Fishing

Environmental and Social Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in Botany Bay

When planning offshore wind farms the following impacts are studied to make sure the purposed project has a net benefit environmentally. Steps can then be taken to manage any negative impact resulting from the construction of the wind farms. Environmental Impact: Botany Bay has a diverse marine life the impact of the wind turbines on the environment; have surprisingly shown to produce artificial reefs.

A Recent Study

“Effect of the Horns Rev 1 Offshore Wind Farm on Fish Communities”(Leonhard, Stenberg, Stottrup;2011) has produced positive results illustrating the turbines have no adverse effect to the marine life; and has actually increased the population of some species of fish in the area. It is also shown the most disturbance will coming in the construction stage of production. Wind farms also would have effects on the local bird-life; as both a collision risk with the rotors and disturbance and barrier effect to migrating birds.

Botany Bay is noted to have close to seventeen species of shorebirds prompting the need for further research to be looked at bird behaviour the area. Social Impact: Many studies have been developed to review wind turbines effect on the health of people; an Australian study “Wind Turbines and Health” (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2010) concluded that overall wind farms have minimal health effects compared to health burdens of conventional electricity generation.

The concept of “wind turbine syndrome” includes the worse of the adverse health issues; involved in hear loss and insomnia resulting from noise levels of the wind farms but it is generally believed to be a nocebo reaction to the presence of wind turbine. The noise level of 10 turbines at 350 metres is 35-45 dbA, in comparison to a standard quiet room being 35 dbA. The main legitimate health issue includes annoyance impact by locals and according to World Health Organisation (WHO; 1999) annoyance is an adverse health effect.

In terms of the planned wind farm at Botany Bay’s area; designing offshore greatly reduces the sound and visual impact; Being far out enough to have no shadow flicker to no effect. Also located in such an urban area sound from city is found to offset the noise level of the wind turbines (Ion Paraschivoiu). Recreational fishing in Botany Bay is a large attraction to Botany Bay with commercial fishing currently banned. Several artificial reefs were construction in 2006 to help fish habitats.

With the potential of more artificial reefs from the wind farms; marine wildlife will look to prosper; however building of offshore wind farms will pose safety issues to fishing in the area. Closing fishing areas closest to the wind farms may be necessary to provide proper safety; which will most likely irritate local fishermen. Environmental and Social impact of off shore wind farms cannot be taken lightly and for closer look on such effects proper detailed investigation have to be made on the surrounding wildlife and population of Botany Bay.

Bibliography

1. NSW Department of Primary Industries. (2006).
2. Six artificial reefs for Botany Bay. Available: http://www. dpi. nsw. gov. au/archive/news-releases/fishing-and-aquaculture/2006/artificial-reefs-botany-bay Last accessed 12 Oct 2012. Science Daily. (2010).
3. Offshore Wind Power and Wave Energy Devices Create Artificial Reefs. Available: http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2010/01/100118132130. htm Last accessed 12 Oct 2012. The Fish Site News Desk. (2010). Offshore Wind Power Creates Artificial Reefs.
4. http://www. thefishsite. com/fishnews/11577/offshore-wind-power-creates-artificial-reefs Last accessed 12 Oct 2012. Hazel Watson. (2010).
5. Shorebirds of Botany bay. Available: http://www. wetrivers. unsw. edu. au/research-projects/shorebirds/shorebirds-of-botany-bay/ Last accessed 12 Oct 2012. The Society for Wind Vigilance. (2010).
6. Annoyance and Wind Turbines. Available: http://www. windvigilance. com/about-adverse-health-effects/annoyance-and-wind-turbines Last accessed 12 Oct 2012.
7. Magnus Johnson. (2009). Fisheries, the environment and offshore wind farms: Location, location, location.. Available:http://www. academia. edu/892929/Fisheries_the_environment_and_offshore_wind_farms_Location_location_location Last accessed 12 Oct 2012.
8. Sustainable Development Commission (United Kingdom) (SDC), (2005): Wind Power in the UK: A guide to the key issues surrounding onshore wind power development in the UK, Government of the United Kingdom, England.
9. Available at: http://www. sdcommission. org. uk/ World Health Organization (2004): Energy, sustainable development and health. Background document for the Fourth Ministerial Conference on Environment and Health, 23-25 June 2004, Geneva. Rogers A, Manwell J & Wright S. (2006): Wind Turbine Acoustic Noise. Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Wind Turbine Design: With Emphasis on Darrieus Concept by Ion Paraschivoiu.

With the Philippine seas south of Mindanao already over fished, local tuna producers have looked beyond the country’s fishing grounds for their operations. Marfenio Tan, former president of the Socsksargen Federation of Fishing and Allied Industry (SFFAI), continues to reminisce the days when they had to bury tons of tuna catches on the beaches because there were simply abundant supplies and demand could not cope, if not non-existent. During the stretch when the industry became the single top dollar earner commodity for Mindanao, several companies had also emerged, especially in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

But the industry is going full circle again following the 2008 global collapse of several financial institutions and renewed oil price crisis. Fishing is a PhP50 billion industry in the Philippines, contributing about 4% of the country’s GNP. With an annual production volume of 2. 4 million metric tons of fish, it directly provides livelihood and employment to over one million Filipinos Tuna have high commercial value post-harvest technology equipment needed to prolong the shelf-life of tuna and other species of fish, are made available, thus playing a vital role for trading and other post harvest activities.

The proximity of the city to tuna-rich fishing grounds including the Moro gulf, Sulu Sea, Mindanao Sea and adjacent Celebes Sea which are known centers of tuna abundance, is great advantage. As of September of the previous year alone, the total catch has reached a voluminous 5,031, 866 kilos where ‘sashimi” grade adult tuna comprises 35 % or about 1,774,922 kilos. The locally distributed adult tuna for local consumption ate the largely 65% chunk and distributed to neighboring cities of Davao, Bukidnon, Cagayan de Oro, Surigao, South Cotabato and as far Japan and the U. S. skipjack for canned markets in Europe and North America. The tuna sector accounts for 12 percent of total fish production and employs about 120,000 workers. Tuna industry contributes: government pursues a free trade agreement (FTA) with the Euopean Union (EU), only the tuna industry is bound to benefit from it. 24% tuna sector shipments in the tariffs in Europe Accourding to sir Soriano, tuna from the Philippines are being shipped within 24 hours to anywhere in the world. * Frozen * Large tax incentives * Fast money return -Industry data showed that exports of fresh and canned tuna reached $284 million in 2011.

The Board of Investments (BOI) has approved tax incentives for a P120-million expansion project of a GenSan-based tuna firm that produces choice portions of tuna for export. The expansion will start commercial operations in February, 2013, and is expected to generate jobs. It will help boost the country’s tuna exports. Currently, tuna catch here is about 1,000 metric tons daily and earns export revenues of about $300 million annually. It is the leading supplier of canned tuna, high value sashimi tuna and tuna steaks to the Japanese, European and American markets.