Force

 Abstract

There are many different laser techniques that can be used in the production of solar cells. By examining the research which the various solar cells were fabricated with laser technique, it is possible to understand the pros and cons of using laser for produce the cells. The following paragraphs will list which process the laser technique have been used in this review. Introduction

The buried contact solar cell was invented at University of New South Wales by Green et al. in 1983. These solar cells have a relatively high efficiency approximately 25% and present a possibility of cost-reduction with applying this technology to the manufacturers’ production lines. The following are the general main steps of forming the buried contact solar cell:

1. Texturing of surfaces
2. Top surface diffusion
3. Oxide growth
4.  Groove cutting and diffusion
5. Aluminum deposition and sinter
6. Metal plating
7. Edge isolation

The key parts of this process, which result in the cells become more efficiency than the standard screen printing solar cells are the laser grooving and groove diffusion to reduce the cell shading and contact resistance and the texturing which reduce the surface reflection. A schematic of a buried contact solar cell is shown in the figure below (Green 1995). [pic]Figure 1: Cross-section of buried contact solar cell Research continues working on the ways which could further improve the efficiency of the buried contact solar cell.

With the statistics obtained from the experiment, they can try to figure out the effects which using different methods and materials in solar cells would cause. These parts include different diffusion profiles to form the p-n junction, surface passivation using different materials, and the different methods of grooving of the silicon, rear surface treatment, metallization and so on. Laser texturing In order to reduce the reflection effect of the solar cells, front surface texturing is one solution. There have many methods to increase the light trapping, such as mechanical scribing and reactive ion etching.

However, laser texturing could effectively texture the multicrystalline surface, providing isotropic etching that other techniques cannot do. Abbott and Cotter (2006) revealed that with deeper laser texturing, the less the front surface reflection is. More detailed results are shown in figure 2 (adapted from Abbott and Cotter 2006). Note that with very shallow texturing (10mm), they cannot trapping very well, as a result behaving like the planar one. Figure 2: Front surface reflection of laser textured samples with different ablation pit depths (0) 10mm, (? 20mm, (? ) 30 mm, (*) 40 mm, (x) 50mm with residual slag, (+) planar silicon and (line) random pyramid textured silicon. It is straightforward that we should texturing deeper pit, however, this will increase the surface recombination rate, which is detrimental to solar cells. Even though the pit depths 50mm have the lowest reflection, it will leave some slag in the pits that acting like defects. These residual slags will enhance the surface recombination rate, reducing the open-circuit voltage as well as the efficiency of the solar cells.

Finding better parameters of operation to texture the wafer properly without the appearance of slag is therefore becomes the main issue for the manufacturers. Top Surface diffusion The conventional method for doping materials is the thermal diffusion which performed at high temperature (over 800? ). The process is so-called solid state diffusion and has various methods, for instance physical vapour deposition, to control the doping profiles. Also there is a considerable alternative method of forming doping areas in silicon solar cells by using laser-doping.

With the Nd:YAG pulsed laser, the doping profiles can be controlled with the desirable doping area. Ogane et al. (2009) asserted that by using the laser doping technique with 0. 5W output, it can fabricate the solar cells with comparable efficiency to those fabricated by thermal diffusion methods. Some statistics of the result from their research are shown in figure 3 (adapted from Ogane et al. 2009). Note that a large number of the oxygen atoms are induced to the solar cells owing to the operation is in air. This increase the sheet resistance and as a result, reducing the efficiency of the solar cells.

The advantages of the laser doping process are that it can be operated at room temperature, in the atmosphere, as well as the easier process forming a selective doping area without any lithography pre-set processes. With these advantages, even though the properties of these solar cells are slightly worse than the cells handled by thermal diffusion, it is acceptable to some manufacturers and worthy to work on it. [pic] Figure 3: The average of six solar cells properties of cells with emitters fabricated by laser doping as a function of laser output power, compared with the case of thermal diffusion (TD).

Laser groove. The most common device which is used to form the laser grooved front surface contacts is the Nd:YAG pulsed laser, operating at a high frequency. The depth of the laser groove after lasing is typically 30 microns deep and approximately 20 microns wide. During the process, laser will vaporises silicon through the oxidation layer, and this will induced the thermally damaged to silicon. Such this damage will acts as recombination sites of carriers when operating the solar cells, minimised this defect is therefore necessary in order to improve the efficiency of the solar cells.

Studies on this part (Schoonderbeek et al. 2007) have revealed that using the shorter wavelength of the laser, i. e. the higher power output can reduce the thermal damage induce by the laser.  Increased lifetime ratios (decreased laser damage) are obtained when scribing lines using short-wavelength lasers. Figure 4 (adapted from Schoonderbeek et al. 2007) above shows that by using lasers with short-wavelength at either 532nm (green) or 355nm (UV) will have better properties in comparison to 1064nm (IR) laser. Nevertheless, the lower cost of the IR laser is more favourable to the manufacturer.

Thus the solar cell research of this part is undertaken at institutions and companies in order to find out the better trade-off point. Back surface field and laser-fired contacts The technology which usually used for rear contact passivation in solar cells is that highly doped region near the back contact. This is called back surface field. Normally aluminium is applied to it by evaporation, following by sintering to make aluminium atoms diffuse into the silicon. For reducing the cost per watts generated by solar cell, some different methods were tested for the feasibility analysis.

One of the ways for reducing the cost is doping aluminium locally (Meemongkolkiat et al. 2006). It is obviously that doping less metal could reduce the cost, however the efficiency should not be diminish too much. In this process the oxide on the back surface is partially etched prior to aluminium were screen-printed on it. In their research, with choosing the aluminium screen-printing pastes properly (the composition is not provided in their paper), the efficiency of the solar cells are adequately (16%) compared to the normally full back surface field (16. %). Alternatively, aluminium deposition can be applied to the solar cell with the passivated emitter and rear contact, followed by fast scanning laser firing to reduce the rear surface recombination rate as well as improve light trapping. With this so-called laser-fired contact technique, Schneiderlochner et al. (2002, p. 32) demonstrated that the efficiency of the laser-fired contact solar cell can reach up to 21. 3%. Some results from their research can be seen in figure 5, which are adapted from Schneiderlochner et al. 002. Note that the silicon nitride passivated layer has a lower efficiency maybe due to degradation in passivation quality during laser firing. [pic] Figure 5: The solar cell results with the laser-fired contact technique compared with conventionally processed passivated emitter and rear cells The main advantage of the laser-fired contact is that after possessed a passivating layer and depositing the aluminium, there is only one step needed (laser firing) instead of several processes of photolithography.

Hence by using Nd:YAG pulsed laser system for laser-fired contact processing, the cost per watts can be reduced due to less handling steps, as well as the expensive chemicals. Summary There are some different techniques with respect to laser that applied to the fabrication of the solar cells are discussed above. With the laser system applied to the back surface field and laser-fired contacts, the cost can be reduced by using less costly chemicals, whereas shrinking the cost of instruments and operation for the case that laser system induced to the top surface diffusion.

The aims of both grooving and texturing using laser technique are improving the properties of the solar cells. The laser system provides the possibilities of reducing the cost per watts without decreasing too many characteristics of the solar cells, which is the most important issue for manufacturers. Therefore, studies focus on these techniques will continue while some of them are already used in fabricating solar cells with other techniques. The ultimate aim of these is make the solar cells as cheap as possible so that public are willing to having it, thus minimizing the environment impact.

Reference

1. Abbott, M. and Cotter, J. 006, ‘Optical and electrical properties of laser texturing for high-efficiency solar cells’, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Volume 14, Issue 3, pp. 225-235.
2. Honsberg, C. and Bowden, S. 2009, Buried Contact Solar Cells, Photovoltaics CDROM, accessed 12 September 2009, .
3. Meemongkolkiat, V. ; Nakayashiki, K. ; Dong Seop, K. ; Kim, S. ; Shaikh A. ; Kuebelbeck, A. ; Stockum, W. and Rohatgi, A. 2006, ‘Investigation of modified screen-printing Al pastes for local back surface field formation’, Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Conference Record of the 2006 IEEE 4th World Conference on, Volume 2, pp. 1338-1341.
4. Nd:YAG laser’, wiki article, 3 July 2009, accessed 14 September 2009, < http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nd:YAG_laser>. Ogane, A. ; Hirata, K. ; Horiuchi, K. ; Nishihara, Y. ; Takahashi, Y. ; Kitiyanan, A. and Fuyuki, T. 2009, ‘Laser-doping technique using ultraviolet laser for shallow doping in crystalline silicon solar cell fabrication’, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Volume 48, Issue 7, pp. 071201. Schneiderlochner, E. ;

Introduction

This chapter focuses on scalar control in three stage initiation motor public presentation, trying to happen the intrinsic advantages and disadvantages of the method. An probe is conducted, via instance survey, into the public presentation of initiation motor thrust using the scalar control method. As package bundle, Matlab Simulink has been used and the simulation consequences are presented to turn out the dynamic behaviour of this type of control method.

Matlab and simulink

In the simulation of initiation machines utilizing Matlab and Simulink are first-class for numerical computation and informations visual image ; control applied scientists use them extensively for analysis design are many different tool chests available which extend the basic map of Matlab into different application countries ; for illustration, the Matlab tool chests, “ control system ” “ model prognostic control ” and “ Robust control ” supply methods for computing machine -aided control system design.

The simulation bundle allows a broad scope of different constellations and theoretical accounts to be investigated quickly. The Simulink Matlab application is adopted because of its intrinsic integrating of vectorized system representation in block diagram signifier. Therefore, in this bundle, the package is used as an analytical for the graphical portraiture of the clip developments of signals combined with the simple realisation of the functionality of control and power electronic excitements.

The initiation motor theoretical account

The initiation motor theoretical account has to be taken into consideration, It is of import because it is related to the control of the initiation motor. The initiation motor is used because it has perfected of features of theoretically and by experimentation. It is driven in a figure of different mentions frame, so the purpose of the theoretical account is frequently expressed in an arbitrary two-axis go arounding mention frame. This makes it easy to command ; the interior decorator can mend the mention frame to a peculiar motor measure and adjust the theoretical account consequently. All electrical parts of the machine, the variables and parametric quantities, are viewed from the stator. This is all indicated by the major marks in the machine equations given below. All rotor and stator measures are in the arbitrary two-axis rotor mention frame ( dq frame ) . The inferiors used are defined as follows:

vitamin D: A vitamin D axis measure

Q: A A Q axis measure

R: A A rotor measure

s: A stator measure

cubic decimeter: A A escape induction

m: A common induction

Reference frame

The mention frame is used to change over input electromotive force ( abc mention frame ) to the dq mention frame and besides used for change overing the end product currents dq mention frame to ( abc mention frame ) . A pick has to be made between the following mention frame transmutations:

• Synchronous.
• Stationary ( Clarke or itransmutation ) .
• Rotor ( park transmutation ) .

The pick of the mention frame wave forms affects all dq variables. It besides affects the velocity of the simulation and, in some instances, the truth of the consequences. The undermentioned guidelines are suggested:

• If the stator electromotive forces are non balanced or non connected and the rotor electromotive forces are balanced ( or 0 ) a stationary mention frame can be used.
• If the rotor electromotive forces are non balanced or non connected and the stator electromotive forces ; are balanced rotor mention frame can be used.
• If all the electromotive forces are connexions and balanced the stationary or synchronal mention frame can be used.

The undermentioned relationships explain the rudiment to dq mention frame transmutations which apply to the initiation machine block ‘s input electromotive forces.

In the old equations, is the angular place of the mention frame, while i?? = i?± – i?±r, and the difference between the place of the mention frame and the place ( electrical ) of the rotor. Because the machines twists are connected in a three-wire Y constellation. There is no sequence ( 0 ) constituent. It besides justifies the usage of two input electromotive force lines to the line in the signifier alternatively of three electromotive force lines to impersonal. The relationships that follow depict the dq-to rudiment mention frame transmutations applied to Asynchronous machine stage currents.

In the tabular array below are shown values represented by and . In each mention frame ( vitamin E is the location of the synchronously revolving mention frame.

Induction motor drives with scalar control

One manner of understanding scalar control method is by utilizing instances survey with Matlab simulation. This portion of this chapter will concentrate and discus how this method performs. The simulation consequences will be analysed and compared subsequently on with vector control.

Case survey

The circuit shown below as the instance survey, an unfastened cringle scalar control method with PWM inverter is used to feed the stator through the control electromotive force supply. This inverter uses sinusoidal pulse-width transition ; hence, the base of frequence of the moving ridge ‘s frequence is set at 60 Hz and the triangular bearer wave ‘s frequence is set at 1980Hz. This corresponds to a frequence transition factor medium frequency of 33 ( 60 *33 = 1980 Hz ) . A three-phase initiation motor is connected to a changeless burden of nominal value 11.9Nm.In this circuit, a three stage initiation motor is built. Blocks of the machines and power electronic Matlab libraries have been used and besides in this circuit all the parametric quantities are the same circuit of vector control because the research worker wished to do a comparing between this circuit diagram of scalar control and vector control. Furthermore, the machine is used it has the same parametric quantities of vector control and scalar control.

Simulation parametric quantities

Choosing the ode23tb incorporating algorithm, set the comparative tolerance to 1e-3, the absolute tolerance and maximal measure size to car and the stop clip to 4s. So the scalar method simulation was carried out utilizing the motor parametric quantities as shown in the tabular array below.

Simulation consequences

The thrust started from deadlock by stipulating 0 for all initial conditions of province variables in the Powergui interface. In this instance, the mention velocity was stepped from 120 to160 rad / s at t= 1 s and thrust variables velocity, torsion and current observed. Transeunt responses to get down the initiation motor thrust are shown below ; the first figure shows motor steady province torsion and velocity. The motor started and reached its steady province velocity of 120 rad/s ( 1800rpm ) at 1s ; at get downing, the magnitude of the 60 Hz current reached approximately 180 A, its peak current ( 127 rms ) .

Therefore, there was a high initiation motor get downing current, as was expected, because the motor has high power, whereas its steady province value was ( 20A ) and the Irms value about ( 14,14 rms ) . Besides, strong oscillations of the electromagnetic torsion at get downing were observed. On the torsion in steady province observation noisy signal with a average value of 11.9 Nm. In the three motor currents there was observed all the harmonics [ multiples of the 1980 Hz exchanging frequence ] which were filtered by the stator induction, so that the 60 Hz constituents were dominant. Sing the curves of the three stage initiation motor ( squirrel Cage ) , on get downing the motor without burden, the motor get downing currents, torsion and velocity can be observed on the range. At the terminal of simulation clip at ( 4s ) . , when the motor was reached steady province that is the torsion and velocity are changeless, So, Te – TL = 0, it was observed that the stator and rotor currents were rather ( noisy ) and the torsion and velocity had truly changeless value because the motor was non yet loaded so that is why the motor was on steady province.

Get downing with burden

In the following simulation end product different simulations were used to happen out the result when the velocity is set-up at steady province at a certain clip. The rotor velocity started increasing from 0 to 120 rad/s, after this, the lessening velocity for short clip between 2 2nd and 2.5 second, so velocity decreased until steady province ( 100 rad/s ) , for the falling value of the velocity is 20 rad/s. Suddenly, alteration in the magnitude of the stator current resulted in transient before the torsion reached the steady province and besides alteration in the linkage of the rotor flux. The research worker could detect the motor currents were high and largely noisy get downing current and besides that the torsion starts additions from 2 seconds to 2.5 seconds and to increase until changeless value was reached ; at the same clip as cut downing velocity, the current, nevertheless, was increased because the relationship between torsion and velocity are reciprocally related. Finally and clearly either the dynamic torsion control is really hapless and besides it has jobs with the transeunt response of the torsion or it is really hapless and can non be controlled by the torsion in the transient province.

The undermentioned simulation of torsion 50N.m applied at least two seconds and a changeless velocity of 120 rad / s to see how this theoretical account of scalar controls responded to these alterations. This simulation shows the end product velocity started increasing from 0 to 120 rad / s, than at 2 seconds the velocity will be reduced to 90 rad / s, so that the torsion is applied to two seconds, so get down to cut down velocity ( a little ) at the same clip, torsion is increased until making a changeless value.

The starting currents were high, up to 1.5 seconds, and so reduced until the steady province was reached at the same clip the torsion applied. Internist provinces torque and current were noisy and did non discontinue. However, the dynamic behavior of scalar control was non perfect, so in this it instance affected the public presentation of the initiation motor. Scalar control should be used at low velocity and variable velocity, for illustration as fans or pumps.

At the one second the velocity starts to increase and the torsion besides increased but for short clip so the torsion starts to decreased until reached changeless value, besides this clip the velocity invariable. This means altering the velocity with the scalar control under the steady province status will be sensible.

The dynamic public presentation of thrust ( public presentation relation to the velocity control mention alteration and burden torsion ) can be studied by using two alterations in operating conditions of the thrust ; a measure alteration in velocity mention and measure alteration of the burden torsion. The torsion 50Nm was applied for 2 seconds and velocity of measure 140rad / s for 1 2nd, to see how these model scalar controls would react to these alterations. In this instance, it was observed the velocity dropped aggressively to one second, shortly, and so went up to 140 rad / s to 3.5 seconds.

The electromagnetic torsion of the initiation motor was foremost variable in 0.6 seconds. After the torsion is little bead of one second when the rate was applied the torsion continuously went up to 90Nm in 3.5 seconds. In this instance, the increased velocity and torque addition were non the same as earlier. The chief job of current and torsion in 1 second is if the torsion all of a sudden drops and the current addition is more than the starting current, In this instance, the value of the burden and velocity control should be increased.

Scalar control dissection

The electromotive force applied to the motor must alter with frequence. The control method is really simple and easy to implement. Improves inactive public presentation of control system, but its transient capableness is non satisfactory. Accurate place control is non possible.

Open cringle scalar control will be able to provide speed fluctuation ; it is non able to supply reliable control under transeunt conditions. Therefore, the scalar control is suited merely if the motor operates in steady province without velocity ordinance. Scalar control is used chiefly in applications where changeless torsion is required. Scalar control ever has hapless kinetics. Scalar control methods are used merely the magnitude and frequence ( V/Hz ) .

Along with the increasing popular of mining project, more and more people invested in producing stone crusher machine for mining process. And with the development of mining machinery industry, there are many kinds of mining machines in the market, do you know how many kinds of magnetic separator there are? We all know that The Magnetic Separator is suitable for wet magnetic separation of materials less than 3mm such as magnetite, calcined ore, etc. and it can remove the iron in the coal, non-metal and construction industries.

And Magnetic roasting can be divided into reduction roasting, neutral roasting and oxidizing roasting according to the principle. Studies have shown that the particle size has significant effect on the magnetic properties. The magnetic susceptibility decreases with the particle size. However, the coercivity value increases with decreases of particle size. Its magnetic system is a ring-shape chain closed magnetic circuit with energizing coils made of copper tube and cooled internally by water. Grooved plates made of magnetic conductive stainless steel are used as magnetic matrix.

With the in-depth development of the research work of the domestic and foreign high-performance permanent magnet materials, the industrialization of the magnetic separator and the constant optimization the upgrading and improvement of the magnetic system and the body structure of traditional permanent magnetic separator speed up the process that the permanent magnetic separation equipment gradually replace the electromagnetic magnetic separator. We also actively used the new high and permanent magnet material (NdFeB) to increase the number of poles.

The additional poles and compound magnetic field urther enhanced the performance of permanent magnetic separator, matured and expended the ranges of applications, especially in the process of magnetite beneficiation. Of course, maybe my summary is not comprehensive. If you have other supplement, you can comment about my article. We learn from each other, and make progress together. Thank you very much for reading my article. I hope you like it. If you have any other question, you can get int our website. china magnetic separator: http://www. mine-crusher. com/separator. htm How many are major types of magnetic separator? By fengyanyanl 990

Therefore, speed = length of the tape chosen Time interval for that length You are provided with a runway and a data-logging system with a motion sensor. Describe how you should use the apparatus to conduct an experiment to demonstrate the relationship between the net force and the acceleration of a trolley. You may use additional apparatus if necessary (5M) Adjust the runway for friction compensation (1 M) Pull a trolley down the runway using an elastic thread. Keep the extension of the elastic thread constant all the way.

M) Record the motion ot the trolley wit data-logging system and find the acceleration of the trolley. (1 M) Repeat by pulling he trolley with 2, 3 and 4 identical elastic threads, side by side and extended by the same length as before. (1 M) From the experiment, it is found that the acceleration of the trolley is directly proportional to and in the same direction of the net force. (1 M) It is not preferable to carry an excessive amount of goods on the bicycle when he is riding in the street, why? (3M) The larger the mass, the larger the inertia the bicycle has. 1 M) By newton’s second law of motion, the deceleration of the bicycle would become smaller when John applies the brake. (1 M) As a result, the stopping distance ncreases (1 M) So the chance of having an accident is larger. In supermarkets, bottled drinks are usually stored in refrigerators with shelves inclined at an angle B with the horizontal.

Explain why there is such an arrangement. Also state the minimum angle required to achieve the purpose above. Given mass of a bottle ‘M’, friction between a I-kg bottled drink and the inclined shelf is f’. 3M) If the bottled drinks are put on inclined shelves, they would slide down automatically when the first bottle is taken. It is more convenient for customers. (1 M) MgsinB > f (f/M9 (1M) Therefore, the least inclination angle is sinA-1 ( f/Mg). In some parts of the world, it is common for people to shoot firearms straight up into the air during celebrations. Falling bullets pose a significant danger to bystanders. As a bullet falls, its velocity increases until it reaches a constant terminal velocity. Explain, in terms of forces acting on the bullet, why this happens.

Also, assume the air resistance is bv , derive the terminal kinetic energy of the bullet. (5M) As the bullet falls, its downward weight and the upward air resistance (or friction) are acting on it (1 M) Firstly the bullet accelerates. The air resistance opposing the motion of the bullet increases with its velocity. (1 M) Finally, its weight is balanced by the air resistance at a certain velocity. (1 M) As the net force acting on the bullet is zero, the bullet will continue to fall at this constant velocity which is called terminal velocity. mg = bv) (1M) KE=O. 5mv?2 = 0. 5mA3 g,N2 /bA2 (1M) A basketball player Jumps up such that his height reaches a height of 3m. Using Newton’s laws of motion, explain why the player can gain an initial speed to leave the ground vertically. (3M) The player exerts a force onto the ground when he is about to ump. (1 M)

This results an equal normal reaction force from the ground according to Newton’s 3rd law of motion. (1 M) As the normal reaction force is greater than the weight , the player will be forced to accelerate up according to Newton’s 2nd law of motion. 1 M) Chapter 8 What is the advantage ot using the pner„3z to turn a screw* effort(force) required can be reduced. (2) The efficiency can be increased. X (3) The energy required can be reduced. X For (2) and (3), they are wrong as moment is not related to energy. (Force is perpendicular to the displacement, the work done should be zero. ) Chapter 9 There are two methods of raising the block from the ground to a certain height. (2M) Method 1 : Pulling the block up a inclined plane Method 2 : Lifting the block vertically upwards.

Method 1 is better than method 2 in terms of forces as smaller force is needed to raise the block in method 1. (1 M) However, method 1 has a lower efficiency because some energy is lost in overcoming the friction between the block and the plane. (1 M) What are the functions of the counterweight in a lift system? (3M) To reduce the power required to raise the car (1 M) To reduce the load acting on the motor (1 M) To improve the efficiency of the lift (As less energy is lost to overcome the friction between the cable line and the drum) (1 M) Verify the conservation of mechanical energy.

Given a simple pendulum, a protractor, a light gate, a ruler. (7M) Set up a simple pendulum, a protractor and a light gate. (1 M) Displace the bob and read the angle B between the string and the vertical from the protractor. (1 M) Start data-logging and release the bob. (1 M) Record the time t taken for the bob to pass through the light gate. Measure the diameter of the bob(this is the distance travelled by the bob while passing the light ate, which is very small so the instantaneous speed of the bob in the lowest position calculated is relatively accurate), and hence estimate the speed v of the bob at the lowest position. 1 M) Use a ruler to measure the length I of the pendulum. Apply the conservation of mechanical energy and calculate the speed v of the bob at the lowest position. (1 M) V = {square root (2gh)} , where h = I(1-cosB) (1 M) Conclusion, the two values of speed calculated is quite close so the law of conservation of energy is proved.

For my process design matrix I chose a financial consulting service and a fitness product that I am familiar with. For my financial services I have a dedicated team that I assign different projects and tasks to. I try to ensure that our service it above average in quality and time frames. To ensure this I keep a continuously updated roster of files and agents that I assign new and specifically tough deals to.

If I know of an incoming file I can pre schedule to audit the file and do my research on which agent has the appropriate experience and time to commit. Once this is done we interview the client with the agent to ensure a good working relationship will ensue. As the project moves forward I manage the agent’s expectations and commitments to the client and provide all the assistance the agent may need. Often times we assign an assistant to make the process move along smoother and meet our commitments.

We have obviously no inventory other than human resources and this provides the quality of our service which is the measure of success and quality. The product I chose is a fitness product I am familiar with, Core 46. The product has been through 4 years of design and research work. The tooling and manufacturing has been researched and committed to through another year of work and testing. We are nearing the final design stage and upon completion we will require the manufacturing facility to commit to no less than 100,000 units per month.

This will not be near our order demands which will require us to contract with no less than a total of 4 manufacturing facilities in different strategic locations. The quality focus will be nearly guaranteed as the individual pieces will be made from a mold that is already going through extensive quality testing. Upon completion of the old making we will order a total of 4 sets to be sent to the 4 manufacturing facilities. All manufacturing will be done on a Just In Time TOT) basis.

We will occasionally run mass quantities but that will be shipped to accommodate international purchase orders from Distribution Centers in Australia, Asia and Europe. Performance of the manufacturing centers will be based purely on their ability to meet demand and random quality testing. Once the customers receive the final product a survey will be sent ensuring the product was prepared, assembled, packaged and set up according to plan and expectations. We will be able to track ACH order based on the manufacturing center it was initially ordered from.

There is and will be only minimal allowances regarding returns do to manufacturing mistakes and the facility will be charged back xx on each as is written into their contracts. Both my financial services and Core 46 are well thought out and planned projects that require much management and hands on follow up. I don’t expect or allow for much failure so key components are put in the plan and accommodations for all levels of needs and quality assurances are in place accordingly. This is the only way to ensure business is done properly success ensues.

Personalised learning alternatively of kids acquiring a one- size-fits-all schooling

Personalised acquisition has come about as consequence of a response to an Ofsted Inspection that pointed to the demand to better the procedure of mark puting for scholars at an single degree.I was asked to fly one of 10 countries for this enterprise.

The group I choose for the pilot was an E2E group ; unlike other E2E groups in the college who develop their accomplishments on entry to employment these pupils have both E2E lessons and their chief topic which is a flat 1 Diploma in Bricklaying, a one twelvemonth class.

My job is this ; the group I am working with on this enterprise have makings below what is needed for our new Diploma degree 1 in bricklaying. So we have brought them in for an excess afternoon for completion of two makings, Entry to employment and a building Diploma. This I feel is stacking excess work on a group which would fight on merely one making, the Diploma.  I take this group on a Friday forenoon for 1 hr of group tutorial followed up with single tutorials. My Individualized acquisition session follows these.

Each pupil will be timetabled for a slot of about half an hr I have found that this varies greatly with each pupil some have needed 1 hr ( appendix 4 entry for 2/2/09 ) others merely 20 proceedingss. During this session we will discourse their practical appraisal theoretical accounts which they will construct in the workshop and see the virtues of clip direction and building techniques of constructing these constructions. Upon completion they will so necessitate to critically measure how they have done and reflect on what they could make to accomplish a higher class on their following undertaking.

This is a monumental undertaking for any of these pupils as for most pupils interrupting down a undertaking into manageable pieces and so reflecting how this could be achieved to a higher criterion is non necessary high on the docket of a 16 twelvemonth old. During my Sessionss with my scholars I found it peculiarly hard non to take over and give them excessively much advice this should be their larning curve non mine.

I have found teaching pupils to reflect one of the most hard topics for them to acquire their caputs and mine. I have used different methods of contemplation from theoreticians to assist in develop their brooding accomplishments every bit good as mine.

” it is non until an unsure state of affairs occurs a individual will believe about what it is they are making to do sense of the state of affairs ”

Looked at how contemplation is linked to larning to include it as a procedure which restructures the manner the head thinks about issues to suit new larning or to upgrade old acquisition.Within Vocational instruction and the convergence between that of go toing college and that of pattern within the work topographic point. Analyse the manner in which your has been put together etc ( eg Comparisons between journals/diary/log ( eg Moon ) and comparing between possible different ways of showing the material-written, taped, drawings, maps, pictures ( eg Morgan, Buzan ) etc

Journal

Theorists over the old ages have defined diaries in different ways. Jennifer Moon has explored how journal authorship has many intents and will come in many signifiers. A diary can give a sense of ownership of acquisition, enhances larning through authorship and encourages metacognition. Metacognition is a word that appears many times. Professor Michael Martinez from Department of Education at the University of California says ‘ this definition will go more elaborate and complete as our understanding grows. Many instructors would depict Metacognition, rather tolerably, as ” believing about thought. ” But I would suggest a more precise definition: Metacognition is the monitoring and control of idea ‘ . ( Martinez, 2006 ) Flavell defines metacognition as ‘knowledge and knowledge about… anything cognitive ‘ or ‘anything psychological ‘ ( Flavell, 2006 edition ) is this excessively general? Professor Michael Martinez I feel has described this approximately right.

The diary entries for this assignment have been used as a reminder to what has taken topographic point over the last term. Although they have non covered every scholar who has participated in this pilot it gives an over position of some of the troubles which have surfaced and a few suggestions should the pilot run the undermentioned twelvemonth. My return on a diary for the scholars to utilize while working on this pilot came in the signifier of a work battalion

The work battalions provide a structured method of supervising advancement every bit good as assisting scholars to pull off their ain acquisition efficaciously, to raise assurance and to better their accomplishments through puting ends and SMART marks.

1. Developed accomplishments of puting SMART action programs
2. Targets have become smarter and scholars have become more motivated and marks have been achieved.
3. More assurance in discoursing their strengths, accomplishments and personal marks.
4. More successful in run intoing deadlines, organizing themselves and pull offing their ain acquisition.
5. A Over all the pupils have become brooding in what they do

Researching personalised acquisition helped me understand a little more into what I was really supposed to develop in this pilot “ it is shown that the attack induces constructions on the appraisal jobs and larning objects, severally, that can function as a footing for an efficient adaptative appraisal of the scholars ‘ accomplishments, and for choosing individualized learning waies. ”

What is brooding pattern? Debate the influence of theoreticians, eg: Dewey, Schon, Kolb, Mezirow, Habermas, Friere, Boud, Keogh etc.

Brooding pattern in simple footings is larning from experience, every instructor has done this. There are many different theoreticians who have given their ideas to reflective pattern. All have their ain consumption on how it should be done.

As portion of any learning making this is now the needed acquisition. You as a instructor will analyze and debate the influence of theoretician and how they may outdo suit your demands when reflecting on a session you may good hold taught that twenty-four hours.

The likes of Donald Schon who in the 1980s ‘ invented the term

‘Reflection -in -action ‘ to us, believing on the move this is when you would be reflecting while learning and accommodating you learning to possible tempers and state of affairss. This is something which has ever been carried out but had ne’er been defined. He thought instructors had in his footings become ‘technicians ‘ by this he was mentioning to instructors who carried out the undertaking of learning for administrations to cover instruction jobs which occurred. The teachers themselves had non queried their values to how they taught. Some of his positions ran aboard David Kolb who I feel was one of the chief subscribers to how contemplation is now perceived. A few old ages before Donald Schon came up with his theories John Dewey created a theory based on five strands of theory these were adapted by theoreticians Mezirow and Freire who were looking into how scholars could treat critical reflecting, they wondered if acquisition was a signifier of a rhythm which would get down out as an experience developing into contemplation one time reflected upon leads to action and so becomes a concrete experience. The illustration they gave was a instructor has an brush with an angry pupil who failed an test. They labelled this as the experience. The contemplation was would be them seeking to explicate and do sense of the experience and comparison with other experiences, was it the same or was it a new experience.Talking to other instructors who may besides confront same state of affairss. This would so take to a class of action would so take to farther contemplation.

Kolb subsequently refined this procedure of contemplation farther by dividing it into two activities, comprehending and treating followed by a concluding phase called “ Abstract Conceptualization ” In the Critical Reflection phase inquiries are asked about the experience in footings of old experiences, in the Abstract Conceptualization phase, we look to happen the replies. We come up with decisions and organize thoughts about experiences learned. From these thoughts came Experiential acquisition rhythm

Which have been adapted by many theoreticians through the old ages? ( The Internet TESL Journal, 1997 ) Kolb in my eyes simplified the theories of Schon, Dewey Mezirow and Freire. Why I feel Kolb ‘s learning rhythm is used to great extent as a larning tool in instructor preparation classs.

Stephen Brookfield breaks down contemplation into premises.Paradigmatic premises as the hardest of three to bring out. This relates to facts which we know to be true. Brookfield so says it would take a considerable sum of contrary grounds and disconfirming experiences to alter them, but one time changed the effects for our lives are explosive. The other two are normative and causal premises

What are the features of a brooding practician? ( discuss checklist eg Hillier ) ( LO 1 )

In footings of analyzing the situation/theme you have identified, what theoretical account of brooding pattern have you found most utile? ( eg Ghaye and Ghaye, Brookfield, Peters, Burgess, etc etc

Through my research it was proven that we as the instructors can merely help in the contemplation procedure, we can merely supply the construction or the stimulation to steer the scholar, it is up to learner to pull out their ain experiences and develop their ain ideas on how they may come on or better. The scholar can merely better if the scholar wants to do that attempt.

Habermas said that he thought “ self-reflection needed one portion of yourself to be split from the other in such a mode that the topic can be in a place to render assistance to itself. ( Habermas )

Although this seem a good remark at first, I would happen this peculiarly difficult to transport out, allow entirely a pupil with a naif attack to this construct. How could you divide yourself from the undertaking? The thought is to be able to self – reflect. A 2nd party is so needed, perchance the instructor would necessitate to step in to ease, is this non what we do? In my sentiment, a more realistic and manageable attack would be that of Stephen Brookfield. Stephen Brookfield used a procedure known as the four critical reflective lenses. Unlike Habermas this brooding pattern is broken down into four countries all trusting on different state of affairss. Brookfield explains that the four countries are:

Our car lifes as pupil and instructors

The instructors looking at ourselves from the other side of the mirror, linking us to what the pupil would see. This would transport out through personal self- contemplation as Habermas had based his brooding pattern on. Using Personal reflective pattern you will go cognizant of matter-of-fact premises on how we teach. Brookfield so says that “ self-reflection can a times be less painful than subjecting ourselves to the examination of others ” , this I find really true being a private type of individual. Once we understand what this all means we can so travel on to the following phase.

Our pupils ‘ eyes.

This I used in my ain instruction idea I could see how pupils had perceived me by associating back to myself as an learner and my lector seeking to explicate to me how I had gone astray on a theoretical account, learning methods although different so still had the same immature pupils as of today, unsure and needing support. Although this was my reading on what I saw, my pupils had different thoughts acquiring to cognize the pupil is easier than acquiring their regard and trust. Without these two standards it is difficult to acquire any accurate feedback. In category if pupils look bored or have lost involvement attempt to travel on to a more interesting subject or present a practical activity Donald Schon describes this as contemplation in action. This has worked for me although non ideal for this E2E group. Groups such as 2nd or 3rd twelvemonth have fallen into the Brookfield class every bit Brookfield as predicted the longer you work with the group regard and trust can boom.

Colleagues ‘ Experiences

Peer observations giving feedback have been used during this pilot although non in this peculiar session but with this group. The feedback from co-workers ever welcome particularly from person who can give critical contemplation and advice.

Theoretical literature

this can sometimes assist us to gain what we thought were countries of possible bad or wrong instruction, but happen this is non ever the instance it can be down to possible state of affairs that we may hold been put into.Example Not hold the right resources for the occupation or perchance being chosen to learn a topic best suited to person with back land cognition and site experience. This is non to state that with experience this would non come.

What are the advantages and defects of these theoretical accounts? ( LO2 )

What has your selected theoretical account of brooding pattern enabled you to see and gain? ( eg impact of state of affairs on colleagues/student perceptual experiences ref: Brookfield or function of the formalizing organic structure in this state of affairs ref: Ghaye and Ghaye, larning that has occurred ( Atkins and Murphy ) ( LO 2,4 ). What has aided or hindered your contemplation and brooding pattern? eg: your ain personality, characteristics of the environment in which you work, mentors/work shadowing/emotional involvement/ etc.. Moon, King and Kitchener, Boud etc ( LO 3 ). The category have struggled with the idea of holding to pass clip reflecting on what they have achieved in their practical Sessionss in the workshop. Development of reflecting has non come easy to many of the scholars. Many of the group happen it difficult to show themselves, either through authorship or verbal communicating. The group happen it difficult to concentrate for more than 20 proceedingss at a clip. So interrupting the Sessionss down to smaller Sessionss meant that we did n’t acquire to a sufficient phase to reflect on anything.

Barriers to the pilot

Some scholars were negative to the idea of taking on excess work on top of the E2E and Diploma, although this pilot was non explained to the group as excess work in any manner. I have besides found many of the staff to be in a negative mentality when seeking to discourse the result of such a undertaking. This in bend has meant I have had to travel to other sections in the college those of which are besides transporting out other countries of the pilot to discourse this.

The individualized work battalion developed for this pilot has had many alterations ; this is due to the practical theoretical accounts and strategy of larning altering about once a term. This so alters the practical theoretical accounts list. The pupils find this off seting and in some instances put the contemplation back a phase or two, as the scholar thinks they are come oning merely to happen the work burden go oning.

Foils to the pilot

The foils are at that place to equilibrate out the barriers and there are several co-workers that I have that want to see this pilot win. The caput of School has been behind the pilot and has been a cardinal protagonist in the backup of this. He has spoken in deepness to different caputs of school to assist happen the resources to help with the development of this, using the aid of other members of staff in other sections, enabling the group to hold the right schoolroom to work from and to associate both our practical and personalised learning Sessionss.

Another foil has been that some scholars have now developed an understanding why contemplation is needed to assist better their result and development. What is the following measure in footings of the results of your contemplation, ( eg: Kolb, Mc Niff Action Research, Schon/your PDP/training ).

My following measure to developing this is

• What will you make to set the benefits of this contemplation into pattern ( eg course of study devt-Race, Gibbs/curriculum direction: Preedy, Levacic, Lumby, /Team building-Handy/ partnership Huxham, Childs/ motive etc etc ( LO 5 ).
• And in footings of your brooding capablenesss: ( eg: continue to mention to theoretical accounts of brooding practice/ mentor/critical friends/action research/team meetings/ Moon ( LO 5 ).

It is observed that most of the discrimination begins with the first stage of starting the working life in the form of selection of the personnel required for any organisation. According to Schuler (1995), the selection of personnel is the “process of combination of the people who apply for the work at the legal shape can be defended”. Schuler (1995) clearly points out the implications of legislation in this process.

Gatewood & Feild, (1994) observe personnel selection as the starting point of the work life and job advertisement as the beginning of the process of recruitment. Recruiting the right kind of people is at the root of the success of any organisation. It is critically important that the organisation follows a well-defined recruitment process to ensure only right kind of people be taken onboard in the company.

A general recruitment process normally involves identifying the current vacancies, preparation of detailed job description in respect of the vacancies identified, specification of the requirements of the prospective incumbents, advertising, managing the response, short-listing, arranging interviews, conducting interviews, decision making, intimating the decision to the prospective employees and carrying out the process of appointment (QPlus, 2002).

In the process of recruitment, it is important to identify the characteristics and requirements of the vacant position and the personality traits of the individual that would enable the incumbent to perform successfully (Raetz, 2001). With the number of legislations regulating the work force discrimination and equal opportunities, it is also vitally important the recruitment process consider the implications of the provisions of various legislations that may have an impact on the recruitments undertaken by the organisation.

What is ‘Equal Opportunities’? In the realm of employment, ‘equal opportunities’ is the concept that underpins ensuring equality of opportunity in relation to recruitment of workers as well as their training and promotion. The equal opportunities policy stresses the point that, access to jobs, training and development and promotion opportunities should be open and made available to all.

Such options should be made available to people irrespective of any consideration of “colour, race, nationality, ethnic or national origin, sex, marital status, disability, sexual orientation, religious belief, criminal record (in certain cases) or whether someone is intending to undergo, is undergoing or undergone gender re-assignment (that is a sex change)” (Employment Affairs Department, 2004) Discrimination Discrimination has been defined by Daft (1991) to include the process of selection of the candidates for a position according to the criteria, which are unrelated to the job.

Discrimination in the recruitment process can be categorized into two groups (Lawler & Bae, 1998). Direct discrimination is the different treatment extended by the employer to his employees having same qualifications because of reasons like race, gender or marital status. Examples of direct discrimination may be found in the job advertisements that specify gender or age limitations. Indirect discrimination takes place by the decision, criteria or treatment of an employer which otherwise look neutral but cause disadvantages to employees who have different characteristics in terms of race, ethnicity, sex or age.

Indirect discrimination is derived from the differential impact it creates on the employee positions and working. Therefore, according to Simon (2005) “indirect discrimination is perceptible only by statistical reasoning, using the data collected in various selection and allocation procedures. ” Discrimination has the potential to hamper the equality of opportunity. If an employer advertises for a position and asks for a requirement, which cannot be a bona fide occupation qualification, candidates who do not have the prescribed special requirement cannot make an application to the position advertised.

Impact of Equal Opportunities Legislation on Recruitment Process The objective of a recruitment process is to identify the right person for the right job. The process of recruitment should have the ability to attract the candidates so that the organisation can employ a suitable person to the position that has fallen vacant. Equal opportunities or diversity management is an important aspect that needs to be taken into account in making decisions on the selection and appointment of candidates.

All the considerations like colour, race, religion, ethnicity, sex, age, disability and other factors that might lead to discrimination of the workforce have been underpinned by legislation with the specific objective of placing an obligation on the employers not to discriminate. In Northern Ireland, applicants for jobs and those in employment also are entitled to the right of not being discriminated by the current or prospective employer even because of their political opinions.

When advertising vacant positions, the organisation should make it clear that the organisation is looking for applications from people, who might otherwise think that the organisation is not interested in recruiting them. For instance, people from an ethnic minority background or women or people with disabilities may think so. Therefore, it becomes imperative that the organisation develops a well-considered equal opportunities policy.

Such a policy when evolved and adopted would enable the organisation to reduce time and efforts being wasted on time-consuming and expensive litigations by the job applicants, present and past employees on the plea that they have been discriminated. The legal background to equal opportunities are contained in a range of Acts and legislations passed through the Parliament to ensure that the employers do not discriminate unduly against the prospective, current and past employees of the organisation.

Against sex discriminations, there are the Equal Pay Act, 1970, the Sex Discrimination Act, 1975 and the Sex Discrimination (Gender Reassignment) Regulations 1999, which control the discrimination by the employers. Apart from these legislations, there are a number of rules prescribed to protect general employment conditions. These legislations govern the leave rules for women workers including flexible working for working parents which when infringed will be considered as sex discrimination.

People are protected from racial discrimination by the Race Relations Act 1976, which prohibits discrimination on the grounds of colour, race, nationality or ethnicity. The employers can overcome any potential infringement to the Race Relations Act by the employer applying the same employment conditions to all the applicants during the recruitment process (Employment Affairs Department, 2004). Employers should also be aware of the provisions of the Asylum and Immigration Act 1996, which contains penal provisions of prosecution when the employer employs illegal immigrants.

The Disability Discrimination Act, 1995 has been enacted to protect the job opportunities for the people with disabilities. This legislation places an obligation on the employers to make “appropriate and reasonable adjustment” to the work place or working practices so that people with disabilities can accept or continue in the employment. Rehabilitation of Ex-Offenders Act1974 contains provisions for ensuring rehabilitation of the offenders who have not been reconvicted for any serious crimes for specified periods.

The Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003 makes the act of discrimination in employment or vocational training based on religion or belief objectionable (Employment Affairs Department, 2004). There is the Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations, 2003 deems the discrimination on sexual orientation grounds unlawful. For the purposes of this regulation, the term sexual orientation means “a sexual orientation towards persons of the same sex (homosexuality), persons of the opposite sex (heterosexuality) or to persons of the same sex and the opposite sex (bisexuality).

”(Employment Affairs Department, 2004) Approaches to Equal Opportunities in Employment There are several competing approaches to offering equal opportunities in employment. Some of them go very strong in favour of direct discrimination while some others focusing more on indirect discrimination. However, the arguments against equality claim that discrimination in employment is unfair to those who are not considered based on their merit leads to wastage of resources and can possibly result in major social issues (McDonald & Potton, 1996).

Since the employers cannot ascertain the impact and cost of legislation in this field it is preferable that actions are initiated through non-legislative means. From the business case, perspective it will be advantageous to the organisation when a proper fit between business goals and equality goals is worked out. However, it must be remembered that ethical and cost considerations go together where equal opportunities policies are bureaucratically cumbersome and found to be focusing too much on “equal rights” than “equal opportunities”.

The “value added” by the diversity of workforce is another important consideration that goes in favour of equal opportunities. Example of the capabilities of women workforce to handle multiple responsibilities is often cited as the best advantage that an organisation can reap (Mason, 1986; Liff & Cameron, 1997; Webb, 1997). Concept of equal opportunities stresses the need for retaining skilled and trained staff, as with pragmatic concern to retain valuable workers there need to be a fair policy on providing equal opportunities. Research Methodology

In general, social science uses a number of different research methods for improving the knowledge, theory and practice in different areas of social science. It can be observed that the different types of quantitative and qualitative research methods are linked to epistemological and theoretical frameworks. The research methods can be grouped under five common categories. They are; (i) experimental, (ii) correlation, (iii) natural observation, (iv) survey and (v) case study. The conducting of any research relating to social sciences has to find a suitable research method to accomplish the research objectives.

The choice of the particular research method depends on the topic under study and the aims and objectives of the research. Although there are many ways of classifying the research methods the most popularly used distinction is between qualitative and quantitative research methods. Quantitative Research Methods Quantitative research methods find their origin in natural sciences where they are used to diagnose and analyze natural phenomena. Certain commonly adopted quantitative methods include survey methods, laboratory experiments, econometrics and mathematical modeling.

According to White, (2000) the quantitative research method consists of investigative process that leads to research conclusions expressed in numerical values. The numerical values represent the findings of the study and the values are subjected to statistical analysis for presenting the results of the study. Qualitative Research Methods The main objective of developing qualitative research methods is to enable the researchers to make an in-depth study into the social and cultural phenomena. Action research, case study, ethnography are some of the techniques employed for conducting qualitative research.

Creswell (1994) defines qualitative research as a process of enquiry that involves the understanding any problem connected with the social or human behavior. The qualitative research process according to Creswel, (1994) is based on the views and perceptions of various informants being the participants to the study that are expressed in a natural setting. The data sources for supplementing qualitative research methods include observation and participant observation (fieldwork), structured and semi structured interviews, focus groups and questionnaires, documents and texts.

The data may also be provided by the impressions and reactions of the researcher himself/herself. Choice of Research Methods for Current Study The perceptions of the employees on workforce discrimination are always subjective. Considering the subjective nature of the topic under study, it is proposed to use a mixed research method for achieving the objectives of this research. The research has employed the quantitative research method of survey and qualitative research methods of focus groups and semi-structured interviews for collecting the required empirical materials. Survey Method

Survey method is deemed as non-experimental and descriptive in conducting social researches. This method is being employed by the researchers for collection of information and data on issues where the researchers cannot involve themselves directly. Survey method employs the use of questionnaire for collection of the required information. This method criticized as it is often being designed and administered in a disorderly manner that results in the collection of data, which are inaccurate. Meyer, (1998) observes a careful selection of representative sampling and a proper design of the questionnaire are two important elements of survey method.

A poorly designed questionnaire may generate meaningless information. Thus, the information and data collected from the samples represent the views of the total population and therefore the information need to be gathered through intelligent questions addressed to the chosen samples (Cresswell 1994; Newmann, 2002; Fink, 1995) Focus Groups Focus groups are considered as a powerful means of evaluating any social issues. Focus groups are nothing but interviews where normally 6 to 10 people are present to answer predetermined questions. It is possible to gather a great deal of information through conducting focus group interviews.

Denzin & Lincoln, (2005) observe that the term ‘Focus Group’ was first used in the work of Merton et al. (1956) where the group members were posed with specific questions on the research issues at an advanced stages when considerable progress has been made in conducting the research. Kreuger, (1988) defines a focus group as a “carefully planned discussion designed to obtain perceptions in a defined area of interest in a permissive, non-threatening environment”. Focus group is an action research technique under qualitative research in which interviews are an important part.

The interviews provide an opportunity for the researcher to follow through his/her investigation to gather further data that could not have been obtained by using other ways (Cunningham, 1993). Semi-Structured Interviews Semi-structured interview is the most common form of interviewing technique in which the interviewer has determined the set of questions he/she intends to ask in advance but still allows the interview to flow more conversationally. In order to have the flow of conversation the interviewer can change the order of the questions or the particular wording of the questions.

The main objective of the semi-structured interview is to get the interviewee to talk freely and openly so that the researcher would be able to obtain in-depth information on the topic under study. By employing the ‘online’ survey method this study proposes to send a questionnaire containing close-ended questions to 100 chosen samples through their respective email addresses. Focus group interviews will be conducted by establishing two focus groups with a convenience sample of employees of British Airways to find out their observations and opinions on availability of equal opportunities in British Airways.

Apart from the survey and the focus interviews, in-depth semi-structured interviews will be conducted with two HR executives of British Airways Project Management Schedule PROPOSED TIME TABLE FOR THE DISSERTATION JAN FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL WEEK 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Activity Duration Identify research materials and Drafting of Research Objectives 2weeks Writing of literature review 1weeks Drafting of project purpose 1 week Submission of project proposal 1 week Designing of Questionnaires 2 weeks Piloting of questionnaires and interviews and revising 2 weeks

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