Infection

Staphylococcus erasures is a coagulate positive bacterium, and is among those that are dangerous unman pathogen because it has the ability to both be extremely virulent and its ability to develop antibiotic resistance, (Beers, 1442). This leads to the explanation of Nonmetallic-Resistant Staphylococcus erasures. The particular pathogen is cross-resistant to all Beta-lactates, Including all penicillin and cosponsoring (Beers, 229). As of late there have been two different way that MRS. has been classified.

The first CA-MRS., Is community acquired MRS., and HA-MRS. healthcare acquired MRS. (Gregory, 230). Both cause skin and soft tissue Infections, which Include abscess, furnaces, and bolls. Most patients do not even notice the site t first claiming they thought it was a spider bite and leave it untreated for an extended length of time (Gregory, 232). Transmission of the bacteria occurs through close contact with someone who is already infected with the organism (Gregory, 233).

Surprisingly the organism can be found in the nose and skin of 20-30% of healthy adults, according to The Merck Research Laboratories (Broker, 873). According to the CDC, 85% of all invasive MRS. infections are associated with hospital stays. However many hospitals are trying to combat the extremely high communicable rate at which this “Super Bug” is breading, with the use of “Contact Precautions” (Gregory, 244). Identification of an Infection occurs wealth 48-72 hours of a culture (Gregory, 239).

After a patient Is determined to have MRS., each visitor, nurse, doctor etc. That enters that patients room must wear a disposable gown and gloves, and then must take of these items before exiting the room. Hospitals hope that this will limit the spread of MRS. among its patients. So far there are have been two types of antibiotic that will treat or kill MRS.. Vaccines has been shown to kill the organism, while Thermopile- collateralizes inhibits its ability to multiply (Broker, 874).

Why do poor countries have a predominance of infectious diseases as opposed to the lifestyle-related diseases of wealthy countries? What is your response to the global health inequalities that exist? By Marcela Step One: Why do poor countries have a predominance of Infectious diseases as opposed to the lifestyle-related diseases of wealthy countries? What Is your response to the global health Inequalities that exist? Step Two: Willie’s sociological imagination template has made me understand how factors including historical, cultural, structural and critical components affect the way one fives their life (Willis, as cited in Germen, 2014).

As each factor is linked to one another, a variance of health issues worldwide continuously exists. I have experienced global health inequality first hand due to structural factors such as undeveloped technology and education. During the semester break of this year, I was fortunate enough to travel throughout South America. Unfortunately whilst traveling I became very ill and was taken to a clinic for medical assistance. One attended to, patients, including myself were treated in an unhygienic environment, with poor attention to sanitation such as clean sheets on the examination bed.

Poor health practices also occurred with very few health professionals wearing appropriate clothing such as gloves when vaccinating a patient or correctively washing their hands before and after examining a patient. Personally, the experience of being treated with such medical attendance under poor conditions has led me to believe that the predominance of infectious diseases in developing nations Is somewhat because health practices are not being followed In accordance to clinical practice guidelines.

Marcela Merles S00107898 using my experience as an example, the environment Itself and the negligence of hygiene from health professionals themselves creates an easy exposure and outbreak of Infectious diseases to patients. Both examples are easily preventable and the health Inequality here exists when comparing the treatment given to patients using health standards of developed nations In comparison to undeveloped nations. On another hand, I have seen the predominance of lifestyle-related diseases In Australia from a cultural component.

Born and raised in Australia I know that the Australian culture consists of social gatherings such as barbeques, which increase the likelihood of choices such as alcohol consumption, smoking and unhealthy diet. Ordinance of diseases in wealthy nations such as Australia are due to lifestyle choices made by the individual. The individual is putting themselves at risk with behaviors such as lack of exercise and unhealthy dieting contributing to obesity and cardiovascular diseases.

In comparison, I believe the predominance of diseases in underdeveloped nations is primarily infectious-based due to the quality of care received by patients. A large percentage of citizens have difficulty accessing health care of greater-quality because of their socio-economic status or the unavailability of such health care found within reasonable traveling distance. I believe health inequalities are preventable, but barriers as those mentioned previously including a lack of education from health professionals as well, obstructs any preventative measures from being put into action, exposing patients to a greater risk of diseases.

Manila Merles s00107898 Step Three: Further research into health sociology, in particular the sociological theory of modernity (Lives, 2008), has given me greater awareness of how and why particular health problems exist. Lives (2008) defines modernity as a modern outlook of the world driven by economy, politics and science. Breakthrough in these areas has not only shown structural changes to the development of industrialization and political democracy, but also a changed way of thinking with modernization of knowledge and ideas.

Modernization represents a complete change from the past out breaking into a different type of society. The theory of modernity can be linked to the structural factors of the sociological template and has shown me an understanding of how modern societies have an advantage in social organizations, in comparison to undeveloped societies. This concept is strongly influenced by technology and such advancements in wealthy countries allow citizens to live differently to those in undeveloped nations.

In respect to health, advanced technology may include medical treatment including resources used that are of higher quality than those used in undeveloped nations. Likewise, modernity allows for advancements in education and in reference to health inequality, health education must be put into further action for undeveloped societies to be taught at least the basic forms of prevention of diseases. An insight into the theory of modernity has shown me that everyone sees health and illness fervently and hence is a reason why there are health differences among cultures and countries worldwide.

As the structural components of a social organization affect people’s lives, it is important to look at the role the government of undeveloped nations play within their health care system. Using my personal experience as recalled in part two, citizens in South America do not have control over the health care they receive. In Australia, we are fortunate to have Medicare as the basis of Australia’s health care system, covering many health care costs for its citizens. Such health care system does not exist in South America, therefore the financial status of each individual impact greatly receive care and treatment at all.

Additionally, economic disadvantages within a nation may not have substantial funds to build health care centers such as hospitals and medical centers or provide those in need with medical supplies that are economically in reach. I believe that Australia has developed chronic lifestyle-related diseases due to behaviors such as eating patterns while South America has developed infectious diseases through unhygienic practices. Furthermore, I used the social model of health as a reference to make rather understanding of health inequality and possible methods for providing better health for those in need (Germen, 2014).

This model highlights “health inequalities suffered by different social groups based on class, gender, ethnicity and occupation” (Germen, 2014). Having this in mind, I can make reference to the Australian lifestyle and culture as a determinant for chronic diseases suffered in this country. Manila Merles s0010789 I believe that Australia has developed chronic lifestyle-related diseases due to behaviors such as eating patterns while South America has developed infectious sissies through unhygienic practices.

In addiction to unhygienic practices as a factor of infectious diseases, the social model of health has made me understand that education; economic status, ethnicity and access to health care systems also contribute to this as well. Step Four: The World Health Organization (2014) has defined health inequality as “differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different population groups”. The social, economic and environmental conditions in which a person is born and lives in strongly influences one’s health (WHO, 2014).

Health inequalities can be due to natural variations or personal choices, I. E. The growth of lifestyle-related diseases in Australia, and others are due to outside environment and conditions the individual cannot control, I. E. The predominance of infectious diseases in poor countries (Turrets, Stately, De Eloper, & Oldenburg, 2006). The uneven distribution of health inequality worldwide is unjust and unfair but such unfairness is not only found within the distribution of health itself (Irradiate and Allotted, 2007).

This has created a significant gap of health status between the wealthy and the poor. Not only are health inequalities apparent between different socio-economic groups but also between genders and different ethnic groups (Allotted, Irradiate, Kumar, & Cummins, 2003). To begin with, Irradiate and Allotted (2007) have researched health inequality as an outcome of economically deprived populations. Differences in population health are associated with global health outcomes (Irradiate and Allotted, 2007).

Health inequality due to economy is unfair as the difficulty a population experiences in health care is determined by the population’s wealth (Irradiate and Allotted, 2007). Poorer countries have shown to be affected by an uneven distribution of health of up to five times worse off than the standard of health experienced in wealthier countries (Irradiate and Allotted, 2007). It has been shown that wealthier countries have higher capacity to support poor health than in poor countries, with the impact of poor health on an individual and societal level being significantly less (Allotted et al. 2003). Reasons for this include the investment in social and healthcare services and higher-quality physical infrastructure found within wealthier regions, controlling the impact of death and illness (Allotted et al. , 2003). Likewise, new scientific discoveries such as the vaccine against the human papilla virus preventing cervical cancer offers advanced and improved health. However an individual’s economic status remains an obstacle to ensure the availability of such vaccination to those most at risk (Senator, Gill, & Beaker, 2011).

Alkali and Chin (2004) have also concluded that socioeconomics disadvantaged groups experience greater ill health, as they are likely to put themselves at risk engaging in behaviors that are linked with poorer health status. In this case, such groups are also less likely to act on improving their health as well (Alkali and Chin, 2004). Additionally, powers that have the ability to effectively sustain caring social services, including health care systems to citizens of each country also shapes population health (Turrets et al. , 2006).

This may not be the case in poorer countries as the nation’s government may lack governmental institutions such as Medicare available in Australia, covering many health care costs, making it possible for citizens to receive medical treatment when in need. Extra alternatives such as private health insurance are also available in Australia but such service may be unavailable in poorer countries or financially inaccessible to the individual. Also, over half of the population in developing nations do not have access to medicines for the treatment of diseases such as cholera, malaria or typhoid fever (Gelid, 2005).

Lack of access to basic medicine supplies such as antibiotics, decongestants or analgesic also expose people as being vulnerable to infectious diseases (Gelid, 2005). Secondly, population health has also been shaped according to educational level Turrets, Stanley, De Eloper, & Oldenburg, 2006). Cutler and Leers-Money (2012) conclude that education is key to ending bad health habits and a crucial factor that contributes to the transmission of infectious diseases. According to Denton (2003) wealthier, well-educated populations live longer than poorer, less-educated populations.

An educated person is said to have a higher capacity to understand and apply health benefits for themselves as well as have greater access to health care Reflecting back on my personal experience, some health professionals may lack impotency to follow clinical practice guidelines of the same standard followed by health professionals in Australia. Health professionals in undeveloped nations may not realism the importance of following such guidelines or may not be put into action as strictly as they are in Australia.

In Australia clinical practice guidelines state the extent of clean and highly sanitation service that must be provided to the patient. The lack of education and knowledge to do so including following procedures such as hand washing puts the health professional primarily at fault for the spread of infectious diseases from patient to patient. Likewise, not only health professionals but also citizens of underdeveloped nations do not have substantial access to education, therefore it is difficult for knowledge of good health to be practiced. Developing countries are also lacking in promotion of good health as well (Senator, Gill, & Beaker, 2011).

Education will also end poverty through employment and develop skills that help improve health status in underdeveloped nations (Cutler and Leers- Money, 2012). Additionally, poor nutrition also contributes increases unhealthy lifestyles. Those who are at a financial disadvantage do not have access to essential nutrients. Lack of clean water in undeveloped nations also increases the spread of infectious diseases. Those who do not have access to fresh, uncontaminated water have no choice but to bath, drink and wash food such as fruits and vegetables all with the one water supply.

These situations increase the exposure of infectious diseases (Gelid, 2005). The global increase of food costs also lead to unhealthy nutritional status. There is evidence to suggest that those with low income can no longer buy quality products eating to household restrictions, affecting the country economy as well (Bloom, Brinkman, De Pee, Sandhog, & Suburban, 2010). As discussed poor countries have a predominance of infectious diseases from reasons such as lack of education or financially unable to afford better-quality health care.

These reasons are opposed to the predominance of disease in wealthier countries that have been found to be lifestyle-related based due to personal choice, individual behavior and increased access to fast food, tobacco and alcohol in wealthier countries also increases the chances of these diseases (Cutler & Leers-Money, 2012). Wealthy counties have shown to be dominated by lifestyle-related diseases and very rarely having outbreaks of infectious diseases (Cutler & Leers-Money, 2012).

Health-related behaviors prone to produce lifestyle-related diseases can include the overcompensation of alcohol intake, smoking, unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity (Adam et al. , 2011). By acting upon these behaviors, the individual is exposing themselves to cardiovascular diseases and various types of cancers such as lung and liver, only to has led to a high percentage of skin cancer, as people do not take sun protection into inconsideration when doing so (Turrets et al. , 2006). It is important to note that not only does health inequality exist from country to country, but within country ethnicity groups as well (Healed, 2004).

Health inequality within Australia is evident with Indigenous Australians who have shown a lower level of good health and access to appropriate health care treatment than non-indigenous Australians (Healed, 2004). Step Five: To sum up, this essay has provided me with the graduate attribute of thinking critically and reflectively. It is essential for all students to develop this particular skill, to only for university purposes but also to use throughout their future careers. This essay has allowed me to reflect on past experiences and evaluate health inequality between wealthy and poor countries.

From this, I was able to think critically for reasons on this such as economy and educational level found within undeveloped countries and lifestyle choices within wealthier countries. Developing this skill has made me conclude that health inequality does not only exist within a country as a whole, but can occur within country regions as well. Additionally, I was able to not only reflect and think about my own perspective based n my living conditions, but the need to step outside of one’s shoes to see how others in undeveloped countries experience health inequality.

Distinguish between viruses, bacteria, ricketiest, fungi, parasites, and prisons. 2. Viruses: RNA or DNA. Obligate intracellular parasites. Seek “permissive cells to infect. Some strains have shown periodic changes by have mutations and forming new strands; Require a tissue culture In order to grow; Consist of RNA or DNA In a protective globetrotting coat; Influenza – Dengue Fever ? carried by mosquito SST. Louis encephalitis virus – carried by mosquito HIVE Hepatitis – Makes skin a yellow tint; can get from tattoos and has a long term risk of lung cancer (type C) Rhinoceros

Measles Norwalk virus – highly infective and can ruin Cruise ship vacations Rabies – transmitted in animal and human fluid and tissues and usually cause from an animal bit that opens the skin of a human; get anti-vaccine once bit Bola – transmitted in animal and human fluid and tissues Herpes – DNA virus; can be given antibiotics to try to fight It; Chickenpox – DNA virus Smallpox – DNA virus 3. Bacteria: free-living organisms capable of reproduction If needs are not met: nutrients, environment (e. G. Temp, aerobic/anaerobic) susceptible host (compromised immune defenses).

Categorized by shape: cuscus (stash, strep, concusses, pneumatics), bacilli (tetanus, botulism), spirochetes (syphilis, Boreal, Gram+ bacteria retain the purplish stain); prokaryotic & the smallest free-living forms Staphylococcus – Streptococcus Concusses – SIT that affects mucus membranes in urethra and creates discharge and burning through urethra; cultures can show negative even when it is positive; can give children eye Infections at birth Tuberculosis – lung disorder that causes the mouth; destroys cartilage Chlamydia – get In cells but respond to antibiotics Pneumatics Incongruous

Clamatorial tenant – rod shaped Botulism – rod-shaped; a neurotic also used in medicine Perplexing – bacilli; gangrene Hemophilia influenza – bacillus that causes respiratory infections Bacillus anthracic – causes skin lesions and lung infections Salmonella – food poisoning Comparable – food poisoning E. Coli 01 57:HA – food poisoning; Mycobacterium tuberculosis – slow growing lung disease acquired from the air-born spread of rod-shaped bacteria that are affected by host Trepanned – spiral shaped bacteria that causes syphilis Boreal burglarproofed – spiral shaped and is carried by a tick that causes Lime

Tine piped – athlete’s foot (foot fungus); also know as ringworm but not from a worm Tine crisis – affects the groin Candida Albanians – yeasts in the vagina (vaginas), mouth & bloodstream Pneumatics caring – one of the most common infections in AIDS patients Valley Fever – bumps on face; from mosquito in SW USA; sadomasochism’s 5. Parasites: complex multiplied & single celled organisms. Ameba’s, Guardia, hookworm, scriptorium’s inhabit unsanitary water.

Schistose, malaria plasmid, folia, noncommercial’s & transportations organisms utilize other creates to omelet their lifestyles Mites Lice Plasmid follicular – causes malaria; vector is an anopheles mosquito that is the most dangerous of parasites Schistose – worms that infect the liver and bladder from a snail Tapeworm – acquired from pork or beef Hookworm – acquired from soil Circumscription – waterborne; outbreak in Milwaukee in 1993 sickened 400,000 with 100 deaths Guardia – intestinal parasite acquired from rivers and streams Pedicurists pubis – the crab louse that is from a sexually transmitted disease Repressiveness – parasite in the rivers that use vectors 6.

Prisons – Abnormally folded proteins that lack nucleic acids; Prisoner’s 1997 Nobel Prize postulated prisons as the etiology of several encephalopathy’s; Mad-cow disease Koru – affected the tribes from eating people; peoples brains began to look like a sponge and caused a shivering sickness unprecedented-Jacob disease scrappier in sheep – sheep given a food called offal that had a protein-rich substance that allowed the sheep to grow quickly and caused the death of several; could be a vaccine for dementia and Alchemist’s disease if found wasting diseases in deer and mink 7. Distinguish between humeral and cellular immunity. What are the functions of “B” (Plasma Cells) and “T” lymphocytes? What are Mussolini’s such as Gig and IGMP? 8. Vaccines exist for a number of child hoof diseases. What are these? Which are viruses and which are bacteria? 9. Describe the stages of infection. Generalized symptoms include fever, malign, rash, paraphrasing, lymphocyte’s, photographic. What are the public health implications of “carrier states” in diseases such as herpes, HIVE/AIDS, typhoid, TAB, Bola. 10. Why is it so difficult to develop effective vaccines for: malarial, sadomasochists, HIVE? 1 1 .

The sexually transmitted diseases (SST) have preventatives from nearly all of the agents discussed in class. List Studs which are viruses, bacteria, fungi, multiplied parasites. 12. Major factors which amplify epidemics: poor sanitation, poverty, high density populations, malnutrition, compromised immune responses, conflict (resulting in many displaced and wounded victims), environmental changes which favor reproduction of vectors such as insects or rodents, antigenic variation (the organism changes), behavior of the hosts (sexual contacts, unsanitary medical procedures, contaminated injections of illicit drugs, improperly treated infections).

(a) What different arguments are presented through the poems two voices?

(b) How do the poems language and structure contribute to its meaning?

(c) Write about another of Bront�’s poems that has a death or a farewell as its subject matter, making some comparisons with the poem above.

(a) In this poem “In the earth, the earth thou shalt be laid …” two adverse voices dispute the nature of death. The first warns of the grim finality and isolation of death. The second voice welcomes death as the bringer of peace after a life of troubles, and opposes the argument of oblivion with the prospect of posthumous kind remembrance. The first voice returns in the last two stanzas insisting that death brings complete annihilation and observes that the first speaker will be mourned by only one faithful individual.

In the very first stanza, the first voice presents the second with the image of his grave: the laying of his body, the tombstone and the enfolding soil. The first voice talks of death as very final. It talks about the revoltingness of decomposition; warning of death’s defiling bed:

“Black mould beneath thee spread

And black mould to cover thee”.

The second voice welcomes the prospect of death. In stanza two, the second voice interrupts, creating a more sanguine tone. The voice seems to resign of death in “Well, there is rest there”, and the welcoming of death is expressed in the second line. The images this voice uses are by no means morbid. The second voice makes the argument that life is not restful and death is a time of great tranquillity and peace. It suggests death is a time when you and the environment come together as one. The twining of “sunny hair” with “grass-roots” suggests the intricate weaving of one life-from with another. The burial of fair hair takes down an implication of sunlight into the underlying darkness.

The first voice returns in stanza three. This voice objects that “the rest” which the second voice looks forward to is only the chill rest of nothingness:

“But cold, cold is that resting place

Shut out from Joy and Liberty”

There is no happiness of freedom in the oblivion and enclosure of the tomb. The first voice talks of the cold of the grave and that it is a place without any happiness or pleasure. It then counters the more positive attitude towards death of the second voice by expressing the fear and revulsion felt by the living towards the decaying of dead bodies and, therefore, the dead themselves:

“And all who loved thy living face

Shall shrink from its gloom and thee”

The second’s voice gives an emphatic rejection to the first’s ideas. It suggests that, far from cold being the characteristic of death, it characterises the falsehood of the world and human relationships:

“Not so, here the world is chill

And sworn friends fall from me”

This voice is very bitter about rejection. However, the rhythm the tone then lightens:

“But there, they’ll own me still

And prize my memory”

In death, he will be remembered and his worth recognised. He believes that his old friends from life will think of him fondly even if they were indifferent to him when alive.

The first voice concludes the poems in the last two stanzas. In stanza five he seems almost contemptuous:

“Farewell, then, all that love

All that deep sympathy:”

It is almost as if the first voice is dismissing the second as dead already. The nothingness of death is affirmed in a declaration of the indifference of heaven to human fate that is matched only by the indifference of the living:

“Sleep on, heaven laughs above –

Earth never misses thee -“

In the final stanza the voice returns to the image of the grave with which the poem began, observing that the tomb irrevocably severs human relations. The last two lines are ambiguous, but seem to imply that there is, however, one person who mourns, one who was always faithful:

“One heat broke, only”

In conclusion, the two voices propose two completely different arguments into the nature of death. The first voice thinks of the physicality of being dead, and sees it as a time of cold and revulsion. The second voice thinks more of the state of being dead, perceiving death as a release from the troubles of life and enjoys the thought of people looking back fondly on his memory.

(b) This poem, “In the earth, the earth” structure and language contribute a lot to the meaning of the poem. The six quatrains of this elegy are based on an iambic trimester and tetrameter, but with at least one substitution in most of the lines. In particular, the frequent substitution of a spondee in the first foot of each line helps to create the stately solemn tone that suits the subject.

In the first stanza, the first voice presents the second with the image of his grace: the laying of the body, the tombstone and the enfolding soil. Key words in this image are emphasised by means of repetition, alliteration and word order. Thus the repetition of “the earth” in the first half of line 1 contributes to the setting of the melancholy, fatalistic tone. Alliteration in line 2 in “stone standing” builds on this. The repetition of “black mould” in lines 3 and 4 has a similar effect, but here the mould not only refers to the soil, but to the decay of the human body itself within the earth. “Black” likewise refers not only to the colour of the soul, but traditionally, in such a context, signifies death and mourning. But the whole elegiac effect is largely achieved by the word order that creates the heavily spondaic rhythm.

In stanza 2, the second voice shows resignation in the “Well, there is rest there”, and the welcoming of death expressed in the second line. Moreover, in contrast with the image of death in the first stanza of “black earth” the image in lines 3 and 4 is by no means morbid; the “sunny hair” recalls life which is nurtured by sun, and the grass-roots refer to the means of life in the soil. Thus the whole curious effect is the image of weaving them together of two forms of life. The rhythm is highly irregular, for example with the substitution of two dactyls. Again this is an important factor in achieving the different tone of the second voice. The only spondee in this stanza falls appropriately on “grass roots”.

The first voice returns in stanza three. The repetition of “But cold, cold” echoes the opening of stanza 1 (“In the earth, the earth”), and recaptures the contrasting tone. The voice objects that “the rest” which the second voice looks forward to is only the chill rest of nothingness:

“But cold, cold is that resting place

Shut out from Joy and Liberty”

There is no happiness or freedom in the oblivion and enclosure of the tomb. It then counters the more positive attitude towards death of the second voice by expressing the fear and revulsion left by the living towards the evidence of decay (the grave, “that resting place”) and by extension towards the dead themselves:

“And all who loved thy living face

Shall shrink from its gloom and thee”

Alliteration in “all”, “loved”, “living” and “Shall shrink” lend fluency to these lines, whose rhythm is more regular than the second stanza, thus giving this voice a more matter-of-fact tone and saving it from melodrama.

In stanza four, the second voice’s emphatic rejection of the first is signalled by the opening negative “Not so”, and by the italicised antithesis of “here” and “there” around which the stanza is built. The voice suggests that far from cold being the characteristic of death, it characterises the falsehood of the world and human relationships:

“Nor so, here the world is chill

And sworn friends fall from me”

Assonance and alliteration (“friends fall from”) bind these lines and assist the emphasis. The rhythm also greatly contributes to this. The second foot of line 1 is a trochee, giving the italicised “here” appropriate stress. In line 2 three consecutive stressed syllables (“sworn friends fall”) reinforce the bitterness of the reflection. But in the contrasting lines 3 and 4 the rhythm lightens into regular iambs:

“But there they’ll own me still

And prize my memory”

The italicised “there” falls naturally on the stressed syllable of a regular iambic tetrameter. In death, he will be remembered and his worth recognised.

The first voice concludes the poem in these final two stanzas. Again the characteristic of the voice is repetition. In stanza 5 the tone appears almost contemptuous:

“Farewell, then, all that love

All that deep sympathy:”

It is almost as if the first voice dismisses the second as dead already. The nothingness of death is affirmed in a declaration of the indifference of heaven to human fate that is matched only by the indifference of the living:

“Sleep on, heaven laughs above –

Earth never misses thee -“

In the final stanza the voice returns to the image of the grave with which the poem began, observing that the tomb irrevocably severs human relations. The last two lines are ambiguous, but seem to imply that there is, however, one person who mourns, one who was always faithful. Repetition and italicisation (“One heart…That Heart”) and the spondees falling at the beginning of lines give the ending of the poem a heightened dramatic tone.

(c) Another of Bront�’s poems that has a death or a farewell as the subject matter is “Remembrance”. Like “In the earth, the earth” this poem is an elegy: the speaker in the poem reflects on the loss of the beloved. It consists of eight quatrains, whereas “In the earth” has only six, but like the above poem it is rhymed abab.

This poem is written in the first person. There is only one voice in this poem. The poet appears to be contemplating the cold and isolated grave of her beloved and look back over the fifteen years since his death. The idea of the grave as “cold” and lonely reflects the ideas of the first voice in “In the earth”. The poet asks the lovers forgiveness for having forgotten him “While the world’s tide is bearing me along”. But preoccupation with worldly matters has never distorted her love of him; she has loved none other. This sentiment of one person who faithfully mourns after death reflects the poem “In the earth” in the lines:

“On heart broke only, there

That heart was worthy thee! -“

The poet then goes on to say how after a period of utter despair she deliberately turned away from grieving for him, learning to continue her existence even while recognising that she had no hope of future happiness. In the last stanza she acknowledges the fragility of her efforts at stoical acceptance. She dare not let her thoughts dwell upon him for fear that life would thereafter be unendurable.

Like the first voice of the poem discussed earlier, this poem has a very slow rhythm and an intensely sorrowful tone. Also like the other poem, repetition of key words such as “far”, “cold” and “severed” enforce their points. The imagery of snow and distant, wild landscapes conveys a bleak, chill atmosphere. Bront� also uses assonance in both poems, here on the different ‘o’ sounds in stanza two, building the atmosphere of sorrowful retrospection:

“Now, when alone, do my thoughts no longer hover

Over the mountains on that northern shore …”

Another similar effect Bront� uses in both poems in repeating the opening of the poem. In “In the Earth”, she uses repetition to reflect the opening and also returns to imagery of the cold, isolated grave. In this poem, the first half of stanza three repeats the actual opening of the poem “Cold in the earth”. Ironically, this echoes the two uses of repetition used in the earlier poem: “In the earth, the earth” and “But cold, cold”.

Also, this poem talks about two completely different feelings towards the death of her lover, just as the two voices in “In the earth” compare two completely different views towards death itself.

Rapex is a weapon for woman against rape. It is a diaphragm with teeth which bites when something touches it that is not supposed to, such as a penis. This is both painful and will make the rape stop immediately. It also has to be removed surgically thus it is much easier to identify the rapist. In this essay I will explain and discuss the facts and uses for Rapex, the medical concerns for Rapex and the ethical and safety issues.

In South Africa there are 119 people per 100,000 that are raped every year. This is probably 9 times as much because the number that was previously mentioned is only the reported rapes. You could also say that there is 50,000 rapes per year in South Africa. This is again about 4 times as many because rapes of children and acquaintances are never reported. This is an alarmingly high number and measures needed to be made. One of these measures was the Rapex anti rape device. Rapex also prevents pregnancy and the infection of sexually transmitted diseases. This is another important function of Rapex because South Africa has the most people in the world which are infected by HIV/AIDS. 1 of nine people in South Africa are infected with the virus.

This scientific development has lead to many discussions of ethical issues such as if Rapex would be used for revenge by an angry wife or girlfriend or that it might cause the men to act violently towards the women and hurt them or even kill them.

Rapex is made of latex and polyurethane which is held firm by shafts of sharp barbs. When the man penetrates the hooks are fastened into the tip of the man’s erected penis and the Rapex has to be surgically removed after that.

Rapex is much like a diaphragm thus it should not stay inside the vagina for more than 24 hours. You should wear it when you know you are in danger of being raped such as walking a long distance or when you are somewhere were there are a minimal amount of people and a rapist can easily be attacked. You should also not wear it when you have you are menstruating.

The reason that the men rape women in South Africa is that the men feel superior to them and women don’t really count in society. They are suppressed by men and don’t have the sufficient means to protect themselves. The reason for men raping children is that there is a smaller chance of sexually transmitted diseases.

The man suffers from pain but no permanent injuries are inflicted. The woman may however suffer from violence from the man as a result to the pain the man is having. This could even result in death.

Rapex is not as helpful by preventing rape because the man still has to penetrate for the Rapex to have an effect. This still causes the woman to be raped but she stops it immediately and she doesn’t get pregnant or get a sexually transmitted disease. She does however get a chance to get the man back. In my opinion it is more a weapon for revenge than for self protection.

The defense mechanism, Rapex, should be this hard. At least for the time being to scare men and do reduce the amount of rapes taking place. Also, the men that do rape will be identified. The punishment for raping in South Africa is very low at the moment and if the Rapex I going to be used the punishment should also go up. There should also be a punishment for women that use it as a weapon for attack and not as self defense.

The 3 main religions in South Africa are Zion Christian, Pentecostal/Charismatic and Catholic. None of these religions encourage rape and so the religious and cultural issues of the Rapex have no impact on this in my opinion. If they choose to rape, against their religion then they can also suffer from this.

To conclude I believe I think that the Rapex is a good idea to stop rape, pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease. However, there is a big chance that it will be misused and that the men will get angry and kill the women. Therefore, I don’t think Rapex should be produced in large amounts but I think the whole educational system, civil law system and the society needs to change when it comes to its look on women. Women need to get a better education allowing them to work and became more equal to men.

The civil law system needs to change its punishments of rape and the society needs to change in the way that men except woman as their equal. Rapex is only a temporary solution to the problem of rape and instead of investing money in something short term I believe you can better invest it in something that will stay long term such as a change in society and the role of women within that society.

Brenda Young Several systems in the human body maintain its proper function. These systems fight disease and infection; maintain proper blood flow to lungs and body, and dispose of any waste that the body no longer needs. Learning how each system works was educational and quite amazing. Our immune system fights off bacteria, viruses, and disease. Our environment if full of harmful toxins that our bodies are subject to daily.

Most of the viruses are harmless, and our immune system can protect against them. The few that are able to invade our body’s defenses can cause terrible disease and possibly death. A virus by itself is incapable of reproducing, it is not until the body and cells become invaded that disease can set in. In a short amount of time, the infected cells generate hundreds of thousands of new viruses released into the bloodstream where they are free to infect other cells.

Skin, inflammatory response and the immune system are three defenses our body uses to fight disease and infection (Chairs, “Immune System,” 2013). Without the digestive system, the protein ND starch in our food could not be broken down into usable molecules, and therefore would be useless. Digestion and absorption of the food we eat is done so with the help of several organs in our body. The nervous system and the endocrine system control the digestion process.

Once we have chewed our food and activated the release of saliva, the brain sends a message to our stomach where a protein- digesting enzyme from glands in the stomachs lining is released. Two hormones then circulate in the blood entering the pancreas where pancreatic Juice containing food- setting enzymes and sodium bicarbonate is released and food is broken down for the body to use and absorb (Chairs, “Digestive System,” 2013).

The entire way the human body functions are interesting and unbelievable. By maintaining good health with nutrition and exercise, we help the immune system fight infection and our digestive system can easily dispose of and break down the food we eat. When our body is healthy, our minds are healthy. References Chairs, D. D. (2013). Human Body Systems: Structure, Body, Environment (2nd De. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBooks Collection database.

Post Test Club is a social support group for all clients tested whether infected with HIV or not. It was established to respond to the expressed needs of the tested clients for ongoing support. Membership Values; Membership is open to all clients who have taken the HIV test irrespective of their results. The principle of anonymity and confidentiality applies for those members who so wish. Members who have tested positive or negative and are willing to  go public to share their life testimonies are trained in public speaking .

They promote the openness i. e ,to declare publicly that he was infected with HIV.  To help sustain the behavior change process of persons who received voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) and serve as a forum for reducing stigma by providing education and information as well as support and counseling. To promote openness about HIV/AIDS and enhance the psycho-social adjustments of those infected and affected. To contribute to the national effort to prevent further spread of HIV/AIDS .

To increase understanding of adolescence , sexuality and reproductive health. To promote safer sex, life skills development and child adolescent rights plus responsibilities. To provide on-going psycho-social support to the members and increase public awareness of HIV/AIDS . To bring the reality of HIV/AIDS to the general population ,and demonstrate by example that people living with HIV/AIDS (PHAs) can still lead a health and productive life . To help reduce stigma and discrimination associated with HIV/AIDS.

Post Test care and Support Services Provide medical information about HIV/AIDS including general HIV knowledge, disease progression, ARVs, opportunistic infections (OIs), family planning, environmental health and positive living so that clients can proactively take control of their own health and reduce the risk of transmission.  Provide legal information so that HIV infected individuals can protect their rights and the rights of their families.  Help members to make decisions about disclosure to friends, family and the community.  Provide a secure and inviting environment where members have access to resources, support and counseling free of charge . Help to link clients to needed services for economic, social support.  Provide referrals to other care and treatment programs.  Reduce stigma and discrimination around HIV and HIV testing. Provide support to HIV discordant couples. By working with couples specifically, the program seeks to support discordant couples and reduce gender violence and HIV transmission within marriages. Routine operations:  On-going supportive and preventive counseling: This service is offered on a  walk  in basis and is carried out daily by the counselor and counseling attendants.

Counselling is provided to members on FP/TB/HIV/ AIDS and otherhealth related issues including Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT), Anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs) and health promotion.  Medical Consultation and Treatment: Members consult and receive treatment for simple ailments ,opportunistic infections and sexually transmitted diseases. The medical booth is open daily and qualified health professionals provide services. 3. Group Activities: Every Saturday members meet for educational talks on HIV/AIDS and other related topics, they also participate in recreation activities (video and games AND drama).

These activities take place in the morning to afternoon( 09H00 -14H00) . They share experiences and provide peer support to one another. An activity roaster for HIV/AIDS sensitization for the week is developed and programmes allocated. Community Education and Sensitization : The Post Test Club members are involved in sensitizing the communities and YOUTH through music, dance, drama, poetry , and sharinglife testimonies. Capacity and Skills Building: NTIHC PTC trains some members as youth corner attendants. These members provide services to the TEENS.

Members engaged in income generating activities (IGAS) are given training skills on management of the projects.  Leadership Skills: The executive committee members of PTC are trained in elementary leadership skills.  Condom promotion and peer education: Trained PTC members do peer education in the communities and distribute free condoms simultaneously minimising condom abuse. Distribution of IEC Materials: Members receive IEC materials for consumption and distribute some to communities. They mainly distribute.

Family Planning Services: Family planning information,counseling, and methods are provided daily in the FP clinic by counselling medical personnel and reproductive health attendants. 1 Couple Club Activities: Members whose spouses have also tested are encouraged to participate in the couple club activities. It facilitates fellowship and handles special topics that are of interest to couples such as discordant relationships, marriage and divorce issues,domestic violence, and gender issues.

PTCs have been able to do remarkable things in the battle against HIV/AIDS:  Through music, dance and drama, they perform in community centers, churches and schools to teach people about HIV/AIDS. – They encourage people to be tested, and then teach people how to avoid nfection, and if infected, how to avoid spreading the disease.  They support each other showing love and care, providing material assistance to the most needy widows and orphans among them, working together on projects, and pooling resources to pay for member’s funerals. Their motto is “Living Positively. ” Regardless of their disease status,they believe a positive attitude will help them and their loved ones through difficult times.