Infection

Over 8 million of new instances of TB are discovered and about 1.5 million deceases resulted from TB yearly, TB has declared figure one infective slayer. Generally, TB ( TB ) is defined as a catching infective disease cause by Mycobacterium TB. A individual can infected when he or she inhales a proceedingss sum of septic phlegm of air. Terbium is non catching by direct contact with apparels or agitating custodies with person who has Terbium. Terbium is spread through the external respiration of the septic air during close contact. There is besides another type of untypical TB, transmitted when imbibing unpasteurised milk. Related bacteriums, Mycobacterium bovis which are found in unpasteurised milk are responsible to do this signifier of TB. The symptoms of TB are non obvious until the disease is rather advanced. The early symptoms of TB are usually confused with other common symptoms of a febrility, including weariness, loss of appetency, a productive cough, febrility, weight loss and dark workout suits. The infection of the TB is more frequently than non spotted in the upper portion or lobe of the lungs. It normally takes months ( incubation ) from the get downing point of initial lung infection for symptoms to be noticeable. The worsen infection in the lungs can besides ensue in symptoms like chest hurting, coughing continuously, coughing out phlegm of stuff from the lungs and blood and trouble in take a breathing ( panting for breath ) .

Solution

Cocktail of drugs

About 90 % of patients who infected with primary TB will hold no farther clinical manifestation and will mend without the realisation of the disease. Merely approximately 5 % of the patients will travel on to develop the disease into a more progressive and active disease including disseminated TB ( TB bacteria infected parts of the organic structure other than lungs ) . Latent infection occurs when the pneumonic macrophages are able to incorporate the bacteriums but non extinguish them.

Chemoprophylaxis

During the phase of latent infection of TB, although the symptoms of the disease are non manifested but latent infection can develop into the active phase. Therefore, chemoprophylaxis can be initiated to pull off the status. Chemoprophylaxis is the prescription of certain medicines in the purpose of forestalling an infection. Normally, two drugs are involved in this regimen. Isoniazid which is a common drug will be prescribed to patients with latent infection. Generally, 300mg daily of Isoniazid ( INH ) will be given for 9 months in grownups. If there are any intuition of opposition of bacteriums strain to INH or intolerance of patients to INH ( allergic reaction ) , INH can be replaced with Rifampin ( RIF ) . Normal medicine of RIF of 600mg for 4 months is a suited permutation.

Drugs intervention therapy

While for the phase of active disease of TB, the standard regimen Isoniazid, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide ( PZA ) and ethambutol ( EMB ) for 2 months followed by INH and RIF for 4 months is administered.

The consequence of the phlegm cultivation TB of patients is used to find the susceptibleness of the bacteriums to the drugs. It in bends decides which drugs to be used in the intervention. The tabular array 2 below is a guideline for the prescription of the intervention.

If the bacterium become drug immune, multi-drug resistant TB ( MDR ) , other drugs are to be given. For illustration, Ethionamide, Streptomycin, Cycloserine and the list goes on. Drug opposition should be suspected in the undermentioned state of affairss:

• Patients who have received anterior therapy for Terbium
• Patients from geographic country with high prevalence of opposition ( Mexico and Southeast Asia )
• HIV patients
• Patients known to be exposed to MDR-TB instances
• Patients who still have acid-fast bacilli-positive phlegm vilifications after 2 months of therapy
• Patients who still have positive civilization for TB after 2 to 4 months of therapy

Particular intervention should be given to a certain population depending on their status for case, HIV patients, pregnant adult female, kids, extrapulmonary TB. In population of pregnant adult female, the drugs used are non to present a hazard to the foetus every bit good as to the female parent. RIF is non given because it is related to limb decrease and cardinal nervous system lesions in foetus. Ethionamide may be associated with premature bringing, congenitial malformations and Down ‘s syndrome. The drugs prescribed must be monitored carefully to forestall any long term side effects to the patients.

The tabular array in diagram 3 show the chief two groups of drugs used to handle TB, first line and 2nd line drugs. If the first line drugs fail to handle TB as the TB bacteriums strain becomes immune, 2nd line drugs are used.

Effectiveness

All of the patients ab initio received day-to-day therapy that comprised INH, RIF, EMB, and PZA. Treatment was successfully completed in 36 patients ( 92 %) , and 35 ( 90 % ) were cured. This indicates a high success rate of intervention utilizing the drugs above.

Direct observation of Therapy

To maximize the completion of intervention class, direct observed therapy ( DOT ) is introduced. This method will advance attachment to the intervention. Medical officers should supervise DOT. This method ensures the intervention class of the patient is completed.

The DOTS programme in China, the largest DOTS programme in the universe, prevents about 30 000 deceases a twelvemonth. Over 90 % of patients treated are cured.

Based from grounds from diagrams 5, 6 and 7, it is shown that the TB intervention success rate addition with the execution of DOTS. In diagrams 5 and 6, the informations in Ecuador shows that the intervention success rate under DOTs is much higher than those under non-DOTs by about 75 % . In diagram 7, the human death rate from TB is decrease by about 15 % if DOT is implemented. In my sentiment, DOT is effectual because most patients did non follow the physician ‘s recommendations and they tend to bury to take medicines regularly.DOT provides a manner to guarantee that all the patients are following their medicines.

Deductions

Economic deduction

One economic issue that I have encountered while carry oning this research is that the under-developed states have the highest rates of TB. And they do non hold fiscal support to derive entree to the antibiotic intervention.

“ Tuberculosis ( TB ) – a preventable disease linked to poverty – was declared an exigency in Africa in 2005. Each twelvemonth it claims the lives of half a million Africans, many immature and in their most productive old ages. In the past 15 old ages, overall rates have doubled in Africa and tripled in high HIV countries. Africa has the highest per capital incidence of TB in the universe ( 28 % ) , with most of the worst affected states located in sub-Saharan Africa. ”

The province of exigency is a consequence of immense fiscal load of the low-income states as the interventions are time-consuming and dearly-won. Furthermore, overcrowded country in Africa means easier transmittal of disease from individual to individual. These grounds result in more incidence of TB in Africa per twelvemonth. In my sentiment, the authorities demand to be financially stable in order to supply citizens with efficient and broad entree to intervention. Government should besides form runs to increase the consciousness towards the figure one infective disease slayer TB.

Social deduction

Many TB patients will halt taking the medicine after several hebdomads as their symptoms are relieved. First of wholly, the drugs for TB are dearly-won. Second, they feel healthy after twosomes of month of drug intervention. If the patients did non finish the antibiotic class, possible result is some bacteriums will last and go immune to the drug and infectiousness of the patient doing continued transmittal to the community. These bacteriums will go on to multiply and can non be killed by the old drug, multi-drug-resistant TB. Therefore, other more expensive drugs must be used for intervention.

Poverty increases the hazard of TB ; TB impoverishes the victims. More than 90 % of TB instances and decease occurs in low and middle-income states. ”

The intervention of TB requires a great trade of fiscal support. The cost of the drugs and the installations merely can non be afforded by low income states. Therefore, low income states like South Africa has the most instances of TB incidence and deceases. Besides that, if a patient can non afford the medicine possible result is more people will be infected as TB is contagious.

Benefits and hazards

One of the most conspicuous benefits from antibiotics intervention for TB is that it can bring around and liberate the patients from TB. Antibiotics can kill and suppress the growing of TB bacteriums in the organic structure provided the bacteriums are non drug-resistant. Equally long as the patients complete the intervention class, there is a large possibility that he or she will retrieve from the disease. Isoniazid administered to latent infection of TB patients besides prevents the patterned advance of the active disease. The intervention besides aims to halt the infection from distributing to other people [ 8 ] .

However, there are a certain side effects of the drugs. Normally, the side effects of the drugs are non common but they can be serious. Patients are recommended to confer with their doctor for any possible side effects and how to cover with them. By and large, the side effects of the interventions includes liver issue ( icterus, abdominal hurting, sickness, and emesis, weariness, fever, dark piss, roseola and itchiness ) , flu-like symptoms ( febrility and icinesss, sickness, purging and musculus hurting ) , flu stain, diarrhoea and the effects may change depend on the drugs administered in the intervention. One of the most common used drugs, Isoniazid can hold side effects of dysarthria, crossness, ictuss, dysphoria, and inability to concentrate, fever, roseola and hepatitis.

Alternate solution

Vaccine

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin is given during childhood as a vaccinum against TB. It is prepared from attenuated Mycobacterium bovis. The definition of vaccinum is substances that can trip and fix human immune response to specific bacteriums in the hereafter such as dead or attenuated bacteriums. A tuberculin trial must be conducted before the individual is to be vaccinated. Merely non-reactors are given inoculation because they lack immunisation against TB.

The monetary value of BCG is chea. Therefore, it can cost-effectively cut down the figure of TB compared to the cost of intervention. The effectivity of BCG is besides proven when it was foremost introduced into England in 1953. When it was foremost introduced in 1950s, the inoculation programme has efficaciously reduced the incidence of TB by 77 %.

Diagnosis

Tuberculin trial or Mantoux trial

The Oklahoman the disease is discovered, the Oklahoman the disease is treated, the larger the opportunity the disease can be cured and managed so that it will non distribute to others unwittingly. This is due to early sensing of disease can forestall more organic structure parts from being infected and the country of infection can be reduced. The most common method used in diagnosing of TB infection is the tuberculin trial or Mantoux trial. It uses purified protein derivative and inject 5 units of it into the tegument of a patients. If a raised bump of more than 5mm appears at the site after 48 hours, the trial may be positive. The trial can hold false positive or false negative consequence.

If the tuberculin trial shows positive consequence, collateral clinical intuition of TB can be carried out via x-ray and microbiologic scrutiny of phlegm. X-ray image of a TB patient will demo abnormalcy in mid and upper lungs Fieldss and lymph nodes might be enlarged. X-ray trial can merely propose there is TB infection but do non corroborate it.

Besides that, day-to-day phlegm aggregation over 3 back-to-back yearss is recommended. Sputum proving for acid-fast B is the lone trial that confirms a TB diagnosing. Sputum or other bodily secernments such as from your tummy or lung fluid can be cultured for growing of mycobacteria to corroborate the diagnosing. It may take one to three hebdomads to observe growing in a civilization, but eight to 12 hebdomads to be certain of the diagnosing.

Evaluation of beginning

I evaluated the beginning hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5211a1.htm where the guideline on the intervention of the TB was published. It proved to be accurate because it matched with many other beginnings in term of information. For illustration, in the book of pharmacotherapy enchiridion used by druggist as a beginning of mention ( Barbara G. Wells ; Joseph T. Dipiro ; Terry L. Schwinghammer ; Cecily V. Dipiro ( 2009 ) 7th edition Pharmacotherapy Handbook. United States of America: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ) , it is found that the guideline for intervention and the doses is the same.

Furthermore, the information from this web site is dependable and accurate as it was published by Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, United States of America. It is a United State federal bureau under the Department of Health and Human Services. It works to protect public wellness and supply information sing how to forestall and bring around diseases for the safety intents. It is non-profit based.

Besides that, I evaluated the beginning from a journal article . The information about BCG vaccinum in this article is proven to be dependable and accurate because it matched with the beginning from hypertext transfer protocol. Both of the beginning stated that BCG inoculation is non 100 % guaranteed protection but its high effectivity of about 80 % enable many TB instances to be prevented.

Human immunodeficiency virus HIV is a lentivirus from retrovirus household that causes a HIV Infections in worlds which alters the immune system in a really terrible manner. HIV causes Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) at the last phase of the infection. The virus attacks immune system which makes people much weaker in contending against infections and assorted terrible diseases1. The chief focal point of this virus on human cells is to destruct the CD4 positive T Cells of the organic structure ‘s immune system. Destruction of CD4 positive T cells makes it worse for the immune system to contend against the infections, which allows life-threatening timeserving infections and more wellness jobs which may take to decease. Human immune system consists of of import cells which are being destroyed by HIV. This leads to moo CD4 count which in bend makes the human organic structure weak in contending against the infections2.

HIV is found in the blood, chest milk, seeds and vaginal fluids of an septic individual. The virus is transmitted from one individual to another through blood to blood and sexual contact. HIV Infected individual ‘s Saliva with blood or any other organic structure fluids can be harmful and infective. HIV can be transmitted in different ways, such as sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, and besides contaminated subcutaneous acerate leafs. In the UK, the most common manner of acquiring HIV is by unprotected sexual intercourse with a individual who is HIV positive. It has shown in the UK statistics 2010 from the Health Protection Agency that 95 % of those diagnosed with HIV Positive due to sexual Contact. This shows that bulk in the UK get infected by HIV is through sexual intercourse which includes vaginal, anal and unwritten sex. This virus enters through the blood stream in different ways like lacerate tegument, oral cavity and eyes liners, and besides through the thin liner of the anus and genitalias. HIV is non transmitted from an septic individual through caressing, caressing, ptyalizing, sharing bath towels or cutter, utilizing the same swimming pool and oral cavity to talk contact1.

From the recent study, it has been shown that the following groups of people are at higher hazard of HIV infection which includes people who are shooting drugs, sex workers every bit Wellss as work forces holding sexual intercourse with men3. There are assorted methods to forestall HIV Transmission in our community through avoiding activities that leads you to dangerous jobs, such as unprotected sex and sharing septic acerate leafs and other assorted shooting equipments1, educating and reding people with HIV positive by the doctors and supplying them the best intervention so that to forestall HIV transmittal in general4. Current UK guidelines on HIV purpose to increase HIV proving in all health care sectors to diminish the sum of undiagnosed HIV infections. It is suggested that HIV trial should be offered to general populace in some sectors and besides to high hazard people in other different sectors ( for illustration, general pattern ) . The Department of wellness ( DH ) asked the National institute of wellness and clinical Excellence ( NICE ) to develop public wellness counsel to increase HIV proving between work forces who have sexual connexions with work forces to cut down undiagnosed infection and besides to forestall HIV transmittal. HIV Testing is one of the most of import factors which helps and guides the full community in UK through reduced HIV transmission5. Harmonizing to the statistics sing HIV, 6000 to 7000 people are diagnosed HIV Positive each twelvemonth in England. This is an of import factor to inquire the full community to concentrate and get the better of this job. Hence, encourage people to prosecute in different methods to forestall HIV transmittal and salvage the community in general with supplying proper consciousness sing HIV6.

One of the most effectual ways to forestall HIV transmittal is through sex that is abstain from sex is the surest method to forestall HIV. If you decide to hold sex so acquire tested foremost to avoid HIV transmittal between you and your partner7. Use of rubber right in sexual activity is the most of import and advantageous point to halt the HIV spread and other infections which are sexually transmitted at every individual clip you have acute sex. Condoms are being marketed in different types of colors, forms, texture and spirits. Male rubbers are made up of latex or polyurethane and female rubbers are besides known as FC2, which is used for vaginal sex only7. Second, usage of merely water-based lubricators can increase sexual pleasance every bit good as safety, merely by adding wet to the vagina or anus during sexual intercourse. Lubricants decreases the hazard of vaginal or anal cryings which can be caused by waterlessness and besides it protects the rubber from rupturing off during sexual activity1. Third, usage of dental dike reduces hazard of sexually transmitted infections. It works as a wall between the oral cavity and vagina during unwritten sex. Fourthly, avoid utilizing septic acerate leafs, panpipes, or spoons which can expose you to HIV and other viruses which are found in the blood1.

Pharmacological Prevention of HIV transmittal is through medical specialties and there are different methods used in forestalling its spread. Antiretroviral therapies ( ARTs ) are used to handle HIV, which prevents viral spread in the organic structure. A combination therapy of antiretroviral or extremely active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) is used for the effectual bar of HIV reproduction and transmittal in the organic structure. CD4 count and viral burden blood trial are two of import factors which help the physicians to make up one’s mind on the intervention of that peculiar patient. Treatment is normally starts when the individuals CD4 counts shows below 350, irrespective of their presence or absence of their symptoms1.

Harmonizing to WHO guidelines, it states that ART inductions are really good in forestalling HIV every bit good as clinically, they are more powerful in handling HIV positive patients, when the CD4 count is less than 350 cells/mm3. Viral burden plays the major function in HIV transmittal as it is one of the highest hazard factor in this scenario. When the viral burden is less than 1500 copies/mm3, the hazard of conveying HIV is about nothing as suggested by recent surveies. Evidence shows that the viral burden degrees are decreased by ART, hence bounds HIV transmittal depending on individual ‘s HIV position. WHO guidelines shows that they are chiefly engaged on extinguishing HIV and they strongly suggest that the usage of ART protects the full community which besides includes kids and pregnant adult females by handling and forestalling them from the spread of HIV8. There are different groups of ART medicines to forestall and handle HIV infection1. Virus attaches to the host cell whereby it fuses with the host cell membrane. After the incursion into the host cell, the outer coat of the virus is removed and familial stuff and an enzyme released into the host cell, which is called rearward RNA polymerase, which converts viral RNA to viral DNA, so viral DNA penetrates to the host cell nucleus where by two procedure takes topographic point which includes written text and interlingual rendition takes topographic point which leads to bring forth new virions through peptidase enzyme2. Different antiretroviral medical specialties holding different mark but with one purpose, that is to suppress viral reproduction.

Rearward RNA polymerase inhibitors are of two types that includes nucleoside contrary RNA polymerase inhibitors and non-nucleoside contrary RNA polymerase inhibitors. NRTIs are defective constructing blocks of Deoxyribonucleic acid when they are incorporated into HIV DNA, hence blocks the viral reproduction procedure, by non finishing the Deoxyribonucleic acid Chain. NNRTs bind to the enzyme contrary RNA polymerase and suppress the procedure of viral replication2. NNRTs are used in the intervention or HIV-1 but it is seldom used for HIV-2 in the UK9. Protease Inhibitors are inhibits the procedure of production of viral stuff through interfering with the peptidase enzyme. In the UK, Protease Inhibitors are Entry Inhibitors are inhibitors involved in barricading the virus to adhere with the host cellular membrane that lead to the obstruction of virus into the host cell. Integrase inhibitors are involved in barricading the procedure of integrating of viral familial stuff into the Host DNA by suppressing integrase enzyme.

Microbicides are chemical and pharmacologic substances that are used for destructing some micro-organisms that cause terrible jobs to worlds. Many compounds are being produced and tested their effectivity against microbicidal activity in clinical tests. These merchandises are being produced for vaginal every bit good as rectal applications to protect from HIV infections and other sexually transmitted diseases. Presently, scientists are working on this undertaking in developing microbicides for forestalling HIV transmittals and heighten the degree of patient safety12.

Post-exposure prophylaxis ( PEP ) is ARTs used after the exposure like occupational injuries10 or sexual exposure11 to forestall HIV infection. PEP medicines are non yet proved every bit good as unlicensed in the UK. They are merely supported by experimenting on animate beings. Besides, there are ongoing surveies for pre-exposure prophylaxis where it includes antiretroviral drugs before the exposure to HIV2. Another preventative step against HIV is through Vaccination procedure. Presently, HIV Vaccine is non available but it is one of the on-going research at a really early phase to bring forth effectual HIV Vaccine into the market so that to protect the full community against HIV infection.

Since 1990, surveies have shown that the HIV spread from female parent to kid has been increased every twelvemonth. The Department of Health policy proposing that an HIV Test to be carried out in each and every pregnant adult females and has shown that it has addition consciousness in adult females prior to bringing and it has shown that more than 80 % of the adult females are cognizant in London, 2001 every bit good as it has reduced the figure of babies being infected in the UK13. Antiretroviral interventions ( ART ) are being used in gestation to forestall HIV transmittal from female parent to child. It is suggested that if you are HIV Positive so do non breast feed your kid, as virus transmittal can happen through chest milk1. Overall guidelines and counsel of antiretroviral therapy are being provided to forestall transmittal of HIV from female parent to child14.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis ( PrEP ) in HIV protects healthy people from HIV infection. Current surveies and clinical tests are in the procedure of developing of PrEP to forestall transmittal of HIV. Surveies have shown a lessenings hazard of HIV infection among animate beings that are exposed to ARVs. PrEP has shown its effectivity in “ humanized ” research lab mice in the survey which was conducted in 200715 and besides, ARVs are given to female parents and babies to cut down HIV transimmsion16. The PrEP research surveies uses the drug called tenofovir that is delivered by unwritten path or topical path. It has shown in the four clinical tests that it reduces the hazard of acquiring HIV infection but in the two tests have shown no good response. As of today, there are two on-going surveies that have non yet published their findings on the consequence of HIV transimmision. There are many challenges in relation to safety and effectivity of PrEP inventions. Besides combinations pill called TruvadaA® ( Tenofovir and Emtricitabine ) which was accepted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) for the intent in HIV intervention in 2004. Truvada, as a PrEP was approved by the FDA in July, 2012 for forestalling from HIV transmittal. Powerful research grounds shows that the PrEP is safe and effectual when used systematically for diminishing the hazard of acquiring HIV sexually17.

In Conclusion, it can be said that there are different paths of HIV transmittal and besides several methods are available to forestall its transmittal. Currently, many surveies are “ traveling on ” to develop new merchandises to forestall and handle HIV patients efficaciously with decreased hazard involved. Besides, public consciousness play a immense function in HIV bar by educating them through assorted resources like chew the fating with them or telephone conversations or supplying proper information on HIV transmittal with its badness. Harmonizing to the recent results of HIV transmittal in the UK, there are assorted factors must be followed by the general populace so that cut down the figure of people by acquiring infected through acquiring sex instruction, attachment to medicines and to avoid unprotected sex or work forces to work forces sex. This can take to healthy long life of our patients and diminish the figure of morbidity and mortality. Centres for Disease control and Prevention stated that about 50,000 people are freshly infected with HIV in the United States each year.18 From the estimations it shows that HIV is one of the terrible issue in our community which can take to decease as it is easy transmitted. Hence, Prevention of HIV transmittal is the most good factor to salvage our community with development of new merchandises which have different pharmacological marks to avoid opposition of the Drug.

Assignment on Public Speaking Assignment topic : Informative speech on “Computer Viruses” Submitted to : Kanita Ridwana Lecturer Department of English Stamford University Bangladesh. Submitted by : Mir Alim – uz – zaman ID. LLB 04206977 Department of Laws Stamford University Bangladesh Submission date Teacher’s Comment & Signature COMPUTER VIRUS Good afternoon everyone. Hoping all of you are well. This is the time to present my informative speech.For making a Digital Bangladesh, every citizen has to expert user of computer and our authority has to computerize all sections of this country.

But the major threat for using a computer is “virus”. That’s why I have prepared my speech to inform my audience about it. Today I have prepared Four special points for illustrate a virus:

• a) What is a Virus?
• b) What Viruses don’t do?
• c) How does Virus spread?
• d) How to prevent a Virus Invasion?

♦ What is a Virus: Computer viruses are programs written by “mean” people.These virus programs are placed into a commonly used program so that program will run the attached virus program as it boots, therefore, it is said that the virus “infects” the executable file or program. Executable files include Macintosh “system files” [such as system extensions, INITs and control panels] and application programs [such as word processing programs and spreadsheet programs. ] Viruses work the same ways in Windows or DOS machines by infecting zip or exe files.

A virus is inactive until you execute an infected program or application OR start your computer from a disk that has infected system files.Once a virus is active, it loads into your computer’s memory and may save itself to your hard drive or copies itself to applications or system files on disks you use. Some viruses are programmed specifically to damage the data on your computer by corrupting programs, deleting files, or even erasing your entire hard drive. Many viruses do nothing more than display a message or make sounds / verbal comments at a certain time or a programming event after replicating themselves to be picked up by other users one way or another. Other viruses make your computer’s system behave erratically or crash frequently.Sadly many people who have problems or frequent crashes using their computers do not realize that they have a virus and live with the inconveniences. Though Viruses are really a threat for all computer users, it cannot be harmful in some points.

♦  What Viruses don’t do: Computer viruses cannot infect write protected disks or infect written documents. Viruses do not infect compressed files, unless the file was infected prior to the compression. [Compressed files are programs or files with its common characters, etc. removed to take up less space on a disk. Viruses do not infect computer hardware, such as monitors or computer chips; they only infect software. In addition, Macintosh viruses do not infect DOS / Window computer software and vice versa. For example, the Melissa virus incident of late 1998 and the ILOVEYOU virus of 2000 worked only on Window based machines and could not operate on Macintosh computers.

One further note-> viruses do not necessarily let you know they are present in your machine, even after being destructive. If your computer is not operating properly, it is a good practice to check for viruses with a current “virus checking” program.Lacking of proper knowledge makes the virus more powerful and it helps to spread it in each file of a computer.

♦  How does Virus spread: Viruses begin to work and spread when you start up the program or application of which the virus is present. For example, a word processing program that contains a virus will place the virus in memory every time the word processing program is run. Once in memory, one of a number of things can happen. The virus may be programmed to attach to other applications, disks or folders.

It may infect a network if given the opportunity.Viruses behave in different ways. Some viruses stay active only when the application it is part of is running. Turn the computer off and the virus is inactive. Other viruses will operate every time you turn on your computer after infecting a system file or network. We need to have proper knowledge, and stay safe from a virus.

♦  How to prevent a Virus invasion: Some tips to prevent virus invasion are given below:

1. Load only software from original disks or CD’s. Pirated or copied software is always a risk for a virus.
2. Execute only programs of which you are familiar as to their origin.Programs sent by email should always be suspicious.
3. Computer uploads and “system configuration” changes should always be performed by the person who is responsible for the computer.
4. Check all shareware and free programs downloaded from on-line services with a virus checking program.
5. Purchase a virus program that runs as you boot or work your computer. Up-date it frequently. Finally I hope everyone should be careful about viruses and enjoy a virus free computing.