (2009) begins her discussion of behavior management by emphasizing the value of desirable behavior among children with delays.

She claims that regarding desirable behavior with an undeniable relevance is necessary to bring out and likewise develop or maximize whatever sought-after attitudes and activities that a child with delays shows. While it is apparently more complicated to manage the behavior of children with delays compared to the behavior management of normal children, the principle and practice of developing their desired behavior would aid in the success of behavior management (Dunlap, 2009). In underlining her point, Dunlap (2009) explains that it is the desired behavior of children with delays that must be improved.

She believes that it is better to develop positive conducts and activities rather than to dwell on the negative or undesirable behavior of children with delays. As more emphasis is given to the development of desired behavior, this would be beneficial to both the adults and children. Simply put, an effective behavior management of children with developmental delays not only presents the harms of negative or inappropriate behavior, bur it also emphasizes the benefits of manifesting positive and desired behavior (Dunlap, 2009).

In this chapter, Dunlap (2009) presents several situational examples which explore and stress the significance of encouraging and developing desired behavior among children with delays. Adults play an important role in such instances. Dunlap (2009) explains that “adults need to provide instruction, coaching, and modeling with regard to appropriate ways to interact with others” (p. 391). It is through these roles that adults are able to inform children with delays the need for them to show desired behavior.

The author adds that when the importance of desirable behavior is realized, it becomes natural for children with delays to portray such. Dunlap (2009) concludes this topic by emphasizing the need to: (1) consider more appropriate rather than inappropriate conducts; (2) consistently respond to the challenging behaviors of children with delays; and (3) ensure that adults’ expectations are developmentally appropriate with the things given to children . Behavior Management: Principles and Practices This is the portion of Chapter 13 where the heart and soul of behavior management are discussed.

Dunlap (2009) states that the general principles in handling the behavior of children with delays include several considerations: (1) not controlling the conducts or attitudes of children but rather respecting their ability with regard to managing their respective behavior; (2) positive or encouraging way of behavior management; or (3) not subjecting or overloading children with negatives; (4) reassuring children of their value; (5) avoiding personal attacks on children; (6) changing adults’ expectations as children behave differently and have their individual needs; (7) taking responsibility of the special children’s management; (8) imposing necessary rules and even punishment; (9) modeling appropriate behavior for the benefit of the special children; and lastly, (10) establishing a positive learning setting to encourage desirable conducts (Dunlap, 2009). Behavior that Needs to be Changed The relevance of the mentioned principles is reflected in the fact that through such efforts, the adults involved in behavior management will be able to identify which among the behaviors exemplified by children need modification. Dunlap (2009) explains that while it is uncalled for to “go to war” with children with delays (considering they already have developmental concerns), it is still necessary to change some of their behaviors (p. 397). This especially holds true if the behavior is deemed as detrimental to the child’s development and his or her manner of interaction with others.

Hence, those which warrant change and intervention include the conducts that: (1) require disproportional level of attention and time; (2) interrupt others and forbid learning to happen; (3) become more difficult to handle; (4) are supposedly common to much younger children and not to school-age children; (5) result in harmful personal image; (6) are negatively viewed by other children; and (6) threaten the problem child and his or her classmates (Dunlap, 2009). Behavior Management Strategies To strengthen the performance of behavior management, Dunlap (2009) presents several strategies. These techniques serve as specific factors that may help adults to succeed in handling the behavior of children with delays. One of these techniques is reinforcement. Its implementation is valuable in the development of appropriate conducts among children. Regardless of whether it is a primary or secondary kind of reinforcement, Dunlap (2009) reminds the adults that children vary in a number of aspects.

Hence, this specific strategy must be flexible and depends on the character of a child (Dunlap, 2009). Another technique is redirection which orients children on the appropriate conducts instead of the inappropriate ones. Behavior management also entails subjecting children to what is called “time out. ” While similar to redirection, making children experience a time out is like taking them to inappropriate scenarios where their behaviors are challenged and relocating them to a place or situation where they can calm down. The ultimate goal of this strategy is to prevent children from doing further violations while at the same time instilling in them the need for them to be disciplined.

Extinction pertains to simply ignoring the inappropriate behavior of children until they calm down and the situation is settled. Lastly, as mentioned earlier, punishment is essential and is an effective strategy as unfortunate situations resulting from the inappropriate behavior of children need to be dealt with even in a rough manner. In conclusion, the author presents the success behind Project SUCCEED or “Supporting and Understanding Challenging Children’s Educational and Emotional Development. ” Dunlap (2009) uses this project as an example to prove where effective behavior management existed because its principles are all aimed at instilling appropriate conduct among children (Dunlap, 2009). Conclusion

An effective behavior management, especially in the early childhood or early years of children with delays, is indeed an important function or obligation that adults must consider. As Kay (2006) states, the proper handling of children’s behavior in their early years is a relevant concern specifically to those directly involved in such endeavor. This realization is attributed to an increased number of children, including those with developmental delays, now engaged in pre-school environment. This condition results in more terrible and relentless conduct-related problems; thus, an effective behavior management of children with delays is highly important (Kay, 2006).

The 13th chapter of Dunlap’s book is a valuable text, for it provides relevant information and reasonable explanations that are essential in the successful performance of behavior management. Beyond the specifics however, it is the undeniable value of the material that makes it helpful for both adults and children with delays. Ultimately, behavior management is not only a text in a book but is a strategy that needs to be carried out so as to realize its beneficial impacts. References Dunlap, L. (2009). Behavior management. In L. Dunlap (Ed. ), Introduction to Early Childhood Special Education: Birth to Age Five (pp. 389-405). MA: Pearson Custom Publishing. Kay, J. (2006). Managing Behavior in the Early Years. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group.

List the observations that together indicate possible ‘risk of significant harm’ Risk of harm is the indication that the child may suffer physical, emotional, and psychological harm because of neglect by the parent or guardian responsible for his care. In Jamelle’s case, indication includes physical signs like;

•Various large bruises
•Smelling strong urine stale

•Dirty and unwashed skin
•Lack of fresh changing clothes
•Vomiting
•Bloodshot eyes
•Psychological l problems such as timidness

2.Response to the situation in preparation of drawing a report The response will include investigating the factor that can lead to risk of harm to the child, including social isolation of the child with other children, and family on inadequate access to other family members. The risk may be caused by inadequate parenting skills, poor models of parenting or neglect. As a caregiver, i will observe and record observations that indicate a risk of harm and note all the behavioural changes. Finally, i will respond to the physical needs of the child such as medical care, giving her adequate sleep time, bathing, and changing his diapers.

3.The actions or work practices to be taken

Jamelle needs a close attention, which her mother has failed to give her. As a caregiver, it will be my duty to ensure the child receives a reciprocal treatment. I will offer the child emotional support enable her unite and play with her mates. I will take responsibility of ensuring that the child is cleaned and in proper dressing. In case her mother raises further issues, I will report to the director. The mother on the other hand, need advice and support in helping the child.

4.Ethical responsibilities in the situation in relation to families and children As a worker, one should make the right decision concerning the health of the child and right the actions to be a practice which ensures . The family has the right to know about the current condition of the child, anticipated risks and possible solutions to the case. As a caregiver, you should make the decision of the treatment for the child; maintain adequate confidentiality and be consistent in your duties performance. You should not ignore the risk of harm indicator and exercise bias or favouritism motives. Your decisions should be guided by crucial standards, legislations, and professional ethics code.

Case 2

1.List the observations that together indicate possible ‘risk of significant harm’
•Aggression and fighting with peers
•Loneliness
•Aggression towards staff members
•Disrespect to fathers
•Wearing heavy attire on warmer days
•Red welts
•Burn scars on the stomach and at back area

2.Response to the situation in preparation of drawing a report Tajs aggressiveness, social isolation, changes in dressing and injuries shows that he perceives psychological complications. His actions are just but coping mechanism to stress. It is evident that he was exposed to a lot of abuse during the holiday that has altered her psychological reactions. Helping the Taj will require providing him with stress management support. As my duty, I will draw her close, get the source of his problem and offer counselling lessons. The actions or work practices to be taken

As a caregiver I will ensure that there are valid grounds and current concern that Taj is at risk. I will intervene by discussing the concerns with the supervisor especially from the evidence of injuries. I will try to get Taj close, in case he might be ready to share his predicament. The child response will be useful in underpinning the basis of this strange behaviour. It may be because of family problems, sexual abuse, other family challenges or just the culture.

I will then report the information gathered to my director for further action Ethical responsibilities in the situation in relation to families and children The first move will to determine the cause of the child assault. I will try to dig the information from the child by assuring him privacy and protection from further assault.

I will discuss the problem with my supervisor to weigh whether summoning the child parents is necessary. As a caregiver, you should make the decision of treatment of thechild; maintain adequate confidentiality, be consistent in your duties performance. You should not ignore the risk of harm indicator and exercise bias or favouritism motives. Your decisions should be guided by crucial standards, legislations, and professional ethics code.

Case study 2

Where would you find information on how your service responds to Child Protection issues? On the Child Protection Act, UN convention of Human Rights, Government legislation act, and professional code of ethics

List the legislative acts that govern Child Protection Services in your state/territory. Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 (as amended 2011)
Working with Children Act
Child Wellbeing and Safety Act 2005
The Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006
Family Law Act 1975
Access the Community Services website (formerly DOCS) www.community.nsw.gov.au. Steps in making a report;

1.Indicate the child details such as full name, age, residence address, and phone number.

2.Indicate the any aliases details including full name, approximate age, residence address and contact number of the cares or parent.

3.Description of the child state

4.Indication the possible communication needs such as people of aboriginal agency or those with hearing impairment 5.Indicate the details of the reporter.

i.Time, date, name, and signature of staff making the report Time – 7.30 AM
Date – 11/01/2013
Name – Mary Marshall
Staff signature –
ii.Full name, date of birth (or approximate age), address and phone number of the child/children you are concerned about Full name- Joseph Timothy Drake
Date of birth – 31/10/04
Address – 13 Short St, Parker
Phone – (09) 7476 9435
iii.Full name (such as any known aliases), estimate age, address and phone
details of the parents or caregivers Full name –Lis
Age – 52
address – 13 Short St, Parker
Phone – (09) 7476 9435

iv.a description of the child (may be created) and their current whereabouts Joseph is a five-year-old child. The child caters for her mother who undergoes spouse abuse. He currently attends care center but with a unique behaviour. v.Clear and concise description of the injury/observed harm A large purplee bruise on the child right backside
vi.clear and concise observation of the child’s conversation and behaviour (if applicable Joseph does not share information with anyone.
Joseph is shy and avoids eye contact

In a recent scenario he sat facing wall for an hour
He is physically ready to attack both his fellow mates and staff He prefers to stay alone at a class corner
He wets himself
vii.clear and concise records of mothers conversation and behavior The mother is open and frank to both his son and staff members Her mother admits being beaten in Joseph’s presence by the spouse. Joseph gets anger by her mother being molested

The spouse at times threatens Joseph
The mother stressed by the situation and is worried about his son.

Explain child protection in the wider concept of safeguarding children and young people. Safeguarding of children is known as an umbrella term which means it involves everything to ensure the health and safety of the children. Safeguarding of a child is priority, whether it to be at home, nursery, youth clubs, in a social setting or in someone else’s care. Also whether it is an adult they know or don’t know or even another child, knowing the welfare of each individual child is paramount.

In doing this there are many policies and procedures to follow regarding a child’s health and safety, in which companies have to enforce these policies and procedures in a child based setting. When a child based setting is recruiting new members of staff there are many checks that they need to do, the main check is their DBS checks commonly known as their CRB to ensure they have no criminal convictions, ever been on a sex offenders list or are a general risk to children.

Communication with a child’s parent is so important when it comes to a child’s welfare knowing how the child’s home life is and any concerns the parents may have about their child. Having a good working relationship with the parents and getting to know them is key, they are entrusting us with the welfare of their children. It is a difficult transition for parent sending their children to nursery for the first time knowing that their child is going to be safe and their well-being is going to be well cared for is reassuring to them.

Making sure a child’s welfare is safe in all aspects of life is a vital part of their development in their learning capability, in their confidence and in the long term impact into adult hood. It is important that all staff know the correct policies and procedures if they have cause for concern, finding ways to do this is updating safeguarding polices regularly and retraining staff often to ensure this.

Also setting up a CAF (common assessment framework) and making contact with multi agencies for a child who they have cause for concern for and putting support in place for them is a good way to ensure a child in need is getting the best possible support, and them knowing that someone is there to listen and support them is reassuring to the child. Making staff stand out as staff with the correct uniform and ensuring ID is in full view for the parents and other staff to see clearly for identification.

Making sure that the staffs don’t put themselves in any sort of situation to possible complains that can arise i. e. no mobile phones or if any conflict with a child make sure it is handled correctly following the correct policies and procedure guidelines of your work setting. Also making sure schools and nurseries know who exactly are coming in and out of the building with a signing in book. There are all types of abuse, physical abuse, mental abuse, sexual abuse, neglect and verbal abuse, following the safeguarding policies and procedures will help ensure a child’s health and safety.

Making sure these policies and procedures are followed correctly will give the child the best outcome in life. There are many ways to protect a child, at home, in a school or social setting. Unfortunately in today’s society there is a dip in the system when it comes to the protection of children, so many children are being put a risk. People need to be more vigilant to stop children getting abused in any sort of way. Every child matters they are our future abuse needs to stop, people need to become more aware to help prevent these things from happening.

Given the respective scenarios and the projections described in the exhibits for each option, evaluate and choose the alternative that best optimizes Bayer’s prevention and children’s business. Explain. Upon reading the two options that have come up, the best alternative would be choosing the second option: Reintroduce Children’s ASPIRIN worldwide as a prevention product and rename it under the brand ASPIRIN 100®. Figure 2 (See below) summarized that this option appears to have more benefits than the first option given.

Although venturing into this option would require repackaging, relabeling, and reindicating the brand and it might accelerate the cannibalization of Pharma’s sales, reintroducing the product could attract new users from competitive brands. As Joachim Zander analyzed the two scenarios under when they reintroduce their product: “Under the first scenario, we essentially create attention for ourselves and the market reacts. As a result, Pharma’s high-end product, CardioASPIRIN® , loses 10% of its sales due to our cheaper alternative.

However, we also appropriate incremental sales of 10% from the competition. Beyond that, by keeping the product on the market, though in a new form, we are able to keep 20% of the children’s ASPIRIN customers. Under the second scenario, I envision that the market does the opposite and reacts very little to our product change. Thus, Pharma doesn’t lose any volume, and Consumer Care is unable to gain any incremental volume from the competition. Either way, we still keep 20% of the children’s ASPIRIN customers.

” Comparing Exhibit 6 with Exhibits 7A and 7B, the forecast losses in Option 1 will be substantially greater given the Middle and Worst Case Scenarios than what is featured in losses in Option 2. Although in the Best Case Scenario in Option 1 could appear to be advantageous, assuming that scenario to happen would be faulty. Also, as emphasized in Exhibit 5, although the sales of children’s aspirin is declining, its margin against the Prevention CardioASPIRIN® is still significantly higher.

Keeping their seasoned and most valued customers who give them more profits will be the optimal approach. Thus, the win-win solution would be Option 2 because either way 20 percent of the children’s aspirin customers will be maintained. This business decision will be less damaging to the company, either best or worse case happens. 2. ) Do you agree with quantitative assumptions used to develop the forecasts? Why or Why not? Yes, I agree.

In order to come up with the best decision, managers must make a number of educated assumptions about future trends and events and modify those assumptions once new information becomes available. Quantitative forecasts are typically based on historical data or tests and which involve complex statistical computations, which the Bayer Aspirin Case presented to represent the financial outcomes of the two options. Although quantitative forecasting is not foolproof, it is a valuable tool that enable managers to fill in the unknown variables that inevitably crop up in the planning process.

For instance, the case study obtained the trend from 1994 to 1998 to formulate the outcomes of the trends in 1999 to 2003. The results they obtained indicated that prevention customers had been rapidly replacing children customers over the five years from 1994 through 1998. Forecast indicated by 2003 that approximately 27% of Children’s ASPIRIN sales would be for children and 73% for prevention customers, effectively reversing the 80% / 20% split, respectively, from 1994.

Upon seeing the trends, Zander and Merker had the ability to conclude that Children’s ASPIRIN was naturally evolving into a low-cost, low-dosage prevention product. And it looked as if the combination of the rapid growth in the prevention market and the decline of the children’s market would be the death of the Children’s ASPIRIN brand. Of course, these are just assumptions and these could be wrong but at least the present trends could spell a lot with what will happen in the future.

In the book entitled “Amazing Grace” authored by Jonathan Kozol, the children were suffering under severe poverty based on the fact that their parents was very poor. According to Kozol’s writing, some of them were described as the .. ”Poor of the poorest, poor by any standard. ” They were of mixed races according to him “two-third are Hipic, one-third black” and of the total population he wrote, “ thirty-five percent children – more than 95 percent are poor people”.

Most of them receive only elementary education. Their parents could not train them up to the high school level due to the fact that they were very poor. Kozol wrote, “At the elementary school that server the neighbor ……. only seven of the eight hundred do qualify for the free school launches.. ”. How their character reflects the environment Due to the fact that their parent was very poor and could not teach them good moral behavior so they grew up wild and behaved very uncontrollably and engaging in all criminal activities. Kozol reports: “crack cocaine addiction and intravenous use of heroin which I have met here call “The middle drug…Nearly 4000 heroin injections, many of whom are HIV –infected life here. ”

“Asthma is a common illness among the children…. ” “Some of these houses are freezing in the winter. ”. “Three more children and adults were shot dead in the living room…” “…Thirty minutes – a Minister and other Parishioner were shut dead…” Kozol asked: “What is it like for children to grow up here? What do you think the world has done to them? ” The answer to his first question is that the children were influenced by the environment they grew up.

They grew up in poverty without sound education and the world does not care about them. Therefore Kozo asked “What has the world do to them? ” We shall now go over to answer some of those questions that are related to the question he asked in respect of the poor economic situation he found those children in his writing. “How does religion provide a framework of stability for families in this neighborhood?. “ (RS100/EVIL)Before we answer this question we should first of all answer this question which I feel forms the basis of religion. The question is “What rule does Ideology play in the suffering according to Kozol?”. To answer this question we must define the word “Ideology” this will give us a clue on exactly how it relates to the suffering children of Kozol’s writing. Let get the exact definition from the experts: “Ideology” “Could be defined as the mode of interaction between individuals” (RS-100/EVIL). One expert called “Max,” wrote “…human beings are concerned about the good of the group – cooperation”. Based on Max’s definition, we can understand that “ideology” is all about working for the goodness of the people and co-operating with them in terms of need.

Now we can answer the question of those suffering children in respect of the “ideology” concept. Based on this background, Kozol wrote “St Anne Church on St Anne Avenue is three blocks from the subway station. The children who came to this small Episcopal Church for food and comfort to play and the mothers and fathers who come here or pray…” Now you can see the rule “Ideology” played in the life of those suffering children. They could find food and comfort including their fathers and mothers at St Anne’s church. Although the world generally does not care about them the church cares.

That is the real concept of “ideology ”based on Max’s definition which states “human beings are concerned about the good of the group – cooperation”. So the church which is a body of individuals could reach out with love to the suffering children. Within the church, they received good moral teachings based on the principles of the Holy Bible and also to pray so that their lives could be transformed for a better society. “Religion as Protection Against Ideology” (RS100/Evil) The above statement gives us a better understanding of the importance of religion to humanity which will play a key role in times of need.

“How does religion project against ideology? ” One answer states “It inspired religious people to always look for victims “ Which means, religious people should search for victims and not victims to come to them although they could come to them just as the suffering children came to St Anne Church “for food and comfort” according to Kozol. But religious bodies should search for victims to help. “Are you going to celebrate the winner or loser? ” (RS100/Evil). My answer is religious people should search for losers and not the winners. People in a desperate situation and extreme poverty are losers who need help.

They may be involved in natural disasters such as flooding, earthquake, fire disasters ect and they lost everything. In most cases, they could live in a very poor environment without access to medical facilities, sound education, electricity, and others. “If you develop a Preferential option for the poor then you are challenging your society to do something about them” (RS 100L/Evil). The small church at St. Anne has challenged other rich individuals and the government to do something for the poor masses in that region including those suffering under severe poverty throughout the United States.

“The making of Ideology” (RS 100/Evil) According to Robert Nisbet – British Sociologist “-Coherency – Thoughts are connected to another in a way that makes sense” While individuals such as a church, philanthropic organizations, etc come with an idea to solve problems, other individuals could come up with some ideas that make sense. Therefore it becomes a “coherent idea” due to the fact that that the thoughts of individuals have come into agreement that could go along way to solve human problems. “Relationship to Political Power” (RS 100/Evil).

In the government circle, ideology plays a key role due to the fact that people in the government are always thinking of how to solve problems that the citizens are passing through. As a result, they could create an agency that could reach out to the people facing such problems as sending aids to disaster regions, epidemics etc. On the international level, governments, churches, and other philanthropic organizations send aids to foreign countries to save the lives of people who might have experienced natural disasters and even to refugee camps where there is an outbreak of civil war in a particular country.

“Ideology Question” (RS 100L/Evil) “What is the mode of interaction between individuals? ”

1. Answer “Individuals in their natural state compete with each other for scarce resources”
2. “If two individual are competing over access to some resources, they may kill each other in an attempt to gain possession” As you can see, the second answer explains the first answer above. Take, for example, oil is a “scarce resource” due to the fact that it is not common in every nation. Consequently, there are a lot of conflicts going on in several parts of the world due to its scarcity and high value.

People kill each other in order to gain possession because it makes someone to get rich very quickly. But Human beings are more valuable than oil. The need to help the suffering people is scarce; only very few people could provide help as the church in Kozol writing. So it is very scarce to help the poor. Why is it so scarce to help humans? The answer is that those who can help feel that they cannot have rewards from those people they helped due to the fact that they are poor.

But that of the oil, people fight for it and even kill themselves in order to gain access to it due to its value while the poor are not seen as valuable. Therefore the means to save the poor become a” scarce resource”.

1. Amazing Grace (By Jonathan Kozol)
2. Bill Gates Issues Call or Kinder Capitalism; (Wall Street Journal 24 Jan. 2008)
3. Pres. Chavez to Help Poor in United States before Christmas (ThinKandask. com Nov. 2005 )
4. The poor in the usa call out for international help(Now Health 16 August, 2004)
5. The Crime? Helping the Poor While Being Wealthy( A Alender Through About Editoral)

Produce a table outlining the current legislation and guidelines relating to safeguarding. The 1989 Children Act This is the most important piece of legislation with regards to childcare. It simplified the laws that protect children and young people and made clear the duty of care for all those who work with children or young people. Working together to safeguard children 2010 This document was produced to safeguard and protect children. To create and maintain a safe learning environment for children and young people.

To give local authorities (LSCB) the power to produce own . Laming Report 2003 Independent enquiry into the death of Victoria Climbie and other serious case reviews. It identified wide ranging failings of the safeguarding system. Many professionals working with children not following guidance in “working together” brought about the following piece of legislation Every child matters guidelines and children’s act 2004 This brought together agencies such as healthcare professionals, schools and welfare services.

Created central database containing records of all children and whether known to different services. Independent children’s commissioner to oversee and protect all children’s rights and Ofsted to monitor children’s services. Other pieces of legislation Human rights act 1989 United Nations convention on the rights of the child 1989 Sexual Offences Act 2003 (New offences created such as grooming) Protection of children act 1989 (dealt with staff misconduct and recruitment ie POCA list) Safeguarding vulnerable groups act 1986

Independent safeguarding authority (ISA) was given a wider role in checking new workers, poor practice etc. Munro report 2011 – recommends a less bureaucratic and more child centred approach.  2/3 Write an explanation of child protection within the wider context of safeguarding children and young people, relating it to the policies and procedures in the school environment. Safeguarding is the new term used to describe “child protection”. It refers to the ways in which adults and professionals working with children need to act when managing issues regarding child protection.

Everyone working with children has a duty to keep children safe, protected from harm and any concerns regarding any form of abuse to be passed to the safeguarding officer at school. The above guidelines, policies and procedures affect the day to day work carried out within schools and while issues will vary between schools, everyone within these establishments should be aware of safeguarding concerns and ensure that they always act appropriately and within the guidelines set out. All professionals working with children need to be CRB or DBS checked.

This is to enable safe recruitment decisions and prevent unsuitable people working within a school environment. Risk assessments will need to be carried out on any activities or outings that have the potential to cause harm. The school will have procedures for risk assessments that will probably be carried out annually on the school buildings or grounds or individually for school visits and such. Child protection is the duty of all who work with children and everyone needs to be aware of the schools policy for reporting and recording suspected abuse.

Keeping children secure on school premises with signing in procedures, secure fencing and gates, staff security badges and such. If a child is a cause for concern, child protection records will need to be kept and any issues raised will always need to be followed up. As a teaching assistant, our role would be to pass any concerns on to be followed up by the schools safeguarding officer. Photographs that may be shared with others outside school would need parental permission, as would outside school visits and extra-curricular activities.

Health and Safety policies should be followed throughout the school and behaviour issues should be resolved to prevent harm to themselves or others. Anti-bullying policies should be in place and adhered to. The staff to pupil ratio should be sufficient at all times, internet safety should be in place and medical information should be shared in case of an emergency. Therefore, the primary concern of a school should be to keep its pupils safe and secure. Many procedures and policies will be in place to ensure this happens and the LSCB

(Local safeguarding children board) will help ensure the safeguarding and welfare of children. Every child should have a voice that is heard and should have support it required. Confidentiality should be maintained and information should not be shared with anyone other than those who need to be involved. 1. 4 Explain when and why enquiries and serious case reviews are required and how the sharing of the findings informs practice. Serious case reviews take place when a child has died due to abuse or neglect and sometimes when a child has suffered serious injury or harm from violence, neglect or abuse.

Working together to safeguard children guidance states that a serious case review (SCR) should take place when “the case gives rise to concerns about the way in which local professionals and services worked together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. ” The local safeguarding children boards (LSCBs) will consider whether a SCR is required when any professional or agency believe a serious incident has occurred. The purpose of a serious case review is to look for where improvements in practice can be made to limit the risks to other children and young people. Working together explains the purpose of a SCR as :- 1.

To establish whether there are lessons to be learnt from a case about how local professionals and organisations work together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. 2. Identify what those lessons may be, what is to be acted upon and what is expected to change. 3. Improve inter-agency working and better safeguard and promote the welfare of children. In 2001, Lord Laming was asked to chair and Independent Statutory Inquiry following the death of Victoria Climbie and to make recommendations as to how such an event may, as far as possible, be avoided in the future.

Victoria Climbie was severely abused by her great aunt and her partner, which eventually resulted in her death. The inquiry found a gross failure in the system that was supposed to protect this little girl. The Laming report therefore recommended that a national agency should be setup to oversee the swift and effective implementation of the recommendations, such as directors of children’s services with no child protection should appoint an experienced social work manager to support them.

The Government should provide child protection training for council leaders and senior management and the Ofsted framework is in place for child protection. 108 recommendations were made by this report including that there should be a much closer working relationship between agencies, a central database and an independent children’s commissioner for England. The Brichard Inquiry was a serious case review that was commissioned to look at the Soham murders.

This found that record systems didn’t work properly, that the local intelligence system was fundamentally flawed so allegations that had been made about Ian Huntly were missed and his employment references were not checked properly. The main recommendation that came from this inquiry was the introduction of CRB checks and the need for them to be checked regularly. The Byron Review was a report ordered in September 2007 to review the risks children faced from exposure to harmful or inappropriate material on the internet and to produce recommendations that would help keep children safe.

It concluded that there needed to be better regulation and better information and education, with the role of Government, law enforcement, schools and children’s services as key. This meant safer internet access was adopted in schools. Therefore, all of these SCRs have been instigated to help keep children safe. Other reviews, such as the Plymouth SCR, was commissioned as a result of a nursery worker been found to be taking inappropriate photographs of children that were then shared on the internet, As a result, mobile phones were banned in Nurseries and kept away from children in schools.

No photographs are to be taken or shared without parental permission. So, legislation is often changed due to SCRs by the Government which is then passed to local authorities, this then influences and creates the policies that are implemented in school and other childcare agencies. SCR’s are conducted to learn from the mistakes made to then introduce changes to keep children safer and protected.. 5 Write a reflective account of how your school complies with the data protection act regarding information handling and sharing.

The data protection act (1998) covers all aspects of how a school handles information. Information gathered by the school, including the context of safeguarding and child protection, is used only for the purpose for which it was collected. Therefore, information wouldn’t be shared or discussed with people who don’t need to know. All staff have to ensure that subjects discussed within school are not shared with others outside the environment for example, if approached by a parent outside of school I would not share any confidential information with them.

The information collected is also kept securely with access only permitted to those who need it. Many records are kept on secure computer sites or, if they are paper records, they are kept locked in the school office where access is restricted. All information has to be accurate and kept up to date. Data collection sheets are sent out regularly to parents to ensure that the information held is accurate and current. This collects informations of a personal natures, provides contact details, medical informations, school lunches and how children get to school.

Other information, including children’s SEN files and educational records are also reviewed regularly and shared only with those who need to know. The Data Protection Act gives rights to individuals in respect of the personal data held about them. This information can be accessed by them (or their parents) except in certain circumstances, for example, information that may cause serious harm or a risk of abuse to the individual or others. Therefore, all schools have a legal responsibility to adhere to the Data Protection Act and its codes of practice.