Industries

The chief subject of this assignment is ICD, one of the nomenclatures which influence the cryptography and categorization methods. The execution of coding and categorization is based on the Electronic Health Records ( EHR ) of the inbound and outbound patients. Before traveling straight into chief subject, I need to discourse what is EHR? What are the benefits and disadvantages of EHR? Why controlled Terminology is required for an EHR? What are the different cryptography and categorization systems? What can I anticipate in ICD-11? “

Electronic Health Records:

Electronic Health Records comes from the epoch of patient records where the chief subject of patient records are to derive medical cognition, for clinical research intents, for farther usage of informations and can easy be a opportunity of doing determination by analyzing the record in an unambiguous mode. Patient Records are many types and they are developed harmonizing to the usage in demand of today ‘s life [ 2 ] .

Even though the chief intent of all types of medical records are same, like to educate clinicians, support for charge intents, support for clinical research and for epidemiological surveies, It besides has disadvantages depending upon the type of medical record and maintaining mind these disadvantages many new sorts of patient records have now come across [ 3 ] .

In Paper-based medical record, the accessing of patient informations is made easy, but it has some restrictions like, no such patient has merely one wellness attention forces and no wellness attention force has merely one patient because one patient can hold may be more than one doctor and every doctor needs to look into old records like what prescription has been given and what should be the following process to follow, and those records can non be accessed immediately because paper based can remain merely at one topographic point, some may be losing, some can non be understood by other doctors due to their hapless hand-writing. These restrictions are non really utile in order to do a proper determination [ 3 ] . It besides has some advantages like paper based systems are less expensive and recording of informations is non really complex [ 2 ] .

This can be overcome by presenting Computer-Based Patient Records or Electronic Medical Records, where wellness attention suppliers can easy entree patient ‘s whole wellness certification under individual wellness organisation and most of import is this information can accessed by merely licensed clinicians which can avoid security issues to maintain privateness of patient informations. When compared to informations storage it has disadvantages like, it requires more infinite to enter a patient information in a digital format than Paper based patient record, and besides considered to be more expensive due to the investings in hardware, package and besides the information saved will be lost if whole computing machine system clangs or fails to work [ 2 ] .

Electronic Health Records ( EHR ) which has the capableness to entree patient ‘s wellness certification under several wellness organisations which is permitted to entree by merely accredited clinicians. The benefits by the EHR to the wellness attention professionals are as follows:

Easy Access to Patient Data: Easy entree to all integrated patient informations taking from simple sort of informations.

The doctors can do an effectual Clinical Decision Support.

Portability: The doctors can entree patient informations anyplace even in ambulatory conditions besides and besides through portable devices.

Clinical Order Entry: EHR can supply new clinical qui vives depending on the informations entered in electronic patient record. It besides has the capableness to demo some literature based on your entry, most of import is qui vives can warn clinicians about the dose of drugs and besides some allergic reactions.

Quick Transfer of Information is possible through several wellness organisations through EHR can be possible [ 2 ] .

EHR besides has some disadvantages:

Understanding of patient informations without proper nomenclature is non possible for EHR.

Collection of Data is impossible in EHR without controlled nomenclature. So, that is ground why medical controlled nomenclature is really of import for the EHR which is discussed in item in the undermentioned process [ 2 ] .

Why do we necessitate Medical Terminology?

Terminology is defined as a standard set of footings to denote a set of constructs [ 4 ] and Clinical Terminology trades about the constructs used in footings of statements in a medical record i.e. significance should be same if we use different constructs to do statements. For Example, This patient has an Endocrine disease and This patient has an Diabetes are said to considered as Terminological because constructs used to do statements denotes same intending [ 5 ] .

Medical Terminology has some standard words or phrases to stand for what has happened to the patient, it does non let doctors to compose something in their ain words. So by stand foring harmonizing to criterions, every doctor whether he belongs to same wellness organisation or different wellness organisation can be able to cognize what had happened to the patient [ 6 ] .

The chief end of Medical Terminology can be enhanced if all the patient has electronic patient records and patient centered information should be entered into the electronic based patient records so that it can be like Re-use of information for clinical and secondary intents and can be shared across different organisations, establishments [ 5 ] .

Positions on Medical Terminology:

Data Abstraction- procedure of abstracting the recorded informations and so delegate a label to the abstracted information ( delegating some specific term which can state whole significance ) from the nomenclature itself [ 7 ] .

Data Representation is delegating codifications to each of the findings done to the patient like research lab findings, physical findings, type of drug administered [ 7 ] .

Encoding of medical cognition is besides of import to portion the cognition or direct the informations to other clinical systems. This encryption is done in such a manner that computing machines can utilize it [ 7 ] .

Benefits of encoding medical cognition: It allows for Alerts in footings of medical specialty prescriptions so that doctor can be cognizant of this state of affairs before he can turn to to the patient [ 10 ] . It can salvage a batch of clip for the doctors or admittance sections without rhenium come ining the patient record after analyzing the patient for multiple times [ 7 ] .

Why Controlled Vocabulary and Coding systems for Terminology are of import?

In past old ages, Imprecision and deficiency of Standardized Controlled Vocabulary has been a major assert for the wellness attention sphere. This is due to the complication between standardisation of medical cognition and nomenclature ( set of constructs ) . The structuring of medical informations in footings of acquisition, entering and storage is of import because it raises the confusion between the nomenclature and significances of the informations. For illustration, one doctor wants to seek for a word ‘Diabetes ‘ , which in fact merely detects patients who are recorded as precisely with ‘Diabetes ‘ as diagnosing but non with patients who are recorded as ‘Diabetic ‘ [ 9 ] and sing another illustration, one doctor declares and records informations as patient has ‘shortness of breath ‘ and another doctor records as ‘dyspnea ‘ , though the patient has same sort of disease but while recovering the patient informations can be displayed as patient with shortness of breath or dyspnoea depending upon the preciseness of the word entered at the retrieval country [ 8 ] . This is the chief job originating in footings of controlled vocabularies.

This job can be solved by the Controlled Terminologies or Clinical cryptography systems which contain the list of standard set of footings which can expose the words denoted under the same set of criterions. For illustration, it can recover all the information of patients enduring from ‘Diabetes ‘ or organize ‘Dyspnea ‘ because these footings are registered under a same set of significances and besides physician can come in or enter the patient informations in different types of degrees. This is the chief advantages of controlled clinical nomenclatures or coding systems [ 7 ] .

Clinical Coding and Classification Systems:

International Classification of Diseases ( ICD ) developed by WHO is the categorization of diseases and other wellness jobs by analyzing the wellness job records and critical records. It has the capableness to sort the diseases in a hierarchical manner so that wellness attention forces can easy recover and place the utile information. It is non merely used for retrieval intent but besides to roll up the population, morbidity and mortality statistics [ 11 ] .

Purpose of ICD:

The chief intent of ICD is the systematic agreement and in a structuring format by comparing and analyzing the causes of mortality and morbidity informations collected from different states. The recording of the information is automatically converted from words to alphanumeric codifications which enable easy storage and retrieval of informations [ 11 ] .

The chief primary purpose to develop ICD to come in mortality statistics based on the decease certifications and subsequently depending on the alterations of different ICD ‘s taking ICD-1 to now utilizing ICD-10, the group decided to besides include morbidity statistics for diagnostic intents. It besides has the capableness to sort diseases based on the marks, symptoms and unnatural findings where any wellness attention forces can easy derive cognition in an unambiguous mode. It is besides used for charge intents [ 9 ] .

Structure of ICD-10:

Taking from old versions of ICD to late developed version of ICD-10, the construction of ICD follows same construction which was antecedently proposed by William Farr. The construction of ICD-10 is based on Epidemic diseases, general diseases, local diseases, developmental diseases, hurts [ 9 ] .

The construction of the list of categorization of diseases can be shown in the below tabular array [ 9 ] , which is divided into separate columns each column has Chapters, Codes and Description of that diseases [ 9 ] .

It has list of 21 chapters and a set of codifications are assigned to each chapter. Each codification has foremost missive as an Alphabet and each Alphabet is assigned to each chapter but in chapter 2 Neoplasms has D alphabet and besides D alphabet in Diseases of blood.

In general, codifications are assigned as three character codifications which is said to be chief or core categorization of a disease and sub classs of that disease can be denoted as four character classs. To be explain more in item, sing one sort of disease from the tabular array, say Chapter 2 Neoplasm which has codifications from C00-D48 and subcategories which are malignant tumor of Neoplasm are assigned as codifications C00.0-D48.9 three characters followed by an extension with a point. The ICD-10 codifications are denoted in alphameric codifications whereas ICD-9 is denoted merely in numeral codifications merely. There are fresh U codifications in ICD-10 [ 9 ] .

Table: Division of ICD codifications into Chapters [ 9 ] .

Troubles in ICD-10:

There is no possibility of naming the constructs once more under anatomical parts for the constructs which are one time represented in a individual hierarchy. For illustration, if some disease caused by chest malignant neoplastic disease is mentioned in Chapter 2, it can non be mentioned once more in the anatomical parts of diseases covering chapter 6- chapter 16. Even though chest malignant neoplastic disease is related to anatomical part chest, it can non be covered in chapters of anatomical parts. This is the chief drawback of ICD-10 [ 9 ] .

If we want to update a new codification which surely fits under some chief codification for illustration, see chief codification C00 for some disease and we want to update some disease which absolutely suits under chief codification as a sub class codification, it is non at all possible by ICD-10, because updating requires an empty infinite to make full which says that it is non possible to update on behalf of already used codifications [ 9 ] .

Revisions:

The purpose of alterations is to non alter the full construction of the old versions, have to see how to develop an easy manner of accessing medical cognition is possible without any complications, confusions, struggles.

The freshly developed versions includes most ( major nucleus ) of the content, construction every bit same as old versions, merely minor alteration and based on that merely minor alterations can be possible depending on the troubles raised by utilizing the present versions and those troubles are avoided and expected non to see in the hereafter development of versions.

When compared with alterations based on ICD-9 and ICD-10 alterations made are:

Expanded from a individual 3-digit ICD-9 class ( 001 ) to a 3 digit ICD-10 five classs ( A00-A005 ) .

ICD-9 numeral codifications to ICD-10 alpha numeral codifications.

Transfering from one codification to other codification in the categorizations [ 11 ] .

Future Version of ICD ( ICD-11 ) :

What I expect to be changed from ICD-10 to ICD-11:

“ Depending upon the troubles raised in ICD-10, the constructs based on diseases of anatomical parts should be included in anatomical parts constructs because even if person who are non so familiar with some hard footings which denotes the disease can easy be happen the information in anatomical parts and everyone knows the anatomical parts where disease is really in the patient organic structure. So, disease under anatomical parts is of import ” .

“ Categorization of diseases, mortality and morbidity statistics can be done individually under separate chapters for Adults, Neonatal attention, Small kids, Old people so that they can easy distinguish for determination support. This will be a job in footings of dose of drugs and thereby allergic reactions caused by them because dose factor is really less for grownups when compared to little kids ” .

“ Particular sort of categorization can be best thoughts when Neonatal attention is taken into consideration due to most of them are affected by bosom diseases or tumor at a really early age ” .

Decision:

“ As far EHR is concerned, it is really of import in every wellness organisations so that information can be readily available for the doctors where they can treat in an efficient mode. EHR with Controlled Terminologies and Clinical Coding Classification Systems are besides of import for an easy entree to the medical cognition. More figure of nomenclatures are being developed by recognized organisations like WHO, National Centre for Health Statistics ( NCHS ) where doctors can anticipate an easy manner of accessing medical cognition For Example, function ( associating ) of nomenclature with ICD like SNOMED CT which one of the controlled clinical nomenclature ” .

Identify the strengths and weaknesses of Fontaine’s and Gaudin’s negotiating strategy in their deliberations with Reliant Chemical Company. Fontaine and Gaudin started off with a competitive strategy, wherein the outcome of the negotiation was more important than the relationship. This is evidenced by the fact that the market for VCM would be oversupplied in a few years due to the building of new chemical plants and a drop in demand.

Pacific only needed to secure an extension from Reliant to enable them to maintain operations for just a while longer or until they could come up with a new business strategy for the future. There is nothing to suggest that Pacific had any incentive to maintain a relationship with Reliant after that time. Although Pacific was considering becoming a producer of PVC products in order to minimize its dependence on external sales, no firm decision had yet been made so Pacific’s possible survival was still up in the air.

Fontaine and Gaudin were aware that they had less than a three year window in which to extend the contract. They also knew that Reliant was probably aware that the market was going soft. Although Fontaine and Gaudin began their efforts with a sense of urgency to extend the contract with Reliant, they came into negotiation not having really developed their strategy and how they would attack it. They were unprepared for the issues that Reliant brought up and were essentially on the defensive throughout.

The sense of urgency that exhibited coming into the negotiations was undermined by their failure to set time limits or deadlines. They were fair game for “entrapment” by the Reliant since they really had no information about Reliant’s situation and therefore could not counter or reverse the attack. Although Competitive Strategy was the intent, poor planning and unanticipated problems along the way caused their strategy to get flipped around and they succumbed to utilizing an Accommodating strategy (lose to win) in the end.

Strengths

“The accommodating strategy may be used to encourage a more interdependent relationship, to increase support and assistance from the other, or even cool off hostile feelings if there is tension in the relationship. If the relationship is ongoing, then it may be particularly appropriate to “back down” now, to keep communication lines open and not pressure the opponent to give in on something that they do not want to discuss (Lewicki 18)”. Weaknesses: In most cases, this is a short-term strategy used with the expectation that accommodation now will create an opportunity to achieve outcome goals in the future.

This strategy should only be used when the outcome is not very important or if the primary objective is to improve the relationship. Unfortunately, for Pacific the outcome was important though the relationship wasn’t. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of Hauptman’s and Zinnser’s negotiating strategy. Hauptman and Zinnser utilized Competitive Strategy (win to lose). Unlike Pacific, Reliant had done its research and was fully aware of Pacific’s situation and the market dynamics going on at the time and, presumably well into the future.

They had a plan, developed a strategy and used it to their advantage. Essentially, Reliant had been given no incentive by Pacific to extend the contract. They had done their research, and armed with the knowledge gleaned and now aware as to the reasons why Pacific was so eager to extend the contract, they took the opportunity to gain the upper hand. Since Pacific never imposed any deadlines, they stalled for as long as they could all the while arguing for, and getting a number of concessions along the way.

They were never on the defensive at any time since Pacific had nothing on them. They were in a favorable position to “entrap” Pacific, causing them to change strategies which resulted in failed negotiations. Strengths: The Competitive strategy is effective in getting the other party to give in, and thus to satisfy the competitor’s needs now.

Weaknesses

The outcome of the negotiation is more important than the relationship. It strains and endangers the relationships between the parties. What action should Fontaine take at the end of the case? Fontaine needs to reverse the damage done. Perhaps a collaborative strategy is in order. If Fontaine can convince Reliant that they will get into the PVC business after all and possibly become a PVC products manufacturer, hence a competitive threat, maybe Reliant will then get off their high horse and agree to cooperate for the mutual benefit of everyone. Pacific will need to make some concessions. Price, exclusive contracts or even a non-compete agreement may convince Reliant it would not be worth it to retaliate against Pacific.

The graphic design industry has grown over the years and has become a highly profitable industry in the 21st century. Graphic design has been used in creation of web sites, publication of newspapers, magazines and books, branding and creation of logos (Heller & Balance, 59). Graphic design uses visual arts, typography and page layout techniques to combine images, words and symbols to produce a visual illustration of messages and ideas. This paper will attempt to bring to light the specialization and evolution of the graphic design industry (Heller & Balance, 44).

After the Second World War, America developed a greater interest in the graphic design industry especially in the advertising and packaging industry. Examples are Adrian Frutiger and Paul Rand who applied principles of graphic design in the mid- 20th century in creating of advertisement and logo designs. They became the pioneers of corporate identity which is a sub-set of graphic design (Heller & Balance, 59). Graphic designers have become part of the team that works on branding projects and corporate identity (Heller & Balance, 62).

Graphic design is an area that has grown and is still advancing to greater heights. Diverse aspects and skills have been developed in graphic design over the years which have facilitated specialization in various fields in graphic design. Visual Arts is one of the aspects of graphic design. Before graphic elements are used to enhance a design, the elements must first be made original through use of visual art skills (C, Fiell & P, Fiell, 63). Visual arts comprise works that are visual in nature created by use of photography or traditional media.

This has led to creation of a sub-sector in graphic design that exclusively deals in visual arts. With the arrival of the computer age, visual art works can be created through computers (computer generated art). Jobs such as graphic designing, specialized photography have been developed from visual art skills and the field is still expanding (C, Fiell & P, Fiell, 63). Typography is another aspect of graphic design that has advanced over the years. It refers to the art and techniques of type design and arrangement of characters.

This process involves selection of appropriate line spacing, typefaces, letter spacing among others. Before the digital age, typography was by itself a specialized occupation. Digitization expanded typography to a new era of lay users and visual designers. Typography is done by typesetters, typographers, graphic artists, art directors, compositors and clerical workers (C, Fiell & P, Fiell, 65). Another aspect of graphic design is page layout which deals with the arrangement of content on a page, it includes text layout, style and image placement.

This process has become very important in modern printed material. Modern catalogues and magazines require structured page designs which attract readers. Graphic designers have grown in demand in the publishing industries over the years (C, Fiell & P, Fiell, 59). With the arrival of computer software development and the World Wide Web, graphic designers have gotten involved with interface design. Interface design includes web and software designs. Graphic designers often work with web and software developers to enhance the interactivity of the web site browser.

Consumer interaction has become very important with the growing competitive nature of world wide business. Web sites which attract customers get more clients; this has created opportunities for graphic web designers who constantly adjust and create web designs for companies which suite the clients needs (Heller & Balance, 107). Icon design is another aspect of interface design which is currently in use. In software application, it may refer to flat and simple 2D drawing or a complex combination of elements of radial and linear color gradients, contour shades, projected shadows and 3D effects.

3D graphics are widely in use in the entertainment industry, they are used in the making of movies and animations in the 21st century (C, Fiell & P, Fiell, 67). In the mid 1980s, there was the advent of graphic software application and desktop publishing introducing a new generation of designers to the field of computer image creation and manipulation which previously required manual execution (Heller & Balance, 106). Graphic design by use of computers makes it possible for designers to see effects of typographical changes and also simulate the effects of traditional media with economical use of space.

In earlier days of the advent of computer publishing, traditional designers depended on computer production artists to generate their ideas from sketches, without the need to learn computer skills. However, this has become less common since the arrival of desktop publishing (Heller & Balance, 99). Unlike, in the 20th century, the computer in the 21st century is considered an important tool in graphic design. Software application and computers are considered by professionals to be more effective than methods such as, drawing, making sculptures and printmaking.

However, some critics argue that computers compromise creativity and stick to manual methods of production. Graphic design covers a wide spectrum of career paths that require creativity in arrangement of visual elements in some kind of media. It covers such jobs as graphic designer, art director, production artist and creative director. It also covers such specialized skills such as photography, sculpture molding and drawing (Heller & Balance, 102). In conclusion, graphic design requires a great deal of creativity, judgment, critical observation and analytic thinking.

The field of Graphic design has changed a lot over the years and it seems that it will keep developing at a fast rate; therefore designers should appreciate and try to incorporate traditional methods of design so as not to lose originality of their designs. Works Cited Fiell, Charlotte, & Fiell, Peter. Contemporary Graphic Design. Cologne: Taschen Gmbh Publishers, 2006 Heller, Steven & Balance, Geogette, Graphic design history. New York: Allworth Press Publishers, 2001

The Security Industry has been considered as one of the most well-practiced business venture for all time. Since the birth of the said type of investing, businessmen worldwide are hooked into it. Their main goal is to collect large amount of money out of security trade and industry. However, there factors that might affect the realization of these primary goal. These factors include ethics, availability of sufficient funds and good business planning and implementation. In this paper, we are more concerned of ethics in the Security Industry which is a vital factor in achieving financial success.

Thus, it is hereby submitted that ethics in the security industry is the most important factor that affects financial improvement in any business endeavor. The Role and Impact of Ethics in the Security Industry According to Velasquez et. als, ethics refers to the proper standards of right and wrong that provide what human beings need to act (Velasquez, 2008). It is a matter of choosing what is right and doing it despite the unethical behaviors in the choices. There is a need to maintain fair and honest business transactions.

This is because the only instance that a customer can trust the businessmen and their products is honesty. The opposite of honesty is fraud and fraudulent machination makes the customers or the consumers loose their trust to the market of goods and commodities. As a result, the economy would be greatly and negatively affected. Another thing is that, security industry is vested with public interest. That is the reason why we mentioned that the economy would be totally affected. The interest of the investors runs second to the list since they are the participants of that kind of business ventures.

So then, most of the laws related to security industry aims to require market players to maintain high ethical standards as well as integrity to make sure that we can have fruitful and strong economic activities. In line with that, the market participants are also required to obey the rules and regulations given by the government (Gadziala, 2008). The ultimate means of applying high ethical standards in business activities involving security industry is to remain faithful of the laws being enacted by the government. Giving all these remarks, there is a need to rebuild the way we apply ethical standards relating to security industry.

The primary part of this purpose is to accept the fact that there is an existing problem and as well as to move for proper responses of this problem. The subsequent steps engaged valuable completion of the curative measures and, maybe more importantly, a wide-ranging assessment to recognize probable risks and troubles followed by practical measures to put off potential transgressions (Gadziala, 2008). To explain these things, we need to think that unethical behaviors results to unsuccessful business venture relating to security industry.

We might as well remember the unsuccessful business occurrences of Enron and World Com wherein unethical standards like fraud and dishonesty highly contributed into the two company’s demise. Aside from that, ethics is also important in security industry since it can prevent conflict of interests between and among officers of the corporations or the shareholders and the clients. Conflict of interest may happen when research analysts in a given company provides conflicting data or results. Aside from that, officers of the business organization may prioritize their personal interests over that of the company it held for leadership.

Situations like these and others transformed business key players, regulators, and policy makers all are aware of the call for for an improved center on fulfillment and ethics, and the necessity to initiate taking curative measures and commence practical initiatives (Gadziala, 2008). Since there are companies worldwide that are experiencing these kinds of problems, there is a need to let their representatives be aware of the solutions before it is too late. It cannot be denied that the fall of Enron affected the economy and made several people jobless.

Moreover, Lyn and Wei mentioned that there is a need to consider employment security and justice even in security industry (Lyn and Wei, 2006). There is a need to care for the welfare of individual shareholders in terms of their interests contributed to the company. Any unethical behavior started when selfish motive creeps in and personal interests runs supreme over general welfare. This issue had erupted due to the merger and acquisition processes that had been entered into by companies that were not properly made thereby affecting several people involved in the business endeavor.

An example of this scenario is what happened with Enron when it ventures into merger wherein unethical behavior of its officers led to its bankruptcy. Finally, it is safe to say that the role and impact of ethics in the security industry is enormous knowing that it can make or break a company. The main idea is that, unethical behavior relating to fraud and dishonesty breaks a business away while high ethical standards make it successful. There is also a need to consider that when security industry fails, the economy can be affected such that it is vested with public interest.

References

Gadziala, M. A. U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 2005, June 23. Speech by SEC Staff: Rebuilding Ethics and Compliance in the Securities Industry. Retrieved August 11, 2008, from http://www. sec. gov/news/speech/ spch062305mag. htm. Lin, C. Y. & Wei, Y. C. (2006). The Role of Business Ethics in Merger and Acquisition Success: An Empirical Study. Journal of Business Ethics, 69: 95-109. Velasquez et. als. Santa Clara University. (2008). What is Ethics? Retrieved August 11, 2008, from http://www. scu. edu/ethics/practicing/decision/whatisethics. html.

To which part of an industry does a workers education contribute? It belongs to human capital. Except for the education itself, human capital includes personal traits of the employee, skills, talents. All those features help the worker to perform better and bring about the economic growth of the company.

The main issue in the Mountainside Industries case is the problem of interdepartmental coordination and collaboration which spawn serious sub-problems as failure to optimize resources, hence, incurring opportunity costs in the areas of

1. purchasing from identical suppliers;
2. duplication of marketing efforts;
3. non-compliance with delegated levels of disbursement authorities; and,
4. losing business opportunities out of a diversified production processes, among others.

There is a need hence to address primarily the corporate coordination issue and accompanying the restructuring with policy and organizational support through clear operating and management control system which are outlined below.

Problem analysis and diagnosis

In mergers and acquisitions, the risk of failure in coordinative efforts critical to optimizing resources is part of the inherent risk the new owner should have anticipated upon acquisition.

Considering the relative autonomy the different divisions have been used to before the merger, the new management did not call for a general meeting of all units to explain the new organizational set up with a new coordinative strategy headed by the new General Manager. In such a meeting, the symbiotic relationships of all units were not clarified and strategized, leaving each manager to fend and manage for himself as usual.

This is unproductive since the mergers are supposed to create a strategic advantage of resource maximization and optimization. Policy restructuring and reformulation did not accompany the merger to streamline a new system of operations which should have included a clear definition of signing authorities in terms of purchasing, marketing, expenditures, a compliance system through internal, management and operations audit and a performance management and evaluation system.

Likewise, the new management did not explore the possibility of retraining and reorienting the unit managers to recognize the new organizational operating system, accountabilities and employee code of discipline. Team building of officers and staff was not included in the organizational development (OD) process. Without addressing the above strategic restructuring and reorganization, Mountainside Industries is destined for chaos.

Alternative solutions & recommendations

The above-mentioned problem analysis, therefore, calls for the following strategic solutions and alternatives:

1. Mountainside Industries must establish a new organizational setup with a distinct corporate mission and philosophy known to all. There is a need for a central purchasing, marketing, production, accounting and control functions with congruencies in terms of goals and objectives.
   Rationalized operations should limit the authorities of the units in terms of volume and cost beyond which shall be handled by a corporate unit (marketing, purchasing, production, accounting and control) in charge of bigger and higher levels of authorities;
2. Conduct a human resource organizational development process of cultural assimilation, policy consolidation and team building workshop series to smoothen the transition through organizational leadership processes;
3. Create a cross functional team to address problems and issues arising out of the transition period until the streamlining objectives are achieved.
   This team will represent the various units and formulate policies and coordinative process for compliance;
4. Installing a system of corporate-wide management control which includes performance management, measurement and evaluation and reward system, budgeting and variance analysis, corporate and business unit strategic planning, responsibility accounting through profit and investment centers, transfer pricing, project management and risk assessment and management systems.

Conclusion

The system of management control systems will assure the owner, Mrs. Hill with reasonable assurance of smooth and responsive corporate processing and production system, a highly motivated manpower complement assured of learning and growth, customer satisfaction through quality products and services at lower costs; and, profitability and sustainability of corporate governance system, organizational leadership with social responsibility component.

Under the recommended comprehensive setup, Mrs. Hill can be additionally assured of an emerging relative autonomy through a system of stratified authorities and accountabilities.

Works cited

Anthony, Robert. N. & Vijay Govindarajan. Management Control Systems, 11th International Edition, Singapore.McGraw-Hill Education (Asia), 2003

Tourism has been a major boost to the American economy for a long time. To sustain it, hospitality industry was introduced to cater for the ever increasing demand for tourism services. Casino gaming is a form of relaxation and spending leisure time, and there fore is associated with tourism industry It has brought many economic implications that are admirable, especially from the 1990s when casino was legitimized.

Since then, there has been a fast economic growth in the casino industry Casino gaming has taken about seventy five percent of of the American gaming industry, taking two hundred and seventy five US dollars out of about three hundred and ninety five US dollars investment. Las Vegas which is one of the tourists destinations has economically experienced a fast growth. Americans have found a way of attracting more tourists and money through casino gaming (Donovan,2005).

Since the American government needs to create more jobs, tax the investments and given that the community, apart from a small section of it are supporting , casino gaming has attracted many people and investors. At this rate, the economy of America is bound to improve due to the increased employment opportunities and, foreign and domestic investment, more tourists and the tax that is obtained from these casino gaming activities.

Technology has not larked behind to ensure efficiency in the casino industry An investor in the name of Vasec has made the running and management of a casino and the related hospitality issues easier by making rostering and payroll automatic. This has greatly reduced the number of employees while giving optimum service. This has led to larger profit margins, from which the government will tax more since the tax paid is a function of the profit margins among others. Through this technology, it is possible to tack unlicensed casinos and those which are not up to standards.

in this way of investing in casino industry, no government revenues can be lost through illegal casinos (Wall & Mathieson, 2006). Introduction of the casino industry led to an economic impact in the education sector. A course in running and managing a casino has been introduced in Michigan State University under the department of hospitality studies. Given the recent trends in the casino industry, this institution and others will soon enjoy a large source of revenue. Several graduates from this institution have got permanent job placements in Casino in the tourist destination of lake Tahoe.

More casino management jobs in Detroit are expected when casino gaming shall be introduced in this town as is anticipated. As casino gaming continue to explosively expand, the economy of America is also expected to expand along. In service industry, marketing is a key activity to ensure success of the industry. Casino has not been an exception. Many marketers have signed contracts with the new and pre-established casinos to create publicity and customer awareness. This is also a boost to the economy because new marketing jobs have been created.