Language

Jims dialogues, we can clearly see that he has troubles with English, he often makes grammatical and spelling errors. From this I concluded that Jim is most probably uneducated, I do think that he’s not stupid though because up to this point In the book Mark Twain have showed how Jim uses his logic, for instance when Jim was arguing about Solomon, we can clearly see how he used his logic in criticizing the story. Therefore from the language Mark Twain uses we can understand that Jim Is uneducated but he’s not stupid although he book doesn’t literally say so.

Racism: Mark Twain repeatedly used the word ‘Niger’ In the book to describe how In the town where It took place, everyone uses the word ‘Niger’ casually, from old ladles to Houck himself uses the word very casually. This shows how at that time, dark skinned people are very discriminated by the white. They are treated as slaves, up to the point where they will sell them in exchange for money. From the words that Mark Twain used in describing the society, we can clearly see that slavery and racism both re still an on going thing.

If we compare this to today, it is completely different, people are now forbidden to say the word ‘Niger’ and dark skinned people are way more respected. Faking Huckleberry Fin’s own death: In the chapter in which Huckleberry Finn faked his own death, although Mark Twain didn’t exactly tell us what he was going to do, but we were able to conclude that he was up to something. Through the language that the author used to describe this action we can see that he’s not stupid, he uses a lot of his logic.

Anthropological Approaches* to *The* Study of Language S*ystems Language: The arbitrary vocal symbols human beings use to encode and communicate about their experience of the world and of one another. Linguistics: the scientific study of language

Linguistic anthropologists study how language is formed and how it works, the history and development of language and the relationships between language and other aspects of culture Throughout time a change in language through modern technology All human beings have language it varies in terms of its nature and all language is equally sophisticated and complex All human beings have the capacity to learn language Children who are isolate and not socialized till the age of 6 cannot learn language (feral children) Communicative competence Linguistic Anthropology

Focuses on the mechanics of language, including: Phonology (phonetics): the general study of the sounds used in speech by means of an internationally recognized system of symbols to represent the various phonetic sounds of speech. Syntax: the study of the manner in which minimum units of meaning (morphemes) are put together into phrases or sentences. Or, what English speakers call grammar. Historical Linguistics Studies the relationships of languages to one another and reconstructs how languages change over time. Includes an analysis of how the phonology of language changes over time (dialects, pidgins, creoles, and new languages).

Includes an examinations of potential universals in linguistic principles of classification (are there universal classifications for colours? ) 12 different languages before European contact, why is that important? Because that means that there were people living in the North America for a very long time. It was so diverse! Specialized field that studies the relationship between language and culture. SapirWhorf Hypothesis: all human experience is to some extent, mediated through culture and language. Objects or forces n the physical environment become labelled in language only if they have cultural significance, and language systems themselves (vocabulary and syntax_ influence speakers perceptions of the world. How do Anthropologists study language? {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Proxemics: the study of the use of space in communication. Ex. Talking too close for comfort. Handshaking etiquette. Discourse Analysis:the analysis of a stretch of speech or other form of communication longer than a sentence and united by a common theme. Often concerned with relations of power and inequality in language use and knowledge production.

Ex. Global warming, refusing to use the word in communications. The way the language gets used in power relationships is important. Unique Design Features of Human Language *Openn*ess: the creative capacity of human language Displacement: the ability to talk about absent, abstract or nonexistent objects of subjects Arbitrariness: no universal link between particular linguistic sounds (sings) and particular linguistic meanings (signified). Duality of Patterning: arrangement of sounds(phonemes) is not random, but systematically patterned to create meaning bearing unites (morphemes).

Prevarication: the ability for linguistic messages to be false or to violate convention. Lies, animals are not able to lie. Forms of Communicative Competence Linguistic Competence: human ability to learn correct assemblages of phonemes, morphemes and syntax (or grammar) Communicative Competence: human beings ability to learn culturally appropriate speech patterns. Much of communicative competence involves learning inter-textual codes. The concept of inter-textuality essentially states that meaning depends on our knowledge of linguistic and symbolic codes.

Second Language Required Melanie Martinez Current Issues in Criminal Justice Everest University Online Second Language Required The United States of America is full of many cultures, languages, and heritage. With many citizens’ ancestors originating from other countries, it is no wonder that almost every language has made it into America. Law enforcement can be delayed by these languages, though. Officers can benefit from being bilingual, but that is not the reality for most departments.

With Spanish being the second, or even first, language of most citizens, it is essential for law enforcement to learn this language, or another popular one. It can help avoid confusion from a suspect not responding or prevent an unnecessary death. When an officer can speak more than one language it may help save lives. If a patrol car pulled up to a house where an unanswered 911 call was made, they may be entering a dangerous area. If it was a meth lab that was about to blow up, and the person outside only spoke Spanish, they could unknowingly enter the home and it explode with them in it.

That is a situation that could be prevented with taking the time to learn another language. Even though getting every officer to learn another language would benefit the effect of law enforcement, the reality of the situation is saddening. With officers working long hours and in a stressful job, it does not allow much time for officers to learn a new language (Hickey, 2012). Along with tight budgets of police departments, it does not allow the officers to learn it at work either.

The reality of the situation is that officers just do not have the time to learn another language. It would also make officers work even longer; resulting in more overtime and it would complicate staffing when learning it on the job. Learning another language is beneficial to the officer and the police department in every city. It would avoid complications and confusion in any given situation (Khashu, Rahman, & Shah, 2007). It also is not really a reality with the hours officers and the stress deal with on a daily basis.

Time management is the only way to get it done with the help of the department, officers, and the budget. It is all a matter of time. Reference List Khashu, A. , Rahman, I. , & Shah, S. (2007). Overcoming language barriers: solutions for law enforcement. Vera Institute of Justice. U. S. Department of Justice. Page 4. Retrieved from: http://www. cops. usdoj. gov/Publications/vera_translating_justice_final. pdf Hickey. (2012). Taking sides: clashing views in crime and criminology, 10th ed. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

But today, in a world filled with computers and keyboards and various applications like Microsoft Office to facilitate our writing and even correct our errors, do we really need to know how to write properly anymore? In the modern world where we use our phones and messages to communicate with the least amount of effort, short and concise text to get to the point regardless of punctuation, grammar nor orthography. In a fast living world where everybody seems to have less time, Is there really room for linguist? According to John Humphrey, a newspaper author mentioned in Crystals essay, exiting is ruining our Language.

Ever since the mobile phone was introduced and along with the way to communicate with messages, companies have been using this invention to make the most profit of it by developing the Global System for Mobile Communications Network in the mid sass’s. Messages at that time had a limited amount of characters, so the message people are trying to forward had to be short and concise. There was no room for orthography nor grammar. The beginning of SMS, short message service. Testing as a trend rocketed In the 21 SST century and a ewe creative style of writing has emerged.

However, David Crystal is not agreeing with the majority, he states, that it rather “helps than hinders literacy’ (b or not b, David Crystal, 337). He also argues that even though a lot of grammar and general linguistic rules are often broken, the messages are still understandable. And Isn’t that the point? Furthermore, the longer the messages become the less linguist errors occur. Symbols and single letters to replace words (b or not b, David Crystal, 337-338) In fact, this so called problem is not new. People have been solving puzzles and riddles in newspapers using this structure of text in the 19th century.

English has a lot of abbreviation words ever since it began to be written down. A different approach David Crystal is bringing up, is that author are using “textile” to write poems, short- stories or even novels. But the mobile phone is limiting the capabilities of this new found style. So authors craved for a platform with more expressive power. Therefore, “textile” moved to the PC where people have more possibilities like color, font, type- size and shape. This shows creativity for the English language (b or not b, David Crystal, 344). And isn’t that Just a development of Language?

Like Languages have always evolved and changed over time? At the same time, increasing evidence from different researches, form a team at Coventry University, came to the conclusion that testing does not effect children’s ability to write or read. Instead, it improves. One of the researches show that the more abbreviations they use, the better is their grade in test’s on reading and vocabulary. This research also states that the younger the age is, where they get heir first phones, the better their skills in linguistic (b or not b, David Crystal, 345).

The main argument is that children could not be good at testing if they had not already developed a secure considerable literacy awareness, hence children who are able to use this kind of communication style already have a sense of how the language works and sounds. David Crystal isolates himself clearly from other authors or professors by not sharing the same opinion. And this essay depicts it coherently. I think that it is true that English as a Language is changing and its not going to be he same as it was. But is that a bad thing? Personally.

The letters give out details of price and information about the car. The letters also give you details on the specifications of the car. The letters are also different in some ways e.g. the jeep Cherokee is the only letter with a picture. The rover is sponsored by the common wealth games. And the V.W gives you the chance to win a family holiday in Alton Towers. And you are also invited on an open day to take a closer look at the new Sharon TL. The jeep offers a chance to win a 1000 in a prize draw. The T.V adverts were quite different they, put the same message across as the posters and letters. One of the T.V adverts I looked at was the new Audie Quattro.

The advert starts with a man riding a bull in a big stadium of sand. It was set at night, and all the floodlights were on. A slow drumming horn gets louder and louder during the advert. The man manages to tame the bull, and the bull stops jumping and stands still. The next scene is the car pulling up, really close to the screen. The background was black and then the writing appears, ” the new audie quatro,” “the ride of your life.” By the end of the advert the horn is very loud. I find this advert very effective because, it was short and good, with a good slogan that went with the rest of the advert very well. I thought this advert was aimed at males, because it has a bull rider at the start in a big stadium.

All of the adverts were different because they had to target different audiences. The different mediums used different techniques. The posters had to be eye catching and interesting to look at, the TV adverts had used visual effects as well as musical effects. The letters were persuasive and personal and gave you a lot of information, where as the T.V adverts and the posters had to interest you, and make you want to find out more about the car. I thought the most effective advert was the T.V advert of the Audie. I thought it was short and very memorable. Over all I think the TV adverts were the best because they were more interesting than the others, and would make me want to bye a car more than a letter would. The Nissan Micra advert published in the Guardian’s Weekend on 31st May 2003 is an advert that has many features to make it appeal more to the audience. Possibly the most effective are the features used to create the adverts’ layout.

This is because the images are a lot larger than the text on this advert. The images are laid out to appear like a chronological cartoon where the woman is using the widely mentioned ‘Intelligent Key’, one of the Micra’s unique selling points (USP). The first image is of the key, showing us the badge of the Nissan logo purposefully showing. The more the logo is used, the more we can be reminded of its brand. Nissan have not overused it: If most people quickly glimpse at the advert as if they were flicking through Weekend they might only notice the one logo, although if you look deeper, you may notice more being used discretely.

The next image details a handle without a keyhole, to emphasize the fact that the Intelligent Key is so helpful. The key is designed to remove the need for physical handling of a key: It senses when you enter and leave the vehicle’s vicinity. Penultimately, the image shows the woman walking nearer to her door, bag in hand. This might prompt people to think she is too busy to have a spare hand for her key. Finally, she puts her door key into the lock and enters the security of her home. In the featured image, the car is pictured, with the woman a bit further left. She is almost blurry and we cannot depict her face. This will have been designed in the article to make the target audience think it could be any woman being in her shoes. The ‘Friendly headlamps’ (another USP) that remain on for 2 minutes are shown clearly in this image as she walks, again to show how the product can assist you like no other car can.

At the bottom of the image, there is a large block of white text reading “GADGETS FOR THE GIRLS”. Alliteration is used in this sentence to make it memorable and easy to read. It is also in such large font because it is making a statement of similar magnitude. The first line of the article relates this well: “For too long men have had all the great gadgets to play with … “. Gadgets are the theme of this article: The owner is shown to have modernism and a healthy social life because they own the car, the advert suggests. This is shown with informal language. At the end of the advert, words are merged together to create a Micra language. Words in this language are generally oxymoronic and speak about opposites that can finally come together in the car. This is suitable for the target audience because these words are fluent, entertaining and social. For example: “Modern yet retro? “Modtro, of course.” This even appeals to many different personalities, since both sides of the scales are mentioned.

The target audience of the advert is mainly women, which is backed by the strap line: “Gadgets for the girls”. Also, the line with “… a load of leggie mates … ” suggests that the car is more suitable for people with healthy social lives and friends. People that are middle class are the target audience as well, since the advert is featured in The Guardian. Women with disposable and discretionary income are included in the target audience too, since many gadgets have high prices for tasks that are wanted, and not needed. The car can be called a gadget in this sense, as there cheaper alternatives to buying the Micra. Newer and younger drivers may want to buy a Micra because of the style and helpful gadgets it has. The image of the lips above ‘Do you speak Micra?’ appeals to these people as they may have time for relationships and the image suggests attraction.

The slogan for the advertisement campaign is “Do you speak Micra?”. This is a rhetorical question that refers to the language of Micra. By commanding us to grab a brochure, we can “… become fluent today …” in Micra. This makes Micra’s language seem exclusive and makes us want to see more about the car. Micra language was also a theme used throughout the campaign, so once we have seen the phrase once, we will be familiar with it next time.

Language techniques are also used by Nissan to improve the advert. There is a number to ring and a website they refer us to in formal language, but the rest of the article is informal. Sibilance occurs in the sentence describing the steering features: “… speed-sensitive power steering …” The sound of the words is very flowing and makes the reader feel more involved. Emotive language, like “Intelligent”, “Friendly” and “Crucial”, is mentioned too. These suggest to the reader that the car has feelings, which is appropriate since it is helping a woman get into her house in most pictures. This could be classed as personification as it could be taking the role of a boyfriend.

The advert succeeds in being open to people’s interests and it is very fitting with the target audience. In my opinion it should not have the word ‘Girls’ in bold because it may put men off reading it immediately, although women may be drawn in instead. Nissan have also included the logo for intertextuality, which is a good idea too. Finally, they have chosen to put a blue car, background and blue coloured lips on the advert. This is a good idea because blue can symbolize being calm: an emotion the target audience may want to feel.

The Language Barrier for Non-English Speaking Citizens Lynne Lilley Com/150 University of Phoenix Com/150 March 8, 2010 The Language Barrier for Non-English Speaking Citizens “No Habla English”. “21 million people living in the United States cannot speak English. Citizens are not just speaking Spanish, but Chinese and Russian are rising fast. ” (U. S. Bureau of Census, 2009) To force a citizen to speak a new language is discrimination.

Non-English speaking citizens and immigrants that are without good English skills will fall academically, in the judicial system and when receiving proper medical care. 47 million Americans five years and older used a language other than English. The children that have no English skills will not be able to understand what the teacher is trying to teach. Children will not be able to do their assignments correctly and will eventually fail the class. ”Some illegal immigrants are raising their children without teaching them English, hoping that the school will do that job.

The Washington Post recently reported that as many as two-thirds of the children in suburban Arlington County, Virginia, receiving language assistance from kindergarten through second-grade born in the United States to non-English-speaking parents who don’t read to them, talk to them, or provide them a background in any language. (Not Speakiing their Native Tongue, 1996) A child being educated in English opens many doors of opportunities. English as a Second Language learner has more benefits than those of native English. Native speakers tend to speak in slang or use cliches and have bad grammar skills.

There are even laws to wanting to learn another language as opposed to not knowing another language. In Albany, Georgia, they are trying to pass a law that students no longer have Spanish classes in schools and parents need to hire a tutor to come in to their home and teach the child a foreign language. Learning English will benefit a child not knowing the language and prevent barriers as an adult. Since the first amendment is freedom of speech, why do so many non-English speaking citizens run into barriers in the judicial systems? A citizen cannot explain an emergency to a police official such as; ho attacked them, who they were victimized by or the nature of the emergency they are having. There are just not enough bilingual employees in the judicial system whether it is police, courthouse officials, or translators. If an officer does not speak the language of the victim, the officer has to call a hotline service that will provide the correct language and that could take some time. Attorney’s that have non-English speaking clients recognize initially that such representation will be time consuming. They must begin their representation carefully, making sure a basis foundation for communication exists.

Another problem that occurs when the client and attorney waste time because the attorney, court clerk, or other individual fail to identify the correct name of the represented individual. Often times when a non-English speaking citizen has problems with the judicial system it occurs because the person cannot read the notices sent or end up having no counsel or able to consult with their counsel. Defendants end up doing lengthy jail sentences because they did not tell the court they needed an interpreter. “In Virginia, a convenience store clerk was fired for complaining about the employer’s unwritten English-only policy.

In Florida, two hotels faced on AFL-CIO boycott because they reportedly insisted they use English only. In New York, Long Life Home Care has been sued by EEOC on behalf of two workers who allege that the company prohibits employees from speaking Spanish only during breaks, lunch in the cafeteria and within one city block of their office building” (Lost in Translation, 2006). Judicial systems are not the only ones who have problems with language barriers; the medical field are affected too. Non-English speaking citizens and immigrants are receiving improper medical care because of the miscommunication.

The people who cannot speak English well are misunderstood, when they go to free clinics or hospital emergency rooms and attempt to explain their symptoms and illness or cannot understand the doctors or medical profession that are trying to help them. ” Interpreters are omitting questions about drug allergies. Patients are not telling nurses the correct symptoms. A mother misunderstood by putting oral antibiotic into the ears of the child instead of the mouth. The Puerto Rican word for mumps is not the same in Central America, so a child was mistreated.

A doctor mistakenly told a parent to put a steroid creme on entire child instead of just the face” (Yolanda Prtida, 2005). Language barriers in the medical field are dangerous and some times even fatal. There is definitely a need for more translators in hospitals and doctors office. Clear communication is essential for safe quality healthcare. Poor communication can lead to disastrous outcomes, especially for patients with limited or no English ability. Working together with non-English speaking citizens and immigrants would help eliminate some barriers.

When you call any bank or financial institute, public utility, or government agency, you can hear a prompt stating if you want to proceed in English press 1. That shows that we are working on a bilingual nation. A language barrier is not a disability, while those who cannot communicate are, of course, handicapped in our society. The inability to speak English is not a handicap in the physiological sense. ” Let’s face—English is a crazy language, and English was invented by people, not computers, and it reflects the creativity of the human race (which, of course, isn’t a race at all).

That is why,-when-the stars are out, they are visible, but when the lights are out, they are invisible. And why, when I wind up my watch, I start it, but when I wind up this essay, I end it” (unknown). Works Cited Lost in Translation. (2006, January 17). New York Times , pp. 1-2. Not Speakiing their Native Tongue. (1996, May 14). Washington Post , p. A1. U. S. Bureau of Census. (2009). Retrieved March 2, 2010, from U. S Bureau of Census website: http://factfinder. census. gov unknown. (n. d. ). Yolanda Prtida, M. D. (2005). Language Policy and Practice in Healthcare. Fresno: Center for Medical & Eduacation Research.

Now I am going to introduce the cyber language which is used by foreigners. English cyber language usually comes from online games, video games and general pop cultural, like movie, youtube video clips, and so on. People usually take the first alphabet of the words in a phrase and combine them into a new word. And these are some of the examples of acronym. They are commonly use all over the world. I think these examples you all may be familiar with, so now I am going to introduce some not so familiar examples. LOL is obviously a example of acronym, which is a short form of laughing out loud.

People take each word’s first alphabet to create LOL. And for ‘he’s 404’ means he is clueless. This word includes coinage and ideogram. For coinage, usually when a web page cannot be found, then the internet will pop up a 404 web page to inform you. Therefore when we cannot find someone, we can call him 404. And for ideogram, people instead of saying directly he’s clueless, they refer to the picture of the web site 404, so it is a ideogram. The next one is ASAIK. ASAIK means ‘as soon as I know’. It is also an example of acronym. It is a short form of the phrase as soon as I know.

And for the next example, it is easy to know what it means. It means see ya. It includes compounding, because it is combined with 2 words, see and ya. And also the letter C is a homophone of the word see. They both pronounce in the same pronunciation. At the same time, it also includes syllabic writing system and rebus writing system. It is a syllabic writing system, because C represents /si:/ to replsce see /si:/ ,so is syllabic writng At last, it includes rebus writing system, because it uses another word with the same sound to replace it.

The word see is replaced by the letter C, and the you is replaced by YA. And at last, this word means night. It includes syllabic writing system, the nine : /nain/ replace nigh /nai/. And it sticks with the letter ‘t’, which is an alphabetic writing system. Also it is same as CYA, it also includes rebus writing system. The sound nigh is replaced by a word which is similar its sound, nine. Emoticons is a pictographic writing. It use different kinds of punctuation to form a facial expression.

This emoticons are usually use in computers, mobile and also other communicating devices and forum. These emoticons can express our feelings even more direct, sometimes it is better than using words to express our feelings. And also these emoticons can help us to save time. For example, if we want to express we are so happy, instead of typing alphabets, we type the punctuations into a smiley face, it would save a lot more time. Type happy, we need to type 5 alphabets, but a smiley face, only needs 2 punctuation, and that’s it.

Therefore it really save time form typing words. Because of the efficiency of emoticons, it is now a trend all over the world, and among all the countries, japan is one of the countries which use emoticons the most. And here are the examples of emoticons. We can see that there are a lot of emoticons to express different kinds emtions. Taiwanese and mainlanders may also miscommunicate throughout a conversation, although they share the same language,Putonghua. The miscommunicate is because of their cultures, each one develop their own kinds of words into their language e. . (1) Taiwanese may use ‘???? ‘ to express you are so annoying. But when the mainlanders saw this, they may misunderstand as you are such a motorbike. It would be a totally different ecplanation. And there is also another e. g. (2)mainlanders may use ‘? ‘ to mean being frightened. But in Taiwan, it reminds people that the post in the forum would disclose a play’s information. So they use the same word, but the meaning of the word ’? ’ means differently to different culture and nation.