Germany

The Berlin wall was a visible division between west Germany and east Germany. Its purpose was to keep disloyal east Germans from departuring to the west.
the Berlin wall was assembled in Aug,13th, 1961 , and fell in Nov,9th,1989.

The Berlin wall was a symbol of the Cold war and the Iron curtain between the Soviet led communism and the commonwealth of the west for the whole 28 years that the Berlin wall was erectedThe reason for the rise of the Berlin wall was due to the massive amount of the east Germans defecting to the west side2.

Tens of thousands of people were leaving the east side and by the end of 1961 almost 200,000 east Germans were living in the west side. The west was dispirited by the amount of east Germans fleeding to the west. It had also created a staggering economic strain. Moreover increased the tension among east and west Germans to an insufferable level.

The solution came from the soviet politburo (the executive committee of the USSR). On the night of Aug,12&13 in 1961, the boarders among the east and west Berlin were sealed, alongside all the rail stations. A tremendous amount of east side soldiers guarded the borders while laborers started developing and building up security barriers.

Construction began at around 1AM, streetlights were put off so nobody could perceive what was going on. The city of Berlin was being separated and the residence had no clue it was happening up until the morning. Neither did the western leaders.
President John.F.Kennedy was completely taken by surprise.

After the Berlin wall was built it had changed the lives of many Germans in a lot of ways, it had taken away the chance for them to see their family and friends, (Editors, 2019) go to good and qualified collages, and were separated from almost everything such as, subway lines, bus lines, tramlines, rivers, etc.  After that the Germans were devastated which is why they started organizing ways to sneak in.

However the east Germans kept making the border stronger. They changed the underlying security fencing allotment into a concreate wall.The rise of the Berlin wall had affected many Germans in so many ways. However it did not prevent majority of east Germans to escape to the west side.

In early times, people came up with many ways to escape such as, throwing a rope over the Berlin wall and climb up, on a tightrope 60 feet above the German soldiers, down a zip line, on a speeding train, in a hot air balloon, etc.

Some of the early attempts of escape were successful, and it is estimated that around 5,000 people escaped safely, however afterwards the berlin wall became stronger and larger and the attempts to escape were nearly impossible and required a lot of planning.

The east German soldiers were ordered to shoot anyone trying to escape and was estimated that approximately 192-239 people were killed at the berlin wall(Rosenberg, 2019) On Nov.9th,1989, as it was the start of the cold war across the eastern Europe, the east German government announced a change in the city’s relations with the west ”permanent relocations can be done through all borders checkpoints between east Germany and west Germany”.

Residence of both side were in shock yet very thrilled, almost 2 million people of the east side visited their loved ones on the west side, people were celebrating at the borders, while other people used hammers and picks to knock down the wall. Soon the wall was gone and berlin was united for the first time since 28 years.

The Berlin wall is common for its cultural heritage, and it is still one of the city’s first sights to see. The wall had a special aura that was treated as a holy relic that spoke for the deliverance from the cold war. The people, language, and traditions make the German culture unique. It has a key role in the history of Europe, and English speakers call it Germany. German culture has been influenced throughout Germany’s rich history once as an important part of The Holy Roman Empire, and later as one of the most stable economies in the world.

In 1961. East German soldiers started lying down barbed wire and bricks for a barrier covering the Soviet-controlled East Berlin and democratic western section of the city. After World War 2 ended, Germany was defeated and then got divided into Soviet, American, British and French zones of occupation.

The city of Berlin was part of the Soviet zone and was also split. The Soviets had taken the eastern part of the city. In June 1948, the Soviets attempted to block West Berlin, the eastern section was taken even more tightly into the Soviet fold. 12 years later, it was cut off from the western counterpart and was reduced to a Soviet satellite, East Germany saw around 1.5 million and 3 million of its citizens go to West Germany in search of better opportunities.

Germany was divided into East and West Germany on May 8th 1949. 2.6 million East Germans traveled to West Germany. Construction of the Berlin Wall had stopped refugees from East to West, and it calmed down the crisis over Berlin. After almost 2 years after the Berlin Wall came up, John F. Kennedy delivered one of the most famous addresses of his presidency to a crowd of more than 120,000 gathered outside West Berlin’s city hall.

Just a few inches away from the Brandenburg Gate. John F. Kennedy’s speech is remembered for this line, “I am a Berliner.” East and way West Germany came together on something called “Unity Day” one year after the destruction of the Berlin Wall. Ever since 1945 Soviet forces occupied Eastern Germany, the United States and other forces occupied the Western half of the nation at the close of World War 2. After Dividing Germany they had to come to serve as one of the most enduring symbols of the cold war.

Thirty years ago the Berlin Wall fell. Powerful images like people dancing on walls, others assumed that from now on freedom would reign around the world. Capitalism had prevailed over the state-run socialist model, and people spoke of the end of history. This euphoria today is giving away a more sober mood, not because Francis Fukuyama’s prophecy proved wrong on many levels. Once the conflict between the systems of communism and capitalist came to an end, the face of the social market economy began to change. The system people had yearned for, had experienced an astounding renaissance of Neo liberalism.

I don’t think so because people already don’t understand what is really happening around the world. News people are trying t tell everyone but they just don’t listen, people have made so many fake news channels and real news channels and now no one will know who is correct so we start protesting and fighting over each other debating who is right.

In 1961, the Berlin wall was put up to keep the liberated West Berlin area from the surrounding Soviet controlled East Berlin and East Germany. On June 12, 1987 thousands gathered around the Berlin wall on the liberated West Berlin side to see Mr. Reagan give his address on what he thinks about the Berlin wall and its future.

In his speech Ronald Reagan encourages Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the wall, which was a symbol of the communist maltreatment. Reagan used many forms of rhetorical persuasion in his speech to convince Gorbachev and his backers into starting the deconstruction of the wall that would liberate the europeans to the East and send messages of hope to people everywhere.

In his speech Reagan targeted his audience with impactful rhetoric devices to influence Mr. Gorbachev and the Soviets. He started his speech with the addressing of Mayor Diepgen along with the people present at the wall with him. This puts on the impression Mr. Reagan is a man with values and respect. Reagan continues to bring up past presidents that visited that very wall, one of them was John F. Kennedy along with 2 other presidents, this was his statement word for word, “Twenty-four years ago, President John F. Kennedy visited Berlin…then two other presidents, each in his turn, to Berlin.

And today I, myself, make my second visit to your city.” In this excerpt from Reagan’s speech he uses logos because he said he is following in the footsteps of previous presidents and that he has come by the wall twice, additionally Reagan convinces the audience by saying “It is our duty to speak, in this place, of freedom.” This makes the audience feel a sense of nationalism. Along with this he also spoke a little bit of German a few times in the speech. This makes the audience feel a sense of connection and emotion to Reagan gaining his trust and further leading to the understanding of his point to get the wall torn down.

Reagan tried to relate to the crowd with many different tactics but he also used scare tactics like showing the people the downside of not having freedom like poverty and hunger which in turn could spark a rebellion on the wall giving the people and the leaders of the world a clear look at what having that wall up is really doing to the people on both sides. Reagan is trying to help Germany and he uses Japan and other countries that were majorly affected as a prime example “Japan rose from ruin to become an economic giant. Italy, France, Belgium–virtually every nation in Western Europe saw political and economic rebirth; the European Community was founded.”

With Reagan saying this he is trying to plead to the people’s senses and get them on his side, he’s making them think about what happened in places like Japan with the nuclear bombs and France being completely taken by force and in these examples the people paid the ample price. If the wall is not taken down Germany will pay a similar price and maybe even a farther more subsequential price that could break Germany apart forever causing its people overly immense pain and suffering. Another thing, Reagan used emotional appeal in the essay with him saying “We’re drawn here by the feeling of history in this city, more than 500 years older than our own nation.”

This shows that Reagan cares for Berlin’s rich history and wants to save it and in the process shows that his own country doesn’t have as rich of a history as Berlin/Germany. This shows to the people that he is willing to put his own country a step back to save Berlin and Germany from breaking apart. This ties back to Reagan’s point by him trying to show importance to the well being of germany and that he 100% is willing to put effort forward to save the country and that he’s not only there for his own benefit but for the benefit of the country of germany and the city of Berlin. With these proceedings it would further lead to the convincing of getting the wall torn down.

In conclusion, I think Reagan did a commending job on his speech with him targeting his audience with relatable aspects. He also used did use scare tactics like foreshadowing what could happen if they don’t get the country of germany united again. One of the more interesting ways he argued his point was with him putting himself as one of them and trying to relate with the history of the country.

Do I think he did a good job of putting his argument of getting the wall taken down? Yes because of him using all those point of connection and self input of the people he personally made a connection with the people which in turn probably made Gorbachev feel guilty about having the wall up. Personally I don’t know if everyone thinks the same way I do but thats for others to decide if he had a greater impact on the walls existence because a few years after he said this the wall was taken down and it was considered a victory for germany.

World War 2 was when the US was fighting Nazi Germany and the empire. The result of the war was that Hilter had killed himself and many of the Nazi’s were arrested and were sentenced to death. For America, they had allied with Great Britain, Soveit Union, and China had agreed to come to peace and signed a charter which led to the creation of the United Nations. America, Britain and the Soviet Union had won World War 2.

After the World War America had made a deal with the Soviet Union. The deal had to do with The Berlin Wall. The Berlin was was the wall that separated East and West Germany on the date August 13, 1961. The reason they had separate each other was due to the fact that they didn’t want the West which they referred to as the “fascists” to enter in to the East side so they didn’t make it a “Socialist State.”.

The Berlin Wall was put up on August 13, 1961. The reason the wall was put up was that Germany didn’t want the West which they named “ The Fascists” to enter East Germany. At the end of World War 2, an alliance had formed between Yalta and Potsdam had came to an agreement that the Germany territories should be split up into four which is referred as the “allied occupation zones.”. The East side went to the Soviet Union, the West side went to the United States, Great Britain and eventually France.

The Berlin wall decision had happened overnight, Premier Khrushchev had given the Government of the East side permission to cut of the flow of the people passing through from the West side. Within two weeks the Police and the volunteer construction had built the Wall with barbed war and concrete wall. Before they decided to build the Berlin Wall, the people could move back and forth to work, shop, go to movies, etc.

They even had trains and subways that will go through to take people to each side. After they built the wall it became really hard to go to each West and East side. Although there were three checkpoints, Helmstedt, Dreilinden, then the one in center Berlin which was named Friedrichstraße. At each of these points they’re were soldiers which they would check diplomats. Unless for a special reason they needed to cross. People rarely crossed the borders.

They also had a problem with the border. Like today people would cross illegally. More than 170 people died trying to cross the Berlin Wall. People went under the wall or over it. Although most of the people that crosses over survived. The estimated number of people that crossed over the border were about 5,000 citizens and 600 border guards. The ways that people would cross over were; jumping out of windows at adjacent to the wall, they climbed the barbed wire, they flew across the border with hot air balloons, they crawled under sewers, and last they drove fast they parts of the wall.

The Berlin wall was a big part of history. It had a symbol on germany since it had split both East and West Germany. This started to happen after World War 2. The Wall had been up since August 13, 1961. It was torn down on November 9, 1989. President Ronald Reagon had spoken out about the Berlin Wall. “Tear down this wall!” is about Reagon speaking out to the people in Russia and Mr. Gobachar ( who is the leader in Russia at the time) telling telling them to tear down the wall because the soviet union is gone and the people on the west wanted to be free. So Reagon wants to tell Gobachar to tear down the wall.

The wall was also called “The Wall of Shame.”. After the wall was thrown down the Germans had thrown a huge street party to celebrate the Wall being thrown down. A lot of people from Germany had joined this event as there were people with bulldozers, hammers, and chisels that were chipping the wall and helping destroy the wall.

World War 2 was when Adolf Hilter rose in power. Nazi’s was arrested for the horrible things they did during the World War. America, Great Britain, Soviet Union and China had agreed to the United Nations. The Berlin Wall was part of the deal with Great Britain to separate East and West German.

The Wall had caused a lot of people to cross illegally and some of the people to die crossing over. The Wall was up for 28 years. The was torn down because of our 40th President Ronald Reagon had made a peach towards the people in Russia and the leader Gobachar saying “ Tear down this wall!”. After the speech the people started tearing down the wall and started to throw parties.

In 1848 Europe lived a time of uneasiness. Many revolts took place all over the continent, when the middle and working class? The only ones lucky enough to escape from revolution were England and Russia. France was under the power of Louis Philippe, a reactionary monarch who was against change. The Austrian Empire ruled by Metternich even though Ferdinand was the actual king. A lack of political change and social reforms bothered the people as the population increased.

Education was available for more people but the economic system started to fail. revolutions took place in 1848 in Austria-Hungary, France and Germany. As a result the 1848 revolutions only left temporal alternations to the traditional system and ended up being a transfer of power. France as the most influential nation of all European nations had a strong liberal force, which opposed to the fact of being ruled by Louis Philippe. The French middle-class complained for the permanent rejection, and discrimination from the government, as they had no representation at all.

After the army had killed 40 protestors, a crowd of discontent middle and working class was already on their way to the city, hours later broke Paris into open revolt. Noticing that it was already too late, Louis Philippe abdicated forcing the Parisians to create a provisional government. This short-term solution became an alliance between the middle class liberals, and the radical working classes. This coalition turned into a clear victory over the Monarchs, which wouldn’t last long, before several problems aroused due to different interests and ideas each group held.

What occurred was that the middle class, principally conformed by intellectuals, doctors, minor employers, etc, wanted several changes that were mainly based on their social interests, (e. g. the voting system, and the freedom of speech) above anything else. The working classes not only had the same interests, but also had others that extended to the economic side, which for the middle class wasn’t as important. When the social interests from the middle class were partially reformed they didn’t have much more to protests about, so they instead retired.

This caused a huge discontent within the working classes that still expected other changes and weren’t being supported by the middles class that had already achieved most of their purposes. Many changes took place in those first months the most important one was the instauration of the universal male suffrage that allowed men over 21 to vote. This increased the number of voters from 240,000 to almost 9 million. Other changes like the reduction of the working hours to 11 hours, and the opening of workhouses were made to help the unemployed.

Thanks to these changes people from the provinces could get involved with what had being going around in Paris. The majority of the voters were people from the rural areas, and as a result the lections for the constituent assembly were in favor of moderate republicans or the conservative monarchs. The revolutionaries had won, in November 1849 during the second republic Louis Napoleon became president by popular election. Two months before the elections the 12 hour working day had been re-established, however the universal male suffrage still remained.

In 1848 the Austrians heard form the revolutions in France and how successful they had been. Encouraged by this racial and social tensions as well as imperial repression of rights would influence revolts in the Habsburg Empire. Very similar to what happened in France forced by Ferdinand, Metternich who was in charge had to leave. Revolutionaries won but they had many disagreements between each other. What happened was that at the beginning both the middle class and the working class needed reforms. When these had been made middle class were satisfied but the working class felt that the Empire was still in debt with them.

For this reason the unity came to an end. For the middle class the fact of having freedom of press, tax reforms, and an increase in freedom of religion was enough. The people still demanded to exclude non-Hungarian soldiers from the Hungarian army. This became possible once Ferdinand decided that Hungary should be an independent country. In Austria finally one of the constitutional changes established (the March laws) were approved, the nobility would loose their tax exemptions and the feudal system was abolished from the Empire.

Due to the fact that the radicals and the liberals had very different interests there was also a nationalist conflict between certain groups amongst the empire. However the change that would endure the most after the civil revolt was the one that would eventually harm the revolution. This change had been dictated by the constituent assembly, and it was the abolition of serfdom (a member of the lowest feudal class bound to the land and owned by a lord). As a result the revolutionaries would be left without any real support from the peasantry, as they would have no cause to complain.

Like the Habsburg Empire, Germany was also lead by the incidents that took place in France. In this case German States fell into a greater economic crisis than France. It seemed to be that reforms were simply one of the elements that the insurgents required and beside it came the acceptance of a concession which Prussia, Bavaria, Baden, and Wurttemberg agreed to. A meeting in Heidelberg (Vorparlament) was called to supervise the election to the German Representative Assembly.

This assembly was formed not to impose their power, but to act upon the lack of it, a characteristic of March 1848. The assembly was mainly elected by the middle class, and one of the first measures that it took into consideration was the Universal Male Suffrage, with the support of one delegate for every 50,000 Germans. Germany had the urgency of finding someone appropriate to take control over all the state, and thought that the Habsburgs, a very important and well-known German family, lead by the Archduke John could be a good choice.

In June the Habsburgs took control over Germany. For many working class Germans the poor less job that the Frankfurt Parliament had done to solve their problems didn’t satisfy them. They thought that within meetings they could discuss many economic problems and find the appropriate solution to each one of them. Their requests were then brought up and demanded changes like: the limitation of the factory production, restrictions upon free economic and industrial growth, and the protection of the privileges for the old artisan guilds.

The protests that took place afterwards were very big and in some cases the Parliament had to recruit Prussian and Austrian troops. Eventually the emergence of the of the national issue and the fear of working class violence, created the route to the re-establishment of the German Government, including the return of Friederich Wilhelm. The German troops helped by the Prussians and the Austrians were sent into Berlin. Once again Friederich Wilhelm was offered to wear the German Crown and he refused. Not accepting the German crown was enough to end with Frankfurt Parliaments big failure.

Once the Austrian and Prussian delegates had left the Parliament it was dismissed by Prussian troops. At the end of the revolution some agrarian reforms still remained but in remark the liberal, constitutional revolution failed to succeed. We may clearly rely on A. J. P. Taylor who says: “There was merely a vacuum in which the liberals postured until the vacuum was pilled” Big revolutions took place in France, Austria-Hungary, and Germany in 1848. The government systems had been there for a very long time, each nation and the people wanted several reforms on those systems were becoming a huge pain.

In France everything seemed to work fine, until Louis Napoleon declared himself Emperor. Terminating with the Universal Male Suffrage, which as other changes was thought to be enduring, but at the end it didn’t result as expected. In Austria-Hungary even though problems weren’t that bad, the fact that the results of the revolution in France had been successful, was enough for them to demand changes. The changes that took place were thanks to Lajos Kossuth and the “March Laws”. In Germany as discussed before, some say that the German disturbances cant even be considered as a revolution.

At the end only Agrarian reforms survived out of the many changes expected. Many protestors didn’t receive anything from the revolution that took me to the conclusion that it wasn’t successful at all. Finally we can see how the 1848 revolutions failed, and how changes and reforms were not enduring at all. As Trevely says: “1848 was the turning point at which modern history failed to turn”. However France was in a much better situation than all the other countries, and like in 1918 at the end of the WW1 they were capable of surviving ahead from the others.

When Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933 he promised to reverse the Treaty of Versailles, like many Germans Hitler believed that the treaty of Versailles was unjust and blamed Germany’s problems on the peace settlement. He also hate it so much he called the German leaders who signed it ‘The November criminals ‘this shows his hatred towards the treaty, but this wasn’t the only reason why he dislike the treaty so much, the treaty was a constant remainder to Germans of their loss in First World War and the treaty was also a symbol of Germanys defeat and disgrace that came with it, it humiliated the Germany.

Hitler thought it would be necessary to destroy the Treaty of Versailles in order to further his aims, also when Hitler came to power, reparations had been reduced and eventually cancelled in 1932 but most of the points were still in place.

Hitler’s aims were to change the territorial settlement of Treaty of Versailles by regaining lands which had been taken from Germany at Versailles, including the Saar and Danzig and bring the seven million German-speaking people in Austria, and the four million in Czechoslovakia and Poland, into his empire this again involved destroying the peace settlement of 1919. He also wants to build up his army to prove Germany was still the Great power and to expand in east, probably against communist USSR- Hitler hated Communist. This aim was probably intended for future confirmed as the greatest power in Europe. The first stage of Germans struggle would be to strengthen its lands in Europe. He couldn’t do it alone; Hitler felt the main enemies will be France and USSR, so his aim was to get friendship with Italy and Britain against them.

In the 1930s there were two incidents that really tested the League of Nations.

The Manchurian Crisis was caused when Japan had been dissatisfied with the peace settlement at the end of the First World War, Many thought the answer would be the expansion of Japan into Manchuria; this would make room for growing population and markets for Japanese good. In September 1931 the Japanese claimed that there had been an explosion on railway line at Mukden, which they said was sabotage by the Chinese, there was no certainty that there had been an explosion but this gave an excuse for the Japanese army to invade.

The Japanese army quickly defeated the Chinese at Mukden, they hadn’t got permission from the government but success was so popular in Japan that army was now in control of Japanese policy. China claimed Japan had committed an act of aggression, Japan claimed that it had gone into Manchuria to restore order in the end Japan had done wrong but it had already reorganised Manchuria and called it Manchukuo, and Japan walk out the League.

The Abyssinian Crisis was caused when Italy launch an attack on Abyssinia , it was one of few places Africa which had not been taken by the European countries and it was easy to attack because it was next to Italian colonies of Eritrea and Somaliland . The Italians had tried to do this in 1896 but had been defeated at the battle of Adowa; Mussolini planned gain revenge for this defeat and wants to benefit the Italian economy. Italy, like Japan in 1931, was in permanent member of council of the League. The Manchurian Crisis had given Mussolini the impression that the league would not resist an act of aggression by a major power.

In these sources you can see the League of Nations non-action in Abyssinian Crisis and Manchurian Crisis showed other nations like Germany that the League are powerless and irrelevant, giving Hitler the impression that he can do what he wants because the league didn’t do anything with the other Crisis’s.

In 1936 Hitler began his policy of reclaiming lost German territory and Neville Chamberlain who become prime minister in 1937, he believed in taking an active role in solving Hitler’s grievances , he felt that Germans had good reasons to be upset at many of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles . What he wanted to do was to find what Hitler want and show him that reasonable claims could be met by negotiation instead of by force, so this way the problems of treaty could be solved, Germany could be satisfied and there would be no war, so he made an appeasement and Hitler could get what he wants, little did Chamberlain know of the risks of appeasement.

After 1937 Frances supported appeasement because of the increased of security it had with the building of the Maginot line and Britain already agreed because they didn’t want a war and they felt sorry for Germany because of the treaty. Hitler got what he wants with the appeasement.

In 1939 Hitler made an agreement with Stalin called the Nazi-Soviet pact, the pact was strange because Fascism and communism were sworn enemies and Hitler never hidden his opposition to communism as expressed in Mein the Kampf.

The Nazi-Soviet pact went against the Anti-Comintern pact that Hitler signed with Italy and Japan in 1937, which was in opposed to communism. In the pact the USSR and Germany agreed not interfere against other power in event of war, secret clauses divide Poland between them, the USSR took the land it lost at the end of First World War and Germany receiving the west of Poland including Danzig and the Polish Corridor. This pact benefited both Hitler and Stalin because it meant that Hitler attack on Poland was inevitable and he was prevented two danger of wars on two fronts and in the end they both got bits of Poland.

When Hitler invaded Poland in 1939, Britain and France keep their pledge and on 2 September they declared war on Germany , much to Hitler’s surprise, Britain warned him that it would join the war if Germany invade Poland . THERE WAS NO HOPE OF OTHER Munich. Hitler had gone too far. The collapse of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 proved to be last straw for the appeasers. Public opinion in Britain’s was in favour of opposing Hitler. On 1 septemberb1939 German troops invade Poland. On 3 September Britain declared war on Germany. So that’s how invasion of Poland led to war in Europe, Hitler went too far and Britain was not just going to watch!!!.

Although it was Hitler’s actions which led to war, many other factors were important in making the war happen like the way the League of Nations handled the Manchurian Crisis and Abyssinian Crisis, it gave a green light to dictators and other country which were trying to bend the rules which the league had set. Hitler took advantage of Crisis’s to put his plans forward to reversed the treaty of Versailles and to get Germany out of there depression, make Germans proud again and make there empire powerful again.

There were many other factors that led to war like great depression , it hit USA first and spread like shockwave a cross the world and it was a vicious circle because none of the country could afford to paid its loan or to traded, so no money was coming in and no one was getting paid and there was no money and the people suffered, they just want a way out and Hitler saw a way to get his people out of this by getting out of treaty and getting back his land and others that wasn’t his in first place and by doing this he caused what we know as the second world war.

There are hundreds of reason that led towards the war and some are just the timing but most are the fault of Hitler and his malicious planning , he saw an opportunity and he took it , causing country to turn against country ,friends against friends, father against sons ., causing a war we still haven’t recover from emotionally may never do so

1) What were the three blunders?

germany attacking france with all their forces to east of paris where they were stopped dead at battle of Marne

France threw all their best troops against germany; and didnât have enough strenghth to follow up

Russia didnât know what to do once they were at germany and had no plans for defending the land they occupied

2) Trace the advance of the German, Austrian and Russian armed forces in the east

The Germans advanced into Russia, the Russians advanced into Austria, and then the armies of the three powers paused for the winter

3) How did the great European powers fee their men , money, and munitions into the Western and Eastern fronts?

Russia was human reservoir, the governments raised taxes and borrowed money to spend on the soldiers and geared their industries to the new markets of human destruction and turned out weapons

4) a. What was the âdelivery systemâ of the European armies?

the railway network of Europe

b. Describe the challenges of this âdelivery systems.â

Before the railway system brought people of Europe closer together in peaceful trade, now held them fast in war; the generals demand more men, more guns, and more shells to hammer the enemy

5) What battle patterns did generals follow on the Western front?

The two sides, each made up of millions of men, confronted each other below ground level

6) a. Why did Turkey enter the war?

Turkey entered the war on the side of Germany and Austia, with the intention of halting Russian expansion around the black sea

b. What was the purpose of the first campaign at Gallipoli?

Gallipoli campaigne was intended to force a way through the straits of the Dardanelles into the black sea

c. What was the purpose of the second and third campaigns

the second was to win control of oil supplies, the third was to help arabs in a revolt against their Turkish rulers

d. What was the purpose of the Sykes-Picot agreement in 1916?

the British and French governments planned to divide much of the middle east between them with little thought for the interest of the Arabs

7) How did Britain and France entice