Heat

Title : the affects of temperature on enzymes activity 1. The Problem: measuring and recording the digestion of carbohydrates by enzyme amylase 2. Independent variable: water bath temperature 3. Dependent variable: the time taken for the carbohydrates to get digested by amylases 4. Controls: the amounts of the carbohydrates and the enzymes in the reaction 5. Quantitative measurement: Time | Temperature | Enzymes concentration | Substrate concentration | Starches Indicators | Catalysts | In minutes | Cloven /Celeste | Per millimetre cube | Per millimetre cube | Per drop | No catalyst | 1.

Materials: 6 water bathes. test tubes, test tube rack , amylase enzymes , carbohydrate form ( flower or ,potato), thermometers , indicator ,stop clock ,protection (lab coat, goggles ) 2. Procedure: * prepare 6 test tubes with 10 cm of carbohydrate milk and misuse 5 cm of amylase enzymes in a cringe and add to test tube also indicator should be add and there is no catalyst in this experiments * Place the test tubes on the water baths Water baths should be with fixed temperatures from 10 ,20,30,40,50,60,70 * Start the stop clock as soon as the test tube in the water bath * Keep an eye on the test tube till colour change is observed and the take the test tube out and tack time measurements * Also every temperature measurements should be done individually that the other tests to eliminate error (no one can be in 6 places at the same time ) * Make a table and record the time taken to the enzymes to work and digest the substrate at each temperature individually *

Draw a graph Make your conclusion based on the results Hypothesis:. the affect of temperatures on rate of typical enzyme –controlled reaction up to about 40c the rate increases smoothly, also a 10 degree increase of the temperature accompanied by approximate doubling in of the rate of the reaction this is the normal temperature rule of chemical reactions in general, above this temperature the rate starts to fall off then decline rapidly . above 60 degree the rate ceases or stop completely. . Explanation: increase of reaction why? Increases in the temperature of a system results from increases in the kinetic energy of the system. This has several effects on the rates of reactions, 1-the increase in temperature will increase the activation energy of a molecules there for it has more potential to react and change status Also the temperature will make the molecules move faster and as a result more collision will be possible per/minute . Enzyme’s activity stops why? Altogether and that is because of the heat changes the shape of the enzyme molecules preventing them from working ,this is called (denaturation ) in fact enzymes will denature and any temperature that is why they cannot be used over and over again ,however the higher the temperature the less time it takes for the denaturation to occurs . 5. Risk assessment

Hazard | Risk | How to avoid | What happens in case of accident | Risk probability to occurs | Heat from hot water bath| Burning | Handel with care | Seek medical help| Big risk| Enzymes | Biological hazards (irritant | Handel with correct equipment | Wash under water tape | Medium | Glass equipment | Injury or a glass cute| Try to handel with care | Seek medical help | Big | Thermometer | In case it breaks contain mercury | Handle with care Don’t move it from the water bath unless by the lab specialist | Seek eargent medical help in case of contact with mercury | Big | Electrical wire from water baths | Electrocuted or starting a fire | But it out of the way not in contact with water | Seek medical help | Small | Source | Reference | Was it useful | Used for | Advanced biology | Michael Kent, 2004. Advanced Biology. Edition. Oxford University Press| yes| Background information | Biology – Principles and Processes| M B V Roberts, 1993. Biology: Principles and Processes Pb. Edition. Thomas Nelson. | Yes | Methods | Web | Effect of temperature on enzyme activity. 2012. Effect of temperature on enzyme activity. [ONLINE] Available at: http://academic. brooklyn. cuny. edu/biology/bio4fv/page/enz_act. htm. [Accessed 13 November 2012]. | Yes | | | | | |

The equipment consists of a metallic container in which steam generation takes place. The lower portion houses a suitable electric heater for steam generation. A special arrangement is provided for the container for filling the water.

The glass cylinder houses two water-cooled copper condensers, one of which Is chromium-plated to promote drop-wise condensation and the other is in its natural state to give film-wise condensation. A connection for a pressure gauge Is provided. Separate connections of two condensers for passing water are provided. One Rota meter with appropriate can be used for measuring water flow rate in one of the condensers under test. A digital temperature Indicator provided has multiplying connections.

Which measures temperatures of steam, two condensers, water inlet & outlet temperature of condenser water flow. To find the heat transfer coefficient for Drowses condensation and Film-wise condensation process.

Condensers: One chromium-plated for drop-wise condensation & one natural finish for Film-wise condensation otherwise identical in construction. 19 mm outer did. 170 mm length. Fabricated from copper with the reverse flow in concentric tubes. Fitted with temperature sensor for surface temp Measurement.

The Christophorus House is a multi-purpose office edifice with low energy emanations. Situated in Austria it was built in 2003, the chief intent of building for this edifice was to develop a undertaking that demonstrated the capablenesss of ecological H2O and energy supply systems. The edifice consists of 1,215 mA? work topographic point for 40 individuals. The staying edifice country is used for parking of the company ‘s autos and cellar. The edifice has a cellar, a land floor and two upper floors. The chief construction is wooden frame.

Architectural Concepts of Building

The chief aim of the design was to cut down energy demand by using passivhaus engineerings. Equally good that the design of the edifice will let for energy to be generated from renewable beginnings such as deep sonds. The edifice layout is round, divided into two chief subdivisions. The first subdivision is four narratives high with a glass dome in the Centre that is used to convey natural visible radiation into the chief atrium. The 2nd portion of the edifice is where the works and equipment is housed.

The unit of ammunition form of the edifice enables for the usage of engineered lumber that is designed to forestall heat losingss. Due to the nature of the frame used the covering walls do non transport any weight. The form besides allows twenty-four hours light to be used this really advantageous because it makes it possible to hold deeper office infinites than if the edifice was a regular form. The steering rules of optimised ecological energy usage were the chief influence on architecture.

The edifice burden of 4 narratives of an office edifice is carried by a wood construction. Round columns made out of miscellaneous natural rounded short pantss alternatively of expensive and energy devouring Multi-Layer wood. The weight of the floors is brought into the wooden construction without steel-connectors.

Energy Conveying Systems

Main engineering for heating

Deep Sonds, Heat Pump

Main engineering for chilling

Water Carried Systems, Deep Sonds, Night Ventilation

Air carried systems

Hygienic Air Ventilation

Energy distribution

Heating And Cooling Panels, Floor Heating

Heating System

The interior decorators of this green edifice established that office edifices energy ingestion come from visible radiation, air conditioning and computing machine. The energy ingestion is driven by chiefly by two factors, foremost the figure of electronic devices used in offices and user comfort in the office edifice such as temperature, day-light, light and quality of air.

The determination was to hold an energy supply system that used renewable energy beginnings and was cost effectual. As a consequence a monovalent system for both heat and chilling supply as show in the illustration below.

The warming system is design decreased energy demand to passivhaus criterions, with the staying energy demand recovered from renewable beginnings such as deep sonds. The warming systems are supplied with H2O heated by a heat pump which uses H2O circulated through pipes in deep boreholes. To back up this system the warming that is required per hr to heat suites was reduced through the usage of high degree insularity and limited glazing countries accordingly cut downing heating ingestion to 15 kWh/mA? .

In add-on to that infiltration losingss were reduced by planing for an air stringency of 0.6 ach at 50 Pa. the warming is supplied utilizing an air distribution system and ceiling panels in the office and seminar suites, was supplemented by underfloor warming in the atrium country.

Ventilation and Cooling System

In summer, chilling is provided by go arounding this H2O through the ceiling panels and heat money changers in the air supply system. Extra decrease in peak summer temperatures is achieved by utilizing high thermic mass in the inside of the edifice and night-time natural airing.

However the chief chilling construct for this inactive office edifice is the application of deep sonds. The temperature of the H2O, which is lead to the water-circulated Earth heat money changer is evened out and is comparatively stable in comparing to the fluctuations in outside temperature.

The office and seminar suites are each served by a balanced mechanical airing system ( see ) Figure 4 providing 2 800 mA?/h and 1 000 mA?/h severally. Each system is fitted with a rotary

heat money changer with efficiencies of 78 % and 86 % severally. The seminar suites are equipped

with CO2 detectors which allow the supply to be regulated to guarantee that concentration does non

transcend 1 000 ppm. Extra chilling is provided at dark by natural stack airing through automatically controlled blowholes. In combination with the internal thermic mass, this aids in cut downing the chilling burden. This chilling construct is supported by a natural air flow through the atrium during the dark. The watercourse of air is the consequence of the difference in denseness of the warm interior air and the cold air outside every bit good as from the cross subdivision country of the recess and mercantile establishment gaps

3.3 Passive chilling

Deep sondes

The chief chilling construct for this inactive office edifice is the application of deep sonds. The temperature of the H2O, which is lead to the water-circulated Earth heat money changer is evened out and is comparatively stable in comparing to the

fluctuations in outside temperature.

Deep sonds are used both for the warming and cooling period. They serve as both

heat beginning ( heating period ) and chilling beginning ( chilling period ) . The sonds are

used as heat beginning for a heat pump ( 43 kilowatt and COP = 4.03 ) during the warming

period. Heat is extracted from the land and a good temperature profile is

thereby established for the summer chilling period. Figure 3 illustrates the

summer and winter state of affairss in the land around the sonds. The energy

supply during the winter is coupled with a extremely efficient air airing system

with heat recovery.

Figure 3: Summer, fall, winter and spring state of affairs for the deep sonds and

the Earth environing it.

The deep sonds are used as alleged “ direct chilling ” . This direct chilling is

realised through panels, which are flown through with cold H2O and integrated

in the edifice constituents. It is thereby possible to hold a chilling without the

application of a compressor chilling machine. The chilling capacity of this

constructs is about 25 W/mA? . Figure 4 shows the panels functioning as energy

disposal. The same panels are besides applied for the warming system during the

heating season.

Figure 4: Heating and chilling panels, which are flown with cold H2O ( chilling

period ) or warm H2O ( heating period ) , merchandise “ RCS ” .

Night airing

This chilling construct is supported by a natural air flow through the atrium during

the dark. The watercourse of air is the consequence of the difference in denseness of the warm

inside air and the cold air outside every bit good as from the cross subdivision country of the

recess and mercantile establishment gaps. Figure 5 shows the construct of this inactive chilling for

the MIVA office edifice.

Figure 5: The air watercourse from deep sonds into the edifice

The airing of the office edifice is carried out with the agencies of two

separated airing systems with heat recovery systems ( 78 % recovery rate

and 2,800 mA?/h nominal air flow ) through a rotary motion heat money changer. The

airing of the seminar remises have a 86 % heat recovery and a nominal air

flow of 1,000 mA?/h.

Storage mass

The storage mass of the edifice is the bracing component of the room

temperature. The higher the storage mass, the more even are the interior

temperatures. The map of the storage mass is based on that the heat, which

is gained during one twenty-four hours is stored and so released during the dark. This

creates a balance in the room temperature between twenty-four hours and dark. If the storage

mass is encircled by cold air during the dark, the chilling consequence can be realised

during the undermentioned twenty-four hours. The cooling period at dark should be at least 5 hours to

range adequate capacity to take the gained heat.

The pre-requisite for an effectual thermic day-night balance is suited stuff

with a high thermic conduction and good heat storage capacity ( concrete,

heavy-duty walls etc. ) of the building parts foreseen for thermic storage.

The upper 10 centimeter in the room are decisive for this consequence. 100 dozenss of storage

mass was included in the MIVA edifice.

3.5 Application of renewable energy beginnings

The undertaking included alternate ways for the coevals of the electricity demand

of the pumps and ventilators. The photovoltaic system has a peak burden of 9.8 kilowatts

( from which 3.6 kWpeak was integrated in the facade and 6,2 kWpeak with an angle

of 40A° on the roof ) , see figure 6. Further, the edifice has a solar thermal

system with a aggregator country of 5 mA? , which supply the edifice with domestic hot

H2O.

In add-on domestic hot H2O is served by 5 mA? solar aggregator. Photovoltaic aggregators

on the facade and roof provide 9.8 kWpeak

How energy is Used in the Building

to ‘passivhaus ‘ criterions, with the staying energy demand covered every bit far as possible from renewable beginnings, while at the same time supplying residents with a high criterion of comfort. Heating tonss were minimized by the usage of a high degree of insularity and limited glazing country with the purpose of cut downing heating ingestion to 15 kWh/mA? . Infiltration losingss were reduced by planing for an air stringency of 0.6 ach at 50 Pa. Heating is supplied utilizing an air distribution system and ceiling panels in the office and seminar suites, supplemented by underfloor warming in the atrium country. The air supply system, incorporates heat recovery in the signifier of air to air heat money changers, with efficiencies in the scope 78 % to 86 % . The warming systems are supplied with H2O heated by a heat pump ( 43 kilowatt ; COP = 4 ) which uses H2O circulated through pipes in deep boreholes as its beginning ( see Figure 2 ) . In summer, chilling is provided by go arounding this H2O through the ceiling panels ( see Figure 3 ) and heat money changers in the air supply system. Extra decrease in peak summer temperatures is achieved by utilizing high thermic mass in the inside of the edifice and night-time natural airing. In add-on domestic hot H2O is served by 5 mA? solar aggregator. Photovoltaic aggregators on the facade and roof provide 9.8 kWpeak

electricity.

Due to dynamic simulation theoretical accounts the squad was successful in accomplishing parametric quantities of 15 kWh/mA?a and even below for the Heating Energy Figure and a Primary Energy Figure for chilling of 49 kWh/mA?a. ( maximal 80kWh/mA?a ) The solution for the warming was a heating pump with earth aggregators combined with a extremely efficient air supply system including heat recycling.

For chilling in summer the system with earth aggregators works contrary. The power supply for the warming pump is compensated with a 80 mA? photovoltaik characteristic. Recycling of Water 1. The edifice has a H2O basin for roll uping the rain H2O. To keep the quality of the H2O a circulation pump is

used to convey the H2O to a biological

sand filter with workss.

2. Rainwater aggregator

In instance of rainfall the flood of H2O

from both edifice roofs will be guide

over the sand filter to tank. If the

maximal degree is reached, the H2O

goes into a drainage cavity.

3. Grey Water

The H2O from the kitchen and the

bite saloon is collected individually and

stored in a gray H2O armored combat vehicle. A timer

brings this H2O to planted filter basins,

and from there is tallies to the rain H2O

aggregator.

4. Rain usage

From the drain H2O pit a pump system

brings the H2O to lavatories, helps irrigating

the workss, a is excess supply if there is nor

plenty gray H2O. The system for the

lavatories includes a H2O ticker for exact

public fees for H2O usage.

The edifice with its 2000 mA? was

finished in October 2003. Demand

monitoring will assist to guarantee the quality

and to farther exchange the cognition

addition in that experiment.

Deep sonds is when heat energy is harnessed from the H2O beneath the surface through usage of a geothermic heat pump and distributed to the edifice. The fluid is so re-warmed as it flows through the land. The procedure is reversed in chilling manner. This sustainable technique can be used for chilling and warming of houses, chilling of telecommunication patchboards, etc. The chief thought of deep sonds is to utilize the heat that is stored in the land and use it to allow heating/cooling systems in edifices

The establishing costs for the full edifice composite were 1,205 EUR/mA? ,

without royalties. The running costs for the heat pump ( 7,5 kWh/mA?a ) and for

the HVAC equipment operation ( 42 kWh/mA?a ) can be calculated in entire with an

electricity monetary value of 0,12 a‚¬/kWh ( +20 % gross revenues revenue enhancement ) and a entire annual electricity

ingestion of 108,742 kWh. This consequences in running electricity cost of 13,049 a‚¬

( +20 % gross revenues revenue enhancement ) .

6

The decrease of the energy demand for warming and chilling was a demand

to construct a sustainable and besides a cost efficient energy supply system. An

optimization procedure was carried out by the planing machines and the first computations

resulted in really hot indoor clime during the summer ( approx. 50A°C in exposed

countries ) but instead low heating demand for the winter ( approx. 30 kWh/mA?a ) .

With this as base were farther computations carried out for two mention old ages,

one with an utmost hot summer and one with an utmost cold winter. This was

optimised with the dynamically simulation plan TRNSYS. A thermic mass of 100 dozenss was integrated into the house, as consequences from the simulations, which showed a demand for extra storage mass. The optimization computations of the edifice considered betterments in the Uvalues of the glassy countries, a pplication of thermic constructing mass, decrease of

glazed countries in the atrium ( up to 50 % ) , application of solar protection glass and

heat protection glass, turning away of thermic Bridgess, decrease of infiltration,

optimised illuming constructs, optimised shadowing constructs, high efficient heat

recovery application, application of dark airing and optimization of all HVAC equipment.

Executive Summary

This study explains the consequences of research into how de-icing operations at Minnesota Saint Paul could be improved. The findings were that this airdrome should utilize a combination of infrared warming and antifreeze crop-dusting in order to defrost aircraft in a fast, safe, cost effectual and environmentally friendly manner. The de-icing procedure is called the “ thrust through method ” and this study has backed up its probe through elaborate computations and the usage of a determination matrix to compare the benefits of the thrust through method against utilizing others. Although there are some jobs such as its comparatively long payback clip of 2.5 old ages, plus risk the airdrome may hold to pay license fees due to patents on the engineering, the benefits of the thrust through method outweigh these drawbacks. One ground for this is that after the payback period the airdrome will do an one-year economy of about $ 7,080,000

Introduction

The procedure of taking ice, hoar or snow from the surface of an aircraft is known as aircraft de-icing. This is an indispensable process because if these substances accumulate on an aeroplane they will magnify the retarding force force that the plane experiences. This will cut down the ability of its wings to bring forth adequate lift force to let it to take-off or tactic whilst in flight. Besides, harm could be caused if a big piece of ice dislodges from the plane and hits sensitive constituents like its engine. This could take to riders losing their lives in a clang and others losing their belongingss. The Federal Aviation Administration, FAA, modulate all major civil air power operations in America. One of their regulations is that aircraft must be free of ice before takeoff and during flight.

This study uses Minneapolis Saint Paul ( MSP ) airdrome, Minnesota, as its primary instance survey. This is because aircraft at this airdrome often needs to undergo make up one’s minding as a consequence of the cold clime before, during and after winter in that part. MSP airdrome ps 3,400 estates, has five tracks, five de-icing tablets and “ served more than 32 million travelers in 2009 doing it 15th in the United States andA 30th in the universe in footings of figure of riders served yearly. ” ( MSP Airport, 2010 )

De-icing is presently carried out at MSP airdrome by operators who spray an ethylene-glycol based aircraft de-icing fluid onto planes. Storm H2O drains to roll up the waste fluid, before it is transported by a truck to a recycling installation to be treated. It needs intervention because its high Biochemical Oxygen Demand ( BOD ) makes it harmful to the environment.

This probe aims to happen a method and chemical to utilize for de-icing planes which is more environmentally friendly, cheaper and faster than that which is presently used in MSP airdrome.

It should be a “ entire solution engineering ” which eliminates/reduces all the jobs that the current de-icing method causes without bring forthing damaging side effects.

These purposes will be achieved by finishing the undermentioned aims:

Identify a replacement de-icing fluid which has the same/better de-icing functionality but costs less and is safer than the one presently used in MSP airdrome.

Find a better manner to recycle the waste de-icing fluid

Ensure that the new utility chemical allow de-icing fluid to be recycled

Find another manner to take snow from aircraft

Generic Design Process

Administrations frequently use a generic design procedure as they turn a merchandise thought into a manufactured point. Using a systematic, good organised designed procedure helps to cut down the research and development clip that a fresh merchandise experiences. The design squad for this undertaking used a generic design procedure and the actions that they took at each phase are detailed below:

Merchandise Planning – First the squad used merchandise planning to assist do that dependable and valid research was carried out directly off. This started this by keep backing a treatment in which they clarified the purpose and aims of the undertaking. Then they identified their strengths and failings in relation to these aims to assist them take which responsibilities they were responsible for. Finally they agreed upon timescales in which to accomplish each aim.

Designation of Customer Needs – Customers demands guided the squad ‘s merchandise inventions that were found. The squad held interviews with a representative from each major stakeholder group in the air hose industry, such as the air hose director and spray operator, to let them to voice their demands. This made it easier for the squad to put merchandise specifications and design a merchandise that they would O.K.

Constitution of Product Specifications – The client demands were ranked in order of their importance. The rank of each demand was relative to a weighting, tungsten, which was later used in a determination matrix. This information was used to bring forth merchandise specifications which were further defined utilizing prosodies.

Coevals of merchandise thoughts – A insight was held to bring forth merchandise thoughts. This was utile because it encouraged the squad to construct thoughts on top of one another. From this they saw similarities between thoughts and linked some of them to specify a entire solution engineering.

Choice of merchandise thoughts – A determination matrix was used to quantitatively compare the importance of each client demand in relation to the merchandise thoughts. The merchandise with the highest mark was selected for proving.

Testing – The entire solution engineering was further evaluated in footings of its public presentation and economic viability. Because it was really good its specifications were was sent to industries so that they could construct a paradigm.

An illustration of the generic design procedure

Figure 1 illustrates the merchandise design methodological analysis which begins with merchandise planning and ends with proving and industry. The flecked lines show that if one phase of the design procedure did non give advantageous consequences the squad would travel one or multiple phases back in order to polish their old purposes. Then they would progress through each phase of the procedure once more until they reached the concluding testing and fabrication phase. This process of measuring and re-assessing merchandise developments ensured that hapless designs were eliminated or improved before they reached the testing and industries phase.

Assorted clients have an involvement in aircraft de-icing operations ; these persons are referred to as stakeholders. The success of this venture will depend on how good it meets the demands of these persons. Hence, the squad evaluated each stakeholder ‘s demand utilizing an interview and ranked it harmonizing to its importance.

The stakeholders were identified on the footing on who will pay for, sell, usage and run the de-icing engineering, these included air hose pilots and riders etc. They were interviewed and their responses are summarised below.

Q1: How do you defrost a plane?

“ A container on a truck is filled with de-icing fluid which is assorted with H2O to a 50 % concentration by volume. I sit in an enclosed cabin and heat the fluid onboard the truck to 70oC before I spray it onto the plane until all the ice thaws. ”

Q2: How of import is the BOD of a de-icing fluid?

“ Very of import, we pay the intervention works about $ 0.35 per US gallon and the monetary value goes up if the BOD additions. Our airdrome is fined if the BOD5 discharged to the environment exceeds 900 metric tons per twelvemonth.

Q3: How long would you anticipate to wait for a return on your investing?

“ 1.5-2 old ages ”

Q4: How much does ethylene glycol cost?

“ The norm is $ 5-7 per gallon. ”

Q5: What safeguards were taken since your last incident?

“ We thought of retraining staff, but now operations are run by an outsourced concern.

De-icing tablets and a drainage system were installed. ”

Q6: What do you believe of incorporating a warming system onto aircraft?

“ Not ideal for commercial planes because it ‘s expensive ”

Q7: How severe is the break caused by aircraft de-icing?

“ During the extremum of the winter season there are regular holds. Aircraft must be de-iced once more if they exceed a holdover clip of 5 proceedingss. ”

Ranking of demands and ‘sanity check ‘

The squad identified the most of import stakeholder demands and ranked them as listed below.

Each demand was given a weighting, tungsten, harmonizing to its rank as portion of a ‘sanity cheque ‘ .

Table 1 – The rank of each stakeholder demand and its weighting

Weight-ing, tungsten

Safety was the top concern of every stakeholder.

Aircraft at MSP airdrome can merely transport riders if they obey safety ordinances set by the FAA.

Some stakeholders disagreed on fiscal issues sing how much hard currency should be spent on certain points. e.g most spray operators would wish luxury de-icing cabins whereas airdrome directors would instead put the money. However, all stakeholders agreed that no de-icer with a high life-time cost would be acceptable.

Slow de-icing can do net income losingss due to detain flights.

Although the airdrome will be fined for doing inordinate pollution these costs are usually absorbed by clients.

Constitution Of Product Specifications

Most of the demands highlighted by stakeholders were expressed in a qualitative mode. They needed to be converted into specifications in order to avoid fiddling yet expensive betterments being made to MSP airdrome. To make this the worst instance de-icing conditions that could potentially take topographic point at MSP airdrome were defined and as portion of saneness cheque. Following prosodies were used set up specifications for merchandise and procedure design methods that could get by with the worst instance de-icing scenarios at the airdrome.

Specification 1 – Annual length of operation

The day of the months in which the planes will necessitate to be de-iced scopes from November to early April because on these day of the months the temperature in Minneapolis Saint Paul is below stop deading.

Therefore, any new de-icing method must be able to run through this period of 5 months and 1 hebdomad ( 157 years ) every twelvemonth. ( Figure 2 )

Figure 2- The mean last temperature in MSP every twelvemonth from 1971-2000

Specifications 2 – The instance survey aircraft and its ice coverage

The mass of ice on a plane was calculated utilizing a worst instance scenario, which was that one of the biggest commercial rider planes ; the Boeing-747 ( BBC, 2007 ) needed to be de-iced.

It was assumed that the top country of both its wings was covered by a 1cm thick bed of ice.

Flying country ( Boeing-747 ) = 541.2 M2 ( Airliners, 2010 )

Ice Thickness = 0.01m

Ice Coverage 100 %

Volume of ice on wings, Volice = 5.412 M3 ( App. 1, Eqn 1 )

Density of ice, I?ice = 917kg/m3 ( Kotz, 2009 )

Mass of ice, = 4962.8 kilogram ( App. 1, Eqn 2 )

Specifications 3- Heating Duty

Latent heat of merger of ice= 333 kJ/Kg ( Bird, 2003 )

Minimum warming responsibility = 1652.6 MJ ( App 1, Eqn 3 )

Specifications 4 – The utility de-icing fluid

The atmospheric temperature in MSP airdrome during the de-icing season is 20oF ( -29oC ) therefore the replacement ADF stop deading point must be less than 20oC in order to keep its functionality. Additionally it must supply a freezing point depression of more than 20oC as a consequence of this ambient temperature. All the stakeholders agreed that merchandise safety is of topmost importance, so the replacement ADF should be less toxic than ethylene-glycol. Additionally they agree that the one-year natural stuff costs of the new cubing method should be less than that of the current method. Two ways to make this are to utilize less cubing fluid per plane in the first case ; this should be less than the 408 gallons per aircraft required by the current de-icing method ( App. 1, Eqn. 9 ) , or to recycle the de-icing fluid.

Generation and Screening Of Ideas

The squad worked separately and brainstormed together to assist maximize the figure of good thoughts that were generated. Whilst making so they reflected upon the merchandise specifications to and stakeholder demands to assist test thoughts.

De-icing boots – Rubber boots are attached to the front borders of wings on the plane. The aircraft inflates these boots with air to do ice that take ice that has accumulated on them. An unacceptable hazard of utilizing this method in MSP is that the system must be activated every bit shortly as a before an big ice bed can organize and hit other parts of the plane when it dislodges.

Bleed air- In this method hot air from the aircraft engines is blasted on to the ice to run it. Although this could run ice really rapidly the airdrome director at MSP airdromes commented that incorporating heating systems on to aircraft is “ non ideal for commercial planes because it ‘s expensive ” .

Mechanical Scraping/Blowing

Employees use coppices, or fabrics to physically force ice off the aircraft. This method would be really easy to set into pattern at MSP because the equipment the required is really inexpensive. But it is more likely that harm will be done to aeroplanes as the employees scrape ice so the resulting aircraft care cost is could be really high.

A propene ethanediol based de-icing fluid – Propylene ethanediol is a popular de-icing fluid and is regarded as non-toxic, hence it was chosen for farther probe.

Decision Matrix

The interviews that were conducted with the stakeholders highlighted that some client demands are more of import than others. Although the importance of some specific demands differed in each stakeholder group four demands were systematically rated as indispensable.

These standards were analysed in a determination matrix with weighing Marks taken from Table 1.

Selection of Ideas

The most freezing point sedatives in aircraft de-icing fluids in the US are ethylene ethanediol ( EG ) and propylene ethanediol ( PG ) . Because PG and EG have a similar life-time cost, in this chapter the chemicals will be compared at a 50 % concentration by volume in footings of their safety, de-icing velocity and environmental impact because these are three of the most of import needs the stakeholders.

Ethylene ethanediol has a comparatively high toxicity when compared to Propylene-Glycol. It has been classed by the US Congress as a risky air pollutant ( HAP ) , if 2268 kilogram or more flights into the environment within 24 hours users are obligated to describe the event under the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act ( CERCL ) . However propylene ethanediol is non classified as a HAP, and users are non required to inform CERCL if it is released.

Both chemicals are said to be non-lethal if worlds if they are breathed in with air or adsorbed through tegument. However, unlike PG, EG is toxic to worlds and mammals if it is ingested straight. Even though PG it is regarded as non-toxic it is still a wellness jeopardy because it uses O as it biodegrades which could do some beings to smother.

The freezing point of Propylene-glycol is -34oC which is somewhat higher than ethylene-glycol which freezes at -37oC. This is one of the grounds why MSP airdrome still uses EG. Another is that a lower volume of antifreeze is required for EG to accomplish the same freeze point depression as PG.

MSP airdrome suffers severe conditions extremes so it needs to utilize an ADF which is dependable, particularly in highly cold conditions as this is by and large when it takes longer to defrost aircraft

Propylene-glycol ‘s boiling point is 106oC whereas ethene ethanediol has a boiling point of 102.2oC for ethene ethanediol. In this instance Propylene-glycol is the better pick because it can reassign heat to frost at a higher temperature than ethylene ethanediol.

There are some drawbacks with respect to utilizing ethylene ethanediol as a de-icing fluid, particularly refering its environmental impact. But, overall EG and PG have a similar de-icing public presentation degree.

The Rate of Melting due to Heat Conduction Entirely

The ADF is heated to 70oC before it is sprayed onto the plane, this heat entirely will do the ice to run through heat conductivity.

The rate of this warming was calculated utilizing equation 1a,

Where Q= is the heat flow rate in the X-direction in kJ/s, A is the country normal to the way of heat flow in M2, dT/dx is the temperature gradient and K is the thermic conduction of ice

The thermic conduction of ice at -20oC is 2.39 W/mK, the country normal to the way of heat flow is equal to the flying country of the Boeing 747 =541.2m2, the temperature alteration that occurs is ( 70oC- -20oc ) =90oC and the thickness of the ice x is 0.01m.

Therefore the rate of heat transportation by the temperature of the de-icing fluid alone is

The reasonable heat is kJ ( App. 1, Eqn 12 )

The latent heat of merger is 1652612.4 kJ, ( App.1, Eqn 3 )

Summarizing the above gives the sum of het required to run the ice on a Boeing 747 from a starting temperature of -20oC which is

Hence minimal clip that it would take to run the ice on the plane by heat conductivity entirely is

This is a really fast clip, particularly as harmonizing to the undertaking brief, de-icing at MSP airdrome usually takes 10 proceedingss per plane. One ground ground for this difference is due to the fact that the ADF fluid is non ever in full contact with ice, merely its bottom surface is. Additionally these computations assume that heat transportation occurs over the whole of each flying equally, which is non the instance in existent life because de-icing fluid is sprayed onto the wing in different locations consistently. A concluding cause of this difference could be due to the fact that snow has a lower heat conduction, K, than ice and so any snow on a plane would take down the rate of heat transportation from the ADF.

Entire Solution Technology

The concluding design construct was to carry on de-icing operations as a thrust through system.

First the aircraft enters the Infrared air dock where and warm air blows snow of its wings whilst they are heated by infrared radiation for a typical continuance of 5-10 proceedings. Ice on the plane thaws onto an inclined incline and the effluent is channelled into the waste aggregation zone.

Water is channelled through bing storm H2O pipes into substructure to the located under the floor of the crop-dusting and waste aggregation country. The effluent is pumped out and transferred by a truck into the airdrome ‘s detainment pools.

When the effluent has been removed compaction stoppers are removed and the plane moves into the spraying country. Here it is sprayed with propene ethanediol for up to 5 proceedingss to assist forestall any ice forming on it before takeoff.

The propene ethanediol drains into a separate country of the aggregation chamber and is pumped to a detainment pool until it is due to be recycled. Finally the compaction plus are reinstalled so the system is ready to defrost another plane.

Minneapolis presently uses three Glycol Recovery Vehicles to roll up effluent. Using the IR installation eliminates the demand to defrost aircraft utilizing ethanediol by around 90 % , so no more of these vehicles will necessitate to be bought if the new engineering is adopted. Besides the airdrome has saved capital costs by utilizing their bing storm H2O drains to roll up both ethanediol and storm H2O. These storm drains can and should go on to be used if MSP airdrome adopts the Drive-Through De-icing system to salvage hard currency and clip during the installing of the new system. Harmonizing to ( Big book ) “ Careful direction of the keeping systems enables the airdrome to roll up adequate effluent with high ethanediol concentrations to do glycol recycling/recovery economically feasible. ” The bulk of ethanediol which is recycled is sold to makers who use it in other glycol-based merchandises.

Unfortunately the payback clip on the thrust through de-icing method is non fast plenty to fulfill the Airport Directors at MSP who expect a payback clip of “ 1.5-2 old ages ” . A higher rate of return on investing would cut down the payback clip so it would be wise to look into extra ways to cut down the cost of de-icing utilizing this engineering, and ways to better its efficiency.

Because this entire solution engineering uses de-icing methods which have been used in industry antecedently, but it combines them in a alone manner it is hard to measure whether or non it can be patented. Furthermore, it is expected that it would take a long clip to patent the merchandise even if it were possible because of its complexness and usage of old de-icing thoughts. The writer has recommended that MSP airdrome consults a attorney sing these affairs if they do non necessitate to utilize the de-icing solution instantly. If MSP airdrome do necessitate to utilize the engineering instantly they might hold to pay licence fees to one or more patent proprietors.

The findings from this probe have shown that the solution engineering that MSP airdrome should utilize to better its aircraft de-icing solution involves utilizing infrared warming and a propene ethanediol as a utility chemical for ethylene-glycol. The procedure is called the “ thrust through method ” and the major advantages of this intercrossed solution are that it meets the demands of its stakeholders by being safe, holding a low life-time cost, fast aircraft de-icing rate and low environmental impact. Evidence of this has been provided through a determination matrix and several mathematical ratings.

Unfortunately this solution has a payback clip of 2.5 old ages, so research should be carried out to uncover how to do the one-year rate of return on the investing higher. Finally, this intercrossed system uses patented engineering so MSP airdrome might hold to pay license fees for a figure of old ages if it used the thrust through method. However, after the payback period the one-year economy of $ 70,844,300 per twelvemonth outweighs any of these drawbacks.

Find ways to cut the operating cost of the Drive-Through De-icing system as this will raise the one-year rate of return that this engineering provides. If the rate of return is high plenty the payback clip will drop below 2 old ages and the airdrome directors in MSP will hold this demand fulfilled.

Use hot air to blow snow off the aircraft in the IR air dock. This will assist to run the snow and ice excessively, nevertheless the cost of warmin+

3.0g air may countervail the benefit of a faster de-icing clip. Nb, as shown by the weightings, tungsten, in Table 1, the life-time cost of the engineering is more of import that the de-icing velocity that it provides.

Mentions

1. Bird J.O. , 2003, Science for technology, pp. 205, Newnes, 2003, UK
2. Ketler P. , Mosher M. , Scott A. , 2008, Chemistry: The Practical Science, media enhanced edition, Cengage Learning, pp. 478, UK
3. Kotz J.C. , Paul T. , Townsend R.J. , 2009, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity, Cengage Learning, pp. 15, USA
4. Tsokos K.A. , 2010, Cambridge Physics for the IB Diploma, pp. 172, Cambridge University Press, UK
5. Sinnot R.K. , 2005, Coulson and Richardson ‘s Chemical Engineering Series: Chemical Engineering Design, pp. 439, Butterworth-Heinmann, UK
6. MSP Airport, 2010, About Us, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mspairport.com/about-msp.aspx, 24/10/2010
7. RSS Weather, 2003, Minneapolis-St. Paul, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rssweather.com/climate/Minnesota/Minneapolis-St.Paul, 23/10/10
8. Airliners.Net, 2010, The Boeing 747-400, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/stats.main? id=100, 20/10/2010
9. BBC, 25/10/2007, A380 superjumbo lands in Sydney, hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7061164.stm, 19/10/2010
10. Energy Information Administration, October 2010, Electric Power Monthly, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/epm.pdf, 15/10/2010
11. Wingss Magazine, 2007, Infrared De-icing: Giving glycol a tally for its money, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wingsmagazine.com/content/view/1325/38/ , 23/10/10

Heat does to matter is changes it state. There is something more subtle though that can cause big problems. Look at this devise. When you heat both this ball and the ring the ring expands like a long bar of metal. The ball expands less so when they are heated the ball fits through the ring. You may want to look for these and try this demo as many of you probably have these. Another neat tool to show the expansion of metals is this bimetal bar.

It is made with one metal on one side and another metal on the other side. One metal expands more rapidly so the bar twists when heated. This affects things in the real world drastically. If this is not considered when building something we can end up with a road buckling. Engineers then plan for the expansion and contraction due to heat. In a pipe we may see special parts like this or this so that the pipe can expand in length without breaking. Behaviour of matter – Expansion and contractioncontraction Substances expand or get bigger when they are heated up. They contractor get smaller when they are cooled down.

This property can be useful.  Thermometers work because the liquid inside them expands and rises up the tube when it gets hotter.  Metal parts can be fitted together without welding using shrink fitting. The animation shows how this works. Expansion and contraction in metal The rod is too big to fit through the hole. The rod is cooled, causing it to contract. The rod fits in the hole. When warmed, it expands to fit tightly. All matter is affected by heating and cooling. With a very few exceptions, when any matter is heated, it will expand. When it  is cooled, it will contract.

Observing a Gas Expand When Heated

Place the neck of the balloon over the mouth of the bottle. Put about 6 cm (2 in) of water in the bottom of the pot and place the bottle and balloon in the pot. Heat the water slowly over the stove. You do not need to heat the water to boiling. What happens to the balloon? Remove the bottle and allow it to cool. What happens to the balloon now?  When the air inside the bottle was heated by the hot water, it expanded. As the air expanded, some was pushed into the balloon causing it to expand slightly. When the air inside the bottle cooled, it contracted and the balloon shrank.

Observing a Gas Contract When Cooled

Just as you saw a gas expand when heated, you can see how it contracts when cooled using the same material as in the last experiment. Place a couple of inches of water in the bottom of the pot and place the bottle in the pot. Heat the water to almost boiling. Then, using the oven mitts, remove the bottle and quickly place the balloon over the neck. Allow the bottle to cool and observe the balloon as the bottle cools.

As the air inside the bottle cooled, it contracted. This caused the balloon to be drawn into the bottle. Put a little food coloring or a pinch of coffee or fruit drink mix in the bottle. Fill the bottle completely with cool tap water. Place a couple of inches of water in the bottom of the pot and carefully place the bottle in the pot, being careful not to spill any of the water. Slowly heat the water in the pot almost to boiling and observe what happens to the water in the bottle.

As the water inside the bottle was warmed, it began to expand. The bottle could no longer hold all of the water and the water began to “bulge” from the top.

Some may have even spilled out. Fill the bottle completely to the top with hot tap water. Try to get as few bubbles in the water as possible. Allow the bottle to cool where it will not be disturbed. Be careful not to spill any of the water. After the bottle has cooled to room temperature, observe the level of the water in the bottle. What Happened: The water level was slightly below full. As the water cooled, it contracted causing the water level to drop. However, there may also be another effect here as well.

If you used water with a lot of bubbles, those bubbles also took up a part of the volume inside the bottles. As the bubbles eventually floated to the top, they would have decreased the volume slightly. Can you think of some way to insure that what you are seeing is not a result of the bubbles?

A Major Exception to the Rule

The general rule that has already been stated is that matter expands when heated and contracts when cooled, but there are a few exceptions. The most important exception is water when it freezes. Fill the bottle to the top with water and replace the cap.

Wrap the bottle in several layers of newspaper and place the bottle and paper in the bag. Put the bag in the freezer and leave it there until the water freezes. Remove the bag and paper and examine the bottle. What do you see? What Happened: The bottle was shattered or very swollen. When water is cooled, whether as a gas (water vapor), a liquid, or a solid, it will contract. The one major exception to this is when water reaches the freezing point and changes from liquid water to ice. At that point, the water expands, rather than contracts. This expansion caused the bottle to break.

The reason water behaves this way has to do with the shape of it’s molecules. When water freezes into ice, it’s molecules line up in a certain way, and when they do, they take up more space than they did as a liquid. It is almost as if the molecules elbow each other out of the way, and this causes the ice to take up more space than the liquid water. Once the water freezes and gets colder than the freezing point ( 0? C or 32? F), it begins to contract again. The only time water expands when cooled is at the point where it freezes. However, the fact that water expands when it freezes is very important in nature.

For example, one of the ways that rocks are broken down into soil is by water freezing in the cracks of rocks. When the frozen water expands, it has enough force to cause the rock to split or break into smaller and smaller pieces. Using the wire cutters, cut a rod from the long bottom section of a wire coat hanger. Keep this wire as straight as possible. Use the sandpaper to sand the paint off the wire. (You are going to heat this wire, and you need to remove the paint to avoid fumes from burning paint! ) Cut a section of the coffee stirrer or broom straw about 3 inches long.

Push the straight pin through the middle of this section. The straight pin should fit snugly. If it doesn’t, use a small piece of tape to hold it in place. Set up the rod, pin, books and heat source as shown. Make sure that the end of the rod away from the pointer is firmly against a book, and that the rest of the rod is touching only the pin, and not the surface of the books. Heat the rod using your heat source, and observe what happens to the pointer. Remove the heat source without disturbing the rod and watch what happens as the rod cools. What Happened: As the rod was heated, it began to expand.

Since one end of the rod was against the book, it could expand in one direction only. As it expanded, the rod moved over the pin, causing the pin to roll slightly. Although the pin may not have rolled more than a quarter turn, the pointer allowed you to see this motion very clearly. As the rod cooled, it contracted and moved the pin and pointer back to where they started. We have seen that solids expand when heated and contract when cooled. Engineers who design roads, buildings, towers, and other large structures must know how much a substance will expand or contract over the range of temperatures it is expected to encounter.

The engineers then have to design the structure to prevent damage from expansion or contraction. These next experiments will have you to examine some of these structures on a hot day in summer and a cold day in winter. They could become part of a science project on heating and cooling.

Expansion and Contraction of Railroad Tracks Raildroad Track Expansion

Joint Walk along a railroad track until you find a place where two rails are joined together. You should see a small gap between the rails where they are fastened together. This gap is called an “expansion joint”.

Some newer tracks have rails that are continuously welded together and do not use expansion joints. If you walk for some distance and do not see a gap between two rails, the tracks you are looking at are probably of this kind. If possible, you should try to locate an older track, or even one that is no longer in use. Such track will be more likely to have expansion joints. If you are able to locate an expansion joint, measure and write down the outside temperature, along with the date and the time. Also, measure and record the size of the gap. The millimeter scale is probably the best scale to use.

If you have a camera (particularly if this is part of a science project) take a picture of the joint. It is a good idea to take this picture with the ruler in place. Save your notes. If you did this on a hot day, repeat it on a cold day, or vice versa. Can you measure any difference in the size of the gap? What Happened: The gap is slightly narrower on a hot day, because the rail sections on either side of the gap expand with the increased heat. If expansion joints were not put in place and the rails were placed tightly together on a cold day, when they were warmed by the sun, they would buckle and perhaps come loose. If the rails were put down tightly on a hot day, they would pull apart in cooler weather. Either could cause a very serious accident.

Expansion and Contraction of Power Lines

On a very hot or cold day, locate power lines near your home hanging between two poles or towers. Notice how much the lines sag. Measure and record the temperature as well as the date and time. Select a good spot to take a picture of the lines. Carefully note exactly where you make this picture in your notebook, including any zoom setting and the center of your photo.

Make sure that you will be able to return to the exact spot several months from now. Return to the same spot when the weather is much hotter or colder, depending on when you did this the first time. Again, measure and record the temperature, date and time. Take another picture of the wires using the same zoom settings and center point as before. Compare the two pictures. What do you see? What Happened: The wires sagged much less in cold weather. Wire, like all other solids, expands when it is warmed and contracts when it is cooled. In hotter weather, it will expand more, causing the wires to sag more. When power or phone lines are strung, they are always sagged to allow for expansion and contraction. If they were to be strung too tight, they could snap when they contract in colder weather.

An Exception to Expanding and Contracting in Solids

As we have seen, solids usually expand when heated and contract when cooled. However, some solids don’t always behave according to this rule, as this experiment will show. Turn the box on its side as shown. Place the pushpin in the top edge of the box and hang the rubber band over the pushpin. (If you can’t get the pushpin to hold firmly, try taping the rubber band. Tie a small weight to the other end of the rubber band. The weight should be heavy enough to stretch the rubber band, but not enough to break it. Set the dryer on it’s hottest setting and heat the rubber band. Note what happens to the rubber band. Instead of expanding as we would have expected, the rubber band contracted and lifted the weight. Molecules of rubber are long and twisted, something like a loose spring. Rubber molecules compress when they are heated, causing them to draw together like a tighter spring. When all of the molecules do this, the rubber band contracts.

opinion essay In “the Bucket Rider”, the writer used lots of surreal elements to make it more interesting and catch the reader’s attention. This makes the short story more thoughtful. It says “I ride off on the bucket”; “he has opened the door to let out the excessive heat”; and “my bucket has all the virtues of a good stead except power of resistance, it’s too light, a woman’s apron can make it fly through the air”. First of all, the writer says “I ride off on the bucket”. This is definitely a surreal element.

People put food, and other items in the bucket, but nobody would ride on the bucket. The bucket has no power, it’s not electrical equipment, and of course it’s impossible to add coal to make it fly. Also in the short story, it says “I propel myself with difficulty down the stairs; but once down below my bucket ascends, superbly, superbly; camels humbly squatting on the ground do not rise with more dignity, shaking themselves under the sticks of their drivers”. From here, it shows that the bucket fly like an airplane, it can goes up and down, slow and fast. In fact, it tells the readers how poor he was.

The weather is freezing, but he doesn’t have a heater, he cannot even go buy coal, so he dreams he is flying on the bucket. Second of all, “he has opened the door to let out the excessive heat”. Here, he represents the dealer. From the begging of the short story, it tells the weather is terrible, and it’s freezing outside. The dealer opens the door the let out the excessive heat, not the window. Nobody would open the door at that terrible weather. The only reason to explain this is the dealer’s house is very warm, they won’t even feel a litter bit cold if they open the door.

It shows that the dealer represents rich people. They have everything at home, and they can choose to share them or waste them. The last one is “my bucket has all the virtues of a good stead except powers of resistance, which it has not; it’s too light, a woman’s apron can make it fly through the air”. The bucket cannot have power and it can’t fly. But the reason that the writer put it at here because he wants to tell poor people can’t feel warm, the warm does not just mean the temperature, it does also represent the feeling. From here, it shows two types of rich people, the dealer and his wife.

The dealer is the good one and his wife is bad. The dealer doesn’t hunger with money, he likes to help people; on the other side, his wife really cares about money. Once she heard “I’ll pay you in full for it, of course, but not just now. ” She waves her apron to let him go away. In conclusion, the writer used a lot of surreal element in the short story, because he wants to tell the readers that how different between rich people and poor people, and how they trite each other, those surreal elements which makes the short story more meaningful.

Metro Manila is the metropolitan region which has the most populous metropolitan area in the Philippines and 11th most populous in the world. Based on 2010 national statistics it had a population of 11,855,975 populations that is 13% of national population (2010 Population and Housing Census: NCR). The rapid population growth corresponds to more economic needs and mobility for transport of goods, services and products. The direct relationship between urban areas and its population must meet the standard for deficiency of road and highway length as well as modes of transportation in metropolitan area. Nowadays, transportation is accessible at it is. Different modes of transportation are well available for the passenger in provinces and more advantageously in metropolitan area. It is the prerogative of the passenger to choose what will be the mode that would bring him/her to their destination as fast as possible. Sometimes, comfort and convenience are sacrificed in order to meet the time in school, work, event, etc.

Theoretical framework

Figure shows the model of the study – the theoretical framework. The respondents, from the first year students of pharmacy, shall be exposed to three experimental conditions, to elicit their waiting behaviors. Economic – efficient mobility for good vehicles that comfortably good for passenger, local economic development like LRT and MRT that are functionally good, and operational efficiency that passengers are satisfied from their travel. Social- social equity (fairness), human safety and health affordability, community cohesion, and cultural preservation from the passenger, Environmental – air, noise and water reductions, climate change emissions resource conservation, open – diversity, and biodiversity protection.

Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to determine the behavior of Freshmen Students in Pharmacy of Centro Escolar University in considering different modes of transportation possible through certain place. Apart from that, the researches aimed to identify the following: 1. What is the attitude of the passenger towards selecting mode of transportation that suits their comfort and convenience? 2. What is the mode of transportation that is easy to ride?

3. Why are freshmen Student of pharmacy are being late and absent in class? 4. How can they limit their late and absences?

Hypothesis

Amidst the growing number of population in the Philippines and blinding pollution it possess, students nowadays still resist to fight back these struggles they face as they go to school every school days. These troublesome concerns had been giving negative impacts to students. Due to this, alternative solutions are arising for a comfortable way of going to school. Options given to students are renting condominiums, owning a car or ride the hassle-free mode of transportation the environment offers. This study will show the adjustment of freshmen students of the School of Pharmacy of CEU when it comes to modes of transportation

Significance of the Study

The study will represent the behavior of freshmen Student of pharmacy in considering different modes of transportation possible through certain place. The considering factor will be enumerated and thoroughly discussed to inform possible modest and safest modes for a respondents that selected randomly. Data will also give volume of traffic occur daily to determine what specific day will have congested traffic that varies the choice of passenger and take into consideration the factors that provided by studies. The study is very essential into what mode of transportation will be convenient according to daily traffic state. At the end of the study, readers will understand why does majority of passenger’s took certain mode and why minority prevails choose other.

Scope and Limitation

Commuting is considered to be one of the daily tasks done especially by freshmen students of pharmacy. To commute or travel from one place to another varies by which mode of transportation is best, either by road or LRT/MRT, when reaching your destination. For this study, the data collection is limited to CEU students who travel by jeeps, bus, and taxi, LRT, MRT coming from different places within Metro Manila and nearby provinces to arrive in our campus. This will be in the form of survey questionnaire both in print and paper that will be handed out to students randomly to ensure that all the answers that will be collected from our respondents vary.

Since the research is concerned with the different factors, which affects the various choices of transportation for commuters, this would mean that students who drives and rents condominiums, apartments and/or dormitories are excluded in our study. Psychological analysis through series of survey will provide different factor that commuter’s takes priority in choosing most convenient modes of transportation. The research will only be limited to a small portion of the schools’ population since this will only last for 2 days, the data that will be collected will represent the entire freshmen student of pharmacy of the school.