Fuel

Good afternoon everyone. The topic for our debate is that technology is making us less alienated, more sociable and more human. We, the negative team believe this statement is true. The first speaker Lily of the affirmative team has tried to tell you that… this is wrong because… the second speaker Lin of the affirmative team has tried to tell you that… this is wrong because… the third speaker of the affirmative team Moha has tried to tell you that… this is wrong because… our first speaker Bob has told you that… he also spoke to you about… our second speaker MB has told you that… e lso spoke to you about… our third speaker Ahemed has told you that … he also spoke to you about… so, in conclusion, our team…. We cannot escape from the absolute need of technology in our daily life. We are so dependent on technology that we cannot do without them. Starting from computers to keeping fit, we require technology at every step. Technology helps us to keep in touch with people who are away from us. We use the telephones and computers to talk to them and even see them. Our daily office work is also technology based. No longer do people use the pen and paper to complete their work.

We maintain our health by going to the gyms. There are machines in the gym which help us reduce our weight and keep fit. The use of technology has made our life comfortable. We cannot think of a life sans technology. We get to keep a lot of information in a small device and use it when we like. Cars have also become better with the use of technology. Thus technology is undeniably an important of our life. Communication has been made easier for example the internet has brought email and chatting facilities. Instead of sending letters to respective destinations, it is very easy to send an email which will be received instantly.

We live in the State of Louisiana and our electric is supplied by Enterer formally Gulf States utilities. Enterer provides electric for the states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Orleans and Texas. Enterer supplies their electric to our parish from River Bend Nuclear Station in Saint Branchville, Louisiana in West Felicia Parish which Is only 17 minutes from where we are In Jackson, Louisiana. I did not have to research for the source of electric that our company use because this is where my second oldest son works.

At this time Enterer is also using renewable energy such as wind and hydro also In producing some of their electric. Last year at this time our electric bill was very high but I reduced our bill this year by only using lights that are needed at that moment, by setting our A/C at 780, only using our oven on the stove as needed, and reducing the usage of our microwave, of course everything in our home is electric so that do cause some problems, some people Just walk out of a room and leave the light on or go out of the door with the air on and leave the door open.

The idea of having heating oil or coal coming from Russia would put a change thin a lot of households, imagine having to pay close to $500-$600 Just for lights, there would be a big change with all people because this meaner that the amount of time that it take to use your stove for cooking would change, even the time that is spent on the internet for class or Just for fun would change and all those days from having a television on Just for noise In the background would have to end also.

Electric coming from Russia would mean a reduce of usage because there would be a raise in the price of oil, gas and coal. Currently the debate that has my attention has to do with the usage of high ethanol gas. This gas supposed to be cleaner and reduce the emission from regular gas. Currently our ozone layer is steady being destroyed from pollutions that are entering the environment.

Having high ethanol gas would help to reduce this emission but then also having flex-fuel vehicles or an electric vehicle would count towards helping the environment. Explaining Chart: Electric usage for television, computer, electric stove, oven usage on two days, hot water for bathing, cordless phone going down needed recharging, A/C on for cooling the home, ceiling fan on in the living room. Solar: Came to a good usage blinds up on windows did not have to use lights as often.

Gas: Two days In a row gas had to be put in our truck, husband and son job hunting and these two days were spent going out of East Felicia Parish looking for work, Gas was use going to the doctor for my monthly check-up which also made more gas added to the truck. Chart enclosed References Smith, J. Dune 26, 2011). How to Improve Your Homes Energy Efficiency Rating retrieved trot mm. ‘. Correspondence. Com on August 21, 2013 Enterer The Power of People retrieved from wry. Enterer. Com on August

Introduction

Attention Getter

Natural fossil fuels, such as coal used for burning, oil used for gasoline, and natural gas used to heat and warm houses, are a threat to the Earth and everything in it. Fossil fuels pollute the air and they are non-renewable and non-recyclable.

We need different energy sources that are renewable and recyclable for our future existence. Unlike fossil fuels, solar energy is renewable and recyclable. When all of our natural fossil fuels are scare or gone, solar energy will be one of the leading sources of energy that we will need in the future. With all of the technology we have today, we can develop different ways to use and harness these energy sources. Reason to Listen:Solar energy is making a big impact on lives today all over the world. The development of solar energy in all ways and technologies is making our world a cleaner, safer, and less dependent nation.

Thesis Statement

When all of our natural fossil fuels are low or gone, solar energy will be one of the leading sources of energy that we will need in the future.

Credibility Statement

My dad is an electrician that puts up solar energy plants for businesses. I had to research for this paper.

Preview of Main Points

1. First I will explain solar energy technology and how it can be used in houses.
2. Next, I will explain the uses of solar energy and how it will be helpful saving water.
3. Finally, I will explain the unique uses of solar energy in transportation and military weapons.

Body

People have created new technologies for others to use in their homes, vehicles or buildings.

One of the technologies that people have created to be energy efficient is the photovoltaic cells or “solar cells” which use sunlight and convert it into electricity automatically. PVs can be used in anything from watches to an electric grid. They can also be used to provide energy to places where power lines cannot be attached to buildings. “Thermal technologies use the heat from the sun and use it directly in space or water heating in homes and buildings or it is directly converted into electricity,” says Fischer and Finnell.

Thermal technologies are also used for agriculture needs that farmer’s livestock or crops require. With solar energy being used in electrical, heating, and transportation applications, the idea for an energy efficient house would be more probable. Energy efficient improvements can cut energy costs by over 40% in most affordable housing. They help reduce health risks from mold, dust mites, radon, and combustion by-products and other contaminants. These houses have less condensation, and better moisture control and temperature. These energy improvements usually cost less than the savings they offer on utility bills.

Increasing the value of a home is a great investment-paying high energybills are not.

Transition

Now that I have discussed new solar technologies that people use in their homes, and for electricity, I will now explain the uses of solar energy in water.

Solar power has helped with electricity and heat, but it can also help with the growing need for fresh water.

“Instead of using fossil fuels and electricity to desalinate water, engineers at the University of Florida have developed a system that uses a gravity-induced vacuum and solar energy”.The desalination of water is the same process as nature.

U-shaped pipe is place in two different containers, one side in salt water and the other in fresh water. ii. A vacuum is then surrounded by a circulator that heats the saltwater and the salt water is then evaporated. iii. The evaporated steam is then condensed and finally the fresh water drips down into a tank. This system have been proved to be 90% efficient, while the solar “stills” only proved to be 50% efficient. Water has been desalinized by solar power for more efficient and inexpensive drinking water and fresh water supply, but it is also being detoxified by solar power for other usages around the house.

Detoxification of water by solar power has proved to be one of the most promising methods to disinfect water, an earth-friendly operation and it does not create harmful emissions. “One way was ZED or Zero Effluent Discharge,” says Inamdar and Singh. i. ZED disposed of inadequately cleaned waste water that is contaminating fresh water resources, the waste water will recycle water properly if it is forced to generate fresh water from the waste water generated by them, and it is economical to use recycled water than to pay for consuming fresh water and wasting waste water.

Transition:Now that we have learned the uses of solar energy in water, I will explain the uses solar energy in military weapons and transportation. Solar power is being used for disinfecting water and electricity, but for transportation and military weapons?

 Solar power has been used in cruise boats and ferries. “The first boat that used solar power was in Australian waters that won a contract to build another ferry to carry passengers between San Francisco Harbor and Alcatraz Island,” explains Thwaites, a science writer and broadcaster in Australia.

• The guy who built the solar powered boat is Robert Dane.
• He wanted to build a boat that was powered by solar power and wind power.
• He called it the Solar Sailor, which has an electric motor they can power to drive the propeller properly, meaning the boat will be more efficient and easy to move and back up without stalling them.

Solar Sailor technology also helped the Navy create UOVs or Unmanned Ocean Vehicles.

These vehicles could be used to collect data for climate research, ocean exploration, offshore oil exploration and production and even surveillance of pipelines and telecommunications.

Solar power is also being used in the US Military and even some weapons too. “The US Military have installed black and blue solar panels to use in solar-powered battlefield radios and even in tents with solar panels woven into their fabric to power military equipment,” says John Naish, an environmental campaigner. The solar panels are also being used for sensors and radars, which saves troops from being predictable targets when they regularly refuel generators.

Conclusion

Review of Main Points: Today, I explained how solar energy technology can be used in houses.

Second, I discussed the uses of solar energy and how it will be helpful saving water. Finally, I talked about the unique uses of solar energy in transportation and military weapons. Restate Thesis:When all of our natural fossil fuels are low or gone, solar energy will be one of the leading sources of energy that we will need in the future. Closure: If we don’t continue to develop different ways and technology to lessen our needs on all of our natural fossil fuels, water, natural gas, and the environment, we will soon be living in our own human and mechanical waste.

Fuel Cells and Clean Energy for the Future are a better alternative source of energy for our world, and a cheaper and cleaner way to live compared to the alternative, fossil fuels! Humans have been using fossil fuels to power industries, electric plants, vehicles, and home heating, for over a hundred years and have polluted our world and have killed off species of animals and charged inflated prices to get rich, not counting all of the taxes (Natural Resources Committee, 2013).

It’s time for newer cleaner and cheaper practical ideas to produce energy. Some of the alternative energy source ideas in this paper have been around for a surprising amount of time but due to greed from people who have got rich off from all the sales of fossil fuels, none of the practical ideas were ever implemented because of ridiculous excuses such as there too expensive to put in place. Some of the ideas aren’t taxable, which I’m assuming would be one of the biggest reasons alternative energy ideas are not used by many people.

Fuel cells are a great alternative energy source; there are numerous ideas such as wind generation, solar power, HHO enerators, geothermal, solar-chemical systems and Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion. All of these alternative energy sources will be discussed in depth, and all the pros and cons of each of them. Alternative energy sources and fuel cells will eventually be used because fossil fuels will eventually run out. 1% of the earth’s surface is covered in water and the sun shines every day, almost all of the alternative energy sources use nature’s abundance of natural resources and potential energy to produce energy, and the waste products are not harmful to the environment. Some f the alternative energy or fuel cell ideas are challenging to build, but that’s how the world has become what it is today, everythings a challenge which makes it exciting. Where will we be in twenty years, and how will we power our planet, run our cars or heat our homes or produce electricity?

There are two known ways of using the sun’s rays to capture and use it to make energy. Typically we think of solar right away, but solar-chemical systems are being experimented with to try and capture and store the sun’s energy to be able to use it on demand via chemical storage and the use of a atalyst to use the energy (MIT, 2010). A molecule of fulvalene diruthenium, was experimented with at MIT, it is able to capture the sun’s energy almost like a rechargeable battery, the chemical can store it for later use and when the stored energy is used the molecule snaps back to its original state ready to be used again.

The energy can be used as heat to boil water to turn a turbine to produce energy or use the heat to directly heat a home. These heat storing chemicals can store the and possibilities of ideas are endless. Based on this molecule, MIT is in search of ther molecules with the same properties that are in abundance and a lot cheaper. Ultimately this can be used as a solar-thermal fuel, when the reaction takes place to let out the suns heat it can reach temperatures of 200 degrees Celsius.

This heat could be used in a number of ways to produce energy, for example Just using the heat released could easily heat a home. The chemical used isn’t readily available but they are still experimenting with different chemicals to find one with the same properties as fulvalene diruthenium. Solar power is energy harnessed from the un’s rays, and is a renewable energy source. Panels are made from silicon which is a semiconductor when the sun’s rays (photons) hit the solar panels electrons in the panel absorb the energy which transforms the electrons into conduction electrons (Clean Energy, 2012).

The electrons then carry an electric charge to a place that stores that energy like a battery bank. Solar panels are put up in series and work together to harness the sun’s rays to produce energy required for whatever it is you’re trying to power. It takes quite a few quality high watt panels to power a small cabin. Solar power is clean and sun rays are free but the system isn’t and to power a home or cabin these systems can cost $20,000 and up. The price of the systems is the reason most people don’t have them or use them.

To set up a solar system, there are also a lot of components to hook up and a lot of wiring. With a lot of these different systems you would have to have a charge controller and a battery bank to store the energy produced by the solar panels. Which battery banks are also very expensive and need to properly be wired in series whether it is a 24 volt or 12 volt system. Solar power also doesn’t produce electricity all the time, at night and on cloudy days solar panels don’t put out the peak wattage they are capable of.

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion or (OTEC) has been around for a long time. An OTEC plant is built in the ocean on a hurricane proof platform so workers are safe from the elements. The oceans waters store 1000 times more heat than the atmosphere. More than 300 times the earth’s needs are in the solar power contained in the tropical ocean. The heat is distributed by Thermo hailing circulation, which is a combination of wind, emperature and the earth’s rotation; it acts like a conveyer belt. An ocean thermo energy conversion plant would be strategically placed in the ocean.

At the equator the surface of the ocean is hot and some depths reach 3000 feet deep which is cold water. So this is an ideal place to place the plant since it works by the temperature differences in the water. An OTEC system uses the surface water to boil a gas such as propane, because propane has a low boiling point (Britannica, 2013). So it is used to power a turbine which produces electricity. The hot water on the top boils the gas nd creates steam out of the liquid propane which powers power’s the turbine. The propane goes through a condenser and is cooled by the deep water temperature.

So the propane is not burned at all it’s Just used to turn the turbine, to turn the electric generator, as steam, and then it goes through the cooling process to return to liquid form. Depending on the size of the plant, these OTEC plants can produce endless amounts of power and the process does not pollute the atmosphere. The plants cost a lot of money to build, but it would easily pay itself off in a few different ways. The technical definition of Bio diesel is a fuel comprised of mono alkyl esters of long has been around as long as diesel engines, but hasn’t been in demand until recently.

The way bio diesel is produced is through a process called transesterification, by altering the chemical properties of the oil with methanol. It is produced from renewable domestic resources which are not as harmful to the environment as petroleum fuels. It is also nontoxic and biodegradable. These kinds of fuels can be used in endless real world applications to produce energy. Commercial and esidential diesel generators can be ran with these fuels to produce energy without any modifications to the engine.

Bio diesel also can be used with diesel vehicles that let off bad emission, and are worse for the ozone layer and affect global warming. Tractor trailers drive cross country daily to supply our nation with foods and products, by using bio diesel they could lower tail pipe emissions by 41%. These fuels can power diesel generators that could easily power a house or business. With some modifications to lower noise levels it could be a feasible and fairly cheap and clean ay to live and also get rid of a power bill. The only real problem with bio diesels is it could increase nitrogen oxide emissions.

That problem can be overcome by a process called blending, which 20% bio diesel is blended with 5% diesel to get the best of both and get rid of the worst. Fuel cells of the near or distant future will be like batteries in a typical house hold item such as a flashlight. A fuel cell is something that uses a source of fuel like Hydrogen and an oxidant to electrochemically make electricity (National Geographic, 2013). Fuel cells could power our vehicles, houses, nd be portable so electricity can be brought where it would be required. Unlike batteries, fuel cells won’t stop producing electricity as long as fuel is provided to it.

Fuel cells are better for our atmosphere, they don’t produce as many harmful green house gases and they don’t produce any of the air pollutants that create health problems or smog. Once in production and fuel cells are able to compete with the fossil fuel industries, eventually they would be a lot cheaper than our typical sources of energy. Every fuel cell has two electrodes one negative and a positive one; they are called the anode and cathode. Electricity is produced at the electrodes. They also have an electrolyte which carries charged particles from one electrode to the other.

There is also a catalyst that is introduced between the electrodes that speed up the reaction at the electrodes to produce more electricity at a faster rate. Another alternative energy source or fuel for everything we need fuel to power is water, the most abundant natural resource on the planet. Hydrogen fuel cells or hydrogen generators are being experimented with everyday. Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen molecules, so to make it a combustible fuel, the hydrogen olecules need to be separated from the oxygen molecules. To accomplish this to produce hydrogen as a fuel is fairly easy.

First a cell is made out of stainless steel with a positive and negative lead, separated by 1. 5mm for optimum hydrogen production. A common cell is 7 stainless plates which two of the plates on the outside are positive and negative and the rest of the sandwiched plates are neutral plates which help keep the cell run at cooler temperatures. The cell is then put into a housing unit with distilled water and an electrolyte; with a 12 volt source hooked up o the positive lead and a ground hooked up to the negative lead. Bubbles will start to form, which are hydrogen molecules breaking free from the oxygen molecules. ousing of the generator and into a bubbler to make sure the hydrogen is clean. From the bubbler the hydrogen can be pumped into a tank and then into an engine or directly into an engine. The waste ends up producing water, which isn’t good for regular metal exhausts and will rust them out, but a stainless exhaust can replace it with no further worries. Catalytic converters on cars today turn some of the missions into water and eventually rust exhausts anyway. Some vehicles need more fuel than others, such as a tractor trailer VS a Prius (USA Today 2013).

A hydrogen generator would have to be made specifically for the engine it’s going to run. Alternative energy such as wind, solar, and geothermal energy sources will be a more efficient way of sustaining energy needed by humans. A wind turbine creates energy by the wind, which is potential energy sitting there where ever located, Just waiting for a gust of wind to produce energy. Solar energy is readily available to us all but is ery expensive to set up. Geothermal energy is also readily available to us and is a clean source of energy but is also a very expensive set up. In the future prices will come down.

So the companies making products for solar energy and geothermal energy can better compete on the energy market. By using alternative energy sources and fuel cells our planet could be a cleaner more efficient planet (Clean Energy, 2012). Fuel cells and alternative energy sources are a lot more efficient than the use of fossil fuels. There are a variety of different fuel cells and alternative energy ources in production right know, experimenting with different fuels and energy sources could potentially make more of a variety of efficient fuels and alternative energy combinations. Conclusion alternative, fossil fuels!

There are numerous possibilities of alternative energy source ideas to power the world. The previous paragraphs talked about seven different alternative energy sources that could work to power our planet, without pollution and environmental wastes. These alternative energy sources use natural resources to produce energy, which seems to be the most responsible way to power our world. MIT’s experiments with the molecule fulvalene diruthenium, is an exceptional idea. To be able to have the power of the suns energy stored in a molecule, and to be able to use it on demand is an amazing feat.

Solar power is another alternative energy source that harnesses the suns power to create energy, which also doesn’t pollute our world, and is a renewable energy source. Both solar and chemical solar systems use sunlight to produce energy which is in abundance and don’t produce waste products. The use of water to produce power is another alternative energy source or fuel that uses nature’s natural resources. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion technology is not new. In 1881, Jacques Arsene d’Arsonval, a French physicist, proposed tapping the thermal energy of the ocean.

But it was d’Arsonval’s student, Georges Claude, who in 1930 built the first OTEC plant in Cuba (U. S. Department of Energy (2013). OTEC can be used today to supply the world with energy with no pollution or waste, the first plant built produced 22 Kilowatts, which is enough to power a house or two but not enough to power a country. If the plants were made bigger with new technology and a fleet of these plants were built, ells and HHO generators are another alternative energy source that uses nature’s natural resources.

HHO generators use’s water to produce energy or fuel, water covers 71% of the earth’s surface so why not experiment with it as a fuel or energy source? The water used in some of the systems can be recycled so there is no waste or pollution. Fuel cells use hydrogen and an oxidant to produce electricity. HHO generators produce hydrogen as a fuel, which in combination could produce power as a fuel and electricity. These two alternative energy sources could be used on all ehicles in the country and cut out emissions as a whole.

This would dramatically help our environment in a short period of time, probably enough to offset Chinas pollution and waste it produces. These alternative energy sources are Just a few of hundreds of ideas, new and old that are realistic energy sources to power our country or planet. It would take years to implement some of the ideas but some could be produced and ready to use immediately. I have personally made wind turbines and I am currently building an HHO generator and I’m also building a self-running generator that runs on nothing but the energy it produces.

IVe experimented with all of these on a small scale and they worked great. So If you would like to make a difference and help clean up our planet and stop polluting and save a few dollars, start inventing or look at the history of alternative energy sources and build off someone else’s ideas. If you’re not into building things yourself, do some research on the alternative energy source of your choice and buy it. There are a lot of websites that sell wind turbines, solar panels, HHO generators and boosters, some systems are a lot of money but most are obtainable by the average American.

Civil Engineers create the substructure which sustains civilized life, yet the public frequently perceives building undertakings as impacting the natural environment

Introduction

Civil Engineers create and construct substructure that is necessary in order for civilized life to happen as we know it at present twenty-four hours. If we take a normal Londoner as an illustration, bulk of his actions throughout the twenty-four hours will hold trust on some signifier of civil technology substructure. This can be seen from a first thing that a individual does in the forenoon, which is the usage of a lavatory. Water running from a pat and ability to blush the lavatory are all possible thanks to substructure that is created by Civil Engineers. Adequate sewage systems allow for soiled H2O to be distributed off from such topographic points as families, and leting for H2O to be treated doing certain that other H2O beginnings such as rivers are non polluted by the soiled H2O. Sewage systems have contributed a great trade to healthful issues forestalling H2O borne diseases such as cholera, enteric fever and many others. It is let downing to state nevertheless, despite knowledge how to work out and cover with soiled H2O that around four kids die every minute in developing states because of diseases developing from unequal sanitation and insecure H2O. This job is chiefly due to miss of finance to make substructure that can cover with sanitation issues. Cities such as London and people that live in them frequently take these things for granted. In developed states such as United Kingdom, H2O supply is treated as a basic human right and support is allowed wherever the demand for it occurs. As population is invariably increasing, of all time turning demand for H2O supply besides increases as people become munificent with usage of H2O for indoor lavatories, baths, rinsing machines, rinsing their autos, garden hosieries and many other intents.

Apart from substructure that deals with supply and disposal of H2O, there are many other illustrations where Civil Engineers have contributed to prolonging civilized life. This can be portrayed by adverting the edifice of roads, rail links, Bridgess, canals, tunnels, airdromes and docks, all which help transposing for people easier, either it being from place to work or leisure to other states. However, it does non merely halt here, diverseness of undertakings is tremendous which sustain life as we know it, and for intent of this paper alongside other substructure already mentioned, energy is the one issue that peculiarly has to be pointed out. Taking lone electricity as an illustration, sum of topographic points it can come from, is besides really diverse. Coal power and atomic Stationss are merely an illustration along with many renewable beginnings such as hydro ( i.e. dike ) , air current and solar. Civil Engineers would most decidedly be involved in constructing any of these installations that can bring forth electricity. It would be impossible to believe of a present life as we know it today without electricity. Everything that we do, either it being at place, work or outside our place ( i.e. commutation by train ) will affect usage of electricity.

Therefore, if our every twenty-four hours activities comprise and rely on usage of substructure that helps keep civilized life as we know it at present, why do people object when there is a proposal to construct something that will assist us travel about our every twenty-four hours activities. Could a typical Londoner conceive of his life without electricity and H2O to blush his lavatory or H2O to imbibe and lavish? If constructing a dike can assist turn to these issues and convey with it many other benefits why would he or anyone else as a affair of fact object to it and comprehend it as a bad thought? Answer to this inquiry is non easy because there are many facets that have to been taken into an history originating peculiarly from political and sustainability issues every bit good as economical and societal grounds. The staying content of this paper will be to measure negative issues with constructing a big graduated table undertaking such as a dike, and besides measure why society should see and let edifice of such a undertaking.

Benefits of Dams

First, allow us concentrate and measure some of the benefits that dikes can convey and hold brought to societies. They can supply them with H2O to imbibe and utilize, protect from implosion therapy ( both river and marine implosion therapy ) , create recreational country, irrigate H2O necessary to turn nutrient and in some instances enhance the environment.

Dams have been constructed for many 1000s of old ages, and during different times, demands of societies has changed and so has the dike building. In the past basic construct would hold been to construct some signifier of a barrier across the river. Because of deficiency of cognition and stuffs, bulk of the past dike would hold been some kind of an embankment dike. Typically they would hold been on little graduated table and constructed of excavated natural stuffs ( Earth dams ). In United Kingdom little reservoirs constructed from such dikes were by mediaeval monasteries to supply supplies of fish, by and large carp. Back so fresh nutrient could hold been a chief ground, therefore the nutritionary benefit from entrapped fish.

As clip went on find of concrete and better apprehension of technology rules allowed for bigger dike. Most of dikes today are multipurpose for grounds mentioned earlier. Arch dikes are concrete or masonry dikes, which are curved upstream to convey the major portion of the H2O burden to the abutments. Their form has the benefit that it can keep back big sum of H2O. Hydropower dike uses the difference in H2O degree between the reservoir pool lift and the tailwater lift to turn a turbine to bring forth electricity. These are merely two of many other more modern dike design constructs.

Coming back to benefits that dams bring, we need to look at back peculiarly around clip of industrial revolution in late eighteenth century, to see how much decease rate has fallen by presenting domestic H2O supply. Provision of clean H2O supply and disposal of sewerage brought down many deceases related to soiled H2O. In Britain in 1832 there were 30,000 deceases from cholera and in 1849 60,000. This merely comes to demo how bad the job was at that clip because of deficiency of sanitation, as overcrowding occurred since people were coming into metropoliss for occupations. Larger towns such as Manchester, Liverpool and London than started building upstream reservoirs to provide of all time increasing population with clean H2O. The benefit of this can be seen by looking at Enteric deceases ( high febrility unwellness ), in England and Wales. It can be seen that debut of clean H2O supply, decease rate fell aggressively right across the state and that by 1940 ‘s it was virtually at nothing.

One of the other benefits that dams provide is the inundation protection from river implosion therapy. This can be achieved in two ways. One of them is by direct protection while 2nd is by routing the inundation through a reservoir provided for other agencies, therefore cut downing the extremum flow in the river downstream of it. At present EA ( Environmental Agency ) in United Kingdom is peculiarly indicating out that it does non desire new development to increase deluging downstream. By building a dike and holding and empty reservoir, allows for storage of H2O to be provided at important times when there is high precipitation, and the storage reservoir acts as a inundation defense mechanism. Constructing a dike without holding increased deluging downstream can be possible therefore carry throughing Environmental Agency ‘s petition.

Good illustration where building of a dike has brought inundation protection to a really big population is The Three Gorges Dam in China. The Yangtze River on which the dike is constructed has claimed 300,000 lives of people that have drowned due to inundations in the last century. It has besides displaced 1000000s of people. At the minute, dike provides flood protection to fifteen million people that live in the inundation field.

Land reclaimed from sea can be used for either agricultural intents or for land development. This can merely be achieved by maintaining sea H2O out and merely manner to this is by building dikes, called sea defense mechanisms. Water from reservoirs can be used for irrigation. This is when H2O from the reservoirs is supplied to set down where harvests and workss are, enabling them to turn. This is peculiarly of import in states with hotter clime and which suffer great trade from dry seasons, hence trusting throughout the full season on irrigation H2O. In 1877, low Nile inundation failed to water adequately, doing dearth and decease among the six and half million Egyptian population.

Reservoirs created from dikes can offer Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Making manmade ( unreal islands ) which allows for birds to rest free from marauders such as foxes, and lagunas can be found along the offshore to keep shallow wetlands for wildlife even during drawdown. Woodland plantations along the shore can thrive thanks to provide of H2O offering dramatic and really beautiful home grounds that can back up really big figure of wildlife that can happen it hard to last in wider countryside.

Commercial benefits arise from recreational chances that can be created. Since reservoirs allow for fish to boom, angling on such lakes is a immense potency and beginning of touristry. Not merely this but since most reservoirs are rather large, they offer a safe environment to sailing nines, besides boating and even swimming. Such activities as bird observation, bike equitation, nature walks, bivouacing and others can be possible around the reservoir, all which can heighten touristry.

One of the chief benefits associated, for intent of this paper is the hydro power induced from constructing dike. Since turbines that generate electricity are fuelled by H2O, it is a clean fuel beginning offering no emanations. Because it relies on H2O rhythm, which in bend relies on series of events in nature one of them being the Sun, it is considered as a renewable power beginning. The reservoir behind the dike can be used to turn the turbines particularly when the demand for electricity leaps.

Taking United States as an illustration, 80 % of the renewable energy is accounted by hydroelectricity. This is because no emanations are released by combustion of fuels which is the job with atomic and coal discharged power Stationss. Just to show how much C dioxide released into the ambiance is saved by usage of hydropower, National Hydropower Association ( in USA ) , estimates it to be at 77 million metric dozenss. This sum would be tantamount to emanations released from driving 60 two million autos for one twelvemonth. Production of electricity from hydro power is non fouling for other grounds excessively. Since no chemicals are involved with production, none have to be disposed of which is another great benefit to the environment. In add-on, noise pollution is non of a major concern since many dikes are located in stray countries.

Negative facets of Dams

Despite benefits that dams have brought, they have besides caused major environmental impacts. Even though they are regarded as non fouling beginning of electrical power and really of import in H2O supply systems, better apprehension over the old ages of environmental impacts it causes makes many people want to oppose their building. Not merely does the environment suffer from building dikes, there are besides major economic, societal and political issues or concerns.

Possibly the best manner frontward to depict negative side of constructing a dike would be to concentrate on one of the most controversial dikes of all time built. This is doubtless The Three Gorged Dam in China. From the really first phase, at proposal, it raised all of the concerns already mentioned. It has to be noted nevertheless, benefits are ever much easier to place and quantify, where as costs on the other manus manifest themselves over many old ages and in assortment of ways.

Three Gorges Project

Before we proceed onto depicting disadvantages of the Three Gorges, we need to understand more about the existent undertaking. The dike stretches 2.3 kilometers across the great river Yangtze. The tallness of the concrete wall reaches about 200 meters, has a volume of 40 million three-dimensional meters, and has created a reservoir 600-kilometres long with a entire storage capacity nearing 40 billion three-dimensional meters. The reservoir is about twice the size of the Isle of Weight. So far 20 one generators have been installed, bring forthing about 62 billion kWhr of electricity and this is merely two tierces of the maximal degree that is being aimed at accomplishing. Under original programs, the power generated from The Three Gorges was meant to fulfill some 10 per centum of entire electricity consumed in China. This mark has n’t really been realised because demand for electricity in China has gone up at a higher rate than it was estimated for during design phase. This figure would look to be at approximately 4 per centum fulfilling current demand.

Economy

Economic facet in footings of cost is difficult to quantify. Latest estimations of the entire building say that entire cost has been around $ 30 billion. Support has come from four internal beginnings in China and a figure of international moneymans. This is a really big sum of money that has been plugged into the undertaking and its estimated that after 2010 when all the proposed 26 turbines are installed and power production is at full capacity, it will take ten old ages to refund the loans. However, existent cost are difficult to calculate because of after intervention plants and menaces such as landslides and temblors, political corruptness and monolithic resettlement and ecological losingss, all which might necessitate significant sum of money for remedial action.

Fisheries

Ecological jobs include impacts on the piscaries of the Yangtze River basin and deposit issues. The basin contains 30 six per centum of all freshwater fish species in China. Twenty seven per centum of all of China ‘s endangered fresh water fish are in the Yangtze basin. Fish population are capable to fluctuations because of the break that the undertaking has on chemical and temperature composing of the H2O. Dam blocks migration of fish and entree to engendering evidences, and besides blocks nutrient resources available to those fish. The major kineticss of how river plants are altered by the dike and as a effect fish are non being able to accommodate to alter in environment.

From WWF ‘s Living Planet Report, from 1970 to 2000, freshwater fish species have declined drastically. Fifty four per centum of 195 index species have exhibited a population diminution.

Dams are called up as one of the most influential in this diminution because they impact fish migration and downstream wetlands. Datas released from Three Gorges Dam corresponds to publish as after building one-year crop of carp was slightly 50 per centum below pre-dam statistic.

Deposit

River deposit and deposit flow is another job. Traditionally Yangtze river has transported big sum of deposit from its upper reaches all the manner to China ‘s sea. Completion of the dike calls cause of concern for operational issues every bit good as environmental. Sediment has decreased at Yangtze delta by 30 three per centum of what it was before dam building. Decrease in deposit flow to the delta, allows for job of coastal eroding. How large the job is can non be determined at present but will be debatable most surely in decennaries to come.

China has approximately 83,000 reservoirs that are built for assorted intents, and 330 of these are major in size. Sediment deposition in 230 of them have become a important job, ensuing in a combined loss of 14 per centum of the entire storage capacity. Some have even lost up to 50 per centum of possible storage capacity. Increased deposit degrees can greatly act upon hydroelectric power end product and flooding bar.

Seismicity and Geological Instability

Filling up of big reservoirs can do seismal activity and besides due to coerce it builds up on local mistakes. Such an action was predicted for Three gorges Dam aboard increased landslides which are related to seismal activity. Major landslide occurred shortly after the reservoir was filled near town of Qianjiangping on the the Qianggan River near its meeting with Yangtze mainstream. Twenty four million three-dimensional meters of stone and Earth slid into the Qinggan river, killing, destructing belongings and barricading way for boats. In 2007 functionaries and experts have admitted that Three gorges reservoir has caused more frequent landslides. Mayor of Chongqing, said that the shore of the reservoir had collapsed in 90 one topographic points and sum of 30 six kilometers of shoreline caved in. as danger zone extends new relocation of the people have to be made which non merely affects the societies but the cost to the authorities of resettlement.

Water pollution

Pollution of H2O in Three Gorges reservoir besides has to be accounted for when looking at negatives of building a dike. Harmonizing to the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangtze river has become the biggest cloaca system in China. Around Three Gorges reservoir country, there are around three thousand industrial and excavation endeavors which release more than one billion dozenss of effluent yearly, incorporating more than 50 different pollutants. Included in the waste H2O are such poison elements as quicksilver, Cd, Cr, lead and nitrile. Industrial beginnings account for the bulk of the pollution, but big sums besides come from agricultural tally away, residential effluent, urban cloacas and pollution from ships. Surveies that are curried out for pollution do non even see township-level endeavors. There is really small intervention of industrial effluent fluxing into the reservoir country, and no intervention of residential effluent. Everyone so far has been trusting on the rivers capacity to blush pollutants out to sea to maintain it clean. Following building of the Three Gorges dike, the rivers flow is greatly reduced and with it the blushing capacity of the river. What is besides dismaying is that there are a figure of unknown diseases that have afflicted local workers on the river, perchance from the increased pollution within the river. Worrying besides is the issue of these harmful pollutants distributing farther into the environing environment particularly into other H2O beginnings, since subsiding of pollutants in the reservoir has possible for belowground H2O motion.

Resettlement

The biggest cost of the building of Three Gorges dike is the relocation non merely in footings of fiscal cost but in loss to societies and civilizations every bit good, since 1.6 million people had to be abandon their places or otherwise be flooded. The job is that one tierce of those people that had to be moved are husbandmans, and happening new land for them that can be used for agriculture is hard. Chinese authorities has tried to carry husbandmans to give up agriculture and travel into urban lodging and take up employment in metropoliss. Over 100 towns have been flooded wholly and some 100 archeological sites have been lost to the reservoir. Some of the metropoliss have had a cultural history traveling back to good over one thousand old ages. With new jobs non accounted for such as increasing danger zones from landslides new estimation suggest that farther four million people are to be effected with resettlement.

It is non merely the loss of place that is an issue, tensenesss and struggles on a regular basis occur with local population and new migrators that have arrived. Inadequate planning has left people with bad farming land, nutrient insecurity, joblessness and societal position.

Other issues

Although the universe is going a more peaceable topographic point, the menace of an onslaught on the Three Gorges dike can non be dismissed. If it were destroyed by military onslaught, the effect for military, and for the full state, would be black particularly because its built in cardinal China. Large metropoliss, atomic power workss, and hydro undertakings are routinely considered premier military marks. Looking back at history, British have bombed Germany ‘s Mohne and Eder dikes during WWII and the US has bombed North Korean dike during the Korean War.

Another issue that will merely be mentioned and non greatly elaborated on is the dike failures. Failure of a really big dike carries with it a much larger possible to do decease than any other major adult male made structure/facility. Due to sudden prostration, inundation moving ridge can be generated that can be really black.

Finally, it has to be mentioned that in many democratic states such a undertaking as The Three gorges would hold ne’er been approved. Human rights of the people to be resettled and more significantly many intellectuals would hold been taken into an history which can non be said to be the instance with building of Three Gorges in China. It can be comfortably said that the lone ground undertaking was of all time allowed is because of Chinese Communist leading, which lacks hearing and debating. By commanding the media and intelligence blackouts jobs and desolations are non known and minimised from a full graduated table. Such a government is determined to forestall the full truth from being revealed. If people speak against the determination they risk fring their occupations or worse. This is all due to the one-party system ( communism ) , where politicians have features of dictatorship, and no respect for single leting no democratic treatment at all.

Decision

Duty of Civil Engineers is to supply people with suited substructure that will let people and societies they live in to transport out their activities. Societies should make up one’s mind, sooner through democratic advancement, whether they want development to come on or non. They should non be forced to accept development of any undertaking.

Building of dike has many benefits that have been described most of import of those is that they have possible for clean non fouling production of electricity and proviso of H2O for healthful intents. In some parts of the universe, such as China it can hold a immense potency for forestalling implosion therapy. One of chief thrusts for building of Three Gorges Dam was flood bar for 15 million people. If 1.6 million had to resettle, but 15 million people guaranteed that opportunity of implosion therapy is one in a 1000 many would reason for it to be a good thought.

Although there are figure of benefits, it is largely environmental impacts that concern bulk of people. Because dams inundation big sum of countries, it can impact ecological stableness in rivers, particularly for fish, local climatic conditions ( i.e. excess H2O vaporizing from the reservoir ) , and it can do landslides and seismal activity. These are merely some of many environmental issues. Social, economic and political facets are of the same importance and must non be overlooked.

Equally long as equal stairss are taken to understate the environmental impacts, doing certain that environment can prolong the substructure, and people to be affected in bulk agree to take resettlement compensation, it is a good thought to construct dikes, but possibly non on such a big graduated table as the Three Gorges.

An Analysis of the Canadian Economy and the problems of Scarcity of Fuels

Canadian economy is facing an economizing problem Scarcity. This happens when the material wants are virtually unlimited and insatiable, while economic resources the means of producing goods and services are limited or scarce. It is quite true that in our affluent society resources are more plentiful that they have been for any other nation or for any other time in history; nonetheless, we describe them as scarce, because they are scarce relative to the wants of the people in our society.

For example, Canadian farmers produce almost 500 million dozen eggs a year. But if grocers distributed these eggs free, we would soon find that if we happened to arrive at the market after lunch, all of the eggs would be gone. Then we would agree that eggs were scarce.

Human wants keep changing and growing. Some derive from basic needs. Others arise because of influences like advertising. These wants, however they may be engendered, cannot all be satisfied because there are not enough resources to produce the desired number of goods and services. Since they cannot all be satisfied, choices will have to be made about what will be produced, how to produce and who gets what. In order to focus on these basic problems, and possible solutions, we have to derive an economic system.

In Canada most decision are made in the market . Consumers by their dollar votes decide what goods and services will be produced. Businesses, responding to the profits to be made from producing goods and services consumers want, hire the necessary resources. But some of the solutions given by the market are not acceptable, so Canadian governments intervene and impose different ones. The Canadian economy, then, is a mix economy system, with the market system predominating.

There are some ways to solve this problem. First, Canada must employs all its available resources and producing goods and services at least cost. Second, the available supplies of the factors of production are fixed in both quantities and quality. They can be reallocated, within limits, among different uses.

Third, the economy is producing only two goods: consumer goods or capital goods . And last, Canada must choose among alternatives. Limited resources mean limited outputs of capital and consumer goods. That is, to increase the production of capital goods, we must shift resources away from production of consumer goods.

Petroleum supply in Canada is an example of scarcity. Petroleum is perhaps the most important natural resource in today’s society, after food and water. The most popular use for oil is to be refined into automotive petroleum. This, in turn, can be refined or blended to make unleaded, super unleaded or super leaded fuel. LPG can be used to run cars as well as heating, cooking and power generation. Heating oil can be used in heaters.

Aviation fuel is used in planes because it has a low density and is more suitable for high altitudes. Lubricants can be used in engines, skin cremes and other lubricating items. Solvents can be used in cleaning and stripping. Kerosene, while not being as important today as it was sometime ago, can still be used in heating. Bitumen, the most dense petroleum product, is used in roads and paving. And refined oil can be used in power generation at power stations.

As petroleum can be used widely, so the demand for petroleum is very high. Canada only produces minority of its petroleum supply; majority is imported from countries in Middle East, so therefore they can control the price of petroleum. If they decided to decrease the production of petroleum, which means petroleum supply in Canada will also decrease.

In order to improve this situation, first Canada must increases its productivity of petroleum. Next, government must be involved in controlling the prices of petroleum and research must be done to reallocate new resources and develop new technology to recycle used petroleum. All these can help to increase the supply of petroleum. As the supply increases, the scarcity of petroleum in Canada also can be improved.

Since society cannot produce everything their members want, Doing the best with what we have is the only way to maximize want satisfaction.

Presently the Kenyan family sector is wholly dependent on kerosine and wood coal and in rare instances on solar power. Use of kerosine and firewood are inefficient usage of fuel in Kenya. They are already high in scarceness value and expensive therefore a cheaper and cleaner option is necessary. The proposed undertaking activity is a biomass based power undertaking. These classs of undertakings do necessitate an environmental impact analysis to be performed under the bing NEMA ordinances and obtain environment licence. The operation of the power works produces emanations, waste H2O and solid wastes such as boiler ash. Impact of release of pollutants is planned as follows to minimise the impact.

Turbo Generator and Auxiliaries: The system consists of one multistage steam turbine coupled with an electric generator, air cooled capacitor, air ouster system for air cooled capacitor, condensate pumps, lubricating oil and regulating oil system. Controls and instrumentality are provided as per the demands. The proposed biomass based power works, will hold one no. 10.0 MW turbo generator. The turbine is provided with devices to safeguard against over velocity, low steam recess force per unit area, high axial motion of the shaft, low lubricant oil force per unit area, high capacitor vacuity, inordinate quiver etc.

Power coevals will be 10.0 MW during the operation. The Auxiliary power ( Home burden ) demand will be 0.9 MW. The balance power 9.1 MW will be exported to KPLC grid. Emergency Power System consists of 1 No. DG Set of 250 kVA is provided to do available exigency power supply to the station in instance of black out. The entire demand of natural H2O for this unit will be 256 KLD. The full natural H2O demand for the unit will be met from dug good and bore good inside and outside the mill premises. This will guarantee that the natural H2O catchment countries are preserved and the belowground H2O is used alternatively. The acidic wastewaters generated during regeneration of cautiousness and assorted bed money changers and alkalic wastewaters generated during regeneration of anions and assorted bed money changers of dematerialized H2O works will be led into a neutralisation cavity. These wastewaters are self neutralizing but commissariats will be made for concluding pH accommodation before disposal.

Wastewater Generation

S. No

Particulars

Wastewater Generated m3/hr

Method of Treatment

1

Sewage

2.0

Septic armored combat vehicle with Dispersion trench

2

Softener regeneration & A ; DM Plant

0.3

Neutralization armored combat vehicle

3

Filter back wash/ R.O cull

0.55

Waste Water Storage Tank

4

Boiler blow down

2.46

5

Cooling tower blow down

1.159

Since, the little measure of effluent will be generated from domestic uses, the opportunities of taint of dirt will be nil. Wastewater drained from the intervention works is pumped to a neutralisation cavity to keep PH as prescribed by Pollution Control norms.

The blow down H2O from boiler will be assorted with chilling tower to convey down the temperature to ambient degree.

The sewerage from the assorted power works edifices will be taken to a common infected armored combat vehicle through trenches for safer disposal.

The H2O used in the surface capacitor will be cooled in a chilling tower. Blow down from the chilling tower will be trenched out and eventually conveyed to the wastewater cavity.

The vacant country in the industry will be used for tree plantation to better the environing environment of the industry.

Ash

The chief solid waste from the proposed Power Plant will be ash ( Fly ash and Bottom ash ) by the burning of fuel in boiler which will be about 35 tons/day which includes the bottom ash, ash collected in the ESP ash hoppers. The boiler will be sized to bring forth 45 tph steam under normal conditions. The proposed boiler will be chiefly bio-mass fired single-drum, perpendicular type balanced bill of exchange with a furnace holding going grate type furnace. The boiler will dwell of air pre-heater, economiser, evaporators, super-heaters, fuel fire equipment, built-in piping, flue gas ducting with enlargement articulations, back uping constructions, platforms and paseos, etc. The fire system consists of a going grating, air plenum, modulating dampers and ash discharges valve.

The going grating is driven by a hydraulic agreement and the tie bars of the travelling gratings are made of dramatis personae Fe, to defy the heat from the combustion. The burning air to the grating is supplied from the bottom plenum hoppers and the air is controlled by the air dampers. The discharge terminal of the grating discharges the ash into a H2O impounded hopper. The shifting are collected in the plenum hopper and discharged by an air lock valve. Based on preliminary estimations, the maximal one-year coevals of ash from boiler operation is 2.5 tons/hr, based on 100 per centum Prosopis juliflora fire. Fly ash constitutes the major portion, accounting for 75 % of entire coevals, the balance being bottom ash. The fly ash will be utilized for land filling, Brick doing or Cement blending, for route edifice stuff and for husbandmans, who can utilize the ash as manure for the harvests, and besides through heavy stage pneumatic handling system with fly ash silos which have a capacity to hive away 1 hebdomad coevals of ash. The ash will be transported through trucks and the roads will be asphalted within the works country.

Environmental pollution and control

Noise

Noise Level Survey: The first aim of noise monitoring in the survey country is to measure the baseline noise and measure the impact of the entire noise expected to be generated by proposed undertaking. The inside informations of the expected noise monitoring locations as per surveies on other similar undertakings are that noise degrees during twenty-four hours clip were found to be in the scope 52.6 – 48.3 dubnium. The maximal noise degree was observed to be 52.6 dubnium at the Nalli, India and a lower limit of 48.3 dubnium was observed at Alavattam, India. Noise degrees observed to fall in the scope 48.6- 46.5 dubnium during the dark clip. A upper limit of 48.6 dubnium was observed at the Nalli, India and a lower limit of 46.5 dubnium at Alavattam, India. Equipment will conform to resound degrees prescribed by regulative governments.

Adequate noise control steps will be provided to fulfill the ambient noise degree criterions prescribed by NEMA. Noise absorbing stuffs will be used in the building of roofs, walls, floors and in the generators. Provision of acoustic enclosures to resound bring forthing equipments like pumps will be installed ; major noise-producing equipments such as turbo generator compressors are to be provided with suited noise suspensions. Provision of thick greenway to rarefy the noise degrees will be made.

Safety equipment for noise like ear muffs and other protective devises will be provided to the staff working near noise coevals beginning. The pollution control steps planned for the works will guarantee that it has the least inauspicious impact on the environment.

Air

The undertaking is techno economically feasible, based on the assorted proficient and fiscal analyses for bring forthing power utilizing bio-mass. During the growing of workss, CO2 in the air is absorbed through photosynthesis. The same measure of CO2 will be released on combustion, and will be once more absorbed while turning ( juliflora workss ) . Branchs of juliflora will be cut, go forthing the root for the future growing. Although there will be some emanations from the combustion procedure itself, the undertaking will gain significant C credits as the complete C rhythm is calculated from the O generated by the Prosopis while it is turning until it is eventually burned. In this manner the procedure is impersonal and qualifies for C recognition from the developed states. By the way this is gross for the biomass power coevals works. The measure of CO2 for a 10 MW power works is about 51,500tonnes/year. Please advice on the highlighted portion.

Biomass energy coevals, if done in a sustainable manner, would greatly cut down emanations of nurseries gases. The sum of C dioxide released when biomass is burned is really about the same as the sum required to refill the workss grown to bring forth the biomass. Therefore, in a sustainable fuel rhythm, there will be no net emanations of C dioxide, although some fossil-fuel inputs will be required for planting, reaping, transporting, and treating biomass. Efficient cultivation and transition procedures will used and the resulting emanations will be little ( around 20 % of the emanations created by fossil fuels entirely ) . Besides if the energy needed to bring forth and treat biomass comes from renewable beginnings in the first topographic point, so the net part to planetary heating will be zero.

Draft System and Electro-Static Precipitator: The boiler will be equipped with one figure of forced bill of exchange fan, secondary air ( SA ) fan and induced bill of exchange fan. The FD & A ; SA fans will provide the needed burning air to the boiler. The flue gases generated in the boiler will be evacuated by the ID fan and the capacity and caput of FD fan will be selected sing maximal air that would be required for the fuel fire manners. In the same manner, ID fan will besides be selected based on the maximal fluke gas generated in any of the fuel firing manners under consideration. The boiler is connected to an electro-static precipitator, which will take the dust and ash atoms from the fluke gas, before the ID fan could manage it. The efficiency of the precipitator will be 99.9 % and the dust concentration at the mercantile establishment of the ESP will be less than 100.0 mg/Nm3. Control of land degree concentration of SO2 emitted will be achieved by supplying a stack at sufficient tallness of 65 m for scattering.

The unit will put in an electrostatic precipitator at the issue of boilers so as to restrict the suspended particulate affair and accomplish the criterions prescribed by NEMA. Electrostatic precipitator of 99.9 % efficiency will be installed to restrict the SPM concentrations below100 mg/Nm3. A stack of 55-m tallness will be provided for wider scattering of gaseous emanations.

Avoidance of methane emanations due to disintegrate and de-gradation of the biomass waste is besides necessary. The company intends to put out an attack of CO2 neutrality in production and use of bio- mass for heat and power coevals every bit good as avoiding CO2 emanations from the dodo fuels for the corresponding demand. A burning engineering path is selected for the power works, where bio-mass is burnt as fuel in a steam generator to bring forth high force per unit area steam which is so expanded in a steam turbine to bring forth power. This will in consequence neutralize the CO2 emanations.

The design of fuel handling system, affecting biomass fuels is based on the estimated measures of one-year fuel demands. Fuels will be received at the site by route. Adequate route installations will be provided to manage the road-bound vehicles on a day-to-day peak footing. The fuels geting at site by different types of vehicles such as trucks, tractor dawdlers etc. will be weighed on a cavity less type electronic route weighbridge provided in the works premises. The CO2 emanations from these conveyance vehicles will be later absorbed by the juliflora workss.

Conveyor belt will be closed to forestall dust coevals and H2O scattering system will be provided at the stuff handling and storage yard so as to fulfill the Ambient Air Quality/emission criterions prescribed by NEMA. Well maintained greenbelt covering 25 % of the land country will be provided to collar the fleeting emanations.

Dirt

It has been observed that the pH of the dirt ranged from 6.6 -6.7 bespeaking that the dirts are acidic to somewhat alkaline. Dirts are chiefly clay loams with alluvial sedimentations derived from third / quaternate volcanic and pyroclastic stone deposits that have been weathered and eroded from the highlands. They contain high degrees of P, K, Ca and Mg and low degrees of N and C. The dirt from the survey country shows chair to good birthrate. By transporting out a replantation of the Prosopis on the cleared land so the dirt birthrate will be improved and maintained.

Although energy harvests will be grown without pesticide and fertiliser, large-scale energy agriculture could however take to additions in chemical usage merely because more land would be under cultivation. Dirts could be depleted of organic content and foods unless attention is taken to go forth adequate wastes behind. These concerns point up the demand for ordinance and monitoring of energy harvest development and waste usage.

Ecology

The major environmental impact of biomass energy may be that of loss of biodiversity. Transforming natural ecosystems into energy plantations with a really little figure of harvests, every bit few as one, can drastically cut down the biodiversity of a part. There are no wild life sanctuaries/parks within 20 km radius of the undertaking site. Besides because of the bald land, wildlife is rather scarce with the most common animate beings being the ostrich and dik dik. However serpents are in copiousness. The records of Forest Department of Kenya did non bespeak presence of any high endemic or vulnerable species in this country. The natural workss which are chiefly shrubs and acacia trees will non be affected by the undertakings routine. The out agriculturists will be trained on how to place and avoid these natural works species. Please advice if this portion is adequately addressed.

This will take to increasing the sum of forest wood harvested for energy and could supply an inducement for the forest-products industry to pull off its resources more expeditiously, and therefore better forest wellness. But it could besides supply an alibi to work woods in an unsustainable manner. Biomass energy production involves one-year crops or periodic remotions of trees from the land. These crops and remotions will be at degrees that are sustainable, i.e. , surety that current usage does non consume the land ‘s ability to run into future demands, and besides be done in ways that do n’t degrade other of import indexs of sustainability. Because biomass markets may affect new or extra remotions of trees, we will be careful to minimise impacts from whatever extra demands biomass growing or harvest home makes on the land.

Unfortunately, commercial woods have non ever been soundly managed, and many people view with dismay the chance of increased wood cutting. Their concerns can be met by tighter authorities controls on forestry patterns and by following the rules of “ first-class ” forestry. If such rules are applied, it should be possible to pull out energy from woods indefinitely.

Greenbelt Development

Greenbelt will be developed inside the mill premises covering a entire country of approximately 10.5 estates. The unit will besides develop the nearby country around the industry for greenway. The inter-spaces will be laid with bush. The inter-space between trees planted will be approximately 5m. It is proposed to duplicate the tree denseness in future in conformity to the mill demands.

Socio – Economic

One other side consequence of turning trees for energy is that it will profit dirt quality and farm economic systems. Energy harvests will supply a steady auxiliary income for husbandmans in off-seasons and let them to work fresh land without necessitating much extra equipment. Furthermore, energy harvests will be used to stabilise cropland or rangeland prone to eroding and implosion therapy. Trees will be grown for several old ages before being harvested, and their roots and foliage litter will assist stabilise the dirt. The planting of coppicing, or self-regenerating, assortments will minimise the demand for riotous tilling and planting.

This undertaking does non affect any supplanting of local people. Employment chances will be improved in the nearby small towns because of this proposed unit and this will supply indirect employment chances for more than 1000 households.

Safety PPE ‘s -Operation and Care

The undermentioned steps will be provided to guarantee safety of the workers ;

aˆ? Industrial safety helmets

aˆ? Crash helmets

aˆ? Face shield

aˆ? Welders equipment for oculus and face protection

aˆ? Cylindrical type earplug

aˆ? Ear muffs

aˆ? Canister gas mask

aˆ? Self contained take a breathing setup

aˆ? Leather apron

aˆ? Boiler suit

aˆ? Safety belt /line adult males safety belt

aˆ? Leather manus baseball mitts

aˆ? Canvas semen leather manus baseball mitts with leather thenar

aˆ? Lead manus baseball mitt

aˆ? Electrically tested electrical opposition manus baseball mitts and

aˆ? Industrial safety places with steel toe.

Environment, Safety and Health Monitoring Programme

The Environment, Safety and Health-Monitoring Programme in the mill will be as follows:

aˆ? Monthly Monitoring of Stack Emissions – SPM, RSPM, SO2, NOX

aˆ? Daily Monitoring of Water and Treated Water – pH, TDS, TSS, COD

aˆ? Monitoring of Ambient Air – SPM, RSPM, SO2, NOX & A ; CO, Noise and Work Place Air

aˆ? Occupational Safety

aˆ? Occupational Health

Budgetary allotment for Environmental Management

Class

Capital Investing

Annual Operating Costss

( KES in 000 ‘ )

Air Pollution Management

125

1

Water and Wastewater Management

50

2

Solid Waste Management

50

5

Greenbelt

5

1

Environmental Monitoring and Training

5

1

Entire

235

10

Please advice on this tabular array. Is it necessary and are the figures about correct.

Other impact of turning Prosopis Juliflora and utilizing it to bring forth energy include ;

Fossil fuel cogeneration and C extenuation will be encouraged.

The furnace and boiler will hold to be particularly modified to be able to bring forth steam at the high temperatures necessary for doing the works more energy efficient.

Sustainability of a biomass power works will by and large depend on the engagement of the donees in footings of increased environmental consciousness by separating biomass power and conventional grid power. During the field study it was found out that really small environmental concerns exist among the villagers. This is non to intend that they are nescient of the negative impacts of deforestation, dirt eroding, and loss of biodiversity but that they are cognizant and are willing to turn to these impacts consequently. They are besides willing to portion the duty to works more trees in their land to counter consequence the negative impact that the power works may bring forth and to keep the sustainability.

The key to successful biomass power development is to utilize the resources expeditiously in modern transition systems that maximize the energy produced and minimise the by-products of the transition processes. In modern times, the combination of improved technological efficiencies, scientific progresss, increased environmental-awareness and environmental protection ordinances have turned biomass transition into a cleaner, more efficient procedure.

In position of the above, the undermentioned activities along the biomass value concatenation will necessitate consideration in an EIA:

oˆ‚? any activity or construction out of character with its surrounding ;

oˆ‚? major alterations in land usage ;

oˆ‚? all roads in scenic, wooded or cragged countries and wetlands ;

oˆ‚? railroad lines ;

oˆ‚? oil and gas grapevines ;

oˆ‚? H2O conveyance ;

oˆ‚? river recreations and H2O transportation between catchments ;

oˆ‚? boring for the intent of using land H2O resources ;

oˆ‚? lumber harvest home ;

oˆ‚? clearance of forest countries ;

oˆ‚? re-afforestation and afforestation ;

oˆ‚? large-scale agribusiness ;

oˆ‚? usage of pesticides, including aerial crop-dusting ;

oˆ‚? debut of new harvests ;

oˆ‚? usage of fertilisers ;

oˆ‚? irrigation ;

oˆ‚? fertiliser industry or processing ;

oˆ‚? oil refineries and petro-chemical plants ;

oˆ‚? chemical plants and procedure workss ;

oˆ‚? majority grain processing workss ;

oˆ‚? direction of hydrocarbons including the storage of natural gas and combustible or explosive fuels ;

oˆ‚? waste disposal, including: sites for solid waste disposal ; sites for risky waste disposal ; sewerage disposal works ; works affecting major atmospheric emanations ; works breathing violative olfactory properties.

As required for execution of the undertaking activity, undertaking participants have studied the possibility of environmental impacts and conclude that no negative impacts are possible due to the undertaking activity. In fact, the undertaking activity contributes to minimise the environmental pollution due to fossil fuel based electricity coevals.