Environment

Appraising a company’s resource strengths and weaknesses and its external opportunities and threats, commonly known as SWOT analysis, provides a good overview of whether the company’s overall situation is fundamentally healthy or unhealthy. Just as important, a first-rate SWOT analysis provides the basis for crafting a strategy that capitalizes on the company’s resources, aims squarely at capturing the company’s best opportunities, and defends against the threats to its well-being (Thompson, Strickland & Gamble, 2010).

The purpose of the situation analysis of the external environment is to find what is happening in the company environment now and in the future and how these factors will influence the activities and existence of the company. Environmental Threats Often, certain factors in a company’s external environment pose threats to its profitability, competitive well-being, and growth prospects.

Threats can stem from the emergence of cheaper or better technologies, rivals’ introduction of new or improved products, the entry of lower-cost foreign competitors into a company’s market stronghold, new regulations that are more burdensome to a company than to its competitors, vulnerability to a rise in interest rates, the potential of a hostile takeover, unfavorable demographic shifts, adverse changes in foreign exchange rates, political upheaval in a foreign country where the country has facilities, and the like (Thompson, Strickland & Gamble, 2010).

An environmental threat is an external element that can develop into anon crisis or crisis problem and potentially prevent the organization from achieving its goals. It is management’s job to identify the threats to the company’s prospects and to evaluate what strategic actions can be taken to neutralize or lessen their impact (Thompson, Strickland & Gamble, 2010). The threat faced by Sweet C’s Cupcakery that can hinder its profitability is the existence of competitors. The threats coming from these competitors should not be taken lightly.

In tough economic times all businesses are trying to attract customers. Firstly, Sweet C’s has to find out what our competitors are doing. Even if our competitors are not doing anything different, we have to consider the types of threats they can pose. You then need to create a plan as to how you are going to deal with this threat upon your business circumstances. As a new business, it is important that Sweet C’s Cupcakery has a competitive advantage over the competition. In order to respond to this threat, we will lower their prices and offer discounts.

In addition to our store, Sweet C’s Cupcakery serves customers via online orders. More and more small businesses are using the Internet to conduct business. There are many online threats that small businesses can face and so should be prepared for. Viruses, malicious codes or hacking are all threats that some small businesses have already faced (Bi, 2011). To respond to online threats, we will always keep back-up of important files and have regular computer maintenance. Anti-spy-ware and anti-phishing software can act as preventative measures to combat such threats (Bi, 2011).

There are many threats that small businesses face that are beyond their control. Natural disasters, accidents or terrorist attacks are very real threats that some small businesses can face. While you are not able to control these threats there are preventative measures that you can take. Insurance to cover damage caused to business premises is something that small business owners need to think about. Being prepared for all types of threats that your small business could potentially face will help you to cope and recover better.

An honest assessment of threats to your business will help to highlight areas that could cause damaging effects to your business (Bi, 2011). Strengths A resource strength is something a company is good at doing or an attribute that enhances its competitiveness in the marketplace. A company’s resource strengths represent its competitive assets and determine whether its competitive power in the marketplace will be impressively strong or disappointingly weak (Thomas, Strickland & Gamble, 2010). Customer service is Sweet C’s Cupcakery’s greatest strength.

Customer service is critical for every successful business. Since cupcakes usually are served at significant events such as birthdays and weddings, you have to be ready to deal with customer concerns and complaints in a targeted and effective manner. Adopting a policy of customer advocacy is an excellent way to keep customers coming back, even if something goes wrong with one of their orders (Bowerman, 2012). Sweet C’s will use their customer obsession to gain a competitive advantage over our competitors.

By delivering exceptional customer service to each consumer we serve, not only do we increase the number of consumers that return, but it also brings up new customers. It is a known fact that word of mouth is the best form of advertisement. Whether customers are satisfied or not, they will tell others about their experience. Another strength of Sweet C’s Cupcakery is our creativity. Creativity fuels innovation in every department of your business. Creative employees may help come up with your next great idea, new ways to market cupcakes, and cutting-edge methods for preparation and decoration.

If you want to land more clients, creating cupcakes that cannot be found anywhere else in your city is one way to build your reputation (Bowerman, 2012). At Sweet C’s we pride ourselves on offering unique cupcakes. We believe it is our innovative cupcakes that keep our customers coming back. In our quest for innovation and improved business, we still place a great emphasis on the quality of our ingredients and the appeal of our recipes. Better cakes will net you better business. Competing Against Competitors to Maximize Profits and Create Value for Stakeholders

The tight connection between competitive advantage and profitability means that the quest for sustainable competitive advantage always ranks center stage in crafting a strategy. The key to successful strategy making is to come up with one or more strategy elements that act as a magnet to draw customers and that produce a lasting competitive edge over rivals (Thompson, Strickland & Gamble, 2010). Neapolitan Cupcake & Gift Shoppe is the only bakery in the CSRA to exclusively offer gourmet cupcakes. Additionally, hey design cupcake towers for weddings and events, as well as custom design cupcakes for birthday parties and other special occasions. In order for Sweet C’s Cupcakery to compete with Neapolitan Cupcake, we have to offer more services for our customers. Adding catering to our list of services is a good way to maximize profits. It will require a larger number of cupcakes per order, but we will be able to charge accordingly. We will be using supplies and ingredients from our inventory, so it will not require the purchase of additional supplies.

The concept of corporate profits means that the value of goods and services created and sold on the open market is greater than the costs of creating this value. More specifically, to maximize profit is to squeeze as much value out of resources, machines and labor as possible, so the surplus value will go to the firm’s owners (Johnson, 2012). Decline in Economy Requires Strategy Modification A decline in the U. S. economy can create challenges for businesses. In times of financial stress, small companies should look to slash costs and recover sunken expenses.

With a decline in the economy, Sweet C’s may have to let go of unnecessary employees and consider outsourcing or contracting services to reduce overhead and decrease the cost of benefits. To make up for the lack of laborers, we will have utilize machines to assist with producing our cupcakes. Global Competition Impact Although a bakery is essentially a local that serve a limited geographical area, competition within the industry has gone global. Global competition can impact the business strategy. Bakery owners may be tempted to utilize new product segments.

Suppliers do not have much negotiating power in the bakery business due to the well developed markets for their products and the commoditized nature of what they are selling. Bakeries can be affected by price swings of the raw inputs, but the changes are a result of global supply and demand determinants rather than suppliers’ negotiating power. Sweet C’s Cupcakery will utilize only products that can be obtained locally. This way, we will avoid unnecessary overhead costs and high cost for having ingredients shipped.

Market Size and growth rate: Market size of the industry is 40 billon and the industry has been growing at the rate 20% during the period 2000-08. The industry is currently in the rapid growth and takeoff phase since many innovations are coming up and the industry is being attracted by many big corporate to enter in. Number of rivals: The industry is divided into two sub segments: routine tests and specialised tests. In routine test segment, the industry is fragmented into many small companies at the local and regional level.

In specialised test segment, the industry is dominated by few large companies such as Piramal, SRL Ranbaxy, etc. Since there is low cost associated with setting up labs at local level and the industry has bright future prospects so it is attracting large number of local companies and also big corporate to enter the market. Scope of competitive rivalry: Most companies in this industry compete at local geographic area since there is less cost associated with setting up the labs in local areas and hence it is easy for local players to enter in the market.

Moreover, routine market comprises of 61% of the total market share which includes large number of small players and hence the competition is fierce at local level. Also, companies present globally have competitive advantage in terms of high end technology since it requires large investments which is not afforded by small players. Therefore looking at the long term perspective, globalisation is conducive for the increase in bottom line. Number of buyers: There are two types of buyers: doctors and patients. But most patients visit diagnostic centres only on the recommendation of doctors.

Therefore referring doctors enjoy discretionary power to refer the patients to any diagnostic centre. Also the number of local diagnostic centres are many and doctors refer the patients where they have tie up and one which provide them better incentives. Therefore doctors enjoy high bargaining power. But specialized test centres are very few so they have significant bargaining power. Degree of product differentiation: Routine segment is characterized by low product differentiation because routine tests include simple tests like blood test, sugar test, etc. hich does not need much technical competency. And since there are large number of players in this segment and there is low product differentiation, this has led to intense competition and low profitability. Whereas, specialized segment is characterized by presence of economies of scale so there is high product differentiation in terms of technology, modus operandi. Also, this segment is capital intensive therefore it has fewer number of players. Product innovation: The industry is characterized by rapid product innovation, for example, introduction of genome studies, molecular diagnostics and so on.

As the methods of diagnosis are becoming more sensitive and specific, it is leading to rapid obsolescence of old technology. Also there are opportunities to overtake rivals by being first to market with next generation products like Tele-Radiology, Tele Pathology. Supply/demand conditions: Also as there are large number of players in routine segment, there is intense rivalry at local level. This rivalry has resulted in price wars. In specialized segment, which comprises of national players, there is moderate rivalry since players compete in same markets and market potential is high.

Pace of technological change: As mentioned earlier, industry is marked with rapid change in technology and, methods of diagnosis. Rapidly advancement of technology in the methods of diagnosis and equipments is leading to rapid obsolescence of old technology. Most diagnostic centres need new technology with a need to replace equipments every six months which is not financially viable for most of the centres. Vertical integration: Most competitors operate only in one segment that is diagnosis.

But some competitors like Piramal operate in multiple stages, for example it operates through B2C (Business to customer), D2C (Doctor to customer), B2B (Business to Business) modes. Economies of Scale: The industry is characterized by economies of scale. But in routine segment, despite of the presence of economies of scale, none of the players has able to achieve high end volumes, due to intense competition and absence of government policies for restricting the entry of newer players, in order to gain substantial cost advantage. Specialized segment is also characterized by significant economies of scale.

For many years, teachers, parents and child care providers saw how young children learn through play. Studies of child development play, reading, and writing show that young children learn differently from adults. Young children must be active while they learn. They must experience first hand and in very real ways how things work, how spoken words can be written, and how reading helps them function in the world. Structured learning activities such as paper and pencil tasks, workbook pages, drill, and sitting and listening for long periods of time do not work for young children.

The National Association for the Education of Young Children represents the early childhood profession. Their book on developmentally appropriate practice and accreditation criteria define quality programs for young children. Developmentally appropriate environments help children develop in all areas—physical, social, creative, emotional, and cognitive. No one area of development is more important than another in the early years of a child’s life. It is often not possible to separate children’s development in one area from another.

For example, as a child masters a physical skill such as climbing, self-esteem grows. The new physical skill makes it possible for the child to learn more about the world and to interact with friends. Children use problem solving to learn and perfect each new mental, social or physical skill. This integrated approach to learning is one of the hallmarks of a developmentally appropriate program. Parents want a warm and loving person to care for their children. Research supports the importance of this relationship. Staff characteristics are the most important criteria for determining quality care.

A trained provider will interact well with children because of her knowledge and expectations of behavior for that age group. A developmentally appropriate provider knows and works with each child as an individual. Individual children have their own interests that motivate their learning and good behavior. Developmentally appropriate programs value individual interests as strengths that help children learn In appropriate settings, teachers arrange learning centers in which small groups of children can work and play. These centers may be for different types of play: quiet, messy, and active.

Most programs have an area for block building, art, water play, playing house, music, books, table toys, and games. For school-aged children, there is an area for doing homework or projects. What most adults remember from their own public school experiences will not be in a quality early childhood program. There are no individual desks where each child sits to listen to the teacher and do work. There is no large space where everyone has to do the same thing at the same time. Children can choose to be with a friend or alone. This increases success in getting along with others.

They do not need to compete for materials or attention. It is easier to take turns. They learn to listen to others, express themselves, and eventually understand another person’s viewpoint.. The curriculum is everything that goes on throughout the day. Chances for learning occur during play and routines like snack, lunch and rest times. Children learn good health practices, positive social interactions, independence in self-care and decision making, as well as science, mathematics, music, art, language, and social studies. The caregiver plans learning activities after seeing the children’s interests and abilities.

Children learn the same thing in a variety of activities. They learn a variety of things in one activity. For instance, learning colors can take place in art, through songs and stories, through table games, cooking activities, and in costumes for play. There is no need to have children sit down and teach them the color red all at one time. There are many opportunities throughout the day for children to learn about colors as they actively work with materials. The children who already know about colors are not bored. They attend to other things like shape.

Trained child care teachers know that children grow according to predictable developmental patterns. They match activities to the children’s age and stage. For instance, children younger than three will have difficulty sharing. To reduce the conflicts over toys, a teacher provides more than one of each toy. The teachers model sharing as they work together. When a child does share, the teachers consistently compliment and encourage the child’s sharing. In an inappropriate program, the adults would impose sharing before children are developmentally ready to share, then they punish children for not sharing.

This results in frustration, behavior problems and unhappiness for children, parents and staff. Look for activities planned for an individual child. For example, you told the teachers that your family goes camping on weekends. The teacher puts out a tent, sleeping bags and picnic supplies for the children to use in play. A caregiver will provide musical instruments and recorded music for a child who shows an interest in music. After a child has been in the hospital, the teacher puts books and objects related to hospitals in the classroom for the children to use.

The child can tell others about the experience and play through fears and concerns. Individual children and their families feel valued when these activities relate to their interests and cultural backgrounds. A trained provider will not rush children to be ready for the next stage of development. Living this year fully is more important than getting an early start on next year’s curriculum. Children with diverse interests and learning styles do not experience boredom and frustration when the program offers creative activities and challenges so children can learn at their own pace.

Impact of Industrialization on Environment OVERVIEW Centuries ago, when there was no active expanding of large cities and industries, nature was able to overcome pollution and keep air fairly clean without outside help. The wind and rain in the form of natural rescuers scattered gases and washed away the dust. However, with increasing industrialization and urbanization, the nature’s system cannot cope with pollution and clean the environment naturally. In comparison with volcanoes, hurricanes, forest fires and other natural disasters, people produce much more wastes that pollute the atmosphere.

Thus, the negative impact of industrialization and urbanization processes on the environment is drastic and quite far-reaching. Industrialization in the name of growth has loaded tremendous pressure on environment. Industrialization & environment in the developing countries tries to run hand to hand. But knowingly or unknowingly, industrialization ran faster without caring for environment to win the race. The pace of industrialization has increased several folds in last decade.

Since the beginning of 19th century people have begun to actively use natural resources and intervene in the sector of biosphere – a living part of our planet. Only for the last 100 years, the development of industry has resulted in industrial processes, negative consequences that people could not even predict. Cities with a population of one million or more appeared and their expansion cannot be stopped. This is the result of great inventions and achievements of mankind. Little by little, we have changed our atmosphere and its chemistry.

Nowadays factories are spread around the world and air pollution has become an integral part of our life. Effect: Industrial effluents: Effluent in the artificial sense is in general considered to be water pollution, such as the outflow from a sewage treatment facility or the waste water discharge from industrial facilities. Over 73 million days are lost annually due to water related diseases. An effluent sump pump, for instance, pumps waste from toilets installed below a main sewage line. Waste water treatment a plant, effluent that has been treated is sometimes called secondary effluent, or treated effluent.

This cleaner effluent is then used to feed the bacteria in bio-filters. A thermal power station, the output of the cooling system may be referred to as the effluent cooling water, which is noticeably warmer than the environment. Effluent only refers to liquid discharge. Polluted air: Air pollution refers to the presence of chemical, biological, and particulate matter, and pollutants in the atmosphere around the living spaces. When inhaled, it affects the human biological system, and takes a toll on the quality of life, with the onslaught of a number of respiratory tract disorders.

It is a condition triggered by the presence of air-borne pollutants in the air we breathe. These pollutants could either be the result of chemical emissions or the particulate material from biological waste. The condition has reached alarming proportions in the modern world, with large-scale industrialization and vehicle-emissions being the primary culprits. The pollutants that are air-borne cause a lot of harm to humans and animals, other than permanent damage to the natural environment. Effects of Air Pollution on Humans:

Cardiopulmonary Disease, Pneumonia, Premature Mortality, Heart Attack, Asthma, Difficulty in Breathing, Wheezing and Coughing, Acute Vascular Dysfunction, Thrombosis / Thrombus Formation, Cystic Fibrosis etc. Noise pollution: Due to the growing noise pollution and industrialization, male birds have to change their tune. Basically, to be heard above the noise of modern day living, to communicate with female birds in hopes to get together and procreate, they often have to sing at a higher pitch.

The problem is this is becoming less appealing to the female birds, leaving scientists to worry about what this will eventually do to the mating and population of such birds. Greenhouse gas effect: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions. Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface and the lower atmosphere, it results in an elevation of the average surface temperature above what it would be in the absence of the gases.

Solar radiation at the frequencies of visible light largely passes through the atmosphere to warm the planetary surface, which then emits this energy at the lower frequencies of infrared thermal radiation. Infrared radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases, which in turn re-radiate much of the energy to the surface and lower atmosphere. The mechanism is named after the effect of solar radiation passing through glass and warming a greenhouse, but the way it retains heat is fundamentally different as a greenhouse works by reducing airflow, isolating the warm air inside the structure so that heat is not lost by convection

As described above, World over, the industries are becoming increasingly concerned about achieving and demonstrating their environmental performance because of the growing compulsions from tough legislations and mounting public pressures. Environmental disasters such as Bhopal tragedy, Rhine pollution , Chernobyl disaster, acid rain damage ,Ozone Layer Depletion has led to growing public pressures on governments all over the world Which started imposing stringent legislation with severe penalties in environmental issues environmental & safety system.

These standards do not lay down specific environmental performance criteria, these are system standards. Which describes the management of environment based on company’s environmental policy , objectives and targets defined on the basis of their significant environmental effects . Industry is becoming increasingly concerned about achieving and demonstrating sound environmental performance because of growing compulsions from stringent legislation and Mounting public pressure. There was a time, not long ago, when the harm caused in environment due to human and industrial activities was no body’s concern.

Pollutants affect not only living environment but also social, cultural, political and aesthetic values. In the recent years there is a growing alertness against this environmental pollution. On the one hand the advancements of science & Technology have added to the human comforts by giving us automobiles, electrical appliance better medicine, better chemical to control harmful insects and pest but on the Approach for Assessing Environment other hand they gave us a very serious problem to face pollution.

The continued increase in the pollution coupled with the industrial revolution has had the vital impact on natural resources. The resultant deterioration of environment and fast depletion of natural resources threaten the sustainability of economic development. One of the most pressing and complex challenges facing by our generation are to search out a workable synthesis between economic development and environmental behavior. So friends we need to compromise our needs to maintain a harmony between these two entities i. e. Industry & Environment.

This paper discusses how to catch a batch of fish while seawater fishing in Southern California. It discusses three chief types of fishing: kayak, breaker, and party boats. It talks about cogwheel needed for each type of fishing, locations in which to angle, and what fish to angle for during different times of the twelvemonth.

Often times, some say that fishing is non a athletics for them. It is frequently considered to be deadening, and some say they do non hold the forbearance to sit around and wait for a fish to seize with teeth. While some may non hold forbearance to wait on fish, the chief job is non that it takes excessively long for fish to seize with teeth, They merely do non cognize how to acquire fish to seize with teeth. Catching a batch of fish takes a batch more than merely throwing a worm on a hook and fliping it into the H2O. Although this method may work from clip to clip, but for existent action one must acquire a little more involved than that. One must larn to angle in order to bask catching many fish.

Saltwater fishing in southern California is an experience that will derive mass measures of assorted fish, provided the fisherman knows how to angle. One must cognize what types of fishing are available and which type he/she will angle. Another of import spot of information needed, is to take from the 1000s of points of angling cogwheel, to utilize while fishing. The locations in which to angle, is another really of import factor, that will greatly impact a fisherman ‘s result. Finally, which species to angle for, during what clip of twelvemonth, and with what tackle is the following most of import issue to catching fish. Once a fisherman has a cognition of the type of fishing to be done, the cogwheel needed for each type of fishing, the locations to angle, and the species of fish to angle for, he/she will get down to catch a batch of fish.

The first measure in catching the most fish in Southern California ‘s seawater is to take a type of fishing that is best for the fisherman. “ Fishing in Southern California is much like a deluxe assortment. And what ‘s so fantastic is that there are so many ways to take part in this banquet ” ( Albert, 2003 ) . There are many types of fishing to be done, nevertheless with a limited paper length, merely three will be covered. The first is kayak fishing, this is a low to medium cost of on the H2O fishing that can suit into most fisherman ‘s budgets. The 2nd type is surf angling which includes fishing from shore, docks, and wharfs. Last but non least is angling off shore from a party boat, where fishers pay a captain to take them out on the H2O for specific fish. In order to find which type of fishing is to be done, the fisherman must take a closer expression at the cogwheel needed and cost for each, and find what best fits his/her budget.

Kayak fishing, is one manner that a fisherman can bask angling on the H2O without the big cost of a fishing boat and care fees that come with it. “ As we are all cognizant of we are in some tough economic times and even though kayak fishing is a reasonably cheap athletics relation to having a boat or engaging fishing ushers, it can still be a considerable investing ” ( Cambria,2010 ) . A used kayak can usually be purchased with a monetary value scope from $ 300 up to $ 1000. A new kayak can be purchased for every bit low as $ 600 up to $ 2000 ( Cambria, 2010 ) . There are besides several locations that a kayak can be rented from for $ 50 to $ 100 a twenty-four hours. The monetary value of the kayak depends on the brand and theoretical account to be purchased or rented. For seawater fishing outside of bays and seaports it is recommended that one purchase or lease a sit on top kayak designed for managing unsmooth moving ridges, nevertheless an older theoretical account, sit in kayak will work. Another initial pick to be made in the purchase or lease of a kayak, is how many seats will be needed. For a individual individual there are individual place kayaks ; tandem and three place kayaks are besides available at a small higher monetary value, for those angling with more than one individual. Along with the purchase or lease of a kayak comes the fees of safety equipment, angling cogwheel, and establishing fees.

Safety Equipment, a really of import factor while angling from a kayak. This type of fishing is done on the H2O, off from shore, so a flotation device is necessary. “ Kayaks, that for one ground or another fill with H2O, either sink or go hopelessly unstable. This is less than desirable ” ( Hutchinson, 2004 ) . There are several floatation devices available that scope from life waistcoat to existent kayak floats ; the monetary values of these vary by brand and theoretical account but can be purchased for every bit low as $ 20 and up to $ 200. It is of import to besides retrieve that while kayaking the fisherman is exposed to sunlight, so it is really of import to hold sun block and a chapeau to assist protect from Sun Burnss ( Hutchinson, 2004 ) . The Sun can be an enemy to fishing, if you get burned, it will turn a merriment and exciting twenty-four hours into a incubus that will non shortly be forgotten. Another safety point needed is leashs, these are cords that stretch which are used to attach points to the kayak so that they do non acquire dropped into the H2O and sink. It is really of import to attach a leash to the paddle because if the paddle is lost the kayaker has no manner to paddle back to shore, it is besides recommended to attach fishing poles and any other points that the kayaker does non desire to lose. There are besides several other safety points which can be carried such as a cyberspace, foremost aid kit, tie down ropes, exigency stroboscope visible radiations, and many more. It is really of import to retrieve that there are ever dangers involved while boating.

Basic fishing cogwheel needed to kayak fish. Saltwater anglers angling the seashore should hold at least one come-on projecting existent, a 6 to 7 1/2 pes fishing rod, a simple and easy to transport tackle box, maulerss, visible radiation to heavy weights, and plastic gigues or enticements ( Kovach, 2002 ) . An mean come-on projecting existent scopes in monetary value from $ 40 to $ 300, although these reels are more expensive than other types, the distance they can project and the retarding force system, designed to contend large fish, are far better than other theoretical accounts. The monetary value of angling rods range from $ 40 to $ 200, the better the rod, the larger fish that can be brought in without interrupting the pole. Light weight tackle boxes can be purchased for around $ 20, a tackle box must be easy to transport and little plenty to maintain in the kayaks limited infinites. Hooks, weights, and gigues or enticements will change in monetary value and depend on the species to be fished for.

The following factor in Kayak fishing, is cognizing where to angle. The full seashore of Southern California can be fished with a kayak, nevertheless, with the little scope of a kayak, it is of import to hold a launch site that will acquire the fisherman near to the fish. The easiest topographic points to establish a kayak is within a bay or seaport, although establishing from any beach along the seashore is possible, they are difficult to establish from, because of the breakage waves that one must contend, merely to acquire in the H2O. The bays along the southern seashore that can be launched from are as follows: San Diego, Mission, Encina, Newport, and San Pedro. The Harbors that are easy launch from are Dana Point, Huntington, and Los Angeles ( Kovach, 2002 ) . Most of these bays have free launch sites with free parking for those launching manus carried H2O trade, this is really good when on a budget. Great fishing can non merely be done in these bays and seaports, but they provide entree to seashore, provided that the fisherman does non acquire sea sick.

After taking a location to angle, the following measure is larning how to angle the location. This may even be the most of import factor in catching fish on a kayak, holding the right cogwheel in the right location is great, but without the cognition of how to angle the country, really few fish will be caught. A fish has merely two demands during most of its life, happening something to eat and avoiding being eaten, hence fish like to hold some signifier of screen near a current that brings nutrient stopping point to them ( Kaminsky, 1997 ) . Inside bays and seaports are many anchored canvas boats and yachts, every bit good as docks for fish to conceal under for screen. These bays and seaports besides ever have a strong current, so they are a great topographic point to catch fish. The current can be used to float through the bay or seaport, projecting near the boats and docks to entice the fish out of concealing for something to eat. With the same rule in head, angling outside of the bay or seaport should be done looking for the same factors, screen and current. Kelp beds ( seaweed ) , provide great screen for fish every bit good as under H2O reefs, canons, and peep ( Stienstra, 2008 ) . If a fisherman has added a fish finder to his/her kayak, so happening these reefs, canons, and peep will let for catching a big figure of fish which hide in them. Give the high monetary values for fish finders, most kayakers will non be equipped with one, so happening kelp beds on top of the H2O along the seashore provides for great fishing activity. Fishing these kelp beds is merely like angling near boats and docks, projecting near the kelp will pull the fish out from concealing for a bite to eat.

The 2nd type of fishing to be enjoyed is surf fishing. “ Surf fishing is adult male and nature at its best. It ‘s merely you, the boom surfs, sea birds and salt spray… and hopefully the fish ” ( Albert, 2003 ) . Surf fishing is another low cost manner to angle and bask the ocean. The tackle and equipment needed for breaker fishing is a 10 to 12 pes breaker angling pole with whirling rod that is capable of keeping 200-250 paces of 15 to 20 lb line. It is besides recommended to hold 2 to 6 ounce pyramid doughnuts, # 2 to # 6 maulerss, a sand spike rod holder, and come-on ( Albert, 2003 ) . An mean surf pole and stagger combination can normally be purchased from most retail shops at a monetary value scope from $ 35 to $ 100, these combinations normally come with the 15 to 20 lb line included. The remainder of the fishing cogwheel needed to surf fish can be purchased at merely about any retail shop for less than $ 50 sum.

After the basic cogwheel for breaker fishing is acquired, the following most of import measure to set downing fish is cognizing where to angle. Southern California provides many countries to surf fish, most of the seashore is comprised of beaches which are great for breaker fishing, there are besides many wharfs and docks that can be utilized. Fishing from the beach, is non merely a great manner to angle that provides many species of fish, but it is a great manner to pass a twenty-four hours an flushing off from life on the beach. This requires the usage of a sand spike which holds the pole up high and keeps the line above the breakage moving ridges ( Pfeiffer, 2008 ) . Although beaches are beautiful to angle from, one may non cognize where to angle, because during a high tide all that can be seen is beach and ocean. The best manner to cognize where to angle from the beach is to look into out the beach at low tide and so angle at high tide. During the low tide, cuts and trenches in the ocean floor can be seen. When high tide comes in, fish swim in these cuts and trenches looking for nutrient ( Ristori, 2008 ) . Once a fisherman knows where the fish will be, they can project into these countries and delay for the following fish looking for some nutrient. This may non be the fastest paced fishing, but it is great for disbursement clip with friends and household while fishing. For more impatient fisherman, gigues can be continually be cast out into these trenches and reeled in for more fishing activity.

Another great manner to surf fish is from a wharf or dock, this is a signifier of fishing that opens the fisherman ‘s options up to whatever fish is swimming by. Three chief manner to angle from a wharf or dock are to drop the line straight down and wait for fish swimming and concealing under the wharf or dock ; projecting come-on out every bit far as possible, and allowing it set to catch anything liquid by ; or to project and existent come-ons and gigues in invariably maintaining them traveling, to catch fish that like unrecorded action come-on ( Albert, 2003 ) . With so many options, angling these wharfs and docks can supply much action throughout a twenty-four hours. If one manner is non working, another manner can be tried, and finally angle will be caught. None of the ways to angle from a wharf or dock plants better than the others, it is merely a affair of which manner works best during each visit.

Fishing from a party boat is another great manner to saltwater fish Southern California. This type of angling takes the least cognition of how to angle and provides the most fish caught, nevertheless, it is besides one of the most expensive ways to saltwater fish. These boats have good successful captains and good trained crews that aid even the novitiate fisherman catch fish like a professional ( Albert, 2003 ) . It is of import to retrieve, these crews get paid to assist people catch fish, the captains know the good fishing musca volitanss and the crews know what come-ons and gear plants best for catching the fish. If a fisherman will inquire the crew a batch of inquiries, he/she will go forth the boat with a cognition of how to catch fish.

Choosing a party boat, likely the hardest portion to catching fish on party boat is taking from the many boats available. These boats range from half twenty-four hours to seven twenty-four hours trips, and the cost scope from around $ 40 to 100s of dollars depending on the length. Fishing poles and all the cogwheel needed can be rented from the set downing supplying the boat for around an excess $ 20. It is recommended to hold at least two poles, maulerss, and heavy weights. “ The longer the clip spent on the H2O the more chances for tapping the premier fish-holding countries ” ( Kovach, 2002 ) . The longer the trip the farther the boat can go, so with longer trips there are more options for different fish. The chief factor in taking which boat to take most frequently depends on the fisherman ‘s budget. Another issue, is holding adequate clip to take these trips. An mean half twenty-four hours trip is around six hours long, three one-fourth twenty-four hours trips are from eight to ten hours in length, and a full twenty-four hours trip is twenty four hours.

Checking fish counts is another issue when taking the right party boat. This is frequently and unmarked portion when taking a party boat, each set downing provides a fish count from the old trip ( Kovach, 2002 ) . These fish counts tell anglers how many fish and what species are being caught so they can take what type of fish to angle for. Fish counts are non ever a great index of how fishing will be, some yearss are merely bad yearss, storms or cold foreparts may hold contributed to a low fish count. When watching fish counts, one can state that the best clip to take a party boat, is when they have been catching a batch of fish.

The concluding factor to look at while taking a party boat is the location. Party boats operate out of over a twelve locations along the southern seashore. The landings from which they operate are as follows: Morro Bay, Avila Beach, Goleta, Santa Monica, Redondo Beach, San Pedro, Long Beach, Seal Beach, Newport Harbor, Dana Harbor, Oceanside, Mission Bay, and San Diego Bay ( Albert, 2003 ) . Different locations have many different variables such as H2O temperature, surface conditions, and species available for angling. The farther South, the heater Waterss with sandier undersides which are great for warmer H2O fish like Tuna. More northern locations do non hold as warm of H2O and have more bouldery undersides, so rock fish are normally aimed for when angling these boats.

After taking the type of fishing, geting the basic cogwheel needed, and taking a location to angle, a fisher must cognize what type of fish to angle for. This requires cognizing what type of fish are available at what seasons and what come-on or undertake the fish will seize with teeth. There are over 250 types of fish in the Pacific ocean ( Dunaway, 2004 ) . This adds to the exhilaration of seawater fishing, because it is about impossible to cognize all the types of fish that are in the ocean and what they eat or what come-ons to utilize, so one can ne’er state precisely what fish will caught on any given twenty-four hours. However, if a fisherman has no thought of what to angle for, opportunities are they will non catch many fish, because they do non cognize what come-on or tackle to utilize.

Due to H2O temperature alterations throughout the twelvemonth, different fish are available at different times. The most common species of fish available in Southern California are Yellowfin Tuna, Albacore Tuna, Big Eye Tuna, Dorado, Yellowtail, Barracuda, Calico Bass, Bonito, Sand Bass, Rock Fish, Halibut, Sharks, and Rock Cod. These fish are available at different clip of the twelvemonth, Yellowtail, Halibut, Rockfish, Sharks, and Rock Cod are around all twelvemonth. Barracuda, Calico Bass, Bonito, and Sand bass can be caught from May through October. Yellowfin Tuna, are merely available between July through October. Albacore Tuna come along the seashore from June through September. Big Eye Tuna can be found between August and September, and Dorado can merely be caught from July through September ( Mailly, 2010 ) . Occasionally throughout the twelvemonth, warmer currents may convey other species that are usually found further south, while at other times colder currents sometimes bring in fish that are usually found further north. Knowing when these fish are available, makes it easier to be after angling trips and cognize what may be seize with teething.

Having a cognition of what fish are around during what clip of twelvemonth is a large aid in catching them, nevertheless, an apprehension of what come-ons and undertake each fish will seize with teeth will increase the fisherman ‘s opportunities well. Bait is some signifier of existent nutrient for fish, in most instances come-on should be something that is natural to the environment being fished ( Ristori, 2008 ) . The best seawater come-ons for Southern California are squid, anchovies, mussels, clam, pilchards, and sand worms. Tackle, sometimes referred to as gigues or enticements is meant to portray some signifier of come-on in the country, although sometimes fish will strike something that does non resemble anything else in the ocean. ( Ristori, 2008 ) . Most saltwater fish can be caught utilizing a piece of come-on on a hook, but some are more prone to strike on unrecorded come-on or gigues that are traveling. Yellowfin Tuna, Albacore Tuna, Big Eye Tuna, Dorado, Yellowtail, Barracuda, Calico Bass, Bonito, and Halibut prefer unrecorded come-ons or gigues that imitate them. Sand Bass and Rock fish are more disposed to strike on balls of come-on on a hook but while angling in the bays, these fish will strike on different colored gigues. Shark will merely approximately eat anything but the best action for them is with large balls of come-on on a hook. When nil is seize with teething the come-on or jigs one is utilizing, it is easy to acquire discouraged and give up on the twenty-four hours of fishing, but during these times, it is a good thought to seek different come-ons or gigues that are non normally used, sometimes the fish will merely hit off the wall points ( Kovach, 2002 ) . Many fisherman can verify that sometimes fish merely wo n’t seize with teeth anything that they normally would, other times they will hit anything in the H2O, it is of import to non acquire discouraged and seek something new every one time in a piece.

Once the fisherman knows what come-on will be used, he/she will necessitate to hold the right hook for that come-on. Proper hook choice, is frequently, the most unmarked piece of equipment in a seawater angler ‘s tackle box Large maulerss, can curtail motion of come-ons, while excessively little of a hook, can ensue in hapless incursion. A frail hook, may interrupt when contending stronger fish, and a heavy responsibility hook can change action of enticements and come-ons ( Kovach, 2002 ) . This being said, hook choice is really of import, and the best manner to cognize what hook to utilize for what come-on or enticements, is to inquire person at a come-on shop. Normally the people who work at come-on shops have a cognition of what they are selling and how to angle with it. If taking a party boat out, the crew specialize in how to set up a line to catch fish, so it is really of import to inquire inquiries. The most common used hook for seawater come-on is a saltwater # 2, but once more different come-ons need different maulerss.

After the proper hook is achieved, one must cognize how to hook their come-on in order to catch a fish. “ An angler may have the finest tackle in the universe yet non hold productive yearss on the Pacific because he does non cognize proper hooking methods ” ( Kovach, 2002 ) . Other than calamari, come-on tends to fall away of a hook really easy, so cognize how or where to hook come-on is really of import. Anchovies, pilchards, and any other little fish that may be used as come-on can be hooked through the oral cavity and skull to guarantee it will remain on, this besides will do them look like a unrecorded swimming come-on while floating in the H2O. For unrecorded come-on, it is of import non to kill the fish while hooking it, so it is recommended to hook them in a gill, behind the eyes, or in the tail. These methods of hooking take pattern to happen the right topographic point that it will non easy interrupt free. Squid is the easiest of all come-ons to hook, because with its rubbery tegument, it will keep to a hook all twenty-four hours. It is besides of import to retrieve that fish should see come-on and non a hook when they are nearing 1s line.

“ Give a adult male a fish, and you feed him for today. Teach a adult male to angle, and you feed him for a life-time ” ( Moncur, n.d. ) Becoming a fisherman is more of a challenge than is assumed, there are many factors that need to be learned before one can truly catch a batch of fish. Once one has learned how to catch fish, it is possible for them to hold ne’er stoping angling action.

In aftermath of planetary climatic alterations, the developing states like Pakistan will confront the brunt because of their socio-economic features and heavy trust on agribusiness. As clime alteration will impact the agricultural productiveness, Pakistan needs to follow a policy which will guarantee the nutriment of 180 million people. As portion of version scheme, there is a demand of climate smart agribusiness which comprises of IWM ( incorporate H2O direction ) , GMO ‘s ( Genetically Modified Organisms ) , micro crediting and funding, low delta harvests ( necessitate less H2O ) , organic manure, etc. This survey further compares the agricultural productivenesss of different LDC ‘s with Pakistan and their acceptance rate of Green Revolution. Results show that Pakistan, India and Bangladesh have an acceptance rate of more than 60 % , which is really high in comparing with other developing states like Afghanistan, Angola and Yemen, whose acceptance rate has been less than 2 % . Furthermore other developing states had non adequate environmental considerations as compared to Pakistan. Finally the survey concludes that even though we have given much importance to the environmental facets yet we will hold to make some more attempts to non merely increase agricultural productiveness but with the clime smart facets of agribusiness.

Introduction

In the hereafter, Global Warming due to climatic alteration is expected ( due to current planetary seasonal alterations it is expected that planetary heating is go oning in future ) . About 2oC to 4oC addition in temperature over the subcontinent is expected. In these rough conditions the deficit of fresh H2O supply from rivers every bit good as the altered rain autumn forms will decidedly upset our agricultural productiveness. As a consequence more poorness and other societal immoralities will be our destiny.

Increased bio diverseness loss along with the clime alterations will increase the habitat loss and finally of all time increasing population ‘s demand of nutrient will be a large inquiry grade for the policy shapers of our state and political disposal.

Forests screen of our state is every bit low as 2.2 % or about 1,687,000 hour angle which is being forested in Pakistan. 20.2 % ( 340,000 hour angle ) is classified as primary forest out of it, the most bio diverse and carbon-filled signifier of wood. Pakistan had planted forest 340,000 ha.A Change in Forest Screen: Between 1990 and 2010, Pakistan is losing an norm of 42,000 hour angle or 1.66 % per annum. In entire, between 1990 and 2010, Pakistan has lost 33.2 % of its entire forest screen or around 840,000 hour angle. Pakistan ‘s woods are comprised of 213 million metric dozenss of C in populating forest biomass, which will of class return to the ambiance due to the fast film editing of woods ( FAO, 2010 ) .

All the above climatic alteration catastrophes will finally consequence the people of Pakistan ‘s wellness besides by lessening in fresh H2O supply from aquifers or rain H2O fluctuation and taint or by energy lack powered by deficient usage of hydel power and the effusion of epidemic diseases like malaria and dandy fever. Poor H2O supply, increased worm conditions and the increased strength of natural catastrophes will finally transport on holding large decease tolls and as the Malthusian theory suggests natural catastrophes does non care about who is traveling to be vanished, a bookman or any drone.

History: –

The traditional agricultural agriculture has been with us up to early 1960ss of twentieth century. Afterwards we had followed the green revolution techniques, and with this method we are in a place to go forth India and Bangladesh behind but were behind China in the acceptance rate.

Adoption Ratess of Green Revolution Crop in Pakistan

Old ages

Wheat

Rice

Maize

Millet

Sorghum

Lentils

Land Nuts

Potatos

All Crops

1965

5

0

0

0

0

0

0

10

3

1970

15

30

0

0

0

0

0

20

35

1975

50

40

0

0

0

0

0

45

49

1980

88

45

0

0

7

0

0

50

64

1985

90

55

0

0

10

0

0

60

67

1990

91

70

5

5

15

3

1

70

71

1995

92

85

10

10

20

15

3

75

75

2000

95

99

15

15

21

33

5

80

81

The above tabular array is derived from ‘Robert E. Evenson ‘ ( talk in PDR ) “ The Green Revolution and the Gene Revolution in Pakistan: Policy Deductions ” .

In this tabular array it is evident that the Green Revolution in Pakistan ab initio produced really good consequences i.e. 25 times from 1965 to 1995, with an one-year mean addition of 83 % . It is really high rate of addition in over all harvest outputs but if we compare the consequences with the harvest output addition in 1995-2000 with 1965-1995 ‘s, the one-year mean addition in harvest outputs, it is evident that the one-year mean addition in 1995-2000 remains every bit low as 21.6 % merely. It is clear from above consequences that the so called Green Revolution technique is bit by bit neglecting in our state.

LT 2 %

2-10 %

10-20 %

20-30 %

30-40 %

40-50 %

50-65 %

GT 65 %

Afghanistan

Burkina Faso

Bolivia

Colombia

Cuba

Dominican

Republic

Algeries

Argentina

Angola

Cambodia

Dahomey

Costa Rica

United arab republic

Persia

Bangladesh

Chile

Burundi

Chad

Botswana

Ecuador

Mexico

Kenya

Brazil

China

Cardinal African Republic

El-Salvador

Cameroon

Ghana

South west africa

Maroc

Union of burma

India

Congo ( B )

Gabun

Congo ( Z )

Lao people’s democratic republic

Paraguay

Nepal

Tunisia

Dutch east indies

Gambia

Guatemala

Ca»“te d’Ivoire

Malagasy republic

Peru

Siam

Malaya

Guinea Bissau

Guinea

Yaltopya

French sudan

Saudi- Arabia

Turkey

Pakistan

Mauritanie

Haiti

Liberia

Sierra

Leone

South- Africa

Philippines

Mongolia

Jamaica

Honduras

Syria

Srilanka

Niger

Libya

Mauritius

Vietnam

Somalia

Nyasaland

Nicaragua

Yemen

Mocambique

Nigeria

Panama

Rwandese republic

Senegal

Soudan

Swaziland

Tanzania

Togo

Uruguay

Uganda

Venezuela

Northern rhodesia

Rhodesia

Table from: Robert E. Evenson ‘ ( talk in PDR, 2010 )

Even though Pakistan is among those states whose acceptance rate of Green Revolution is more than 65 % . Even so we are confronting with the nutrient crises. Why? Because of several grounds i.e. political, societal and distributional grounds along with the territorial and cross boundary line influences. One of these grounds is the none usage of resources harmonizing to sustainable. By sustainable usage of resources we mean that inordinate usage of fertilisers is of no usage, we will hold to reconsider the national policy for the accomplishment of national ends, and that is the emerging construct of Climate Smart Agriculture, in which we must utilize our cherished resources in such a manner that neither there should be an inordinate usage of fertilisers and H2O etc nor we should go forth the hereafter nutrient demands of the of all time increasing population.

On the other manus we could non accomplish “ Gene Revolution ” which is based on “ Recombinant Deoxyribonucleic acid ” , ( a familial Engineering technique ) because we had non introduced the nutrient safety and environmental safety ordinances which are required for Gene Revolution. Gene Revolution is comprised of Genetically Modified merchandises. Approximately 40 per centum of GM merchandises are GM harvest merchandises and 60 per centum are GM wellness merchandises ( Robert E. Evenson in PDR, 2010 ) . The GM harvest merchandises fall into three classs:

( a ) Herbicide Tolerant merchandises.

( B ) Disease Resistant merchandises.

( degree Celsius ) Insect Resistant merchandises ( chiefly from Bacillus thurengiensis ( Bt ) engineered into the works. If we could accomplish the Gene Revolution, it will be a success way taking to Climate Smart agribusiness.

Expected Future of nutrient insecurity and Climate Smart Agriculture

Post Harvest losingss of Crop

The station crop losingss of different harvests of fruits and veggies occur due to hapless engineering of harvest home, improper timing of crop and burden of end product in the Fieldss and long distances from Fieldss to market. This station crop loss is vey important sum of entire end product. In Pakistan these losingss are besides really high particularly in fruits and veggies. Harmonizing to national statistics these loses in Pakistan are runing from 35 to 40 % . During the Kharif 2005-06 the production of veggies was 1.2 million dozenss while it dropped to under 1 million dozenss in 2009-10.Similarly, Rabi 2005-06 production of veggies was about 2.2 million dozenss which came down to 2 million dozenss in 2009-10.and at the same clip the population and demand is increased ( FAO study, 2010 ) .

Stay Green seeds assortment should be used in production as this assortment delays the over maturating procedure and vegetable corsets green and remain fresh and functional on the workss for longer period. This will assist and farmer has more clip to reap the harvest and the opportunities of loss will be least.

If the authorities take this issue earnestly and by presenting progress engineering and better the substructure it can get the better of these losingss. By making this authorities can guarantee more supply of fruits and veggies and set the monetary values at the lower limit degrees and guarantee the nutrient security in the state, as the most of the hapless people of Pakistan used veggies as the basic nutrient. ( Dawn Economic and Bushiness reappraisal, 25 April, 2011 )

Issues sing Agriculture in Pakistan:

Water Handiness: –

Pakistan is a H2O lacking state. Agribusiness is the largest individual user of H2O in the state, devouring about 99 per cent of available surface H2O and 92.5 per cent of groundwater beginnings. Groundwater contributes 57 per cent ( 40 MAF ) of entire H2O available at the farm gate, while 43 per cent of irrigation supply comes from river flows. Canal H2O diverted in an mean twelvemonth is 54 MAF, out of which 29 MAF is available at the farm gate. In Punjab, 99 % of surface H2O ( rivers, canals etc. ) and 92.5 % of groundwater ( tube Wellss etc. ) is used for irrigation/ Agricultural intents but, the groundwater is usually piquant doing salination ( Punjab Sustainable Development Report, 2010 ) . While, inordinate use of aquifer has reduced H2O tabular array and increased the cost of pull outing aquifer for irrigation intents. The quality of groundwater is fringy to brackish in 40 per cent of the country of the Indus basin in the state, impacting harvest outputs and taking to the secondary salinisation of dirts. Excessive extraction has lowered the H2O tabular array in many countries and increased the cost of pumping groundwater for irrigation. Quality has besides been affected, with the engagement of saline groundwater into the fresh groundwater zone. More over as India is increasing its dike, which will decline the jobs of Pakistan and as a consequence our agricultural production will besides endure. The increased H2O supply due to the climatic alterations i.e. runing the glaciers, will be used up by India. This is the state of affairs in H2O handiness.

In Punjab, 99 % of surface H2O ( rivers, canals etc. ) and 92.5 % of groundwater ( tube Wellss etc. ) is used for irrigation/ Agricultural intents but, the groundwater is usually piquant doing salination. While, inordinate use of aquifer has reduced H2O tabular array and increased the cost of pull outing aquifer for irrigation intents ( Punjab Sustainable Development Report, 2010 ) .

Water, hygiene, sanitation related diseases costs Pak. economic system Rs. 112 billions/year ( wellness + gaining losingss ) ( WB, 2006 ) ( Env. Degradation Losses ) Costs related to Diarrhea entirely = Rs. 55 to Rs.80 Billion/year High drop-out in schools

Beginning: Pakistan Strategic Country Environment Assessment Report ( 2006 ) , The World Bank.

Solutions for Water Availability: –

So here we can utilize the Climate Smart technique to battle with the immorality of H2O deficit and H2O taints.

With the improved H2O harvest home and increasing reservoirs such as dikes if non big dikes so there should be little dikes built desperately in rain fed countries of our state.

Proper direction of effluent

Water handiness and its taint should be stopped by participatory attack, affecting policy shapers, terminal users and contrivers.

There is a technique which saves H2O and is called Alternate-Wetting and Drying ( AWD ) which was developed by the International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI ) in cooperation with national research establishments.

Conservation Agriculture ( CA ) is another smart agribusiness technique in which the straws of the harvested harvests are laid on the same field in a mode that it retains wet and birthrate of dirt, this technique is normally practiced in states like Egypt.

Dirt foods and birthrate: – For Agriculture production the usage of fertilisers is practiced at really high degree to acquire more output per acre. The domestic production of fertilisers in the twelvemonth 2009-10 was estimated about 4.5 % , and the import of fertilisers was approximately 133 % increased in the same twelvemonth. The entire stock of fertiliser increased 25 % in Pakistan. Excessive usage of fertilisers has been doing debasement of dirts ‘ birthrate. In Pakistan, the usage of natural fertiliser ( organic ) is non being practiced at commercial degree but, at local degree this is practical ( Pakistan Economic Survey, 2009-10 ) .

Issues:

Due to the intensive usage of machinery and fertilisers soil productiveness alternatively of increasing it is diminishing. Under-utilization or over-utilization of fertilisers is an issue. Excessive usage of fertilisers is termed as “ Fertilization Burn ” which causes roots to dry out and even decease of the works.

Nitrogen arrested development in the harvests is an indispensable portion and bring forthing unreal N fertilisers needs beginnings like fossil fuels and natural gas which is scarce in nature

In the production of ammonia- the major constituent of fertilisers is produce by the usage of natural gas in industrial procedure which is a scarce resource.

Soil eroding, Wind eroding, H2O logging

Soil eroding causes deposits to settle down in dikes, agricultural run-off, wastewaters in the H2O and sewerage, causes eutrophication ( algae growing on the H2O surface ) .

Solutions:

Use of organic fertilisers

Legumes or lentils ( protein rich beginning workss ) can be used as natural fertilisers which can besides turn to nutrient security issues and increase nutrient transition ratios and lessenings methane emanations besides called green manuring, normally cropped in between two harvests or inter-cropping and in agro-forestry systems to heighten dirt birthrate.

Nitrogen is an indispensable food to increase harvest outputs, it can be achieved through composting manures and harvest residues, specifically utilizing techniques like ‘deep arrangement engineerings ‘ or else usage organic fertiliser.

Pesticides: – There is inordinate usage of pesticides in Pakistan. In last two decennaries pesticides use has been 1169 % and at least more than 10 sprays are used on a individual harvest ( Technical bulletin, 2000 ) and 80 % pesticide are used on cotton workss ( Government of Pakistan, 2005 ) . Whereas, the old Torahs related to the usage of pesticides has non been updated yet ( Agriculture Pesticide Ordinance APO 1971 & A ; 1973, Mazari, 2005 ) .

Issues: –

Pesticides are considered one of the major beginnings to command plagues and other insects but they have their ain risky impacts because of soiled chemicals are used to organize pesticides called relentless organic pollutants ( POPs ) and therefore causes H2O pollution, dirt taint.

Excessive usage of pesticides besides reduces the N arrested development in dirt, disturbs the pollenation procedure and destroys birds ‘ home ground.

Plagues ‘ immune system develops a opposition against pesticides finally human need another type of pesticide to command the plagues.

The usage of pesticides can hold an inauspicious consequence on human wellness.

Solutions: –

Use of good parasitic and marauding insects to command the plagues which are involved in diminishing the works growing such as, beetles etc.

Seeds: –

In Pakistan we are confronting with the job of lack of research based high giving up assortments ( HYVs ) seeds, on one side we have to pass cherished foreign exchange to purchase them and on the other manus, we are dependent on other states. We have established many agricultural research establishments and research labs like ; Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department ( FSC & A ; RD ) For illustration, Bt. Cotton is seed modified and developed by utilizing the techniques employed in Biotechnology. The usage of this seed increases the green goods by 30 % because it has a capacity to defy plagues, and cotton related diseases which certainly, increase the income of hapless subsistence husbandmans but still, there is a spread between supply and demand so, the monetary values of these HYVs are increasing. During the twelvemonth 2009-10 the 611 seed bring forthing companies are registered ( both populace and private sectors ) in Pakistan. Increasing the cost of production of agribusiness and decreasing the net incomes of husbandmans. More over these are non much reliable. These HYVs are tolerant to plagues, utmost temperatures and diseases.

Issues

Supply deficits along with dependability of these HYVs

Poor provincials can non afford these HYVs

These HYVs consume more H2O and we are H2O lacking state

Solutions and benefits: –

Domestic production of HYVs, which suit our environment

Provision of capital to little husbandmans by the authorities

Construction of new dikes ( little dikes )

Solution to post production losingss

Increased supply of nutrient

Stay green assortment of seeds should be used

Farm Mechanization: –

Farm mechanisation tendency is increasing overtime. It supports cultural patterns, in-time sowing, and decrease in station crop losingss. The farm mechanisation includes tractors, agriculturists, drills, wheat thrashers, sprays, power rigs, tubing Wellss and bull dozers. Entire figure of tractors being used is 342,000 in June 2005. It was expected that the figure of tractors will increase up to 466,000 in 2009-10 ( Working Draft, Planning Commission, 2010 ) .

Decision: –

To run into the turning demand of the agricultural goods specially for staple nutrient and at the same clip the menace of clime alteration has opportunities to go on as in 2010 the devastated inundations affect the state and damaged the harvests cultivated on 1000000s of hectares. Pakistan needs to follow climate smart agribusiness techniques to turn to this issue. As the FAO has proposed different valuable clime smart methods, Pakistan should follow these patterns as our state is labour abundant and most of our population is involved in agribusiness patterns. But there is deficiency of fiscal spreads. In this paper different issues and their solutions are highlighted different issues sing agribusiness sector which and besides some patterns of clime smart agribusiness is being done but harmonizing to potency of Pakistan ‘s agribusiness it is non being utilized. There is demand of policy devising should include all the stakeholders to do the agribusiness sector more productive acquire the higher consequences by using the resources more expeditiously.

Even though there are a batch of hurdlings in accommodating to the Climate Smart agribusiness technique such as institutional, societal, and political and deficiency of agricultural instruction, we have the possible to come up with this evident demand of future. We have to get down this now or otherwise it will be excessively late to be blamed by our hereafter coevalss, that what we were endowed and what we have left for them.

Policy Recommendations: –

Increase Agriculture production through debut of advanced engineerings, scientific method, and better policy devising

Management and preservation of H2O resources in such a manner that more portion of the land is facilitated with more irrigated H2O like ; trickle irrigation

Technique of Smart Agriculture ( intercrossed seeds, green manuring, H2O etc. ) in hard currency harvests in such a manner that their exports can be enhanced

Using Research and Development ( R & A ; D ) for the production of Hybrid seeds within the state to cut down the imported seeds, and cut down the impacts of clime alteration doing seasonal holds.

Agriculture recognition and micro funding installation should be easy available particularly to little husbandmans ( like ; one window operation ) .

Guaranting the inducements for little husbandmans through support monetary value system ( subsidies by authorities ) so that their income may increase.

Timely handiness of Agricultural inputs to cut down the negative impact of clime alteration on agribusiness.

Development and debut of smart agricultural techniques to cut down the agricultural dirt emanations.

The constitutional order of Hungary Legislation Hungarian Parliament is unicameral, 386 –member highest organ of the state authority who ensures the constitutional order of society and determines orientation, organization and conditions of Government. Its members are elected for four-year term. The main tasks are initiation new laws, passing laws, electing public persons and approving budget. Only Parliament has exclusive right to pass the law.

After passing the laws the Speaker of Parliament sign the law and send it to President of the Hungary. The President ensures promulgation of the law. Then the law must be promulgated in the Official Gazette. The main tasks and responsibilities:

• Passing the law
• Ensures the implementation of the laws
• Electing public persons (President of the Republic, the Prime Minister, the General Prosecutor, the members of the Constitutional Court, the President and Vice-Presidents of the State Audit Board, the President of the Supreme Court and the ombudsmen)
• Approving budget Concluding international agreements
• Ensures the elaboration of economical, cultural and social plans and control of their implementation
• Coordinates the work of national organs and ministries Execution tasks Execution tasks are managed by Government.

And this authority divides into two: central and local level. The central authority – is central policy-making and its main executive bodies. The members of the government are Prime Minister and the ministers. Role of the Prime Minister is very igh he is responsible for all government policies including activities of other members of the government. As a mention above he elected by Parliament. Other members also responsible for their works and must report on their activities to the Parliament and Government itself. The main tasks and responsibilities:

• Initiating new laws
• Controlling and supervising the legal operation of local government in cooperation with the Minister of the Internal Affairs
• Ensure the implementation of the law Directing and coordinating the work of the ministries and other central offices placed under its direct supervision
• Formulating the social and economic policies, defining the state system of social welfare and health care services, and ensuring sufficient funds for such services
• Controlling the armed forces operations Judicial power Hungarian justice is administered by the courts.

Aims of these courts are to protect the rights and lawful interests of citizens, ensure constitutional order and punish the perpetrators of criminal offences. Legality of the decisions of public administration is also supervised by courts.

Court system in the Republic of the Hungary divides into two: 1. Ordinary courts, 2. Special courts. The ordinary courts are organized on four levels: the Judgment Boards, the Court of the Capital and the county courts, the Supreme Court of the Republic of Hungary and the last but not the least is local courts. The constitutional order of European Union Legislation There are two bodies responsible for the legislative tasks in the EU. First one is The Council of the European Union (officially the Council and commonly referred to as the Council of Ministers) is the principal ecision-making institution of the European Union. The Council is composed of twenty-seven national ministers. The primary purpose of the Council is to act as one of the two chambers of the EU’s legislative branch. The Council is the main law-making body of the EU (on the initiative of the Commission and in co-decision with the European Parliament). The Council is based in Brussels, but meets at fixed intervals in Luxembourg. Second body responsible for legislative task is European Parliament. The European Parliament is the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union.

Its essential function is to express the will of the Union’s citizen in the Community decision-making process hand-in-hand with the Council, representing the interests of the Member States. Together with the Council of the European Union, it forms the bicameral legislative branch of the EU and has been described as one of the most powerful legislatures in the world. The Parliament is composed of 736 Member of the European Parliament. It has been directly elected every five years by universal suffrage. Also the Parliament shares budgetary powers with the Council. It is situated in Strasbourg.

The main tasks and responsibilities:

• The Council
• Adopts the annual European Union budged with the European Parliament
• Determines European Commissions internal and external policy
• Coordinating actions and policies of the Member States
• Represents EU in relations with states and international organizations and signs international treaties on behalf of the EC The Parliament
• Enacts the EU legislation
• Adopts the EU budget (with the Council)
• Shares final decision on most proposals with Council (co-decision procedure)
• Approval of international agreements Political control and supervision of the Commission

Political control of the Council in external relations by giving assent to all international treaties signed by the Council on behalf of the EC Execution tasks of the European Union are handling by the European Commission. The Commission is independent of national governments. Main purpose is to represent and uphold the interests of the Union in general. The Commission is responsible for implementing the decisions of Parliament and the Council.

In two words Commission managing the general day-to-day running of the Union like implementing its policies, running its economical, cultural and social plans, spending its funds and so long. The Commission operates as a cabinet government, with 27 Commissioners (one per state). The Commissioners and their immediate teams are based in Brussels.

The main tasks and responsibilities:

• Propose legislation to European Parliament and European Council
• Implements European policies and programs
• Executes the European budget
• Oversees policies of the MS Enforce European law (jointly with the Court of Justice)
• Administrate external affairs Judicial power

The European Court of Justice is the highest court in the European Union in matters of European Union law. Its main purpose is to make sure that European legislation is interpreted and applied in the same way in all European countries, so that the law is equal for everyone. The European Court of Justice was established in 1952 and is based in Luxembourg. The ECJ comprises one judge from each Member State, nominated by national governments and appointed by the common accord of the governments of the Member States.

The judges select one member to be the President for three years. The main tasks and responsibilities:

• In cooperation with the national courts unifying interpretation of European law through “Preliminary ruling procedure”
• Adjudicates actions filed against European institution or Member State
• Adjudicates legal disputes between the European employees and European institutions Conclusions (similarities + differences)

The comparison of Hungarian and European legislative bodies shows that in Hungary only one legislative authority (the Parliament) and in European Union two (the Council and the Parliament).

However their tasks and responsibilities are almost same, with some specific aspects. In Hungarian Parliament all members are elected by citizens, while in European Union only Parliaments members are elected by citizens of Member States. Further I want to consider differences and similarities of the executive power of Hungary and European Union. Main difference is their competences, in Hungary Government executes the law while European Commission only supervising this process.

But overall Government of Hungary and European Commission execute almost the same government tasks (approving the budget, implementing policies and programs and so long). Judicial power of the Hungary aimed to protect the rights and lawful interests of citizens, ensure constitutional order and punish the perpetrators of criminal offences. This court divides into ordinary court and special court. And European Court of Justices is tasked with interpreting European Union law and ensuring its equal application across all European member states. It is composed of one judge per member state currently 27.

In conclusion I want to say that differences in structure and organization of legislation, execution and judicial power are coming from the point that Hungary as a single country must organize such processes only for themselves, taking into account only their interests. And European Union must organize those processes for whole Union; taking into account interests of all Member States. E. g. Law making process in European Union is complicated. Because it must involves the interests of the member states in the Council and the Parliament, with the interests of the Commission. This is a reason why the constitutional order of the European Union is bigger and more complicated.

Reference

1. Nigel Foster (2008) EU Law Directions. OUP Oxford Press.
2. Philip Norton (2003) “National parliaments and the European Union”, Managerial Law, vol. 45, issue 5/6, page 5-25 The Constitution of the Republic of Hungary [online]. [Accessed 9th April 2010]. Available from World Wide Web:
3. Summaries of EU legislation [online]. [Accessed 10th April 2010]. Available from World Wide Web:
4. The European Union [online]. [Accessed 10th April 2010]. Available from World Wide Web: ; http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/European_Union ;