Feminism

There are many nations around the world that establish misogynistic ideals within their societies, These regulations inflict great suffering upon women as it places limits on what they can achieve in their lives, This ultimately leads to a lifestyle dependent on others and prompts feelings of isolation and resentment upon women. This is certainly the case with Mariam, one of the female protagonists in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns. Mariam lives in a patriarchal society where she is expected to terminate her life ambitions in order to meet the demands of others. Accordingly. carrying out these obligations adversely affects Mariam’s welfare as it limits her chances of creating opportunities that could help her thrive in life. Ultimately. Mariam‘s incapability to forge a life of her own is a Sign that living in line with patriarchal ideals can lead to a reliant and resentful life.

Therefore, in Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns, Mariam‘s suffering reveals that living a life based on misogynistic ideals places limitations on what girls can achieve in life, resulting in feelings of isolation and resentment. Individuals who are forced to live a patriarchal lifestyle are expected to put aside their own needs in order to make sure others’ needs are met. Moreover, people who obtain power through a patriarchal lifestyle are to blame as they are the individuals who implement such ideals within their households.

This is displayed when Rasheed commands Mariam to begin carrying out her duties as a housewife: “‘Well, then, as of tomorrow morning i expect you to start behaving like a wife. Fahmidi? Is that understood?’ Mariam’s teeth began to chatter. ‘I need an answer. Yes. Good,‘ he said. ‘What do you think this is? A hotel?“ (Hosseini 65). The patriarchal constructs ingrained in Rasheed‘s psyche is brought to light by the way he treats Mariam in the first few days of their relationship. Panicularly, Rasheed expects Mariam to obey all of his commands, which in tum reveals his selfish character since he believes that wives should be submissive and devote their lives to sewing their husbands. In addition, Rasheed fails to understand that he is the one who is trying to transform the house into a hotel to work in his favour, not Mariam. Therefore, Mariam must put aside her own needs in order to make sure Rasheed’s needs are met, Furthermore. through Rasheed‘s actions one can learn that he gives no emotional support to Mariam as she adjusts to her new life, reinforcing the concept that men often regard women as a burden if they defy their needs in a patriarchal household.

In addition, Mariam recognizes the constraints her gender has on her in this situation, as she knows that her words have little to no power over her husband. Funhermore, she beings to exhibit apprehensive behaviour when Rasheed explains his expectations, indicating she knows that she is not ready to take on the role of being a housewife Therefore. she is forced to terminate all her ambitions and do whatever she must in order to fulfill Rasheed’s wishes, in turn, leaving her no time and space to pursue her own goals in life. Moreover, this way of living clearly affects Mariam‘s relationship with Rasheed. as these new rules lead to conflict between the two characters. In addition. implementing patriarchal constructs usually leads to a misogynistic mindset as expectations are not always met.

This is demonstrated when Rasheed becomes infuriated because Mariam fails to meet his expectations: “Rasheed made a ball of rice with his fingers, chewed twice before grimacing and spitting it out on the sofrah. ‘What‘s the matter?.,. What’s the matter is that you’ve done it again’“. He shoved two fingers into her mouth and pried it open, then forced the cold. hard pebbles into it” (103). Despite constantly falling short of Rasheed’s expectations, Mariam continues to do her best to try and please him In turn, Rasheed sees Mariam as more of a burden every time she fails to meet his expectations, This patriarchal lifestyle keeps Mariam in a lower position in the relationship as she becomes fixed in a cycle of trying to fulfill his desires and please him. Moreover, one can clearly see what Mariam is missing out on by doing these chores and living under patriarchal regulations.

In particular, her whole life now focuses on trying to please Rasheed, leaving no room for her to grow as an individual and create opponunities for herself that could potentially aid her in becoming successful in the future. This makes it easier for Rasheed to control her as she has no way to support her own life, in turn becoming dependent on him and prone to his abuse. Furthermore, the pebbles in this case symbolize the family Mariam once wished to have but now, it depicts a destruction of this idea since Rasheed considers her to be a burden for not meeting his expectations. In turn, Mariam begins to think of herself as a burden as she regularly tries to meet Rasheed’s expectations but often ends up falling short Therefore, she is constantly seen anxious and uneasy trying to please him since she knows that all of her attempts will be insufficient.

Thus, due to her na’r’veté and lack of aspirations she develops living in a household rooted in patriarchy, she possesses no altematjves and in turn, becomes caught in a cycle of violence and continues to live under Rasheed’s control. Those who become victims of living a patriarchal lifestyle often become limited in what they can accomplish in their lives, This occurs as the abuser typically expects the victim to satisfy their needs while being confined within the house. This is put forth when Rasheed says, “‘As for you, you are the queen, the malika. and this house is your palace.“ And if you need something, I will get it for you. You see, that is the son of husband I am”‘(223). Evidently, Rasheed’s only wish for Mariam is for her to remain within the house and satisfy his needs. These patriarchal regulations impose feelings of confinement on Mariam as she is not permitted, nor has a purpose to leave the house. At the same time. her whole life now focuses on making sure Rasheed is satisfied instead of making sure she is satisfied with her own life. She spends so much time trying to please him that she does not have any time to work on herself and in tum, create opportunities that can aid her in becoming a successful woman. Particularly, she is unable to go to school, thus being unable to get a job and earn her own money.

Consequently, this makes her dependent on Rasheed despite him being abusive as she is not given the freedom or space to be in control of her life. Furthermore, Rasheed’s manipulative nature is brought to light by the way he speaks to Mariam since he makes her believe that she is his top priority by calling her a “Queen.” As a result. she accepts the fact that he is acting in her best interest which prompts feelings of isolation and resentment as she becomes fixed in his cycle of abuse. Above all, these feelings manifest as a result of being confined within her house to satisfy the needs of her husband, in turn, having no time to create opportunities that can aid her in living a life independent of others. Moreover, an individual who suffers at the hands of patriarchy is unable to suppon a life of their own as they become limited in what they can achieve in life This is exhibited when Mariam ponders about being able to receive an education: “She pictured herself in a classroom with other girls her age. Mariam longed to place a ruler on a page and draw important-looking lines” (92).

Rasheed‘s ideas on what women can achieve in society coupled with his patriarchal constructs limits Mariam’s options for what she can accomplish in her life. Despite her young age, Mariam is unable to obtain proper education due to Rasheed’s patriarchal beliefs, in turn, having no way to live a life where she is independent of others. As a result, it becomes increasingly difficult for Mariam to leave her abusive relationship as she is incapable of creating her own source of income. In turn, she becomes forced to live under Rasheed’s authority which continues the cycle of abuse. Coupled with being unable to financially contribute to the household due to Rasheed’s regulations and failing to meet his needs, Mariam may begin to see herself as more of a burden as she is becoming limited in what she can do to please him. Ultimately, due to Rasheed’s patriarchal constructs, Mariam becomes constrained which in time leads to feelings of isolation and resentment Mariam begins to feel isolated as a result of living a patriarchal lifestyle which limits her in what she can accomplish in life.

Likewise, individuals often begin to feel isolated and insignificant as a result of having restrictions put in place against them. This is displayed when Mariam reflects on Rasheed‘s character, “This man’s will felt to Mariam as imposing and as immovable as the Safid-Koh mountains looming over Gul Daman” (71). The fact that Mariam compares Rasheed‘s presence and will to a mountain reveals how large of an impact he has on her life. To Mariam, Rasheed feels like a large mountain that surrounds and restricts her from pursuing any goals due to his patriarchal regulations. In addition, Mariam is aware of the amount of power Rasheed has over her in the relationship. which in turn, sparks feelings of isolation and resentment as she is unable to fight back, trapping her in a loop of enduring Rasheed’s abuse.

Therefore, Rasheed’s house turns into a shelter for Mariam as her daily life shifts from living to surviving his abuse. Consequently, this prompts feelings of isolation as she is unable to leave her abusive relationship as a result of not having her own source of income due to Rasheed’s patriarchal constructs. These patriarchal constructs and his continual introduction of regulations clearly affects the way Mariam views herself. Likewise, individuals who are made feel insignificant due to persistent neglect and restraints typically experience a drop in confidence, Mariam begins to feel insecure and isolated when she sees content women in public: “These women mystified Mariam, They made her aware of her isolated life. her plain looks. her lack of aspirations, her ignorance of so many things” (75). Mariam’s reflection of herself reveals how much living in a patriarchal household with an abusive husband has affected her life, internally and externally.

When she sees thriving women in public, Mariam assumes that they received the education that was denied to her, thus having access to opportunities out of her reach. This drives her into a state of isolation as she feels as though her life could have been much greater if only she had been allowed to get educated and have her own way of earning money and supporting herself. Furthermore, she gets driven deeper into despair when she realizes that she cannot do anything about her lack of aspirations since she was denied the ability to gain her own independence and take control of her own life as a result of being forced to undertake her role as a housewife and mother. Coupled with her gender and her inability to earn money, she has no other choice but to continue to live with Rasheecl, despite the relationship being abusive and making her feel isolated. On the whole, living in a patriarchal household and having restrictions put up against her motivates feelings of isolation as she becomes limited in what she can accomplish in her life.

Therefore, Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns depicts how living a patriarchal lifestyle imposes restrictions on women’s lives, provoking feelings of isolation and resentment. Likewise, Mariam is expected to stay confined within her home to satisfy her husband’s needs and meet his expectations. For this reason, she lacks the time and freedom to create opportunities that have the potential to make her successful in life and become independent of others, Consequently. this sparks feelings of isolation and resentment as she becomes limited in what she may accomplish in life due to having to terminate her life goals in order to satisfy others. On the whole. living a life where others dictate one’s choices results in feelings of despair and isolation as that individual is not given the opportunity or freedom to do what they wish to in life. Such individuals who force these lifestyles on others fail to recognize the detrimental effects it can possibly have on the other individual. Moreover, people usually attempt to control and exploit those who come across as weak and naive, however, those individuals may turn out to be the strongest and most resilient people they may ever meet.

Work Cited

Hosseini. Khaled‘ A Thousand Splendid Suns. Penguin Books Canada, 2008.

Bell hooks is a prolific feminist writer and poet who was born as Gloria Jean Watkins. Hooks grew up in rural Kentucky in a small, segregated community with five sisters and one brother. Her father worked as a custodian for the U.S. Postal Service, and her mother worked as a housewife. Hooks has said that growing up in a family of strong women was extremely important to her, and she took her great-grandmother’s name as a way of paying homage to the legacy of her female ancestors. She preferred to spell it in all lowercase letters to focus attention on her message rather than herself.

Bell hooks is best known for writing books that deal specifically with feminism, gender inequality, culture, women, and sexism. Some of Hooks books could be classified as self-help books. In 1981, her first major work, “Ain’t I a Woman?: Black Women and Feminism’, was published by South End Press. “Aint I a Woman?” goes into the historical impact of sexism and racism on black women, and the disregard for issues of race and class within feminism.

In 1999, she began writing children’s books that aimed to encourage self-esteem among African American children. In 2000 she wrote, “All About Love”, which falls into most of her categories, but mostly important, it falls into an issue that causes a huge cultural anxiety, probably because it is excessively ascribed to women. Love is a human affair disguised as a woman’s affair. In 2004, she wrote, “The will to change: men, masculinity, and love”. Which was intended to show men how to express the emotions that are a fundamental part of who they are.

In “All About Love: New Visions” Hooks goes into depth about her true feelings towards love and her childhood struggles. She had felt that love was not nurtured to her and grew up in a dysfunctional family. She shares that although her family cared for her, they never really showed love. As she was growing up she never knew what love was or felt which led her to failed relationships with ex-boyfriends.

Hooks proclaimed she was attracted to men who just as her grew up in a home with no love. Her relationships failed not only because of the lack of love but also because they were “patriarchal thinkers” and sexists. Hooks decided to write this book to inform the world how we can change the way we think about love, our culture, and one another. Hooks goes on to teach us different ways to love in a world where we sometimes are love-less. She indicates how love is possible, and stresses that all love is important not only romantically, but also in friendships and even with people who are strangers to us.

Hooks states that most people struggle to love because we simply don’t have a consolidated definition of the word “love”. In this book hooks believes that the word “love” lacks a proper definition. She first describes several definitions for love and outlines some of the issues that become apparent in love because we don’t have a useful definition. Hooks writes about her own childhood to make the reader know what she feels are illusions about love that many people assume, one of them being that there is no need for a definite definition for love, and that men have a different view and/or definition than what women have. hooks states that many people in our society use the word “love” too lightly.

People often don’t hold the right meaning of the word “love,” which is what may make this aspect of life so confusing. She states that “our confusion about what we mean when we use the word “love” is the source of our difficulty in loving” (hooks, 3). Defining love has not been an easy task for many writes in giving a clear definition of what love is. Many theorists, including hooks, feel that love would be defined better if we used it as a verb rather than a noun. “The word ‘love’ is most often defined as a noun, yet all the more astute theorists of love acknowledge that we would all love better if we used it as a verb.” (hooks, 5)

Now in this generations everyone doesn’t know the true meaning of Love, and our culture sees love as a thing. In this book Hooks wrote, talks all about that and what Love really is. She says in her book that the best definition for us to understand love is “love is as love does. Love is an act of will namely, both an intention and an action”.

This book discusses what love is, what love isn’t, and how to become a better loving person. Hooks states that the search for love is, in many cases, often so difficult because we don’t have the full knowledge or even had the example in how to truly love or to be truly loved. In this book Hooks considers the role of love in human lives and how the contentious relations between the sexes in modern American culture came to be and how they can be redressed.

As many of us grew up, we were taught that love is something that happens to us, a feeling towards someone else. Love, in reality, is so much more than just a feeling. Hooks helps you acquire the role that love plays in our lives and how our culture has misled us from the true meaning of love. In “All about love”, Hooks gives you a guide, a clear definition and examples towards a better understanding of love. It shows you ways love can transform us both personally and culturally, how with love we have the ability to end conflicts within ourselves.

What is Love? By dictionary, love is an intense feeling of deep affection. For many people, especially in many cases for men, it is something difficult to understand and show. Something mysterious and complicated. Many people, more men than women, don’t like to talk about such topic as Love. In Bell Hook’s book, “All about Love”, she even struggles to find a  oncrete description. She says in her book that the best definition for us to understand is “love is as love does.

Love is an act of will namely, both an intention and an action. Will also implies choice. We do not have to love. We choose to love” (5) I believe Bell Hooks has somewhat of an accurate definition to such a complicated subject. In her book, Bell Hooks tries to make love less of a mystery than it is so that people can understand how to love better. Although she examines love closely, she is cautious about it. All About Love” is a wonderful book that will change how we think about Love, our culture, and one another. This book changed my perspective on what loving is and has showed me to be a better version of myself.

Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland is a classic children’s novel written by Lewis Carroll in 1865. It tells a story of a young girl named Alice, who fell through the rabbit hole which led her into a new whimsical world called “Wonderland” that consists of strange and peculiar creatures she has never encountered before.

This paper will answer the research question “How far is Lewis Carroll’s “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland” a feminist literary work?” by interpreting the novel in a feminist approach, it explores how each character emboies feminist traits in Alice in Wonderland.

Feminist literary criticism is concerned with the representation of gender in literature and “the ways in which literature (and other cultural productions) reinforce or undermine the economic, political, social, and psychological oppression of women” (Tyson 83). It analyses the messages concerning femininity and masculinity which looks at how it reinforces assumptions based on gender.

The importance of looking at Alice in Wonderland through a feminist’s perspective is because the time the author, Lewis Carroll, wrote the book in 1865 which was during the Victorian era and the role of women was usually limited to the house, doing chores and providing care to the family. In relation to that, the female characters of the book will be analysed whether they correlate to the roles of women in the Victorian era or the author intended to oppose the stereotypical roles of a female instead. This paper will also focus on the relationship of Lewis Carroll and his own protagonist, Alice, and how she has empowered women’s rights throughout her journey to Wonderland by the use of the Heroine’s Journey archetype.

Victorian Women in Wonderland

Lewis Carroll wrote “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland” in the year 1865 during the Victorian era (1837-1901) which was under the reign of Queen Victoria, wherein “she came to be seen as the very model of marital stability and domestic virtue.” (Abrams, 1). A woman’s place in Victorian Britain was at home, being centered and mainly focusing on family, motherhood and aspiring to be a respectable woman: being beautiful, classy, elegant, and polite.

The term “Angel in the House” was a popular Victorian image of the ideal woman who should be devoted and submissive to her husband. An Angel has characteristics of being passive, powerless, graceful, charming, self-sacrificing, sympathetic and overall– pure. Approaching Lewis Carroll’s “Alice in Wonderland” in relation to the Victorian era, the main focus is to show how the female characters (Alice, the Duchess, the Cook and the Queen of Hearts) were portrayed in the story and whether or not they depicted the same roles of women in the Victorian era.

Alice is the protagonist who was set up to be a representation of the Victorian little girl, as she acts and thinks strictly according to the ideals of the Victorian era. As Auerbach has stated, “Alice herself confronting a world out of control by looking for the rules and murmuring her lessons, stands as one image of the Victorian middle-class child.” (Auerbach, 31) because her adventure in Wonderland is discovering a whole new world for her and seeking rules for her own safety. Despite that she’s only a little girl, she has demonstrated characteristics of being a Victorian woman in the story.

From the way she was dressed, she was depicted as a young girl in a short-skirt with petticoats and short-sleeved dress matched with bobby socks which is a common fashion during the Victorian era since “Victorian era fashion was long or short dresses with aprons for girls.” (Debbie and Oscar, 2018). Alice is seen as rejecting herself from stereotypical traits and “is not trapped by the confines of roles and requirements” (Irwin and Davis, 2009) by dismissing the world that she occupies as she left her sister and followed the rabbit instead which led to her falling to Wonderland.

This image is replaced by one of a young lady who finds a new female subjectivity not affected by the society in which she has been raised. Lewis Carroll intended to present an innocent young woman who is yet not aware and conscious of her societal expectation of being a woman who is required to be feminine and also living only to fulfil gender roles. But some critics believe that it is not the author’s appreciation of ungendered childhood but the passive femininity because it is a story about a little girl.

The Duchess, defining the term itself, is the title of a woman who has a very high social rank, or who is the wife of a duke, or the person of that rank. However, how she was portrayed in the book is quite different from how a duchess is defined. She was a mother of a child as seen in the phrase, “the Duchess was sitting on a three-legged stool in the middle, nursing a baby;” (Carroll, 81). Through the description of the Duchess from the book, the Duchess is a mother for she is holding and nursing a baby when Alice first saw her in the kitchen.

Nevertheless, the role of a mother in the Victorian era plays a huge aspect as to it is the main purpose of women at that time yet the Duchess was portrayed as harsh and violent and not the typical caring mother to its child. As seen in “singing a sort of lullaby to it as she did so, and giving it a violent shake at the end of every line” (Carroll, 84-85), lullabies are supposed to be calming and soothing for the baby’s sake however, the Duchess handled her baby by shaking it violently as if it wasn’t a person whom she beared.

Continuing after the first verse of her lullaby, she “kept tossing the baby violently up and down, and the poor little thing howled” (Carroll, 85) which is an evidence of how she mistreated the baby. Although, not only to her baby that she demonstrated her aggressiveness but also when Alice, who is just a little girl, came and approach her yet responded in a very rude and unwelcoming way.

This imposes how women during the Victorian era might have felt regarding their roles which is being centered in motherhood and as a result of that, it seems like having children is a must and is their obligation as part of their “role”. Relating it to how the Duchess’ actions and attitude towards children, especially her baby, it was a burden for her because it is something that women were forced to fulfill; whether in Wonderland or in the real world during the Victorian era.

The Cook, also known as the Duchess’ maid, was the second character that Alice has encountered during the meeting with the Duchess. And since the presence of a maid in a household was common during the Victorian era, maids are often perceived as a person whose devoted in their duties in the household and in comparison to being the Duchess’ maid, she is the opposite of a Victorian maid as she is disobedient to the Duchess.

When Alice said, “There’s certainly too much pepper in that soup !” (Carroll, 81), it shows that she is not the type of person who performs her duties very well in the household to satisfy the Duchess’ needs but rather makes conflict in the household together with the Duchess and at one point she starts “throwing everything within her reach at the Duchess and the baby” (Carroll, 83) which adds up to a more chaotic environment.

Through her actions, she carries a rebellious behavior towards the Duchess and also defies other higher authorities such as the King during the jury scene. The way she behaves towards the higher authorities is unimaginable for a Victorian housemaid and for women in general. As “her courage to defy the authority, and it is an attempt on the part of the lower class to disrupt the oppression/repression binary state in the social structure” (Ren, 2014) which shows that how she was portrayed in the book is a rebellious act during the Victorian era. The Duchess’ maid is a representation of a working-class woman figure of the Victorian era.

The Queen of Hearts, the last female character that Alice has interacted with and when the first time Alice has met her, she started with her most iconic line which is ““Off with his head!” or “Off with her head!” about once in a minute” (Carroll, 122), and through that phrase, she is represented as a strong and fierce woman who has the highest level of authority as all the cards were scared of her which led to considering the Queen of Hearts as the antagonist of the story. She is characterized as a tyrannical and oppressive force in Wonderland by the constant threats she made of beheading everyone that disobeys her or refuses to satisfy her demands.

And if it were to compare to Queen Victoria during the Victorian era, both figures are Queens, and ruler of a nation. However, the Queen of Hearts is not a virtuous representation of a powerful authority as some believe that Queen Victoria was. Some had thought of her as a caricature of Queen Victoria. Although she isn’t the typical queen who’s humble, nice and kind; she represents women empowerment with her stand due to her marital relationship with her husband.

The roles of Victorian society are inverted in this couple where she is the one that makes the decisions whilst he is portrayed as completely dependent, fearful and submissive. And under her control, it seems like the King has been portrayed as a person who has less power than the Queen of Hearts and submissive to her which can be interpreted to his own masculinity and dominance of power are gone which is very much the opposite of what Victorian England promoted. Even though the Queen of Hearts is perceived as a violent figure of authority, she still represents a woman in power and disregards the stereotypes of being in a patriarchal society where only men have the right to rule.

Overall, these fictional female characters were explicitly distinguished on how they act upon the story; Alice as the protagonist, the Duchess as a mother, the Cook as a maid, and the Queen of Hearts as an antagonist ruler. Despite being written in the Victorian era, Carroll deliberately chose to make these characters behave in this way. In accordance of the time when the book, Alice in Wonderland, is written, comparing the portrayal of the female characters to the women figures of the Victorian era has shown that Lewis Carroll’s environment hasn’t affected his writing as it didn’t quite based everything he’s written to the Victorian society. There were similarities for stereotyping characters to the role of a Victorian woman and differences in attitude, opposing the qualities of a Victorian woman presented in the book.

Lewis’ Marionette

Being the author of the book, they always have full control of all the fictional characters they’ve created that exist in a story. How the characters are being portrayed, the occurrence of events and scenarios, and every little detail of the story is all based on the author’s preference if he or she wants to change the plot or how the flow of the story will go. However, if we look at the relationship of Lewis Carroll and Alice, the main protagonist character in his book, Alice in Wonderland; one assumption could be made in which the idea of Alice is in the hands of its author, Lewis Carroll, through identifying the way he has transformed Alice in various sizes physically and literally in the book.

At first, the sudden appearance of the rabbit out of nowhere to capture Alice’s attention can be interpreted as to Lewis using the rabbit, which symbolizes “a sign that life will be all the more beautiful from here”, to lure the little girl away from reality wherein the following series of events is her falling into the rabbit hole that leads her to another realm which is the Wonderland.

The appearance of the bottle can be questioned to what is its main purpose and what is Carroll’s intention?

The effect of drinking the bottle on Alice is that it makes her size smaller than the average and the cake is to make her size extremely bigger. Overall this makes her so confused and lost about what is happening. “-oh dear, how puzzling it all is!” (Carroll, 19) and “I must be Mabel after all” (Carroll, 21) shows that she doesn’t know who she is anymore, she might be Ada, Mabel, or Alice, as said from her monologue. It shows how Carroll was able to control her physically by changing her size with the usage of bottle and cakes that has beautiful engravings “tied around the neck of the bottle was a paper label with the words “ DRINK ME” beautifully printed on it in large letters” (Carroll, 9) and the cake “EAT ME” were beautifully marked in currants.” (Carroll, 13) to trick Alice on drinking and eating.

Because of her transformation, when she encountered the Pigeon, she was perceived as a serpent because of her long neck, and the strange figure she had was quite bewildering for her to be considered as human. One interpretation was made in her transformation into becoming a serpent; “it is related to the Biblical serpent in Genesis, who tempts Eve to eat the forbidden fruit. This interpretation equates Alice with the role of temptress, perhaps reflecting Carroll’s (possible) temptation to view Alice as a sexual object”, (Millikan, 2011).

Also, it represents the author’s treatment of Alice as a sexual object and classifying her being as an object of the author’s sexual desires rather than a whole person which is often experienced by a woman since then up until today’s generation. Due to several changes and transformation experienced by Alice, the statement “as she remembered the number of changes she had gone through that day” (Carroll, 72) shows how much she has changed and transformed beyond the normal of how she has been for she had gone through a lot of changes within just a day.

The control of Lewis Carroll on Alice made her lose her own self in Wonderland because of the sudden and bizarre appearance of things to transform her size physically as it can impose a submissive-dominant relationship of a men and women.

This can be used to show how some women might have felt being in a relationship or in a marriage, wherein men are the ones who are dominant and women are the ones being under controlled. And the reason why the title has been labeled as “Lewis’ Marionette”, is because the definition of a marionette according to Oxford (2019) is “a person who is easily manipulated or controlled”. Therefore, it can be interpreted as Alice became a puppet of Lewis by giving her sugar-coated words and nice things to attract the little girl.

Joseph Campbell’s Hero’s Journey is known for its psychological analysis of the classical myth formula that breaks down the myths into a basic structure, showing the psychological power of the hero archetype and the Hero’s Journey. However, in 1990, Maureen Murdock wrote The Heroine’s Journey: Woman’s Quest for Wholeness as a response to Joseph Campbell’s model and is believed to be more appropriate for women’s life journeys.

When she showed it to Campbell in 1983, he reportedly said, “Women don’t need to make the journey. In the whole mythological journey, the woman is there. All she has to do is realize that she’s the place that people are trying to get to.” Joseph Campbell perceived the hero’s journey as a journey towards the wholeness of the hero, and in a patriarchal society in which men have predominant qualities compared to ladies.

Be that as it may, it appears that either Campbell appears to be uninterested in women’ recovering qualities that had been misplaced to them through enculturation or those that had never been seen as legitimately theirs, or he was blinded by the reality that the myths that he was analyzing included male figures. At any rate, Murdock got to be persuaded that women were included as a goal the character needed to achieve at the end of the story in order to complete the hero’s journey.

However, according to Alice Meichi Li, “The main difference between the hero and the heroine’s journey, is when a hero is striving to become a master, a heroine is striving for equality and normality.” (Li, 2014) but for a heroine’s journey, “A heroine is thrust into a world gone mad. Everything has flipped and turned upside down and heroines are struggling to find their way home. They feel that they are the only sane ones.” (Li, 2014) in which we can relate to Alice’s adventures in Wonderland.

She fell down to a completely new world and as the Cheshire Cat has said “we’re all mad here. I’m mad. You’re mad.” (Carroll, 90) is a proof that the world she fell into is a world that has gone mad, where everything she knew didn’t apply to Wonderland. Because of Alice being the only one who came from another realm, every creature in Wonderland is strange and bizarre for her, making herself only the one sane person in Wonderland.

As said earlier, often women presented in stories are usually the main goal of the protagonist. They were always needed to be saved by someone whom called as the “knight in their shining armor”. However, Alice’s character portrayal was more applicable to Murdock’s heroine’s journey rather than Campbell’s Hero’s Journey not only because she is a female, but because she portrayed as a female who had the characteristics of what it’s like being a male and female at the same time.

Alice has shown her weakness by lacking the power to do things on her own, crying and asking for help; however, she has also shown her strength, that she is capable of the madness that existed in Wonderland. Heroes tend to find a master or a trainer who will help them in developing their abilities and becoming strong in preparation for their final goal; yet for heroines, they tend to encounter people or characters who are manipulators and either trick them or use them. And it is present when Alice met the Cheshire Cat, who is mischievous and tries to manipulate Alice by making her think that they’re all mad in Wonderland.

Usually, a hero comes from an ordinary world and already knows how the world works and has mentors to help conquer any obstacles. A hero’s journey is the journey of someone who has privilege. However, for the heroine’s journey, regardless if the protagonist is male or female, the heroine does not start their journey having privileges. The privileged hero has the ability to be the master over his or her own existence, given that they have a mentor to teach them to develop their capabilities as well.

But for the underprivileged heroine’s journey, it starts from a completely new world all alone, then never had the opportunity to be trained but rather develops their personalities and strength throughout the process of their journey. And in the story, Alice needs to defeat the Red Queen, who is very powerful for her case, and shows how the patriarchy turns women against each other in a way. It’s very rare that they tend to help their fellow women out and instead see them as a source of competition.

The heroine’s journey is different from the hero’s journey because of the journey that the protagonist experiences. Literature and feminism is evolving and because of the heroine’s journey, women now have the opportunity to create and make their own journey instead of just being an end-point for the hero’s journey as a goal and perhaps “maybe eventually it will be normal for heroines to go on a hero’s journey. She’ll acquire the ideal mastery that a hero can find.” (Li, 2014).

Feminism can simply be defined as a very complex perspective which looks at various political and ideological movements and also believes in the sharing of a common goal. According to Humm (1995), feminism shares three major perceptions which are: (a) gender is a societal construction which oppresses women more than men, (b) this societal construction is shaped by men, and (c) women’s experimental knowledge would be responsible for a future non-sexist society. Feminist groups also seeks to establish educational and professional opportunities for women.

Empiricism on the other hand, according to is the philosophical belief which believes that sensory experiences is the sole or primary justification of knowledge (Anderson, 2000).

Feminist empiricism, therefore can simply be defined as a perspective within feminist research that combines the objectives and observations of feminism with the research methods and empiricism. Hundleby (2011) believes that it draws in various ways on the philosophical tradition of empiricism which gives importance to knowledge based on experience.

Origin, Proponenets, Variations

Feminist empiricism proposes that feminist theories can be objectively proven through evidence. Feminist empiricism critiques what it perceives to be inadequacies and biases within the mainstream research methods including positivism. Feminist empiricism is one of three main feminist epistemological perspectives. The other two are standpoint feminism and post-structural/postmodern feminism.

Broadly speaking, feminist empiricism is any epistemology that combines empiricist methodology with feminist political goals. It is a matter of controversy, however, whether this combination is viable. Many feminists believe that empiricist methods are by their nature incompatible with the pursuit of feminist political goals. Sandra Harding, for example, has argued that the goal of removing sexism and androcentrism from science cannot be achieved by applying the existing empiricist norms of scientific inquiry.

Her argument is that empiricist methodology, because it is rooted in positivism, ignores the role of contextual values in science and lacks sufficient reflexivity and objectivity to situate itself in the same plane as the objects under study.

From the classical empiricists to some early twentieth-century theorists, empiricists held that the content of experience could be described in fixed, basic, theory-neutral terms for example sense data. Most also supposed that philosophy could provide a transcendent or external justification for empirical or scientific methods. Quine revolutionized empiricism by rejecting both these ideas. For Quine, observation is theory-laden. It is cast in terms of complex concepts not immediately given experience, which are potentially subject to revision in light of further experience (Quine, 1963).

And epistemology, far from providing a scientific vindication of science, is just another project within science, in which we empirically investigate our own practices of inquiry (Quine, 1969). In these respects, feminists empiricists are the daughters of Quine. However, Quine accepted a sharp division between facts and values that feminist empiricists argument cannot be sustained within a thoroughly naturalized empiricism.

Feminists empiricists consider how feminists values can legitimately inform empirical inquiry, and how scientific methods can be improved in light of feminist demonstrations of sex bias in currently accepted methods. Their version of naturalized epistemology therefore does not follow Quine in epistemology to nonnormative psychological investigations, but rather upholds the roles of value judgments in rigorous empirical inquiry (Campbell 1998, Nelson, 1990).

Position About Knowlwdge, Its Existence And Acquisition

Though feminist empiricism appears in these ways to be consistent with empiricist tendencies, further consideration reveals that the feminist component deeply undercuts the assumptions of traditional empiricism in three ways: feminist empiricism has a radical future. In the first place, feminist empiricism argues that the context of discovery is just as important as the context of justification for eliminating social biases that contribute to partial and distorted explanations and understandings.

Traditional empiricism insists that the social identity of the observer is irrelevant to the goodness of the results of research. It is not supposed to make a difference to the explanatory power, objectivity, and so on of the research in its results if the researcher or the community of scientists are white or black, Chinese or British, rich or poor in social origin. But feminist empiricism argues that women as a group are more likely than men as a group to produce claims unbiased by androcentrism, and in that sense objective results of inquiry.

It argues that authors of the favoured social theories are not anonymous at all: they are clearly men, and usually men of the dominant classes, races and cultures. The people who identify and define scientific problems leave their social fingerprints on the problems and their favoured solutions to them.

Goals For Pursuing Knowledge

Feminist empiricism makes the related claim that the scientific method is not effective in eliminating social biases that are widespread as androcentrism. This is especially the case when androcentrism arrives in the inquiry process through the identification and definition of research problems. In view of this, feminist empiricism’s goal for pursuing knowledge on a general platform is to try and understand the world around them by grounding their methodologies in what their senses can know as well as what their methods can really measure.

They, thus, also seek to:

• Ensure that empirical questions and methods are pushed and addressed so that the biases that led the traditional positivist paradigm to produce less than objective results are rectified.
• Ensure that issues that the traditional positivist paradigm research neglected and made invincible are addressed. Among these are issues that deals with women and their experiences and perspectives as the direct research subject to be questioned, examined, and known through the research process.
• Ensure that women are included in the questions that the social sciences and natural sciences have traditionally asked.
• Impact on inquiry of social practices relating to gender, race, class and other bases of inequality.
• Advocate a socialized epistemology which is treated as a fundamental social process with the subject of knowledge as communities or networks of individuals.
• Ensure that problems such as androcentric biases and stereotype reconstruction identified with the traditional positivist paradigm redressed.

Truth And How To Verify It

Feminist empiricists believes that there are multiple truth and that these can be found ane formed through experience (Leckenby, 2007).

They also believe that truth is dependent on the uses to which it is put and that many of such truth are practicable and are derived from social interests.

Finally, to feminist empiricists, truth is acquired through enquiry.

Criticism To Mainstream Epistemic Position

Initial concerns that women have been left out as objects of research led to the discovery of androcentric bias in research design and in theory construction. Feminist scholars turned from developing the now substantial body of discipline-specific work to a critique of the scientific method, its use, and application.

These criticisms, found in feminist empiricism, themselves raised significant questions about objectivity and subject neutrality that challenged the basis of the empiricist epistemology underlying traditional science. These contradictions led feminist standpoints theorists to reject empiricism althogether. The questions of ontological position raised in turn by standpoint theory were taken up by the postmodernists, who are elaborating an even broader challenge to the enlightenment ideals of universalism and unitary truth.

An awareness of women’s issues and the gendered nature of social relationships has entered the field of planning. Research has been done on women and gender issues in land use, zoning, housing, economic development, transportation and urban design. In all these areas, the gendered nature of spatial patterns and relationships has been explored, and the disparate effects on women and men from policies that previously had been seen as nongendered have been analyzed.

Feminist empiricism rarely receives complimentary treatment in overviews of feminist epistemologies and science studies, in large part because it has been misunderstood. The theoretical conservativeness of empiricism does not entail a political conservativeness. The most potentially regressive approach to feminist empiricism may be naturalism because it defers to scientific input, which inevitably reflects the status quo. Yet the reflexive revolutionary spirit of naturalism challenges even its own empiricist precepts.

Connection To Development Theory

Employing empiricism provides feminists with valuable purchase in the dominant culture and access to the power of scientific resources. These advantages imbue empiricism with a radical potential that both critics of feminist empiricism (Harding, 1986) and defenders of it (Campbell, 1998; Nelson, 1990) recognize to include strategic rhetoric and to go far beyond rhetorical significance.

Further, supporters argue that feminist naturalism demonstrates the radical future of feminist empiricism because it holds all the strengths of the early alternative approaches known as feminist standpoint theory and feminist postmodernism. Feminist naturalism, specifically, provides clear grounds for evaluating not only beliefs but also values and practices that include political views (Tuana, 1992). The broad scope of naturalist critique allows potential support for rationalism, showing that, not only in principle but also in practice, naturalism has revolutionary potential.

Implications For Development

Naturalism’s open-endedness suggests further that feminist empiricism may be mutually complementary with other feminist epistemologies, and encourages treating epistemological choices as provisional, according to the problem at hand, rather than as definitive. There is no one feminist empiricism, but many feminist empiricisms, an epistemological plurality that can be justified—both politically and epistemologically and from an individual and a community level—according to the various views of feminist empiricists.

Conclusion

It cannot be ignored entirely. It must be noted, first, that if Harding is correct that feminists are marginalized, and if it is correct that marginalization confers epistemic privilege, one wonders what happens when and if feminists achieve their goals. The standpoint case for feminist science hinges on the claim that feminists, by virtue of being a repressed political minority, acquire a special insight into the nature of natural processes.

This is a blatant non sequitur. But, even worse, by this very argument, should feminists achieve political equality, they would thereby lose any claim to epistemic and feminist science would accordingly lose its claim to superiority non-feminist science. Also, if Harding chooses to use the philosophical arguments that she believes license a standpoint theory of knowledge, arguments relying on Kuhn and Quine and theorizing associated with the Strong Programme, then she must own up to the logical consequences of such views.

Thus, it becomes inconsistent for her to say, on the one hand, that every epistemology is a tool of the power elite and at the same time maintain that a particular epistemology, feminist standpoint, will generate “less distorted” methods and beliefs. The first claim forecloses the possibility of justifying the latter type of claim on behalf of any particular epistemology.

In , Ibsen presents a view of the world that is unconventional to say the least. He breaks from tradition to compose a play that deals with what were at the time controversial social issues, and he presents a view of these issues that was highly unpopular. In A Dolls House as well as in many of his other plays from his modern period, Ibsen was criticized because he dared to break new ground and to challenge the accepted values of his society. So, was Ibsens play a feminist work, devoted to helping women in society, or was it designed to show a different perhaps more universal message.

Many critics who have read, seen, and commented on A Dolls House have stated that it is most definitely a feminist work. However, Ibsen himself never forthrightly said that his play was indeed feminist. Yet, something in the play obviously disturbed the man driven society of his time. In fact, several theater productions decided to change the ending of A Dolls House in order to make it more acceptable. I believe that there is no denying the presence of feminist views, characters, and actions in the play. However, I am not convinced that feminism was Ibsens main message in the play. In order to find the feminist views in the play, we must first define feminism. Feminism can be defined according to Merriam Websters Collegiate Dictionary as the theory of political, economic, and social equality of the sexes.

If you had never before read A Dolls House, and you opened it up to read Act 1, your first reaction would be, “This is one of the most sexist things I have ever heard.” You wouldnt be able to understand how anyone could call this play a feminist work. You are quickly introduced to the two main characters: Torvald, The dominant, wise, caring, smart and prosperous husband, and Nora, the meek, submissive, foolish, and naive housewife. Torvald is the “man of the house”; he earns the money and works hard for his family. He is the boss and everyone obeys him unquestioningly. Nora is a “spendthrift” who does whatever will please her dear husband. She spends her day cooking, cleaning, and helping to care for the kids.

The men of Ibsens day must have found this scene to be most delighting. As you read on, you can begin to see that Nora fills the role of Torvalds pet, his “little squirrel”. She is his to do what he pleases with. She is his Doll. If the avid feminists arent to disgusted to read on, they may find some hope in the character of Mrs. Linde. Mrs. Linde is the first sign of feminism in the play. She is an independent woman who provides for herself and lives off her own income. She is not submissive, nor does she feel like she needs a man to look after her, as Nora seems to.

The play goes on much in the same way, we meet the other characters, none of whom are truly feminist, but none of which are as obviously sexist as Torvald. Nora continues to play the role of the good wife. Even when she fears that she may have ruined the families (i.e. Torvalds) good name, instead of doing what she has thinks is best for herself, she feels she must do what is best for her family (i.e. Torvald). She believes that she should commit suicide rather then risk contaminating the lives of her husband or children.

In Act 3, however, everything changes. Noras mistakes are revealed, but instead of being submissive to her husband, Nora decides to stand up for herself. She realizes that Torvald is holding her back, and that his biased view of the world is keeping her down. She then does the most truly outrageous thing and in an act of what some might call pure feminism, she leaves her husband and children to strike out on a new life of her own.

As you can see, there is definitely some degree of feminism in A Dolls House. However, maybe feminism is only a small part of the issue that Ibsen is really addressing. Perhaps feminism is a tool used by Ibsen to convey his greater message to the audience. I believe that this message is one of individualism. Individualism is a theory maintaining the independence of the individual and stressing individual initiative, action, and interests. Using these definitions we can see that feminism seams to be a part of individualism.

In the play, all of the protagonists seem to promote and accept individualism, and the antagonists try to prevent individualism. Lets start with the protagonists. Nora starts out as an unknowing victim, she has no traces of individualism, but as the play progresses she turns into a self-sufficient, freethinking person, a true individualist. Mrs. Linde is from the start both a feminist and an individualist. She relies on herself and is limited by no one. Dr. Rank seems to support individual thought and expression, unlike Torvald, he does not try to control others or to limit others freedom. Instead he is a supporting loving and caring friend, who shows Nora her self worth as a person. Now, on to the antagonist.

Torvald is definitely not an individualist. He tries to force others to rely on him. He enjoys his power over others and likes to treat people as his toys. He does not respect Nora, he simply commands her. Krogstad starts out as the character everyone hates, he is oppressive and cruel. He relies on others and tries to live off them. He will do whatever he can to get what he wants from others. However, as the play progresses, Krogstad develops into a character who helps others to develop. With the help of Mrs. Linde, Krogstad becomes an individualist character. He decides to strike out on his own and to change his ways.

So, the play can also be said to contain themes pertaining to individualism. Many of Ibsens other plays from this period also stressed individualism especially as it pertained to individuals being oppressed by society. In fact, in almost all of his plays, Ibsen addressed problems that he saw in his society. In this way, A Dolls House is very effective. The play attacks societies oppression of women and also its oppression of the individual.

I believe that Ibsen used both of these ideas so that they would complement each other and make an even more powerful message. It would not have been as effective if a dutiful husband had decided to leave his friends and family to start on a new life. Men leaving their families was probably something that happened every now and then and was not nearly as controversial as a woman leaving her dutiful husband and her children. Ibsen loved being controversial, it forced people to think about and often see his point.

Ibsen often stressed the idea of society holding the individual as a prisoner, and his plays very often show an individual breaking from the chains and bonds of society. In A Dolls House, Ibsen uses the wife (Nora) who is oppressed and kept prisoner by her husband (Torvald) as a metaphor for the individual who is oppressed by society. When Nora leaves her husband and family to live on her own and for herself, it represents a person who breaks the chains with which society binds him and truly and freely lives. Ibsen is not supporting the abandonment of loved ones, he is simply supporting the individuals right to be held prisoner by no one. If your family makes you a prisoner, then you must leave your family.

If your society makes you a prisoner, then you must leave your society. He does not endorse putting yourself above another, he endorses putting personal freedom before society. He looks for a society in which none are oppressed and no ones freedom is compromised. He believes that the individual must find freedom in his self. As the main character in Ibsens An Enemy of the People, a play with a similar theme about society, states, “The strongest man in the world is .”

It is undeniable that A Dolls House has aspects of feminism, but I do not believe that it was created with the purpose of being a feminist work, at least not solely. A Dolls House has a deeper theme, one of individualism and breaking free from all that keeps us down. Ibsen wants to show people that their society does indeed hold people prisoner. He wants people to realize how they are being kept prisoner by the accepted beliefs of society and also by others. This definitely applies to feminism because women were and sometimes still are oppressed by society. The play is a feminist work, but it is much grander than that, it is a work promoting true freedom and individual rights. It encourages us to break loose, learn for ourselves, think for ourselves, act for ourselves, be ourselves, and most importantly be true to ourselves.

As one of today’s most successful pop stars, Beyonce has long been a popular target for tabloid gossip. Recently, however, the controversy surrounding the singer has become more political than the typical divorce rumors Several journalists, as well as social media users, have questioned the messages of feminism Beyonce sings about in her recent album, A common inquiry is how Beyonce can call herself a feminist while she frequently sings about sex in revealing clothing. Contrary to recent critiques of the pop star, looking at the definition of feminism as “the doctrine advocating social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men,” Beyonce exemplifies this very concept. Beyonce promotes body positivity and self-confidence to her female fans.

The unapologetic approach to sexuality Beyonce takes, teaches women not to take shame in their own natural desires. Women cannot advance socially, politically, or economically unless we believe in our own strength While some may say Beyonce’s lyrics and on stage persona constitute as self-absorbed, she is instead destroying the idea that women must be conservative in order to be powerful This concept is dangerous to the progress of the feminist movement. It encourages women to put aside what makes them unique in order to be taken seriously. Many young women believe such ideologies due to the idea of “good girls” in Hollywood These are women who have followed the so-called “rules” in life, never making a decision too adventurous or provocative By becoming one of today’s most successful and influential public figures, Beyonce has destroyed this idea of only “good girls” coming first. She has given women the self confidence to take pride in their own mind and body, as opposed to the safe and conservative ways of others.

Beyonce has prevailed in a misogynistic workplace without succumbing to double standards. Because feminism is about women being allowed to act without judgment, shouldn‘t we treat Beyonce in a leotard the same way we treat Adam Levine shirtless? Unfortunately, many do not. Some might say a provocative male performer is a daring sex symbol but go on to say that a woman performer in revealing clothing is objectifying herself Beyonce refuses to give up to this male-favoring double standard. Instead, she proudly shows off herself, promoting the idea that women have the right to be comfortable doing whatever men can To summarize its definition, feminism is simply a concept proclaiming women to be equal to men. By striving for a level playing field, Beyonce is promoting gender equality, and thus promoting feminism.

Prompts : Tone is the mood or feeling the author intends the reader to experience. Using a specific piece of literature, explain how tone enhances the work.

Model Literary Response Essay Sample 1

Writers for TV sitcoms or movies are fortunate. Visuals often convey tone much more conveniently than words. Writers have to be very skillful in word choice in order to evoke emotions. While I began to explore Edgar Allan Poe’s works, I was intrigued with the way Poe carefully chose language and with the way it evoked a very certain mood or tone.

In Poe’s “The Tell-Tale Heart”, I was amazed with the way the main character could grow to hate someone’s physical appearance so much so that he could stare at him for hours on end. The plot of this story revolves around a young man who rents a room from an elderly man in a large, dark mansion. This is how Poe begins to create the tone or mood. If the setting were in a house with a white picket fence in Pleasantville, the setting might not be as effective for suspense or horror. However, Poe begins to masterfully build suspense in “The Tell-Tale Heart”. For example, the deranged tenant slowly opens the elderly man’s bedroom door at night and stares at his glass eye for hours in a seething rage. He does this numerous times, to where the reader begins to understand that this man is far from normal. His
obsession leads him to commit a horrible crime.

The rage this man feels about the eye finally comes to a point wherein he attacks the man and suffocates him in his bed. Afterwards, he dismembers his corpse and hides the pieces under the floorboards. By now, the reader is in complete disbelief and awe at such a heinous, non-provoked attack, that we must continue reading. The tone becomes very eerie, and will soon turn suspenseful.
Finally, the police investigate the home after a neighbor reported hearing screams coming from the house. The deranged man invites the police in, and invites them to sit with him in the room where the corpse lies. Poe now adds to the tone with more suspense and a feeling of anxiety to whether the man will confess to the murder. While speaking with the police, the man begins to hear a faint heartbeat that continues to grow in volume.

However, he is the only one who hears the noise. The man attempted to cunningly fool the police officers while sitting on the corpse, only to now mentally break down from the noise inside his mind to where he confesses. The torture this man evokes on himself adds tremendously to the tone of the story. Just as Poe creates an eerie, intense, and twisted tone to his fiction, authors can lead their readers to feel certain emotions through their writing.

Model Literary Response Essay Sample 2

Tone can be called the way an author makes you feel while reading their work. I personally have been frightened, brought to tears, extremely angry, and have laughed out loud simply by the way an author creates the tone of a story. This is also very similar to what an audience experiences while watching a film.

I recall one work I read by Edgar Allen Poe called The Telltale Heart, which has a bizarre, twisted tone. Initially, I thought this story was simply about a man who takes in a stranger. However, the tone of the story became strange when the tenant stares at his landlord while he sleeps. Poe leads us into the mind of a madman. I was on the edge of my seat as the police were asking questions of the man. The tone of the story, or the mood, was both frightening and suspenseful. I enjoy reading all types of books because many times the tone is different. I especially like Poe’s stories because I now know how he used tone in
his twisted tales.

Model Literary Response Essay Sample 3

Tone is like when the writor makes you feel good when you read books. I like to read a lot. In this essay I will tell you about tone.
I like many books that have tone. If you don’t have tone, then sometimes I don’t like to read these kinds. I like to read books about animuls, cars, and misteries. I really like misteries because you try an figure out what happens.
In this essay I have told you about tone.