Fishing

The world’s fisheries are a huge resource that our society has overused and therefore, has caused a decline in fish stocks, which has lead to a world fishery crisis. Fish have been a vital resource for many years and are essential to the lifestyles of many people. It is also a huge economic industry for many countries. Over the past decade, fish stocks have been exploited and we have witnessed a huge decline; fish farms were created as an alternative. The fishing industry is a multibillion-dollar industry and has now created empty nets due to years of overfishing, exploitation, and inhumane fishing techniques.

Overfishing is a non-sustainable use of the oceans caused by a degradation of the system due to catching too many fish for the system to support. When too many fish are caught, they cannot sustain their population, which leads to there being no more fish to be caught. Overfishing is caused because of fishing fleets worldwide that are three times larger than needed to sustain our population. “Over 25% of all the world’s fish stocks are either overexploited or depleted. Another 52% is fully exploited; these are in imminent danger of overexploitation (maximum sustainable production level) and collapse.

Thus a total of almost 80% of the world’s fisheries are fully exploited, depleted, or in a state of collapse. Worldwide about 90% of the stocks of large predatory fish stocks are already gone. ” (overfishing. org). An example of overfishing is the collapse of the cod fishing industry in Newfoundland in 1992, which collapsed due to the mismanagement of overfishing and fisheries. This lead to the loss of over 40,000 jobs and had a devastating effect on the economy. The cod fishing industry in Newfoundland is still recovering today and will probably never be the same as it once used to be. The reality of modern fishing is that the industry is dominated by fishing vessels that far out-match nature’s ability to replenish fish. Giant ships using state-of-the-art fish-finding sonar can pinpoint schools of fish quickly and accurately. The ships are fitted out like giant floating factories – containing fish processing and packing plants, huge freezing systems, and powerful engines to drag enormous fishing gear through the ocean. Put simply: the fish don’t stand a chance. ” (greenpeace. org).

Overfishing must be stopped because if it is not, the fish stocks around the world will collapse and the fish that we are used to eating such as Tuna, Cod, Halibut, Swordfish, and Salmon will no longer be available to us and alternatives will have to be sought after. Bottom trawling is a common practice used by most fishing vessels and it is very destructive to the ocean and all of its inhabitants. Bottom trawling is when huge nets are dragged along the ocean floor. These nets have large metal plates to keep the bottom down and have wheels attached to them, crushing almost anything that crosses their path.

Bottom trawlers have no care for the environment and destroy deep-sea life forms that take years to recover. Since these nets are dragged along the sea floor, it is hard to manage what is caught. Many unwanted mammals are caught in these nets, which are referred to as bycatch. “It has been estimated that a staggering 100 million sharks and rays are caught and discarded each year. Tuna fisheries, which in the past had high dolphin bycatch levels, are still responsible for the death of many sharks.

An estimated 300,000 cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) also die as bycatch each year, because they are unable to escape when caught in nets. ” (greenpeace. org). “Shrimp trawlers capture the most bycatch, between 2 and 10 pounds of sea life for every one pound of shrimp. All seven species of marine turtle are endangered because each year about 12,000 die as bycatch. ” (Desonie 135) Overfishing is terrible for our oceans and for us as humans. Much of the fish caught goes to waste and wasting a valuable resource is extremely dangerous.

If overfishing doesn’t stop, fish stocks will become depleted and at the rate we exploit the fish stocks, there is not much time. Marine protected areas or marine reserves have been implemented in some areas to stop fishing when a species becomes endangered. “Large-scale marine reserves are areas that are closed to all extractive uses, such as fishing and mining, as well as disposal activities. Within these areas there may be core zones where no human activities are allowed, for instance areas that act as scientific reference areas or areas where there are particularly sensitive habitats or species. ” (greenpeace. org).

These marine reserves are not put in place just to stop overfishing, they are also put in place to protect certain species from water pollution. Marine reserves are very effective and highly significant because they allow the endangered species to start recovery and to try to get back to the stage it was once at. Industrial fishing is not allowed in a marine protected area, and in some, no recreation at all is allowed. The crisis of empty nets that the world; a fishing industry is facing is the fishing industries own doing. Years of uncontrolled and unmonitored fishing have lead to the depletion of many fish stocks around the world.

The fishing industry is vital to many people around the world and is a way of life for many and it would be detrimental to the global economy if fish stocks around the world were to collapse. This will happen soon if we don’t stop. Governments need to put more set of laws on fishing to try and stop the overfishing. However, it is hard to stop because most of it occurs in international waters. This is where the United Nations needs to step in and help out. Fishing is great for the economy but the way that the fishing industry operates will only destroy it and turn it into something negative in the end.

Life is filled with pleasures and uncertainties. We have ups and downs, and enjoy the better days because we have survived the worst. The “Fisherman” by Kurt Brown, tells a tale of a man fishing every day in hopes of catching something beyond him. This poem represents our lives and is a direct metaphor of the duality of success and failure. Our lives can relate to this poem because there comes a time in our lives, when we realize the world has so much to offer us. In order to see and feel the many wonders in life, risk needs to be put forth.

Life does do not come to us, like the fisherman; who continues to cast his line into the deep, dark, and thundering waters, perseverance is required. Someday the catch will be rewarding and others will leave empty handed. However, it was enjoyable to go out and risk catching something glorious. Fishing is sport that involves any body of water. Theses body of waters are always bigger than our self’s. “Maybe it’s the shadow of other fish, greater than his, the shadow of other men’s souls passing over him,” (Brown 6,7) after analyzing this line, I concluded Brown was referencing life and how it continues without us.

There is always a Goliath in life that towers over us all. However, we should not let it pass without attempting to grasp the monstrosity that is life. Not all catches are easy; sharks, marlin and other big game fish will all struggle to pull you down with them into the depths of the deep, dark Ocean. Once you hook the fish, a fight is ensured that will test the limits of your heart. Whether it is with bigger fish or bigger men, strength is required to overcome them. I believe this is one message brown intended to convey in his poem.

In a way, Brown tells an aspiring tale of the fisherman’s success and failures. “Each day he grabs his gear and makes his way to the ocean,” (Brown 8,9) determined to catch the best in the salty waters, yet satisfied knowing if he goes home empty handed, the best of him was put forth. Brown was trying to showcase the relentlessness of the fisherman’s pride. Each day was different and offered a better catch than before, even if nothing as caught in the previous days, the fisherman continued to have faith and cast his line.

In life, we feel like this. Some days we feel like all the choices made up to this point have been pointless. Then we remember, after time spent sulking about our mistakes, that we still have a chance our luck and livelihood. In a way, we all have a little fisherman in all of us. Failure in life is expected, like death, everyone has to face it head on. However, others charge right into it, hoping for the best outcome. We like to think control is always in our hands and the outcomes in majority of situations will tip towards our favor.

However, all we have to rely on is uncertainty. Yes we can plan the lives we wish to live out, pursue the goals in life that will allow happiness to flow, but the only real goal we all achieve knows that uncertainty reigns supreme. “He’ll go back soon, thinking: “Maybe tonight. ” (Brown 17) Brown conveyed the doubt that plagues the fisherman’s conscious. “Maybe tonight,” he is unsure whether the trip back is worth it. Although he may be optimistic and determined, he can’t shake the uncertainty.

Like a double-edged sword, you cannot have one without the other. In this case, it’s doubt that attacks his unyielding perseverance. In closing, despite all of the contrasts of success and failure, Brown started his poem with a strong message “A man spends his whole life fishing in himself for something grand,” we all want to be the best versions of ourselves. But the thing is; if allowed, we get better as time goes on. We become wiser, and look back on all of the great things that we allowed ourselves to experience.

So, to continue becoming grand, we have to constantly pull the greatness out of our souls and temper it. Like a blacksmith creating a fine piece of metal from raw material, it takes time, work, and fire to create a truly fine piece of work. We must constantly fuel the fire and if that fire should go out, it must be relight within to continue on. Like the fisherman in Brown’s poem, preparation is required to fish properly. Otherwise, if a strong fish comes your way, how do you expect to make it yours?

The school holidays has finally arrived, my parent’s have decided to bring me and my little brother, Shepherd to go on a vacation at (Beach name). We have already planned this trip a few months ago and have done all our preparations. We were very excited to go on this trip because we have not went on a family trip since I was 12. We have brought foods such as rice, chicken, snacks, and drinks like Coke or Juice. We also brought some equipment to prepare the foods. I would never forget my fishing rod, because there is a good area for fishing.

We left our house at 2 in the afternoon ND the Journey to the beach took approximately an hour , therefore we arrived at the beach at 3:00 P. M. It was very fun on the way to the beach. My brother and I looked out the window and check out the villages and the view there during the Journey. I would request to stop for a while to take some pictures of a beautiful view. We enjoyed looking at the traditional houses, green farms, and a river connecting to the sea. A village close to the beach sells fresh seafood. My mother stopped by there to buy some fresh seafood there such as shrimp, crab, and fishes to prepare our early dinner at the each.

Upon our arrival, we looked for good spots at the beach, because it would be very crowded on weekends or holidays. We selected a cool place under the trees, and extended a mat on the white sand. The wind that blew through the trees softly made the weather cool and pleasant. Peace came into my heart when I looked at the very beautiful long white sand. People were playing all sort of games on the beach; for instance they played volleyball. Some of them swam in the shallow sea. There were some kids that were trying to build a sand castle. Everybody looked happy at that time.

Tibia Insulaechorab

How the conch’s used & its significance

o The leader will be chosen every Sunday so that everyone will be able to experience how to be a leader

o There will be a conch ceremony while changing the group leader. The leader will wear the conch with its chain all week long.

o The conch will be used by the leader to gather everyone, to quieten the group and to let somebody speak.

o The conch symbolizes leadership and authority. The person who has it is different from the others. The leader with his conch has to organize all the stuff related to the island and people.

MAP OF THE ISLAND

Ways to get food & water

* A group of 3 or 4 people will be fishing three times a week. The fisher group will be changed every week after the conch ceremony so that just one group of people won’t be fed up with fishing during the life on island. Also, fishing group will be responsible for getting other types of seafood.

* Water will be kept in holes which are covered with leaves and rocks -so that the water won’t be absorbed- Purification tablets may be used .

* The food will be cooked on fire made by using a magnifying glass.

* Other kinds of food will be fruits and vegetables.(if possible) The fisher group will be responsible for hunting for the rest of the days (3-4 days per a week)

Tools needed to build shelters

A poncho Rope

Stakes Knife

The rules and rights of everyone & The consequences for breaking the rules

* Everyone has to keep in mind that the person who doesn’t respect somebody is not respected.

* Whatever the leader says must be done

* Everybody must do some work. All the members of the island has to participate in the life om island

* If someone breaks one of the rules, he/she will be expelled from the group. So she/he has to survive on her/his own.

* Signal fire must be kept burning all the time.

* The person who looks after the fire must observe what goes around the island.

JOSE P. RIZAL’S EXILE IN DAPITAN (1892-1896) JOSE P. RIZAL’S EXILE IN DAPITAN (1892-1896)| | Beginning of Exile in Dapitan. The steamer Cebu which brought Rizal to Dapitan carried a letter from Father Pablo Pastells, Superior of the Jesuit Society in the Philippines, to Father Antonio Obach, Jesuit parish priest of Dapitan. In this letter, Father Superior Pastells informed Father Obach that Rizal could live at the parish convent on the following conditions:1. “That Rizal publicly retract his errors concerning religion, and make statements that were clearly pro-Spanish and against revolution. 2. That he perform the church rites and make a general confession of his past life. 3. “That henceforth he conduct himself in an exemplary manner as a Spanish subject and a man of religion. “Rizal did not agree with these conditions. Consequently, he lived in the house of the commandant, Captain Carnicero. The relations between Carnicero (the warden) and Rizal (the prisoner) were warm and friendly. | Wins in Manila Lottery. On September 21, 1892, the sleepy town of Dapitan burst in hectic excitement. The mail boat Butuan was approaching the town, with colored pennants flying in the sea breezes.

Captain Carnicero, thinking that a high Spanish official was coming, hastily dressed in gala uniform, ordered the town folks to gather at the shore, and himself rushed there, bringing a brass band. The mail boat, Butuan, brought no Spanish officials but the happy tidings that the Lottery Ticket No. 9736 jointly owned by Captain Carnicero, Dr. Rizal, and Francisco Equilor (Spanish resident of Dipolog, a neighboring town of Dapitan) won the second prize of P20, 000 in the government-owned Manila Lottery. Rizal’s share of the winning lottery ticket was PHP6, 200. 00. Upon receiving this sum, he gave PHP2, 000. 0 to his father and PHP200. 00 to his friend Basamin Hong Kong, and the rest he invested well by purchasing agricultural lands along the coast of Talisay, about one kilometer away from Dapitan. Rizal’s winning in the Manila Lottery reveals an aspect of his lighter side. He never drank hard liquor and never smoked, but he was a lottery addict. During his first sojourn in Madrid from 1882 to 1885 he always invested at least three pesetas every month in lottery tickets. “This was his only vice,” commented Wenceslao Retana, his first Spanish biographer and former enemy.

Rizal Challenges a Frenchman to a Duel. While Rizal was still debating with Father Pastells by means of exchange of letters, he became involved in a quarrel with a French acquaintance in Dapitan, Mr. Juan Lardet, a businessman. This man purchased many logs from the lands of Rizal. It so happened that some of the logs were of poor quality. Rizal used to cut logs in this area When the commandant heard of the incident, Carnicero told the Frenchman to apologize rather than accept the challenge. “My friend, you have not a Chinaman’s chance in a fight with Rizal on a field of honor.

Rizal is an expert in martial arts, particularly in fencing and pistol shooting. ” Heeding the commandant’s advice, Lardet wrote to Rizal in French, dated Dapitan, March 30, 1893, apologizing for the insulting comment. Rizal, as a gentleman and well-versed in pundonor (Hipic chivalric code) accepted the apology, and good relations between him and the Frenchman were restored. izal’s Encounter with the Friar’s Spy. During the early days of November 1893 Rizal was living peacefully and happily at his house in Talisay, a kilometer away from Dapitan.

His mother, sisters Narcisa and Trinidad, and some nephews were then living with him. His blissful life was then suddenly jolted by a strange incident involving a spy of the friars. This spy with the assumed name of “Pablo Mercado” and posing as a relative, secretly visited Rizal at his house on the night of November 3, 1893. He introduced himself as a friend and relative, showing a photo of Rizal and a pair of buttons with the initials “P. M. ” (Pablo Mercado) as evidences of his kinship with the Rizal family. The truth came out during this investigation. The real name of “Pablo Mercado” was Florencio Namanan.

He was a native of Cagayan de Misamis, single and about 30 years old. He was hired by the Recollect friars to a secret mission in Dapitan – to introduce himself to Rizal as a friend and relative, to spy on Rizal’s activities, and to filch certain letters and writings of Rizal, which might incriminate him in the revolutionary movement. Strangely, Commandant Sitges suddenly quashed the investigation and released the spy. He promptly forwarded the transcripts of the investigation together with his official report to Governor General Blanco who, in turn, kept these documents as highly confidential.

Rizal, who was surprised at the turn of events, requested for a copy of the proceedings of the investigation, but Sitges denied his request. As now declassified and preserved at the Biblioteca Nacional in Madrid, these documents contain certain mysterious deletions. As Physician in Dapitan. Rizal practiced medicine in Dapitan. He had many patients, but most of them were poor so that he even game them free medicine. To his friend in Hong Kong, Dr. Marquez, he wrote: “Here the people are so poor that I have even to give medicine gratis. ” He had, however, some rich patients who paid him handsomely for his surgical skill.

CASITAS DE SALUD  This small house Rizal use as a hospital ward In August 1893 his mother and sister (Maria) arrived in Dapitan and lived with him for one year and a half. He operated on his mother’s right eye. The operation was successful, but Dona Teodora, ignoring her son’s instructions, removed the bandages from her eyes, thereby causing the wound to be infected. Thus Rizal told Hidalgo, his brother-in-law: “Now I understand very well why a physician should not treat the members of his family. ” Fortunately, the infection was arrested so that Dona Teodora’s sight, thanks to her son’s ophthalmic prowess, was fully restored.

Rizal’s fame as a physician, particularly as an eye specialist, spread far and wide. He had many patients who came from different parts of the Philippines – from Luzon, Bohol, Cebu, Panay, Negros, and Mindanao – and even from Hong Kong. A rich Filipino patient, Don Ignacio Tumarong, was able to see again because of Rizal’s ophthalmic skill; and highly gratified by the restoration of his sight, he paid PHP3,000. Another rich patient, an Englishman, paid P500. Don Florencio Azacarraga, a rich hacendero of Aklan, was also cured of eye ailment, and paid Rizal a cargo of sugar.

As a physician, Rizal became interested in local medicine and in the use of medicinal plants. He studied the medicinal plants of the Philippines and their curative values. To poor patients, who could not afford to buy imported medicine, he prescribed the local medicinal plants. CASA REDONDA This house was Rizal’s clinic Water System for Dapitan. Rizal held the title of expert surveyor (perito agrimensor), which he obtained from the Ateneo. He supplemented his training as a surveyor by his reading of engineering books, so that he came to know about engineering.

In Dapitan, he applied his knowledge of engineering by constructing a system of waterworks in order to furnish clean water to the townspeople. Modern engineers marveled how Rizal could have built such a system of waterworks, for he had inadequate tools and meager materials, and his finances were very limited. Without any aid from the government, he succeeded in giving a good water system to Dapitan. An American engineer, Mr. H. F. Cameron, praised Rizal’s engineering feat in the following words: Another famous and well-known water supply is that of Dapitan, Mindanao, designed and constructed by the Spanish authorities…

This supply comes from a little mountain stream across the river from Dapitan and follows the contour of the country for the whole distance. When one considers that Doctor Rizal had no explosives with which to blast the hard rocks and no resources save his own ingenuity, one cannot help but honor a man, who against adverse conditions, had the courage and tenacity to construct the aqueduct which had for its bottom the fluted tiles from the house roofs, and was covered with concrete made from lime burned from the sea coral.

The length of this aqueduct is several kilometers, and it winds in and out among the rocks and is carried across gullies in bamboo pipes upheld rocks and is carried across gullies in bamboo pipes upheld by rocks or brick piers to the distribution reservoir. WATER SYSTEM-This water stream comes from the hill above which Rizal tap for his waterworks. The famous handmade waterworks of Rizal and consider as one of his masterpieces. Community Projects for Dapitan. When Rizal arrived in Dapitan, he decided to improve it, to the best of his God-given talents, and to awaken the civic consciousness of its people. He wrote to Fr.

Pastells: “I want to do all that I can for this town. ” Aside from constructing the town’s first water system, he spent many months draining the marshes in order to get rid of malaria that infested Dapitan. As a European-trained physician, he knew that the mosquitoes, which thrive in swampy places, spread malaria. He to equip the town with its lighting system used the P500, which an English patient paid him. This lighting system consisted of coconut oil lamps placed in the dark streets of Dapitan. Electric lighting was unknown then in the Philippines. It was not until 1894 when Manila saw the first electric lights.

Anther community project of Rizal was the beautification of Dapitan. With the help of his former Jesuit teacher and friend, Father Sanchez, he remodeled the town plaza in order to enhance its beauty. He jokingly remarked that he would make it nicely so that it could “rival the best in Europe. ” In front of the church, Rizal and Father Sanchez made a huge relief map of Mindanao out of earth, stones and grass. This map still adorns the town plaza of Dapitan. RELIEF MAP OF MINDANAO-One of Rizal’s masterpieces is the map of Mindanao which he perfectly and accurately made without copying from an original map as there aren’t any maps at the time.

ST. JAMES CHURCH The famous Dapitan church where Rizal used to attend mass regularly. Rizal as Teacher. Since boyhood Rizal knew the value of good education. During his travels abroad he observed the education system of modern nations. He himself planned to establish a modern college in Hong Kong for Filipino boys so that he could train them in modern pedagogical concepts, which were then unknown in the Philippines. CASA QUDRADA This house was Rizal’s workshop with his students His exile to Dapitan gave him the opportunity to put into practice his education ideas.

In 1893 he established a school, which existed, until the end of his exile in July, 1896. It began with three pupils and in the course of time the enrolment increased to 16 and later to 21. In his letter to Blumentritt on March 13, Rizal said that he had 16 pupils in his school and that these pupils did not pay any tuition. Instead of charging them tuition fees, he made them work in his garden, fields, and construction projects in the community. Rizal taught his boys reading, writing, languages (Spanish and English), geography, history, mathematics (arithmetic and geometry), ndustrial work, nature study, morals and gymnastics. He trained them how to collect specimens of plants and animals, to love work, and to “behave-like men. ” During the recess the pupils built fires in the garden to drive away the insects, pruned the fruit trees, and manure the soil. Outside the class hours, Rizal encouraged them to play games in order to strengthen their bodies. They had gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, stone-throwing, swimming, arnis (native fencing), and boating. Rizal let’s his pupils read these books way back his time. “Hymn to Talisay.  Rizal conducted his school at his home in Talisay, near Dapitan, where he had his farm and hospital. His favorite rendezvous with his boys was under a talisay tree, after which the place was named. In honor of Talisay, he wrote a poem entitled “Himno A Talisay” for his pupils to sing. Contribution to science. Rizal found Mindanao a rich virgin field for collecting specimens. With his baroto (sailboat) and accompanied by his pupils, he explored the jungles and coasts, seeking specimens of insects, birds, snakes, lizards, frogs, shells, and plants. He sent these specimens to the museum of Europe, especially the Dresden Museum.

In payment for these valuable specimens, the European scientist sent him scientific books and surgical instruments. During his four-year exile in Dapitan, Rizal built up a rich collection of oncology, which consisted of 346 shells representing 203 species. He discovered some rare specimens who were named in his honor by the scientists. Among these was Draco rizali (a flying dragon), Apogonia rizali (a small beetle), and Rhacophorus rizali (a rare frog). Rizal also conducted anthropological, ethnographical, archaeological, geological and geographical studies, as revealed by his voluminous correspondence with his scientist friends in Europe.

There was no limit to his scientific versatility. Linguistic Studies. A born linguist, Rizal continued his studies of languages. N Dapitan he learned the Bisayan, Subanun, and Malay languages. He wrote a Tagalog grammar, made a comparative study of the Bisayan and Malayan languages, and studied the Bisayan (Cebuan) and Subanun languages. On April 5, 1896, his last year of exile in Dapitan, he wrote to Blumentritt: “I know already Bisayan and I speak it quite well; it is necessary, however, to know other dialects of the Philippines. By this time, Rizal could rank with the world’s great linguist. He knew 22 languages, as follows: Tagalog, Ilokano, Bisayan, Subanun, Spanish, Latin, Greek, English, French, German, Arabic, Malay, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Dutch, Catalan, Italian, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Swedish, and Russian. Artistic Works in Dapitan. Rizal continued his artistic pursuits in Dapitan. He contributed his painting skill to the Sisters of Charity who were preparing the sanctuary of the Holy Virgin in their private chapel. For the sake of economy, the head of the image was “procured from abroad. The sisters made the vestments concealing all the rest of the figure except the feet, which rested upon a globe encircled by a snake in whose mouth is an apple. Rizal modeled the right foot of the image, the apple, and the serpent’s head. He also designed the exquisite curtain, which was painted in oil by an artist Sister under his direction. Rizal made sketches of persons and things that attracted him in Dapitan. He drew, for instance, the three rate species of animal life – the dragon, the frog, and the beetle – which he had discovered. He had sketches of the numerous fishes he caught in Dapitan waters.

One day in 1894 some of his pupils secretly went to Dapitan in a boat from Talisay; a puppy of Syria (Rizal’s dog tried to follow and was devoured by a crocodile. Rizal reprimanded them, telling them that had they not disobeyed his advice not to go to town without his permission the puppy would not have died and the mother-dog would have been spared the sorrow of losing an offspring. To stress the moral of the incident; he modeled a statuette representing the mother-dog killing the crocodile, by way of avenging her lost puppy, and called it “The Mother’s Revenge. Other sculptural works of Rizal in Dapitan were a bust of Father Guerrico (one of his Ateneo professors), a statue of a girl called “The Dapitan Girl,” woodcarving of Josephine Bracken (his wife), and a bust of St. Paul, which he gave to Father Pastells. Dapitan girl The triumph of science over death Rizal as Farmer. In Dapitan Rizal devoted much of his time to agriculture. He bought 16 hectares of land in Talisay, where he built his home, school, and hospital, and planted cacao, coffee, sugarcane, coconuts and fruit trees. “My land,” he wrote to his sister Trinidad, “is half an hour from the sea.

It is very poetic and very picturesque. If you and our parents come I will build a big house we can all live in. ” Later, he acquired more lands until his total holdings reached 70 hectares, containing 6,000 hemp plants, 1,000 coconut trees, and numerous fruit trees, sugarcane, corn, coffee and cacao. On his farms, Rizal introduced modern methods of agriculture, which he had observed in Europe and America. His pupils helped him in the daily farm labor. He encouraged the Dapitan farmers to discard their primitive system of tillage and adopt the modern agricultural methods.

He imported agricultural machinery from the United States. Rizal dreamed of establishing an agricultural colony in the Sitio of Ponot near Sindangan Bay, where there was plenty of water and good port facilities. He believed that this place would be ideal to raise cacao, coffee, coconuts, and cattle. He invited his relatives and friends, especially those in Calamba, to come to his projected agricultural colony. “We will establish a new Kalamba,” he wrote to Hidalgo, his brother-in-law. Unfortunately this colony did not materialize, like his previous Borneo colonization, because he could not get the support of the government.

Rizal emphasized the impact of Sindangan Bay in his point of interest. Rizal as Businessman. Aside from farming, Rizal engaged in business. In partnership with Ramon Carreon, a Dapitan merchant, he made profitable business ventures in fishing, copra, and hemp industries. He invited his relatives, particularly Saturnina and Hidalgo to come to Mindanao, for there “is vast and ample field of business” in the island. He particularly told Saturnina that in Dapitan she could profitably engage in the textile, jewelry, and hemp business.

In a letter to Hidalgo, dated January 19, 1893, he expressed his plan to improve the fishing industry of Dapitan. He said that the two has a good beach like Calamba and there is abundant fish in the sea; however, the fishing folks, using primitive methods of fishing, were able only to catch small fishes. Accordingly, he instructed Hidalgo to help him buy a big net for trawl fishing (puklutan) and to send him two good Calamaba fishermen who could teach the Dapitan folks better methods of fishing. The most profitable business venture of Rizal in Dapitan was in the hemp industry.

At one time, he shipped 150 bales of hemp to a foreign firm in Manila at huge profit for himself and his business partner. He purchased hemp in Dapitan at) 7 and 4 reales per picul and sold it in Manila at P10 and 4 reales, giving him a profit of P3 per picul. In his letter to Blumentritt on July 31, 1894, he said: “To kill time and to help also the people of this town, I have become a merchant. I buy abaca and ship it to Manila. Luck was with me this month. I made a profit of P2000 in one stroke. ” On May 14, 1893, Rizal formed a business partnership with Ramon Carreon (Dapitan businessman () in lime manufacturing.

Their lime burner had a monthly capacity of more than 4000 bags of lime. To break the Chinese monopoly on business in Dapitan, Rizal organized on January 1, 1895 the Cooperative Association of Dapitan Farmers. According to its constitution, which he had drafted, its purposes were “to improve the farm products, obtain better outlets for them, collect funds for their purchases, and help the producers and workers by establishing a store wherein they can buy prime commodities at moderate prices. ” Rizal’s Inventive Ability. One little knows fact about Rizal was that he was also an inventor.

It should be remembered that in 1887, while practicing medicine in Calamba, he invented a cigarette lighter, which he sent as a gift to Blumentritt. He called it “sulpuklan. ” This unique cigarette lighter was made of wood. “Its mechanism,” said Rizal, “is based on the principle of compressed air. ” During his exile in Dapitan, he invited a machine for making bricks. This machine could manufacture about 6, 000 bricks daily. Thus Rizal wrote to Blumentritt on November 20, 1895: “I have made a wooden machine for making bricks, and I believe it could make more or less 6,000 bricks a day…

When I was in Belgium, I saw the making of bricks out-of-doors without kilns, and during my visit to Baden I saw also a mount of bricks on the ground. I suppose in Bohemia they make bricks on the by means of a different method; if this is so, please inform me how the bricks are baked such that not much heat is wasted”. “My Retreat”. In February 1895, Dona Teodora, with her eyesight fully restored, returned to Manila. During her long stay in Dapitan, she saw how busy her talented son was and regretted that he had neglected the Muses. She requested him to write poetry again.

In response to her request, Rizal wrote a beautiful poem about his serene life as an exile in Dapitan and sent it to her on October 22,1895. This poem was “Mi Retiro”(My Retreat), which is acclaimed by literary critics as one of the best ever penned by Rizal. Rizal and Josephine Bracken. In the silent hours of the night after the day’s hard work, Rizal was often sad. He missed his family and relatives, his good friends in foreign lands, the exhilarating life in the cities of Europe, and his happy days in Calamba. The death of Leonora Rivera on August 28, 1893 left a poignant void in his heart.

He needed somebody to cheer him up in his lonely exile. In God’s own time, this “somebody” came to Dapitan, like a sunbeam to dispel his melancholy mood. She was Josephine Bracken, an Irish girl of sweet eighteen, “slender, a chestnut blond, with blue eyes, dressed with elegant simplicity, with an atmosphere of light gayety. ” She was born in Hong Kong on October 3, 1876 of Irish parents – James Bracken, a corporal in the British garrison, and Elizabeth Jane MacBride. Her mother died in childbirth, and Mr. George Taufer, who later became blind, adopted her.

No ophthalmic specialist in Hong Kong could cure Mr. Taufer’s blindness so that he, accompanied by his adopted daughter Josephine went to Manila to seek the services of the famous ophthalmic surgeon, Dr. Rizal. They heard in the city that a Filipino companion, Manuela Orlac, in Dapitan, where they proceeded – accompanied Dr. Rizal. They presented to Rizal a card of introduction by Julio Llorente, his friend and schoolmate. Rizal and Josephine fell in love with each other at first sight. After a whirlwind romance of one month, they agreed to marry.

But Father Obach, the priest of Dapitan, refused to marry then without the permission of the Bishop of Cebu. When Mr. Taufer heard of their projected marriage, he flared up in violent rage. Unable to endure the thought of losing Josephine, he tried to commit suicide by cutting off his throat with a razor. Rizal, however, grabbed his wrists and prevented him from killing himself. To avoid a tragedy, Josephine went with Taufer to Manila by the first available steamer. The blind man went away uncured because his ailment was venereal in nature, hence incurable. Mr.

Taufer returned alone to Hong Kong. Josephine stayed in Manila with Rizal’s family. Later she returned to Dapitan. Since no priest would marry them, Rizal and Josephine held hands together and married themselves before the eyes of God. They lived as man and wife. Of course, Father Obach was scandalized, and many unsavory tales were circulated by gossips in Dapitan. Rizal and Josephine lived happily in Dapitan. In several letters to his family, Rizal praised Josephine and revealed his new happiness. He was no longer lonely. Dapitan had become for him a heaven of bliss.

In the early part of 1896 Rizal was extremely happy because Josephine was expecting a baby. Unfortunately, he played a prank on her, frightening her so that she prematurely gave birth to an eight-month baby boy, who lived only for three hours. This lost son of Rizal was named “Francisco” honor of Don Francisco (he hero’s father) and was buried in Dapitan. Rizal and the Katipunan. While Rizal was mourning the loss of his son, ominous clouds of revolution gradually darkened the Philippines skies. Andres Bonifacio, the “Great Plebeian” was sowing the seeds of an armed uprising.

The secret revolution society, called Katipunan, which he founded on July 7, 1892, was gaining more and more adherents. In a secret meeting of the Katipunan at a little river called Bitukang Manok, near the town of Pasig, on May 2,1896, Dr. Pio Valenzuela was named emissary to Dapitan, in order to inform Rizal of plan of Katipunan to launch a revolution for freedom’s sake. Dr. Valenzuela arrived in Dapitan in the evening of June 21, 1896. Rizal, ever a hospitable host, welcomed him. After supper, the two had heart-to-heart talk in the garden. Valenzuela told him of the Katipunan plan and the necessity of his support.

Rizal objected to Bonifacio’s audacious project to plunge the country in bloody revolution. He was of the sincere belief that it was premature, for two reasons: (1) the people are not ready for revolution, and (2) arms and funds must first be collected before raising the cry of revolution. He also disapproved the other plan of the Katipunan to rescue him because he had given his word of honor to the Spanish authorities and he did not want to break it. Rizal and the Katipunan. While Rizal was mourning the loss of his son, ominous clouds of revolution gradually darkened the Philippines skies.

Andres Bonifacio, the “Great Plebeian” was sowing the seeds of an armed uprising. The secret revolution society, called Katipunan, which he founded on July 7, 1892, was gaining more and more adherents. In a secret meeting of the Katipunan at a little river called Bitukang Manok, near the town of Pasig, on May 2,1896, Dr. Pio Valenzuela was named emissary to Dapitan, in order to inform Rizal of plan of Katipunan to launch a revolution for freedom’s sake. Dr. Valenzuela arrived in Dapitan in the evening of June 21, 1896. Rizal, ever a hospitable host, welcomed him.

After supper, the two had heart-to-heart talk in the garden. Valenzuela told him of the Katipunan plan and the necessity of his support. Rizal objected to Bonifacio’s audacious project to plunge the country in bloody revolution. He was of the sincere belief that it was premature, for two reasons: (1) the people are not ready for revolution, and (2) arms and funds must first be collected before raising the cry of revolution. He also disapproved the other plan of the Katipunan to rescue him because he had given his word of honor to the Spanish authorities and he did not want to break it.

The grand betrayal Unknown to Rizal, there was an orchestrated grand betrayal set by man who had given his word of honor. Just after the streamer departed Port Said, Rizal heard of his impending arrest from a fellow passenger. He would be arrested by order of Governor General Blanco and would be send to a prison in Ceuta in the Spanish Morroco. He was dumbfounded at the news and too late to realized that he was fallen to a trap. He immediately wrote his best friend Blumentritt to inform him of his present situation so that anything that would happen to him his friend was forewarned.

Natural Resources – An Issue of Sustainability

Fish Candidates should be able to describe the fishing methods used in both marine and inland waters, including fish farms,  give examples of the fish caught in both marine & inland waters & of the fish reared on fish farms, give examples of the fishing ports on both the Balochistan and Sindh coasts, describe the uses of the fish caught. explain improvements in fishing methods and processing techniques understand the problems facing the fishing industry and evaluate the possibilities for its further development and sustainability.

Question: 2 (May / June 2000) For marine fishing name the main catch and the most important export market for the catch. For inland fishing state where and why fish are caught.

Question: 2(October / November 2002) (a) Study the following. Fish Group 1 – crab, lobster, prawns (jhinga), sardines, shark

Group 2 – hila, mahseer, palla, trout Group 3 – herring, mackerel, sardines, shark Fishing Areas

• A – inland fisheries (freshwater)
• B – Makran (Balochistan)
• Coast C – Indus Delta (Sindh) Coast

In which fishing area are the fish in group 1 caught?

In which fishing area are the fish in group 2 caught?

Describe the fishing industry of the Makran Coast with reference to methods of catching the fish, ports and the uses of the fish caught. Increasingly fish are obtained from fish farms. Describe this method of producing fish. Why are fish so plentiful in the mangroves of the Indus Delta Coast?

Question: 4(October / November 2003) State and explain the main functions of the ports on the Balochistan coast. Why are the ports in Balochistan small?

Question: 3 (May / June 2004) Study Photograph (opposite) which shows part of a fish farm at Faiz, south of Multan. Describe the lay-out and features of the fish farm. How has the physical topography of the area made it easy to construct the ponds?  Where has the material come from that has been used to make the banks of the ponds? Why is fish farming of growing importance in Pakistan? Credit will be given if you name a species of fresh water fish reared on fish farms.

Question: 1 (May / June 2005) The area of mangrove forest has decreased in size in recent years. How and why has this affected the local fisheries?

Question: 4 (May / June 2008) Name two fishing ports on the coast of Balochistan. Name two types of marine fish caught by fishermen. Describe subsistence fishing methods. Explain how these methods can be improved to make fishing commercial. How can fish be stored and processed onshore? Why is fish processing called ‘value-added’? How does the poor infrastructure of Balochistan make development of the Fishing industry difficult? Study Fig. (opposite), a graph comparing the production of marine and inland fisheries in Pakistan. Compare the changes shown in the graph. Explain why more people are employed in inland fisheries than marine fishing.

Question: 2(October / November 2008)  Explain how industries can pollute river and sea water. Explain how this pollution affects fishing.

Question: 1(October / November 2010) Study Fig. (opposite), which shows the weight of marine fish caught 1996–2006. The weight of fish caught in 2006 was less than in 1996. Suggest two reasons for this decrease. Describe how the weight of fish caught changed in the years between 1996 and 2006. Describe how marine fishing methods can be improved. Study Fig. (opposite). With reference to Fig. (opposite), explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing the fishing industry in Pakistan.

General purpose: To Persuade Specific purpose: To persuade the audience to go fishing this summer. Central Idea: Fishing is fun and easy Pattern: Topical Pattern Introduction: I have been fishing for 10+ years and really enjoy it and would love to share this hobby of mine with others. Body: There are so many ways to fish and I would like to share with you some information on my favorite ways to fish. Bow fishing is my favorite way to catch fish and it begins around May when the temperature is constantly warm and last thru ought the summer.

Some gear you will have to have is a bow a recurve or a compound it doesn’t matter but if you are not the best with a bow the best bow for you would be the compound because you have sights on the bow. A retriever reel and an arrow with any kind of tip will work. And the way the fish is swimming threw the water you must aim below where you see the fish at, it’s difficult at first but it gets easier. Cat fishing can be done anytime during the summer day or night.

I prefer night time because there are less people fishing and the fish are more active. But the down side to fishing at night you must then bring a light or build a fire to see the end of your poles. The first thing you will need is a fishing pole with a heavy weight on the end of the fishing line with a treble hook around half a foot up from the weight you do this because cat fish usually stay toward the bottom of the lake or river.

What I found works the best and smells the worst is punch bait and you push the treble hook down into the punch bait with a stick because if you get it on your hands they will stink for a while. And another good bait to catch the catfish with is chicken livers and they are a little more difficult to put on the hook. Conclusion: Fishing is a great and relaxing hobby to try out.