Environment

Despite the recent setbacks for its image, the United States has by far the largest influence in the region. During 2007, China supplied over two-thirds of computers exported to the U. S. from the six major trading nations. In fact, China contributed to $23. 2 billion (76. 7% ) of U. S. computer imports. It should not, however, take its influence in the region for granted, if China is to continue to position itself as an Asia Pacific power.

Its influence in the region cannot be maintained by economic and military supremacy alone. East Asia is going through historic geopolitical changes due to the rise of China. Political interest in the vision of an East Asian community suggests that the region is in search of a new order to accommodate China’s growing power and influence and to maintain regional peace and stability. In no way is this an easy enterprise. Asian countries tend to suffer from domestic political difficulties in economic liberalization, large gaps in developmental stages among regional economies, and mutual distrust and historical antagonism between Japan and China.

Despite these difficulties, however, there is a growing consensus that, eventually, East Asian countries will come up with some form of a regional community. Regional alliances and economic integration East Asian economic integration will help reduce regional tension and lighten America’s security burden in the region. Economic integration will engage regional powers in stable regional interdependence where one’s prosperity is in the interest of others, and make them more predictable and reliable to each other.

Successful development of poorer countries in Asia through integration in regional economic dynamism will help political stability and reduce the possibility that these countries will become hotbeds of terrorism. Regional: Physical environment and its effect on trade Asia’s physical environment has a big affect on trade in a couple of ways. First the weather in Asia as a region is very unpredictable. Having unpredictable weather or catastrophic events can have a major impact on a business because companies could lose physical property, manufacturing time, or products which would result in financial loss.

The air quality within the cities of Asia is poor and is known for creating health issues among the individuals living in that area. Production can be affected if employees are out sick and away from their jobs. Air pollution and an unclean environment only somewhat effects trade; however an organization can easily open up a factory there as well with cheap labor and weak environmental laws. Many foreign companies have placed their factories in China with a great deal of success because of the ability to hire cheap labor and to run their factories without many regulations. Regional Political Stability

The political stability of China seems precarious at best. “While the US relies on free markets and free societies as the basis for contemporary socioeconomic and political movement, China focuses on stability as the essence of its foreign policy” (Cheow, 2006). China has often been fueled by propaganda but in recent years, China’s top political leaders have begun to stress how important stability is with all people throughout their country. This includes all people from all backgrounds. China’s political stability has helped to fuel economic growth throughout the country. Regional Social, Health, and Environmental Conditions Chinese workers remain among the lowest paid in the world. The average total labor compensation for a Chinese manufacturing worker is 57 cents per hour, with many making far less than that, benefits included” (McCormack, 2006). This translates to approximately $104 per month; this makes living any type of decent life as we know it utterly impossibly. Many low-paid Chinese employees will live in squalor and with many people to small single bedroom quarters. In China there is no shortage of workers; China has a large unemployment rate of 25% (McCormack, 2006) leaving an abundance of low arning employees for many years to come.

Regional Terrorism Threats

China does have an internal terrorist threat. Not only are there Muslim Separatists’ in the region, but also the Uygur separatist groups and the East Turkistan Islamic Movement, both of which have “been reputed to have trained in Afghanistan to fight along with the Taliban and al Qaeda” (chinaguide,com, 2009). It is important to understand China has recognized this issue and “to fight terrorism, the Chinese government will enhance international cooperation and strengthen legislation and law enforcement on anti-terrorism” (Xinhua News Agency, 2005).

Regional: Economic conditions

The economic conditions of Asia differ from which country you are in. This can affect trade in many ways that are positive and negative. The positives that come from a poor economy are the ability to hire cheap labor and to spend less on manufacturing the product. The company also comes into the region offering jobs to a society that truly needs money and the ability to make a living. Another advantage is the ability to export products all over the world from a very productive location. Negative aspects of a poor economy are that the product will not sell well in a poor region.

Theft and destruction to an organization are another hazard that could occur when located in a poor region. The economic situations vary; some places in Asia are wealthy while some are very poor. Due to this fact, it is important to tailor an organizations marketing strategy to those each specific area. Regional: Finance options available When an organization decides to open their company in Asia, it is imperative to finance through a financial company that is well established. Team B’s company should finance their global organization through a successful, well established lender.

There are also many successful companies in Asia that could possibly help finance and invest in Team B’s organization. Creating a strong business partner is extremely important in creating a successful and long-lasting organization. Country Political stability Since 1978 China has gone through a series of rapid changes within their government system; these political changes p from human rights practices to new labor laws. These new laws have allowed China to create a solid and stable foundation for the government and to operate on a daily basis. At the current time, China is politically stable.

This can be seen in the growth of China as well as the impact that China is having on the global market. Country Economic Conditions In 1987, China constructed a three step developmental strategy that would increase the overall economic conditions in China. These three developmental strategies are: to double the 1980 GNP and ensure that the people have enough food and clothing, to quadruple the 1980 GNP by the end of the 20th century, and to increase per-capita GNP to the level of the medium-developed countries by the year 2050. Step one ensures that the Chinese level of poverty will not increase.

The second step has already been achieved in 1995. Finally, the third and final step, explains that by increasing the GNP, Chinese citizens will be financially stable and be equipped with modern technology. The current economic condition is better than expected with new heavy and light industry, agricultural and energy expansion. The Chinese economy continues to grow at a fast pace. Country Financial Options Building and manufacturing plastic laptop housing in China offers a couple of financial options for the company to expand. The first financial option available is low to no interest loans offered by the Chinese government.

This financial option is an incentive offered by China to attract new business into their country. Another financial option is building capital through investors. This option would create a group of shareholders that have intvested the capital needed to build a new facility with potential return on their investment. Country Social, Health, and Environmental Conditions The current social, health and environmental conditions are not as good as other countries but the Chinese government is working on reforming these conditions throughout the nation.

The safety and working conditions are considered much lower and more dangerous than other parts of the world. A few of the steps that the Chinese government is currently working on are . “Enacting and improving environment and health laws and regulations. ” (China. org. cn. , 2009).  “Build a supervision network on environment and health” (China. org. cn. , 2009).  “Set up state environment and health information share and service system” (China. org. cn. , 2009).

Even though China’s current social, health, and environmental conditions are not the most favorable, the Chinese government is continually working on ways to improve the quality of the environment and working conditions throughout the nation. Cultural Considerations One of the first things that should be considered is that China’s history ps more than 5,000 years. In years past China has experienced times of feudalism, communism, invasion, but now they have a fledgling market economy. When considering doing business in China, one of the biggest things to consider is the different arrays of Chinese business culture and etiquette.

Chinese business culture and etiquette includes maintaining eye contact between the members of the business meeting. Without eye contact the perception of untrustworthiness will be portrayed. Another very important aspect of Chinese business etiquette is to address each Chinese counterpart with his or her title and last name; if they don’t have a title address them with Mr. or Madam. China’s current culture should be taken into consideration to illustrate respect towards their country and businesses (Winters, 2008).

Organization and Product Analysis

Team B will be developing an organization that intends to make plans for manufacturing laptop computer housing in China. Computer housing is the shell that protects the memory, processors, and drives that enable a computer to work. This organization would create and manufacture computer housing then sell them to computer companies like Dell, IBM, or HP who would then build and sell computers to consumers. Desktop computer housing sales have declined because there has been a decrease in desktop sales and an increase in laptop sales.

The market is also beginning to see sales of Notebooks or small wireless computers that’s main function is internet media and communication (Abbasi, 2009). As laptop sales and notebook sales increase there will be a continuous need for laptop housing.

Conclusion

Ultimately, as the demand for technology increases and adapts to an emerging Chinese society, active U. S. support for improving global and regional institutions, promoting Asian development and fostering Asian regional cooperation would enhance its influence in the region and elsewhere. With this perspective, the rise of China and the trend toward intra-regional economic integration in Asia are opportunities for both of our countries. Team B’s organization would benefit in many aspects by manufacturing laptop housing in China.

References

1. Abbasi, S. (2009). Netbooks a factor in increase in laptop sales. Startup Meme. Retrieved August 30, 2009 from, http://startupmeme. com/netbooks-a-factor-behind-increase-in-laptop-sales/. China. org. cn.. (2009).
2. Action Plan on Environment and Health (2007-2015). Retrieved August 30, 2009, from http://www. china. org. cn/english/environment/238275. htm
3. China Under Threat of Terrorism: Official (August, 2005) Retrieved August 29, 2009 From: http://www. china. org. cn/english/government/140269. htm
4. Good Luck Competing Against Chinese Labor Costs Mfg. Job Growth In China Is Headed Up, Not Down; 109 Million Mfg. Workers In China Dwarfs Number In U. S. , McCormack, R. (May, 2006). Retrieved August 29, 2009 from: http://www. manufacturingnews. com/news/06/0502/art1.
5. html US Department of State. (2009). Background Note: China . Retrieved August 30, 2009, from http://www. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/18902. htm U. S. -China Ideological Rivalry Heats Up. (January 2006)
6. Cheow, E. The Japan Times. Retrieved August 29, 2009 from: http://yaleglobal. yale. edu/display. article? id=6737 Winters, E. (2008). Headed for China? Cultural considerations. China Business Success Stories. Retrieved August 30, 2009 from, http://www. chinasuccessstories. com/2008/02/13/heading-for-china/.
7. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.. (2009). Economy of the People’s Republic of China. Retrieved August 30, 2009, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Economy_of_the_People’s_Republic_of_China

In November, 2009 the UN Development Programm ( UNDP ) office noted that 1.5 Billion people of the universe, about one-fourth of current universe population are still without electricity ( EIA World study, 2009 ) . They are largely in rural developing universe. The UNDP besidees highlighted the pressing demands to guarantee that the energy demands of developing states are cardinal to any new clime alteration understanding.

The bulk of them who live in the dark are in the least developed states ( LDCs ) of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, harmonizing to the study ( The Energy Access Situation in Developing States: A Review Focusing on the Least Developed Counties and Sub-Saharan Africa. ) Mr. Olav Kjorven, UNDP Assistant Administrator and Director of the Bureau for Development Policy, told news mans in New York at the launch of the study: “ Expanding energy entre is indispensable to undertake planetary poorness. It needs to go on at the lowest cost and in the cleanest manner possible to assist developing states set up a low-carbon path to development, ”

He besides noted: “ Almost half of the humanity is wholly disconnected from the argument on how to drive human advancement with less emanations and greener energy because their world is much more basic than that. They carry heavy tons of H2O and nutrient on their dorsums because they don’t hold transport ; they cook over wood fires that amends their wellness, non with electricity, gas or oil, ” “ We must guarantee that energy demands of these people are cardinal to a new clime understanding, ” he added, mentioning to the treaty to control nursery gas emanations that states are trusting to accomplish when they meet in the Danish capital in December, 2009 Kjorven noted that two million people die every twelvemonth from causes associated with exposure to smoke from cooking with biomass and coal and 99 per cent of those deceases occur in the development states. In LDCs and Sub-Saharan Africa, half of all deceases from pneumonia in kids under five old ages, chronic lung disease and lung malignant neoplastic disease in grownups are attributed to the usage of solid fuel, compared with 38 per cent in developing states overall.

Interestingly, most of these people live in a part where there is plentifulnes of sunlight ( see Figure 1.1 and 1.2 ) , and it is no “ projectile scientific discipline ” that sunlight can be converted to electricity. The Photo-voltaic ( PV ) engineering that converts the sunshine to electricity has been known since 1950s, and the agencies to hive away PV electricity when the Sun is reflecting and do it available when it is dark has been applied for old ages. Furthermore, electricity generated in this manner is local and distributed. It can be used where it is needed, and therefore wo n’t necessitate transmittal of electricity from a cardinal bring for thing station to remote rural countries, and thereby would extinguish all electricity transmittal related issues or costs which would be Millions of dollars in order to convey the electricity grid to these distant rural countries of the universe.

Among the assorted energy utilizations, run intoing illuming demands affordably and faithfully is frequently the basic demands for human life, and the underlying key to any economic development, and riddance of human poorness. Lighting helps people gain extra clip for working, reading in the eventide, basking greater security and more comfort. The quality of visible radiation from a electric beginning is many times better when compared with kerosine lamps or tapers, and is less risky to wellness, and safe. Compared to the visible radiation provided by electricity that the people in the developed universe usage, the visible radiation from a kerosine lamp is really subdued. In order to read under this light 1 has about put the books straight over the lamp. In add-on, being at so close propinquity with these lamps, the kids are bound to inhale the exhausts from these lamps which are toxic and unhealthy. Therefore, the absence of modern visible radiation as provided by the electricity impedes non merely the analyzing ability of these hapless kids but besides it creates serious wellness jobs.

Pode ( Pode, 2008 ) noted “ In footings of costs, visible radiation from kerosine is far more expensive than provided by electric visible radiations. The cost of utile light energy ( $ /Lumen Hour of visible radiation ) for kerosine is more than 300 times higher than the inefficient incandescent bulbs, is more than 1600 times higher than a Compact Fluorescent visible radiation bulb and more than 3000 times higher than a LED ” . The International Finance Corporation ( IFC ) estimates that $ 38 Billion is spent yearly, chiefly by the hapless, on fuel-based lighting ( World Bank Group Progress on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Projects in Fiscal Year 2006: Bettering Lifes ) . A alteration to electric visible radiations ( CFL and LED based ) would be less than 1/2000 of this tremendous costs for illuming, a economy of mammoth proportion.

Introduction

Every twenty-four hours about 122 PW of sunshine reaches the Earth ‘s surface. This is plentiful compared to the 13 TW of entire energy consumed by worlds. Solar energy ( electricity ) is created by the sunshine. When the sunshine strikes a PV cell, a stuff made from Si or sand that is similar to the stuff used in doing computing machine memory french fries, the energy contained in the sunshine ( the photons ) excites the atom within the semiconducting material stuff, and motion of these loose atoms creates electromotive force ( direct current electromotive force ) and electric current. Therefore every bit long as there is Sun, and the sunlight hits a PV cell at that place will be PV electricity. This is sustainable and is plentiful.

System Installation Issues

End product of solar PV panel can change significantly with its siting- location every bit good as its disposition ( tilt angle ) relation to place of the Sun. Since the PV electricity is generated by the Sun, the sum of sunshine hitting the PV cell will find how much solar electricity can be obtained from a PV cell at a location. The disposition of the Sun with regard to the PV cell is of import as it would order the sum of Sun ‘s energy that would hit the surface of the PV faculty, and its continuance. Therefore, a solar PV panel that can track the Sun as it moves from E to west during the twenty-four hours can bring forth the most sum of solar electricity at a location. Where such trailing solar PV is non executable, the solar panel should be mounted at an angle so that it hits the Sun sheer for most of the clip and gets the sunshine during most of the twenty-four hours, Similarly, shadowing will impact the sum of Sun received on the PV panel and will impact the sum of end products. A Solar Pathfinder or similar instrument should be used to find the optimal location of the faculty, and topographic point it.

The UNDP has postulated that “ The most basic demands for human development are to take long and healthy lives, to be knowing, to hold entre to the resources needed for a nice criterion of life and to be able to take part in the life of the community. Without these, many picks are merely non available, and many chances in life remain unaccessible ”.

Since 1970s international Keynesiasm highlighted the planetary mutuality with two major countries of concerns: a new international economic order ( NIEO ) and transportation of resources to the hapless population of the universe ( the 3rd universe states, 3W ) to run into the basic demands in development

The function of energy in human development was foremost highlighted in an UN Report, prepared by the Brundtland Commission ( Brundtland Report, ( 1987 ) , United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development ( WCED ) , 1987. Lack of entreeto affordable energy was besides noted as one of the major causes of poorness and deficiency of human development. The disparities in energy usage between the developed universe and the under-developed universe was besides noted, with a suggestion that the developed universe take a broader function in taking this huge disparity. The authorities of the First universe states and the cardinal establishments of the post-second universe war broad capitalist systems, the IMF, the World Banks, the NGOs realized that they must suit to force per unit areas of reform, and pay attending to this NIEO by transportation of resources to the hapless states to run into their basic demands, and turn toing the energy poorness was on top of the docket. ( Preston, P.W. , ( 1996 ) , Development Theory, ISBN 0-631-19554-8 ) . We will discourse how this development attack for the full universe specially for the energy hapless states was addressed under this NIEO .

Modern energy as provided by electricity provides many chances for human development. It reduces the clip needed to execute basic family jobs. The clip therefore saved could be used for income coevals, increased societal activities and educational intent. It has been determined that energy ingestion has important correlativity with GDP every bit good as HDI. A study published by IEA indicates that the states with high ingestion degree of per capita electricity, attain upper rank of both economic activities ( GDP per capita ) and HDI as shown Figs. I.4 and I.5, severally.

Income Generation

• Enterprise development through electricity creates occupations
• Higher productiveness through Mechanization
• Small scale industries such as, weaving, knitting etc. for rural development
• Education
• Lights enable easiness of analyzing after dark
• Reduced clip needed for executing regular family jobs. The saved clip can be used for analyzing and fostering instruction
• ( ICT )

Modern energy enables one to entre computing machine, communicating and information based chances which are causes for digital divide, and cognition based societies

Health

• Unhealthy pollutants such as ensuing from toxic dodo fuel based energy are reduced
• Arduous work related to roll uping firewood is reduced specially for adult females and kids
• Handiness of modern inoculation and medical specialty storage installations improves wellness of the local population

Environment

• Reduction in usage of fuelwood prevents devastation of trees and woods
• Energy efficient contraptions could cut down energy wastes
• Promotes climate protection
• Fosters globalisation of community and more societal interaction

“ Modern town planning originated in Britain in the nineteenth century following a figure of urban reformists showing concern about the wellness and environmental conditions developing in towns and metropoliss following the Industrial Revolution. ” ( Western Australian Planning Commission, 2007 ) .

Planning, it ‘s non an easy word to specify, with it holding so many different significances to the one word. Although in the context in which this essay will discourse, Planning, or more specifically, Town Planning is the direction of land usage and the development in which, through the execution of policies and statutory procedures. These policies and processes enable the land to prolong growing and guarantee the balance between the communities and their surrounding environments. Planing involves the balance of the built environment and the natural environment therefore bettering on economic, societal and environment issues for the present every bit good as the hereafter.

The two cardinal constituents of planning, involve Strategic Planning and Statutory Planning. Strategic Planning, involves the local and province authorities which focuses on the long term and regional planning of Western Australia. Strategic Planning incorporates a scope of environmental, societal and issues within the provinces substructure. Statutory Planning, acts as the legal operate in planning. Regulations and statute laws guarantee that appropriate land use and development controls are in topographic point and effectual manage the procedure of the land usage and development in the urban and regional planning countries. Western Australia ‘s planning system is based on five chief constituents those of which involve the followers, Strong and simple statute law ; centralised statutory and regional planning ; subdivision control and facilitation of local planning ; reliable support for metropolitan betterment and statutory authorization to exert powers, allocate resources and supply advice based on adept professional support of a section of province. These “ ingredients ” are indispensable to this planning system which was established by the authoritiess, when they adopted the thought from Gordon Stephenson and Alastar Hepburn in 1955. Over the old ages each authorities had updated the planning system to accommodate the demands of the community for the hereafter.

There are three degrees of authorities in Australia, Federal, States and local, each with a specific function and duty in relation to planning. The federal Government by and large deals with any planning issues that involve be aftering on a national degree. That is regional planning, be aftering which concerns parts that cross provinces and/or territory boundaries. The Federal Government besides has the duty for organizing a national attack to environmental and industry type development affairs. Besides The Fed Gov. is responsible for guaranting that Australia ‘s international duties are met. And that all parts of the Australian statute law are satisfied. The federal Government ‘s Planning powers are limitless ; where as the Local and State authoritiess be aftering powers are non. State and Territory authoritiess have primary duties that revolve around those of forest planning and land direction, where the environments are at interest. State Governments, are by and large involved with strategic planning, which is the designation of coveted or future land usage. ( Williams, 2008, p.41 ) Local authoritiess have duties for local land usage planning within a regional context. By and large most planning duties and determinations are made at a local authorities degree.

Structure programs are an built-in portion of the planning procedure. Although non ever a statutory demand, they provide a model for the co-ordinated proviso of services, substructure, land usage and development. They are besides used by the WAPC and local authoritiess to assist do determinations about the subdivision and development of land. Structure programs are being used progressively by contrivers to assist organize land usage and development. They help contrivers see rezoning, subdivision and development applications. The WAPC has adopted construction programs for assorted parts of the State. They highlight the chances and restraints in the country of the program and can supply the footing for amendments to local planning strategies. Regional construction programs are strategic programs supplying a wide model for be aftering at the regional or sub-regional degree. They cover be aftering issues including bounds to growing in urban countries, population tendencies, employment countries, major commercial Centres, conveyance links, substructure and service demands, environmental protection and regional unfastened infinite. They are prepared by the DPI on behalf of the WAPC and in audience with local authoritiess.

Planing policies are developed and implemented by the WAPC and local authorities to supply counsel on planning, land usage and development affairs. They are a cardinal facet of town planning and are more flexible than statutory commissariats. Planing policies help the WAPC and local authoritiess to do consistent determinations on planning applications. The being of be aftering policies does non take the demand for subdivision and development applications to be considered on their virtues. A policy must spell out in clear linguistic communication how it is to run and the aims of its conditions. A policy must be made for town planning grounds. A policy made by a local authorities must non be inconsistent with WAPC policy.

A policy is a usher and is non by and large included in a local planning strategy. A policy should be unfastened to public audience by advertisement and inviting entries. The WAPC and a local authorities must to the full see entries when finalizing a policy. Planing policies besides give counsel to an applier on the manner different types of development may be assessed by be aftering governments. They give information, which may help in the readying of an application or design of a peculiar undertaking.

Before using a policy, the facts of an application should be considered, like the nature and location of a undertaking. An application should non be refused without consideration of the virtues of the instance. A planning policy which is applied systematically has stronger weight in an appeal state of affairs. The State Administrative Tribunal has recognised the function and significance of planning policy and has accepted that it is non necessary for town planning policies to be given formal legal position.

The term ‘environment’ has been widely used and has various meanings and interpretations. The word environment originally is take from the French word “Environia” which means the surround. The environment also means ofnature. In other words, environment is the natural world, as a whole or in a particular geographical area, especially as affected by human activity. The environment can also be meant for all things around us including living things or non-living. For example, natural forces, human beings, animal, plants and other living things such as water, climate temperature and pressure which provide growth and development as well as damage to the earth itself.

According to P. Gisbert “Environment is anything immediately surrounding an object and exerting a direct influence on it.”. According to E. J. Ross “Environment is an external force which influences us.” The environment can be referred to anything that surrounds by an object and anything that give impact to it. It also refers to things surrounded and may made changes due to factors such as natural, artificial, social, biological and psychological. According to Islam, ‘environmentalism’ is based on the teachings of monotheism or unity of understanding that combines human, nature and Allah. Islam has made morality as the core of the relationship between human, nature and Allah.

Based on this theory, it is proven that any problems or environmental pollution arise from the imperfections of human morality against himself, nature and Allah. The concept of human being as a Caliph indicates that this environment is the right of Allah and His creation that man must carry out the trust. In addition, this nature is an implied sign or symbol of Allah’s greatness and powers.The Islamic View of the EnvironmentIn Islam, God is the real owner of the universe. The sky and the sun, the moon and the stars are decorating the sky, also the flowers, trees, and various other plants and assort kinds of animals are the creation of Allah SWT. He is the one who causes the rivers to flow on the earth, upholding the sky without pillars or support and making the night and the day.

In the creation of the earth and the universe as described in the Quran, there are signs of the Power of Allah that we can see and observe. Besides, Allah also states in several other verses that clearly describe the process of creation of the earth and the universe.Indeed, in the creation of the heavens and the earth and the alternation of the night and the day are signs for those of understanding. (QS. Ali Imran: 190)

Another verse in Quran refers to creation of earth,Surely your Lord is God, who created the heavens and the earth in six days — then sat Himself upon the Throne, covering the day with the night it pursues urgently — and the sun, and the moon, and the stars subservient, by His command. Verily, His are the creation and the command. Blessed be God, the Lord of all Being. (QS. Al A’raaf: 54)As we know, the earth is created for humankind, it can be used for any purpose as long as it does not give a bad effect on the environment and ecological balance. Islam is a religion that strictly prohibits its Ummah to excessive in search of worldly things.

Allah has created everything in this world with its own measurement. There is nothing to be underestimated and nothing is over him, everything is enough and perfect, as Allah states in the Quran, which means,who has created all things well. And He originated the creation of man out of clay (QS. As Sajda: 77)Muslims believe that Allah created the heaven and the earth in the best possible way. He made the mountains, the rivers and the sea so that humans could find their livelihood. Water is a very important element in Islam. Furthermore, water is also one of the blessings of the world given by Allah to his creatures. It is an evident and proven with a repeat of the Arabic word for water (Ma’) 63 times in the entire Quran. The total number of words in the Quran is 6,666 fractures if divided by 63 fractions it almost reaches 1% of the whole Quran verse.

This proves that almost 1% (0.945%) of Quran content is about water. It can be seen that 60 percent of the human body is water and most of the amount of water is found in human cells. Besides, nearly 71 percent of the earth is filled with water. Not only in the sea, water also exists in the air (water vapor), rivers, lakes, ice caps, glaciers, soils and aquifers. Moreover, water is very important in human life because it is used almost in every aspect of human life. Not only for drinking, water is also used in various forms of daily activities such as washing, bathing, worship and so on.Apart from being used for domestic uses, water is also very important in economic activities such as industry, manufacturing and transportation.

In fact, water also helps generate electricity in the dam. But water can also have adverse effects on humans such as floods, mud floods and water pollution in the rivers and acid rain. However, such catastrophic events will only happen when humans themselves fail to manage the water and the environment well. When humans do not care for cleanliness, letting the garbage scattered unmanaged, cutting down trees, ponding the merciless land, releasing pollutants into the water, developing areas without smart and eco-friendly planning, then that’s when water brings disaster to human life.

It is undeniable that animals and plants are important in life as it is a source of life that brings great benefits to human life. This is because, without any other species on the earth humans can not survive in life. There a says “If you believe in tomorrow, you plant trees today.” Trees are often related with nature and wildlife as it helps to preserve life on the planet through the oxygen cycle. The plants are considered like the lungs of the earth. However, as smokers who damaging their lungs, pollutions that occur like open burning and uncontrolled deforestation have damaged these trees.Protecting trees and nature is a beautiful Islamic concept. But sometimes they had been ignored. Allah states in different verses in the Quran laid it related to the protection of the environment and also tells us about the blessings that he has given us.

The forest is one of the valuable assets that is given to us as it provides great ecosystem services by put in biodiversity, fill up underground aquifers, preventing soil erosion, reducing the effects of lightning floods, reducing climate change and global warming. Therefore, as the forests have a very important significance, we should take special attention to the forest destruction and reforestation can take place simultaneously.Moreover, animals that give a big contributions to plants and humans. For example, they will move and migrate to help plant distribution. Besides, animals also contributed in terms of producing leather goods, stuff from wool, and also beigns food sources such as milk, meat and honey.

Islam strongly emphasizes the considerable attributes of maintaining the survival of fellow beings so as not to extinction the habitat in any animal or plant species. In order to safeguard the good of humans and all other creatures as well as to preserving the diversity of life on earth.The concept of behavior towards nature In Islam, Allah has set man as a stewardship on earth. A term which same meaning as successor, khalifah, trustee, viceroy, and guardian.

People not only affords the rights to use the nature resource but they also must follow the environmental ethics by using it without damaging the beauty of the environment. There are several concept that help people in behaving according to certain boundaries. ShariahIn general, shariah is a living law in Islam that is based on Quran and Sunnah. Implementation of sharia in the concept of environmental care will have a huge impact. This is because by implementing Islamic-based rules, environmental environments can be maintained and applied according to the rules that have been set and not just according to human desires.The environment is one of the gifts of Allah to his people in fulfilling human nature demands. In fact, the earth is simply empty land if it is not given a beautiful environment that becomes a home for humans and other beings.

In fulfilling the demands of living as human beings and the khalifah of Allah on this earth, mankind has been guided and taught by Islam. Islamic education is one of the ways in educating people on environmental protection. this is very different from western education where Islamic education covers physical and spiritual aspects but western education only emphasizes physical aspects. As time goes by, development is intensively implemented. but along with that, people must maintain the boundaries in the use of the environment in order to explore the area without redundancy.

Aqidah

Next is the Aqidah. Aqidah is an Arabic word which means a bond or knot. It is also means a strong belief and faith in God that will not be broken and cut off in any situations. The strong aqidah holds with the guidance of the Quran can make one act according to the recommendations of the Quran. for example, the Quran clearly describes the environment as a command not to do damage to the earth, the effects and consequences of human action, and so on.

The examples of Quran verses that mention environmental matters is the command to do no damage to the earth,When it is said to them, ‘Do not corruption in the land’, they say, ‘We are only ones that put things right.’ (QS. Al-Baqarah:11)If every human being in the world understands and adheres to each of the Quran explanation clearly as described, then this earth’s damage can be reduced apart from the earth’s age factor. But in reality there are not many who are able to obey the abide to the ordered because the weakness of the Aqidah has affected the environment.

Morality (Akhlak)

Morality is the word jama ‘from the word (al-khuluqu) meaning habits, behavior, personality, custom, and even the religion itself. While from the perspective of the term it is the inherent nature of the self that can produce something easily and without thinking, researching or coercion. Morality is also a human behavior in relation to God, human relations and human relationships with the environment. The concept of environmental care in Islamic perspectives also emphasizes from the angle of morality.

This is because morality plays an important role that is born of a complete Aqidah and a detailed understanding of shariah. Through morality, the personality of a Muslim is build with praiseworthy qualities in action against the environment. There are four examples of the commendable nature of Islam that must be present in each individual who are able to affect the care of the environment are Qanaah, Mahabbah, and Ihsan. Qanaah is the gratefulness of all the gifts of Allah for the necessity of life. In other words, it is an attitude that is not greedy and always grateful to the grace of God. for example, this type of people will not involved in excessive logging activities that damage the shape of the earth. Furthermore, the attitude of the Mahabbah is the attitude of loving people and other beings.

Loving humans and other creatures include love for the environment and to strive for the best of the environment. Through a high surrender attitude it will control the individual not to be harmful to the environment and to be on the lookout for something that involves environmental sensitivity. Finally, Ihsan is a human attitude that is always careful in doing action because knowing God is always watching it. Through this attitude, it is able to train people to be more aware of the surroundings. As an example that can be attributed to the concept of environmental care of an Islamic perspective is someone who is in a state of anger able to control himself from damaging the plants around him as there is still a kindness in him.

Conclusion

The environment plays an important role in life of mankind and all who live in the environment. This is a sign of Allah’s glory and becomes a ways in understanding the reality of the existence of Allah. This natural welfare needs to be preserved as a sign of gratitude of Allah. The task of preservation and conservation of nature is the responsibility of every human being who lives in this universe, irrespective of the limits of religion.

It is undeniable that the more rapidly the world develops in line with the latest technology, the increasingly environmental problems. The global warming climate is one of the easy examples of how human failures are in preserving the environment. Indeed, Islam encourages the ummah to continuously advance themselves with the blessings of this world. It should be noted however, that it can not extend beyond the limits set by the Shari’a.

Islamic approaches to environmental issues are based on justice and equity. this is because exploration that destroys other habitats is prohibited in Islam. Environmental destructions not only affects life but also an unpredictable generation that is equal to the right to live and enjoy from the environment as the present generation lives and enjoys.

Introduction

M/s General Electric (GE) Tractors Ltd. is one of the largest tractor manufacturers in Pakistan. Since its inception, it has grown leaps and bound and has acquired a name for producing quality tractors though in the initial periods it had to face lot of difficulties to make an entry in the export sector. It has been more than 20 years, since this company was formed.

The company started with a modest 1 billion USD investment in 1999 and the year 2006 saw a growth of 17 % in business with earnings reaching up to 5 billion USD. Since then, slowly but steadily, it has gained a substantial amount of market share in the tractor segment and has been the market leader in this category. With its partnership with Mazda Motors of Japan, it has gained an edge over its competitors regarding the technology part. Presently it is exporting its products to many Asian and African countries.

Strategic Challenges and Problems     

Companies that compete globally generally face two types of competitive pressures: pressures for cost reductions and pressures to be locally responsive. International companies must cope with pressures for cost reductions. This is more so for industries producing items for exports for which price is the main competitive weapon. Pressures for cost reductions are also severe in industries in which the competitors are based in low-cost locations.

Liberalization of the world trade environment is also expected to generally increase cost pressures because of greater international competition. Countering pressures for cost reductions requires that a company minimize its unit costs. To attain this goal, the company has to base its value creating activities at the most favorable low-cost location anywhere in the world and offer a standardized product globally in order to ride down the experience curve as quickly as possible.

In contrast, responding to pressures to be locally responsive requires that a company differentiate or customize its product offering and marketing strategy from country to country in an effort to cater to the different consumers’ tastes and preferences, business practices, distribution channels, competitive conditions, and governmental policies. Since differentiation across countries involve significant duplication and a lack of product standardization, it raises costs. Dealing with these conflicting and contradictory pressures is a difficult challenge for the company, mainly because being locally responsive tends to raise costs.

 RESPONSIVENESS TO LOCAL NEEDS

Pressures for local responsiveness crop up due to differences in consumers’ tastes and preferences, differences in infrastructure, differences in distribution channels, and the demands of the host government. Consumers’ tastes and preferences differ significantly between countries due to historic or cultural reasons.GE Tractors faced similar problems and hence, the product and marketing messages had to be customized to appeal to the tastes and preferences of local consumers in such cases.

This typically required entrusting the production and marketing decisions to local subsidiaries. Pressures for local responsiveness also cropped up due to differences in infrastructure and traditional practices among countries, creating a need to customize products suitably. This again required the delegation of manufacturing and production functions to local subsidiaries.

Differences in distribution channels among countries required adopting different strategies. This necessitated the delegation of marketing functions to national subsidiaries. Finally, economic and political demands imposed by host governments necessitated a degree of local responsiveness. Generally, threats of protectionism, economic nationalism, and local content rules all dictate that international businesses manufacture locally. Pressures for local responsiveness restrict a firm from realizing full benefits from experience-curve effects and location advantages. In addition, pressures for local responsiveness imply that it may not be possible to transfer from one nation to another the skills and products associated with a company’s distinctive competencies.

Main issues that confronted the management of the company   

NEED FOR GLOBAL EXPANSION

Expanding globally allows companies to increase their profitability which is not-possible to purely domestic enterprises. Companies that operate internationally : i) earn a greater return from their unique competencies; ii) realize location advantages by dispersing different value creation activities to those locations where they will be performed most efficiently; and iii) come down the experience curve faster than the competitors, thereby offering more competitive products to the consumers.

UNIQUE COMPETENCIES

Unique competencies are the unique strengths that allow a company to achieve superior efficiency, quality, innovation, or customer responsiveness. Such strengths are typified by product offerings that other companies find difficult to match or imitate. Thus, unique competencies are vital for a company’s competitive advantage. They enable a company to lower costs and also differentiate its product offerings. GE Tractors with valuable distinctive competencies often realized huge returns by applying those competencies and the products they produced to foreign markets, where indigenous competitors lack similar competencies and products.

LOCATION ADVANTAGES

Location advantages are those that occur from performing a value creation activity in the most advantageous location for that activity- in whichever part of the world that might be.  Locating a value creation activity in the most favorable location for that activity have one of two effects. It : i) lowers the costs of value creation, helping the company achieve a low-cost position or ii) enable a company to differentiate its product offering and charge a premium price.

GE Tractors realized location economies by dispersing each of its value creation activities to its optimal location and had a competitive advantage over other companies that concentrates all its activities at a single location. It was better able to differentiate its product offering and lower its cost structure than its single-location competitor. The basic assumption is that by dispersing its manufacturing and design activities, a firm will be able to establish a competitive advantage for itself in the global marketplace.

EXPERIENCE CURVE

Experience curve refers to the systematic decrease in production costs that occur over the life of a product. Learning effects and economies of scale lie behind the experience curve and moving down that curve allows a company to lower the costs. GE Tractors that moved down the experience curve more quickly had a cost advantage over its competitors. Most of the sources of experience-based cost economies are generally found at the plant level.

Dispersing the fixed costs of building productive capacity over a large output reduced the cost of producing a product. Hence the answer to riding down the experience curve as rapidly as possible is to increase the accumulated volume produced by a plant as quickly as possible. Global markets are larger than domestic markets and, therefore, GE Tractors that serve a global market from a single location was able to build up accumulated volume faster than companies that focused primarily on serving their home market or on serving multiple markets from multiple production locations.

Business Strategies that that management implemented to turn around the company 

Companies use four basic strategies to enter and compete in the international environment.  Each of these strategies has its advantages and disadvantages.

International Strategy

GE Tractors pursued an international strategy, created value by transferring valuable skills and products to foreign markets where local competitors lacked those skills and products. Most international companies have created value by transferring differentiated product offerings developed at home to new markets overseas. Consequently, they tend to centralize product development functions, in their home country. However, they also tend to establish manufacturing and marketing functions in each major country in which they do business. Although they may undertake some local customization of product offering and marketing strategy, this tends to be limited in scope. Ultimately, as in most international companies, the head quarters, based in Pakistan, retained tight control over marketing and product strategy.

An international strategy makes sense if a company has valuable unique competencies that local competitors in foreign markets lack and if the company faces relatively weak pressures for local responsiveness and cost reductions. In such situations, an international strategy can be very profitable and GE tried to follow the same strategy. However, when pressures for local responsiveness are high, companies pursuing this strategy lose out to companies that place a greater emphasis on customizing the product offering and market strategy to local conditions. Furthermore, because of the duplication of manufacturing facilities, GE tractors that pursued an international strategy had at times tend to incur high operating costs. Therefore, this strategy is often unsuitable for industries in which cost pressures are high.

Multidomestic Strategy

GE Tractors pursuing a multidomestic strategy orient themselves toward achieving maximum local responsiveness. As with companies pursuing an international strategy, they tend to transfer skills and products developed at home to foreign markets. However, unlike international companies, multidomestic companies like GE Tractors extensively customize both their product offering and their marketing strategy to different national environments, Consistent with this approach, GE also tend to establish a complete set of activities–including production, marketing, and R&D in each major national market in which it is doing business. As a result, GE generally does not realize value from experience-curve effects and location advantages and, therefore, often have a high cost structure.

A multidomestic strategy makes most sense when there are high pressures for local responsiveness and low pressures for cost reductions. The high cost structure associated with the replication of production facilities makes this strategy inappropriate in industries in which cost pressures are intense. Another limitation of this strategy is that GE Tractors have developed into decentralized groupings in which each national subsidiary functions in a largely autonomous manner. As a result, after some time GE may begin to lose the ability to transfer the skills and products derived from distinctive competencies to its various national subsidiaries around the world.

Global Strategy

GE Tractors followed a global strategy, focused on increasing profitability by reaping the benefits of cost reductions that come from experience-curve effects and location economies. That is, the company is pursuing a low-cost strategy. The various activities such as production, marketing, and R&D of GE, pursuing a global strategy, are concentrated in a few favorable locations. Global companies do not tend to customize their product offering and marketing strategy to local conditions.

This is because customization raises costs as it involves shorter production runs and the duplication of functions. Global companies like GE preferred to market a standardized product worldwide so that it can reap the maximum benefits from the economies of scale that lie behind the experience curve. This strategy makes sense in those cases in which there are strong pressures for cost reductions and where demands for local responsiveness are minimal. These conditions exist in many industries manufacturing industrial goods.

Transnational Strategy

GE Tractors whose operations are spread across several locations worldwide and are not confined to any country or a region and since pursue low cost and product differentiation at the same time are referred to as transnational companies. In essence, transnational companies operate on a global level while maintaining a high level of local responsiveness. A transnational strategy makes sense when a company faces high pressures for cost reductions and high pressures for local responsiveness.

GE which pursues a transnational strategy, basically tries to achieve low-cost and differentiation advantages simultaneously. Although this strategy looks attractive, in practice it is a difficult strategy to pursue. Pressures for local responsiveness and cost reductions place conflicting demands on the company. Local responsiveness raises costs, which clearly makes cost reductions difficult to achieve. Although a transnational strategy apparently offers the most advantages, it should be remembered that implementing it raises difficult organizational issues. The appropriateness of each strategy depends on the relative strength of pressures for cost reductions and for local responsiveness.

Lessons that could be drawn from this strategic turnaround              

GE Tractors is functioning in a very stable position presently and should seriously consider for international expansion more vigorously.

 International expansion involves establishing significant market interests in new countries.  Additional foreign markets provide additional sales opportunities for the firm that may be constrained by the relatively smaller number of countries at present exporting. Firms expand globally to seek opportunity to earn a return on large investments such as plant and capital equipment or research and development, or enhance market share and achieve scale economies, and also to enjoy advantages of locations. Other motives for international expansion include extending the product life cycle, securing key resources and using low-cost labor. However, to mould their firms into truly global companies, GE Tractors must develop global mind-sets.

International expansion is fraught with various risks such as, political risks and economic risks. International expansions increases coordination and distribution costs and managing a global enterprise entails problems of overcoming trade barriers, logistics costs.

There are several methods for going international. Each method of entering an overseas market has its own advantages and disadvantages that must be carefully assessed It is common for a firm to begin with progress to licensing, then to franchising finally leading to direct investment. As the firm achieves success at each stage it moves to the next. If it experiences problems at any of these stages, it may not progress further. If adverse conditions prevail or if operations do not yield the desired returns in a reasonable time period, the firm may withdraw from the foreign market. Expansion into foreign markets can be achieved through:

• Licensing
• Joint Venture
• Direct Investment

Licensing: Licensing permits a company in the target country to use the property of the licensor. Such property usually is intangible, such as trademarks, patents, and production techniques. The licensee pays a fee in exchange for the rights to use the intangible property and possible for technical assistance. Licensing has the potential to provide a very large ROI since this mode of foreign entry also does require additional investments. However, since the licensee produces and markets the product, potential returns from manufacturing and marketing activities may be lost.

Joint Venture: There are five common objectives in a joint venture: market entry, risk/reward sharing, technology sharing and joint product development, and conforming to government regulations. Other benefits include political connections and distribution channel access that may depend on relationships.

Joint ventures are favored when:

• The partners’ strategic goals converge while their competitive goals diverge;
• The partners’ size, market power, and resources are small compared to the industry leaders;
• Partners’ are able to learn from one another while limiting access to their own proprietary skills.

The critical issues to consider in a joint venture are ownership, control, length of agreement, pricing, technology transfer, local firm capabilities and resources, and government intentions. Potential problems include, conflict over asymmetric investments, mistrust over proprietary knowledge, performance ambiguity — how to share the profits and losses, lack of parent firm support, cultural conflicts, and finally, when and how when to terminate the relationship.

Joint ventures have conflicting pressures to cooperate and compete:

• Strategic imperative: the partners want to maximize the advantage gained for the joint venture, but they also want to maximize their own competitive position.
• The joint venture attempts to develop shared resources, but each firm wants to develop and protect its own proprietary resources.
• The joint venture is controlled through negotiations and coordination processes, while each firm would like to have hierarchical control.

Direct Investment: Direct investment is the ownership of facilities in the target country. It involves the transfer of resources including capital, technology, and personnel. Direct investment may be made through the acquisition an existing entity or the establishment of a new enterprise. Direct ownership provides a high degree of control in the operations and the ability to better know the consumers and competitive environment it requires a high degree of commitment and substantial resources.

There are three major strategy options for international expansion:

Multidomestic: The organization decentralizes operational decisions and activities to each country in which it is operating and customizes its products and services to each market. Global: The organization offers standardized products and uses integrated operations. Transnational: The organization seeks the best of both the multidomestic and global strategies by globally integrating operations while tailoring products and services to the local market.

In other words a company ‘thinks globally but acts locally’.  Global electronic communications and connectivity can help integrate operations while flexible manufacturing enables firms to produce multiple versions of products from the same assembly line, tailoring them to different markets. This gives more choice in locating facilities to take advantage of cheaper labor or to get the best of other factors of production

Managing Global Supply Chains to Enhance Competitiveness

Logistics capabilities make or mar global operations. Global operations involve highly coordinated international flow of goods, information, cash, and work processes. Setting up a global supply chain to support producing and selling products in many countries at the right cost and service levels is a difficult task.

However the benefits of managing this difficult task has many benefits, which include rationalization of global operations by setting up right number of factories and distribution centers and integration of far-flung operations under a unified command to better manage inventory and order filling activities. Optimizing global supply chain operations can cut the delivery times and costs drastically and improve global competitiveness. Smart supply chain planning may result in locating facilities where they make the most logistical sense.

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Ford Motor Company failed to identify appropriate corporate social responsibility strategies that would address the issues in the society and environment. Primarily, a vehicle manufacturer must be concerned about the environmental hazards of the their products.  Moreover, a vehicle manufacturer, the most important social issue that would affect the company’s operations, image and competitiveness in the market and locations where it operates.   Unfortunately, Ford failed to integrate its business with the society where in a relationship must exist to succeed and sustain growth since both must co-exist to ensure mutual gain. In the manufacturing of Excursion, it appeared that the revenues and profits were considered over social issues concerning the environment.

Ford’s advocacy for a greener environment was a good strategy to manage its reputation. However, there are other environmental issues associated with the car industry that requires importance and attention which are air pollution and fuel consumption.  In the process of formulating environmental strategies, the company was unable to proactively incorporate pollution prevention in manufacturing their vehicles, specifically the Excursion.  Moreover, although the raw materials for Excursion were 85% recyclable and 20% from recycled materials, the company did not invest on making the product environmental-friendly despite the almost 50% profit margin per unit.

In developing the Excursion, Ford has attempted to be socially and environmentally responsible by integrating a cost-saving fuel consumption for the Excursion’s vehicle class, however, other environmental aspects were not given importance such as the air pollution. The profit margin for the Excursion was relatively higher at 20,000 per unit with the annual sales of 50,000 to 60,000 and such was already forecasted by the company.  If Ford proactively invested more on prevention or even minimizing air pollution on the Excursion, it could be branded as an environmentally responsible car manufacturer.

Employer ; Employee and International Ethics: Foreign Assignment

Sara can be considered as discriminated by her employer, specifically her immediate supervisor by forcing her to adhere to inferior treatment to conform to the culture and norms of the Mexican market base despite of the obvious disdain against her rights as a woman. This is called ethical relativism where in the approach of a business is to follow suit to the market’s culture and ethics despite of moral and discrimination concerns that come along with it.  Business people tend to adopt to the culture and practices of the market in lieu of the profits and revenues that the company can earn from the venture and the disregard to the morally questionable practices are not considered  On the other hand, the manager, William Vitam, have adopted the “When in Rome, do as Romans do” to maintain and safeguard the growth of the business inspite of the damanging and insulting outcomes of the practices to the employees.

He resorted to such strategy to display flexibility and to protect the welfare of the company, however, the moral and psychological damages to employees are ignored.  If Mr. Vitam will adapt the Donaldson approach, he will dismiss ethical relativism and imperialism, and base his principles in the middle path which requires him to respect the core human values; dignity and rights which will serve as the borderline or standards of ethical values. Values are relatively and globally similar which simply implies that such are innate and constant.  Therefore, it can be stated that “When in Rome, or anywhere else, do what you should do when you are at home”.  Sara opted to act based on her values and morals, hence, respect for women and discrimination are almost globally embraced.

Sara should be flexible and should adapt to the culture and norms of Mexicans as long as such are morally appropriate, non-discriminatory and professionally suitable. Countries have different culture and norms, and it is the responsibility of a transnational company to conform to such without sacrificing its ethics and morals.  If a company persisted on adapting to the cultural practices which are morally incorrect, it will bring about conflicts among employees and its reputation will be at stake.

Ethics and Marketing: The Skateboard Scare

There are three theories of product safety and liability, these are: breach of warranty, negligence and strict liability. Breach of warranty is an acknowledgement of the manufacturer or supplier during on the point of sale of the product while negligence is an obligation and non-compliance of such obligation may cause qualified customer’s injury.  On the other hand, strict liability states that all accountabilities are shouldered by the manufacturer concerning product defect.  Among the three theories of product safety and liability, negligence and breach of warranty are the most applicable approach for the case of Brewsters Bicycle Shop.  All products must come with warranty as an added service for the customers. You may also be interested in reading Business and Society Relationship

Moreover, Brewsters Bicycle shop must be also observe the negligence theory since it is its accountability to ensure that their products meet the safety standards set by the government.  In advertising the company’s skateboards, Brewsters failed to indicate a disclaimer stating the danger and hazards of skateboarding.  The visual image of skateboarders doing complex routines without a disclaimer gives the impression of safety since the consequences of skateboarding are shown to be do-it-yourself or easy like pancakes notion among views.  The company then violated its social responsibility to warn the public about the safety of each products, therefore, it can be concluded that the ads made for Brewsters are unethical and careless.

The committee and Brewster both have logical reasons concerning the advertising of the latter. However, it is the social responsibility of the company to warn the public about the safety hazards of its products.  The company should take full responsibility of all the expenses incurred because of this television ad since it failed to insert a detailed a disclaimer pertaining to the safety and use of the product.  Non-compliance of such may result to the injury of the customers which may increase the expenses of the company.  Resters’ TV advertisements have displayed a non-socially responsible and non-morally unethical company which is motivated by profits while disregarding the society’s welfare and safety.

• Understand the kinds of influences that affect children and young people’s environment.
• Describe, with examples the kinds of influences that affect children and young people’s development including:

Background

Pupils may come from a wide range of different family environments, cultures and circumstances for example their parents may come from a foreign country and have different religious beliefs. This may affect the child as they will be taught something different at home and school may be teaching something else and this may confuse the child. There may also be a language issue as the child may speak the parent’s language at home and may have problems speaking English at school.

Health

If pupils suffer from poor health or physical disability, it may restrict their development opportunities. Health can be affected by low income and a range of socio-economic factors such as access to good-quality health services and shops selling good-quality food at affordable prices.

The child’s emotional development will also be impacted depending on the illness of their needs. It is important that adults in schools are aware of these situations and circumstances so that they can support them by ensuring that they are included as far as possible.

Environment

Families who feel confident about their future income and finances can choose their lifestyle. They can also choose where they would like to live. Families in the higher social classes tend to live in more expensive housing areas with good facilities for travel and education. Families with lower incomes tend to live in more densely occupied housing areas. Families on lower incomes are often forced to rent rather than buy their homes.

Different social class groups often live in different neighbor hoods, but there can be disadvantages to living in poor-quality or high-density housing. These can include noise, pollution, overcrowding, poor access to hops and other facilities, and stress from petty crime. When people are on a low income, household maintenance can become a problem.

Poorly maintained housing can create health hazards. Low income and poor housing are a source of stress to many people. In general, people with money appear to have fewer problems compared with people who live in low-income areas. Living in the suburbs or in the country may also cause less stress than living ‘in town’.