Glass

There are many factors which can contribute to the pervading atmosphere of any play. But in this play there are peculiar, original ways in which Williams’s goes about this. The Glass Menagerie would seem like a harder play to create a dense atmosphere for because of the small amount of characters and the only one setting. A major difference in this play is evident directly from the beginning. This is the narration that the audience is given by one of the main characters, Tom.

It is strange because once his narration is given, Tom jumps directly into the dialogue. This resembles very much a film, because with camera and voice over techniques the narration is made a lot easier. We also know that Williams started by writing screenplays and so this use of Tom would have come from his Hollywood experiences. The mood created by Tom is ambiguous and it depends on the reader. The social history which is described by Tom, “… the huge matriculating in a school for the blind… is in the negative while the vivid description of the play is written in a very melancholy but interesting tone, “… it is sentimental… ” Williams gives very strict stage directions and this can only contribute to the atmosphere, even without lines being read.

“Atmospheric touches and subtleties of direction play a large part… ” the opening description of the set and how it should be set out is one of the largest factors of atmosphere. Williams uses words and phrases such as “dark, grim rear wall… ” and “murky canyons of tangled… inister lattice work… ” With directions like this, the modern director is obviously going to create a almost gothic picture of scary darkness, and it is because of these directions that atmosphere is formulated so easily. The fact that this is “a memory play” automatically gives atmosphere to the audience. Even Williams himself tells us that “this play can be presented with unusual freedom from convention” is allowing the director to cut the strings a little and maybe take the play into areas which might have a greater effect on the audience.

A good example of this is found in the directions also, “memory is seated predominately within the heart. ” The immotive and exaggerated nature of the play will no doubt transfer to the atmosphere. The use of the screen is also a large part of the atmosphere. It is a very unusual device and it is obvious that because of his film experience Williams has included the screen. So he is capable in some ways of being able to manipulate the play in similar ways to a film.

For example, a film can suddenly cut to a completely different place, with different characters. The screen allows extra freedom with emotions. It also compliments very well the “memory” aspect of the play in which actions or scenery can be unnatural. It can be said that the screen has a symbiotic relationship with the memory, we know as humans that memory is not straightforward and direct, and that the mind can paint wonderful pictures. It is this sense of mind, which the screen adds to the atmosphere.

To prepare boric acid from sodium deteriorate (borax) To carry out tests on the prepared sample of boric acid To study the physical and chemical properties of boric acid Introduction: Boron is an element in the p-block of the periodic table. It has the electron configuration of 1s22s22p1 and is in group 3 or coup 13 (PUPAS classification). In nature, it consists of two isotopes BIB (19. 6%) and BIB (80. 4%). Boron is bonded to the oxygen in nature. The important sources of Boron are borax and kerning.

Boron sides and their derivatives are technologically important and are relatively inexpensive to produce. Boron oxides is very difficult to crystallite and normally exists in a glassy state (d=l . CACM-1). Molten boron oxide has a high melting point of 450 degree Celsius that is readily dissolves metal oxides to form colored borate glasses as one of the main commercial uses of boric oxide. Particularly, borosilicate glasses find wide applications in glassblowing and the production of glass objects. On top of the boric acid, it is also known as hydrogen borate as a weak monobasic

Lewis acid. At room temperature, it exists as white powder or colorless crystals with a chemical formula of HOBBS or B(OH)3. Apparatus and materials: ;Sodium deteriorate ;Concentrated hydrochloric acid ;Concentrated sulfuric acid ;Methyl red indicator ;Imitation ;Beaker ;Methanol ;Distilled water ;Electric heater ;Test tube ;Test tube rack ;Glass rod ;Suction funnel ;Suction pump ;Filter flask ;Filter paper ;Spatula ;Watch glass ;Splint Procedures: 1 . About log of sodium deteriorate (borax) is dissolved in CACM of water in a beaker. 2.

The mixture is boiled and CACM of concentrated hydrochloric is added into the solution. 3. The beaker is immersed into a container with ice and water to cool down the temperature. 4. After the solution is cooled down, the boric acid is crystallized out by using the Boucher funnel, 2 layers of filter papers, suction pump and a filtering flask. 5. The remaining crystals in the beaker and on the glass rod are washed well with ice-cold water for a few times and filtered off with the Boucher funnel. 6. The yield is left aside to be dried and the weight is measured and recorded.

Test 1 1. A little boric acid is inserted into a test tube. 2. Small amount of distilled water is added to dissolve the acid in the test tube. 3. A drop of methyl red indicator is added. 4. Test tube is labeled as A. 5. Steps 1 to 3 are repeated again by replacing the acid with the imitation and the test tube is labeled as B. 6. Half of each solution in test tube A and B are mixed in a test tube labeled as C. 7. All results and observation are recorded. -rest 2 1. A small amount of boric acid crystals is inserted into a Tyrant boiling tube. 2.

A little ethanol is added into the boiling tube Just to cover the acid. 3. Some concentrated sulfuric acid is then added into the tube. 4. The boiling tube is held by a test tube holder and heated on a Bunsen burner. 5. The vapor produced is ignited by using a burning wooden splinter. 6. All observations are recorded. Discussion: First and foremost, we managed to yield 4. Egg of HOBBS. According to our calculation, the theoretical mass that we are supposed to obtain is 6. Egg. This means that our percentage of yield is 74. 64%. According to Vogue’s Textbook of

Practical Organic Chemistry, yields around 100% are called quantitative, whereas yields above 70% are good. This means that our team did quite a great Job. Boric acid is a Lewis acid that is able to interact with the water molecules to give out hydrogen ions and dehydrogenation ion in the solution. In test 1, the methyl red indicator is used to determine the acidity of the each solution in different test tubes. The indicator can show the pH range at around 4. 4 – 6. 2. At pH 4. 4, the solution with the indicator will appear to be in red in color and whereas at pH 6. , it will show allow. On test tube A, solution turns from colorless to pink color. This shows that boric acid is a relatively weak acid with pH around 4-5. Next on test tube B, the methyl red indicator is added into a imitation solution. The color of the solution seemed to remain unchanged. It is colorless. In fact, the solution is supposed to change from colorless to yellow. Perhaps, we accidentally made some mistakes by adding the wrong reactant in the experiment or we were a bit of too rush deciding the color of the solution without looking at it carefully.

Thirdly, when we mix both he solutions from A and B, an intense pink solution is formed. This means that a stronger acid is formed. It can be simply explained by the stronger acid complex formed in between imitation and boric acid. The pH is less than 4 for sure. According to the test 2 results, a beautiful green flame is formed when we ignite the vapor with a burning wooden splinter. By mixing the alcohol (methanol) and acid (conch HOSTS) will create ester (CHI)BIBB. An alcohol flame itself is usually, ordinarily colorless. The presence of the green in the flame is indicating the ester formed contains boron element.

A strong acid like concentrated sulfuric acid is needed to propionate the HOBBS and this will create the electroplate which attacks the O atom of the methanol. Without the existence of a strong acid, an intense green flame might not be formed. This is because ester may not formed and even if it is formed, it will exist in equilibrium with the alcohol & boric acid. Thus, making the green flame not really intense. There are a few precautionary steps that should be taken during this experiment. Firstly, suction pump used in test 1 is powerful and thus, 2 layers of filter papers are seed to cover the holes of the Boucher funnel.

From our experience, the suction pump will cause the filter paper to be torn if only a piece of filter paper is used. Furthermore, we shall always pour the solution slowly on the rod, so that the solution will flow slowly without causing any wastage. By using this method, we can make sure the crystals are accumulated in the middle of the filter paper and it eases our Job to take out the filter paper from the funnel. On top of the safety, all acids are corrosive. In this experiment, we use concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated elliptic acid.

We shall wear gloves and handle them with extra care to prevent and avoid any accident to occur. In addition, a tyrant boiling tube is used instead of a test tube in test 2 (flame test). A boiling tube can withstand strong heat without breakage. Test 2 (flame test) has to be carried out in the fume hood as the vapor released from the boiling tube is toxic. Therefore, we shall remain our distance with the vapor, although the green flame is beautiful. Last but not least, we shall discard the excess boric acid into the waste bottle instead of basin as to prevent water pollution.

Tom can be described as a tortured soul, living with his mother and bachelors sister in a cramped apartment in SST Louis. From a young age, Tom is forced into the role of being the man of the house as his father abandons the family. One can say that this is the cause of Tom’s deep resentment towards his life. He has to work long hours in a warehouse to pay the bills and take care of his nagging mother and sister.

Tom’s true dreams are to become a writer and he writes poetry in his spare time, this is what eventually gets him fired from his Job. Tom has complex relationships with both his family members. Although he always fights with his mother, we see that he does love her. Maybe so much that he can’t stand her. Tom is softer towards his sister Laura, whom although is older, does not act like it. Tom finds himself trapped in an apartment and in a life he does not want.

He finds an escape by going to the movies in which he lives vicariously through. In the movies he finds the adventure, thrill and excitement that his own life Is lacking In. We see Tom’s selfishness when he doesn’t pay for the electricity bill but instead uses the money for his own escape. Tom is torn between his loyalty to himself, his life, hopes and dreams; and his loyalty to his family, his own flesh and blood. In the end he Is loyal to himself, Just like his father.

Tom almost uses the abandonment of his father as an excuse to do the same as if it is a genetic thing. Tom Is a complex and 3-delusional character In that he Isn’t wholly good or wholly bad either, like all human beings. He truly does care for his family and especially his sister as he feels guilt and remorse for leaving her. But he also realizes that he will never truly experience life If he stays and neither will they. Therefore though his departure maybe he does not only set himself free, but his family as well.

China’s automotive glass industry in the aspects of current market status, supply & demand, competition landscape, and business performance of major enterprises both home and abroad, meanwhile offers suggestions concerning the industry, so as to make entrepreneurs get a better understanding of this industry and make a wiser decision with the help of the business references. Automotive glass is an important component of automobile, accounting for about 3% of the total weight of automobile.

It is mainly supplied by OH (Original Equipment) market and AGAR aftermarket and therefore, the demand of automotive glass has a close relationship with the output, sales volume and ownership of automobile. As China’s automobile industry enters into high-speed development era, the demand of automotive glass in China has increased at an average speed of 20% every year. Now, China has become the world biggest automotive glass manufacturing country, with over 200 automotive glass enterprises and the output of automotive glass has reached about 83 million weight asses (one weight case equals to keg).

In terms of the major automotive glass consumption markets in the world, European Union, North America, Japan, China and South Korea has respectively taken up 34%, 26%, 19%, 9% and 5% of the world market, and together accounted for 93%. At present, apart from several automotive glass enterprises that have a large scale in China, many enterprises are relatively small in scale and have low product quality. Puffy Group and Jinni Glass Holdings Limited are large scale enterprises, leading the industry in China.

Although there are there relatively large-scale enterprises, their performances are hard to compete with the former two. As a leading enterprise in China’s automotive glass industry, Puffy Group is the biggest automotive glass manufacturer in China, taking up 10% of the global share and having a lion’s share (60%) in China’s OH (Original Equipment) market.

A balloon is sucked in with air just like human. I can keep it plain and simple. I know how to act when the time is right. I like to celebrate different holidays. Balloons represent many things. I enjoy being creative and making kids happy. I think that a balloon best translates me. Balloons can be used for transportation. N You cannot see through me or in me. You can’t make predictions or assumptions about me if you never even met me. Don’t try to knock me down or break me apart because it won’t work. Have way too much confidence for that, and believe that I’ll go somewhere in life with it.

I am not like glass. Glass is as clear as a dirty mirror. What I mean by clear as a dirty mirror is you cannot see your reflection through a dirty mirror and you can’t see your reflection through glass. Glass is brittle, the imparted causes it to break, shatter or explode. No! Am not brittle. You can’t tear me apart that quickly. Glass is very fragile. I’m not. You do not only drink from a glass but you use it for many things. I am not used for many things I am used to be one person not 1 0,000 other people, but just one. I don’t have billions of different characters and personality.

If you’re that kind of person that tries too hard to be someone else and act like a brat than you already ruined your reputation. Think that a glass best represents me. CLC am like a bike. A bike rides on the street. When you are riding you are not looking back. Look up to the future I do not look at what and was and stays the past. I keep going and see how far I can go, and when reach my destination I will keep going till there no more room for more. A bike is like a moving machine. I am fun to play with. I also enjoy riding my bike, when my wheels are not flat. A bike sometimes falls and crashes in to places.

I sometimes can be clumsy, I may drop, spill, and break something, but never mean it. A bike just keeps moving and moving and moving till the driver puts it on break. Same with me I keep on going and going till put a break on it which is my death. When you’re riding your bike all you feel is the cool wind blowing you’re on your face and hair. When am on my bike feel like life is put on pause and am the only one moving. Life’s a journey so enjoy the ride. A bike can move as fast as a speeding truck, just depends who’s behind it. I believe that a bike best translates me.

Grades do not represent me. I may do horrible on one assignment but fairly well in another. Grades could mean anything, it could mean this person was tired, didn’t know, not fully taught, or was absent. Some teachers time you on the test or quiz and I don’t like to be rushed. Some people like me, may think that grades on assignment may make you or break you. That’s probably why I’m so worried about my grades. For example, the final exam is worth 15% of your grade so it could hold you for another year or bring you to 9th grade with a good report. Your Choices are crossroads.

You may think that grades determine if you’re smart or not so smart. Some students say I am soaring above the normal learning curve and, others may say I need more help. Some people get nervous when they get a test or quiz and fail. Other may say this is easy and pass with a 100. Grades are like jinx. By, jinx I mean if you did well on an assignment you’ll think that you’re so smart that you’re going to pass this other assignment without studying. All that I’m trying to say is that grades does not represent if I’m smart or not so smart. Others may disagree but this is just opinion Grades do not represent me.

is a Service oriented Manufacturing Company that makes printed circuit boards as per the specifications of its customers. Its customers are a variety of electronic manufacturers who need these custom-made printed circuit boards as a part of their supply chain. Their specialization was in making circuit boards for experimental devices and for pilot production runs. The business model hence is characterized by a need for handling Low-Volume, High-Customization products.

This necessitates high degree of flexibility within its Design and Manufacturing processes and Technological superiority. The president and the Chief Design engineer were veterans from the industry with patents on the applications, processes and modifications to the commercial industry. 1. 1 Document Scope The scope of this document is restricted is to a study and analysis of the operations of the company. The other aspects of the business model including Marketing, Market Research, Sales, R&D and Customer service have not been considered in the analysis report.

2. Process Flow The High Level pictorial flow diagram of the process flow of the company is depicted in figure (see Page 4 – Process Flow). A Brief Description of the process flow is detailed below. Sales Stage – Process Flow The Sales stage involves bidding for the customer’s specification with a concrete proposal. The Sales stage starts from the Proposal Preparation to the Acceptance of the Proposal. The Proposal has the quoted cost and the quoted delivery time – which are estimated based on the inputs from the Operations team.

Once the order is accepted, the customer design is studied for feasibility. Factory order showing delivery date, the number of circuits, the material specifications and sequence of operations is written and the order is logged into the order system (log file) and sent for manufacturing. PROCESS FLOW Procurement and Job Scheduling Stage This stage deals with the procurement of the required raw materials. The principal raw material is the copper clad glass epoxy sheets. The procurement team orders the same based on the best quote from its supplier base.

The existing cycle-time for the procurement order placement is 1-2 days. The Job scheduling stage is the first step in the manufacturing process where the incoming order needs to be scheduled. The Operations Manager in Donner typically delays scheduling the job until the raw material arrives. Labour required in each step, work at critical points, difficulties in meeting dates, sales possibilities of these orders being held up, are all estimated, before the job is scheduled. Manufacturing Stage Preparation Phase . Donner’s manufacturing process – Soldermask Over Bare Copper (SMOBC)

Three stages – Preparation, Image transfer and Fabrication. The artwork is used to produce a negative image pattern. The standard panel size used is 12″ x 18″. The glass epoxy laminate is inspected for defects and sheared into 12″ x 18″ panels. Location holes are punched on this. Image Transfer Phase Image transfer phase consists of Configuring the board according to customer specifications and then to transfer the pattern to the panel. About 500 holes are drilled either manually or automatically using CNC. The programming of the tool to drill the hole is different.

After drilling, Metallization deposits a layer of copper in the drilled holes. After metallization, the panels are washed, scrubbed and coated with DFPR. The customer artwork is laid on top and exposed to UV light. The film is developed. Then the copper conductors are electroplated. The DFPR is then stripped off in the next processing step. Then the copper layer which has not been previously electroplated is chemically etched off the glass epoxy base. The desired circuit pattern has been created on the board. Fabrication Phase

The panels are processed through Solder mask silk screening which leaves a protective epoxy coating on the circuit traces. The panels are then dipped into a molten solder bath and the exposed copper of the plated holes are covered with the solder. Profiling Each individual circuit board is separated from the panel and reduced to its desired finished size either be CNC routing or by stamping on a 20 ton punch press. Testing and Packaging The individual boards are visually inspected, electrically tested. This process was done manually. A senior employee was assigned to do this Quality Control (QC) Activity.

If there were any issues identified during this phase – then based on the nature of the defect – either a full rework is required or a partial rework is carried out. If there are no issues then the package is ready for shipment. Given below is the product process matrix of the current as well as the recommended positions for the product. Currently the company functions more as a job shop. This is amply evident due to three factors, 1. Donner Company extensively supports midway design change from the customer, thus providing greater process flexibility to support the customer.

2. It supports rush order which disrupt a more connected/continuous flow of work, thus reducing smooth flow of work as there would be in case of a more flow-oriented factory. 3. The larger proportion of small orders (not in terms of no: of boards but orders) indicate that the company works on lower standardization and more of a job oriented operation. The current recommendation for the company is to apportion its resources such that it works as a both a partial job shop and a partial process shop. This is indicated in the above product-process matrix.

Despite all of the political forces on the side of women who attempt to break through the glass ceiling, limited progress has been made. Numerous studies lament the virtual absence of women in the elite tier of corporate positions: chief executive officer, chairman, president, and executive vice president. Unfair employment practices strengthen the glass ceiling and hinder the advancement of women in the workplace. These practices include sexual harassment, sexual discrimination, and pregnancy discrimination. Although activists have succeeded in getting stronger laws passed, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1991, true progress eliminating the glass ceiling must be based on private sector initiatives.

The Civil Rights Act of 1991 gives women considerable more clout in their defense against discrimination than did the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination against women who successfully filed suit against their employers for unfair practices. The Act also states that these women can only receive back pay and reinstatement in their old jobs. However, the 1991 Civil Rights Act, incorporated previous laws while also easing the burden on employees suing to prove job discrimination.

Within the new law, a successful litigant can collect monetary damages, as well as, request a jury trial, sue in conjunction with others who have received similar unfair treatment in the workplace, and request the courts to judge the case based on the reasonable woman standard as opposed to the reasonable man. The 1991 Act also places the burden of proof on the employer, rather than the employee. “Indeed, the Civil Rights Act of 1991 and other recent court decisions have given women new clout in the workplace” (Morris 61).

An example of this clout is the intense publicity surrounding the Anita Hill v. Clarence Thomas hearing. Hill, a black law professor at the University of Oklahoma, electrified the nation when she charged that Clarence Thomas, then a Supreme Court nominee, had sexually harassed her when she worked for him in the early 1980s. Hill testified before the all-male Senate Judiciary Committee about her discomfort when Thomas insisted on describing pornographic movies and made sexual advances.

An all-white and all-male Senate sought to discredit Hill, some of who accused her of lying or being delusional, but her testimony elicited nationwide support. The Senate confirmed Thomas” actions were inappropriate, but Hill”s testimony was almost entirely disregarded. The hearing angered women, especially those who had suffered similar experiences of sexual harassment in the workplace, and it also empowered many others to come forward with similar allegations. “The furor that ensued was just the fuel need to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1991” (Stith 187).

In recent litigation, women have begun testing the extent of their employment rights beyond the rights guaranteed to them in the Civil Rights Acts. An example of this is a group of eight women employees of the Stroh Brewery Company in Detroit. These women charged that their employer had created a working environment that was hostile to women.

As part of their allegation, they pointed to sexually offensive commercials that Stroh”s aired featuring the Swedish bikini team, scantily clad young women with large breasts. The Stroh plaintiffs contended that the ads were proof that the company sanctions sexism. “The company has defended its ads as simple entertainment protected by the First Amendment”s guarantee of free speech” (Vilanch 7). The plaintiffs in the Stroh case won their lawsuit and created a landmark decision for challenges of this type, particularly due to the fact the courts must now decide based on the reasonable woman.

Although the presence of strong laws is powerful ammunition to fight to eliminate discrimination in the workplace, litigation is not the most effective solution to the problem. Women who experience workplace discrimination are often reluctant to file official complaints for a variety of reasons including; feelings of inadequacy, fear of reprisal, and fear of being labeled troublemakers. Some women also fear retaliation from their employers as well.

In regard to the latter, other women simply do not have the money to carry out a lawsuit that may take years to settle or reach court. In sexual harassment lawsuits, the prospect of going to trial is enough to scare off many women, particularly once they realize how vulnerable their credibility is in legal matters concerning sexual activity. “Many labor experts believe women are held back from jobs because of subtle sexual harassment. Only the concerted efforts of enlightened companies, not litigation, can eradicate this form of injustice” (Morrison 15).

One enlightened company, Du Pont, has made efforts to help women managers overcome the glass ceiling. Du Pont has established a staff position to focus on advancing the careers of promising women and minorities. “If a division is looking for the manager of affirmative action and upward mobility then Du Pont is the example to follow” (Gallagher 88). Such a staff position is needed to provide support, counseling, and advocacy for women who find their career advancement has stalled due to subtle discrimination.

Despite the efforts of some companies, gender diversity is still sorely lacking in Corporate America. A recent study revealed that of America”s 500 largest companies, women held only 10 percent of the top executive positions. “For all the bravado of the past decade, women in most organizations are not much further along. The glass ceiling has not shattered” (Himelstein 64).

Although some companies are diversifying their executive workforces, most companies prefer to initiate these diversity efforts on their own, rather than being forced into it by legislative quotas or affirmative action. For example, Coopers and Lybrand, whose all-male corporate management committee was confronted by its female employees last year, regarding the absence of women in management, preferred to resolve the situation themselves. At issue, was the fact that women only accounted for 8 percent of the firms” 1,300 partners and only 3 percent of the firm”s 70 regional managers.

The confrontation which occurred during a management meeting where it was revealed that gender myths about women”s performance as managers still persisted.

For instance, the male partners assumed that the women were reluctant to engage in business travel and informal business gatherings. As a result of the confrontation, Coopers and Lybrand initiated programs to address diversity issues. These programs included mentoring and formal training. “Coopers and Lybrand proclaimed that 30 percent of their new partners by the year 2000 would be women, up from 17 percent in 1999” (Glover 16).

Eliminating the glass ceiling requires zealous planning efforts by corporations that are committed to diversity. The first step involves setting goals. “A few companies are achieving success in the battle to get women into the executive suit. They have backed sound strategies with effort, money, and long term commitment” (Weiss 191). Various companies base their goals on census data, desiring their workforce to reflect the gender demographics of the surround region, while other companies eschew quotas and internal goals, but seek the same results, increased diversity.

Diversity goals can help but women into the pipeline through the hiring process. The presence of women in senior positions tends to attract women who hold similar aspirations. Once employed, women must receive the training that will allow them to move into the corporate ranks. For example, Colgate-Palmolive favors fast tracking its employees through cross training. Cross training exposes the employee to a variety of functions within the organization; the broad base of knowledge acquired is critical to success as a future manager.

The efforts that corporations are putting into diversifying their workforces is bearing fruit. An example is J.C. Pennys, which initiated a drive in 1988 to fill 1,000 management positions (created by the relocation of company headquarters) with qualified women. After setting numerical goals and establishing formal networking and mentoring programs. “Pennys was able to increase its percentage of senior managers who are women from less than 12 percent in 1990 to more than 35 percent by 1997” (WIBC 103).

The glass ceiling that prevents women from advancing to top positions will only be shattered by the combined efforts of political activists and the private sector. Strong legislation provides women with the power they need to litigate unfair employment practices. Private sector initiatives help create a climate that is supportive for women to develop their skills and make it to the top.

Women have made key victories, both in the political arena and in Corporate America. Thousands of women managers are in the pipeline and on the right track to assume their rightful places in the ranks of corporate executives. If current efforts bear fruit, the glass ceiling will no longer be a limiting factor for women of the 21st century.