News

Having built your particular community what were some of the Issues you needed to consider. – Counter Terrorism and Irregular weltare: Acting in concert with other means of national power, we must continue to be strong and show other affiliates and adherents under constant pressure, wherever they may be. To achieve good counter terrorism and irregular, the strategies involve an increase in standard police and domestic intelligence and also technology. With good technology has, however, expanded the range of military and law enforcement operations.

Countering rregular welfare, we need to be connected with the community and make sure there isn’t any space left (like, swamps, jungle, forests, and hills) for them to have their people train and learn how to fight, or recruit members throughout the community. – Power projection (aka force projection): We need to have an area distant to form our own territory In order to maintain our ability to project power In areas In which our access and freedom to operate are challenged. This ability is a crucial element of a state’s power in International relations.

There are soft and hard power projections. oft power projections are securing sea lanes of communication, next Is non- combatant evacuation, or humanitarian, last is peace-keeping as military operations designed to support diplomatic efforts to reach a long-term political settlement to an on-going dispute. Hard projections are compulsion deterrence, armed intervention or showing the flag which symbolic deployment of military forces toa region for the purposes of demonstrating political Interest, resolve or to take more forceful military actions. ? Environment: Globalisation has brought about an Increase in environmental egradation; some argue that it has also brought about an increase In awareness of environmental management. 2) What were some of the key considerations you had to bear In mind when you were bulldlng your society? – Operate effectively in cyberspace: In modern armed forces, we cannot conduct fast-paced, effective operations without reliable information and communication networks and assured access to cyberspace. o nowadays we need best supporung Infrastructure In order to face a range of threats that may destroy, disrupt or degrade assets. Therefore, we ould need to work with domestic and international allies and partners and endow In advanced capabllltles to defend our networks and resiliency towards cyberspace. – Counter weapons of Mass Destruction: Even though, how good our country Is, if ever there are people who make use of Illegal proliferation ot any type weapons operation.

Our country may not be a safe and peace place. Thus, we need to implementa Cooperative Threat Reduction (Nunn-Lugar) Program, and planning and operations to locate, monitor, track, interdict and secure Weapons ot Mass Destruction and related omponents and the means and facilities to make them. 3) wnat Klnas 0T Tacllltles 010 you plan wnen you were DullOlng you community Heritage (Internal Security Department): To show the citizens about the threats from international terrorism, foreign subversion and espionage. Shelter and Radio Stations: Create Bomb Shelter, place to keep the family and people protected in order to avoid the outside disaster and stay safe for the time being. Having a Radio stations can allow the listeners to be well inform about what happen outside when in the bomb shelter has no power socket to plug in and watch he television also if have avoid overexposure to news rebroadcasts of the events. Television news of traumatic events can be particularly frightening to children, especially when it is viewed repeatedly.

Thus, stay tuned to the local emergency response network or news station for up-to-date information and instructions. -Community Safety Centre: A place to give the people in the community to have a view on what happen when disaster strike. The centre comprises of the ‘house’ plus a training room with full audio-visual facilities and remote handset quiz equipment to enhance the visit. ) How did you make the lives of your people colorful? – Common living space provided by public housing: Living together in the same neighborhood provides opportunities for people from different ethnic groups to interact. Have Community center and Shopping malls: Allow them to relax and learning new things in free time. – Have events and programs organized by grassroots organizations: Grassroots organization such as People’s Association (PA) create common space through their wide range of programs and activities developed to cater to the needs and interests of every citizen. (Like home visits) 5) What are some easons for the rise of conflicts in societies and what would be some good means to resolve this? – Conflict over scarce resources: The natural resources of the world such as land, water, oil and fish are unequally distributed.

Some countries have more of such resources while others have less. Those with less resource might use force to gain more, especially when these resources are necessary for survival and economic growth. -Conflicts over different ethnic groups: The lack of understanding among the racial groups can create suspicion and unhappiness among the people. This may lead to utbreaks of violence among ethnic groups. – To solve this, multi-racialism: The policy of multi-racialism promotes equality among the ethnic, with no special rights granted to any particular racial or religious group.

Everyone has equal opportunities to succeed, regardless of their background. -Or, Common practices: An action that our country, everybody carries out together. Singing the national anthem, taking the pledge and attending flag rising ceremony. Talk about Bilateral ties and multilateral ties and military. We should adopt a natlonal securlty policy 0T deterrence supported Dy Olplomacy. Deterrence pollcy Is ased on being prepared for any form of threats while developing diplomatic relationships with as many countries as possible.

Deterrence taken by countries to prevent and protect themselves from threats. These threats may be carried out by countries or non-state aggressors such as transnational terrorists. Deterrence could be practiced using the following methods: 1) Citizen armed force: If our country could not afford a large professional army. Thus, our government could plan to build a citizen armed force through enlisting able-bodied men into army. Like National Service (NS); all able-bodied male citizens ere called up to serve full-time NS. Through it, our country learns to defend their country.

Not only that, NS also helps men to bond as they share a common experience during their training. This bonding helps to develop in them a sense of loyalty, patriotism and a shared destiny for our Country. 2) Total defense: A way to involve everyone in the defense of the country. It can only be effective only when all citizens believe that the country is worth defending, and are involved in our defense efforts. So, potential aggressors will think twice about attacking Singapore if they now they face the entire nation and not Just the armed forces.

Total defense consists of five aspects: Military, Civil, Economic, Social and Psychological defense. 3) Beside building up a strong defense force within the country, we got to actively fosters friendly ties with the armed forces of other countries. This is conducted mainly through bilateral and multilateral military agreements, Joint military exercises, training programs and participation in the UN peace missions. – Bilateral military agreements and exercises: We have to make agreements with various countries to allow our troops to train in their countries. Examples; New Zealand, Indian and others.

In addition to these agreements, we also conducts regular military training with neighboring countries, these training activities increase cooperation and strengthen ties among the participating countries. – Multi-lateral: It is similar to bilateral but it is more towards global issues. Where the Defense ministers from number of different countries gather together and talk about international problems. Like in the event of an external threat against a particular country, members would consult one another on the appropriate measures to be taken to deter the aggressor.

In our society today there is one key element that informs the world in many different ways. This element is the media. It comes in many forms such as television, newspapers, magazines etc. Since we are subjected to the media everyday, it can influence how we feel about people. Some influences can be positive and some can be negative. One negative influence that it has is its coverage of African Americans. The media’s coverage of African Americans encourages the majority of white society to have a negative perception of them. Many times in the media whites are not portrayed in such a manner.

One of the reasons this occurs is because of the structure in which the news is presented. This reason is shown through the use of language to describe the events involving African Americas that have taken place. The language is often more “brutal” when an African American story is being told. Another is the consistency in which African Americans appear in the media. A third reason is because whites and blacks do not interact as much in society. A final reason a negative image of African Americans is perceived by white society is because the media is always present.

It is almost everywhere you go. Author Farai Chideya says, “The use of vivid and strong language forms a subconscious mental portrayal of the person or persons being described. The mind accepts the language and formulates a perception of that party” (42). A perfect account that supports this quote is when “fancy” language was used to describe African Americans in the evening news and newspapers. Channel 9, WCPO in Cincinnati, Ohio, reported a story involving an African American in a murder case on February, 4, 2000. Such words as “violent”, “brutal”, and “merciless” were used.

These strong words stick in people’s minds when they hear them. Since they were linked to a black man, a negative stereotype can be formed. Later in the broadcast an incident involving a white male was broadcast. In that story, the reporter just gave the facts. Dejecting adjectives were not used to describe this man. This story is significant because the receiver of this information will not have the same prejudices towards the white man as they now have towards the black man. Since stronger words were used to describe the acts of the black man, a negative stereotype was formed about him.

In The Cincinnati Post on Friday, February 4, 2000, a story involving an African American was on the front page. In big, bold letters the heading read, “Man Accused of Vicious Murder”. The story was of an African American male who robbed an innocent, elderly, white woman in Over the Rhine, a neighborhood in Cincinnati, and then murdered her. Because the words “innocent”, “elderly”, and “white” were used in the article a negative stereotype was attributed to the man. Charles Campbell writes, “In the relaying of controversial news, language plays an important role.

If one figure in the story is perceived by readers as being unable to protect themselves, or innocent, then the other figure is extremely looked down upon by the reader” (76). This quote is very significant because it explains how the reader has a more negative feeling towards the black man because of the words that were used to describe the elderly woman. The viewer sees the woman as being “innocent” and unable to do anything about her situation and the black man did not care whatsoever. “African Americans appear on the news as criminals twice as often as other groups”, according to Cole.

Stories that are best told with pictures, fires, crime scenes, and handcuffed criminals dominate our newscasts (Cole 4) These images, especially of African American men, lead to stereotypes of black men as “dangerous, unrestrained, sexually active individuals” (Cole 4). This quote is significant because it shows how stunning images of repetitive negativity involving African Americans imbeds itself into the viewer’s mind. Because these incidents occur over and over again, what else besides negativity towards blacks will the viewer come to know?

Another quote that supports this is when Campbell states, “ Repetitive viewing of negative media portrayals of outgroup members is one way of comparing ingroup (white majority) with outgroup (black majority)” (101). Often times in the media whites are portrayed in the news as high stature figures. Some of these figures are politicians, police officers, very wealthy people, or standouts in society. More situations of these stories about whites are in the media then stories of whites that commit violent acts. Because of the better portrayal of whites in society, they are not as often negatively stereotyped.

On the other hand, since blacks are not portrayed like whites in the media they are assessed more negative attributes from the receiver (person who is affected by the media). For three days, February 15 through February 17, 2000, I watched the news channel Fox 56’s broadcasts. On February 15, there were four stories where African Americans were involved. Two involved robbery, one involved rape, and the last one murder. There were only two incidents where whites were attributed with negative acts. On February, 16, there were three happenings that African Americans were a part of.

Again, they were stories of robbery and rape and this time a new one, unemployment. There were two stories involving whites and they were petty crimes such as not paying child support and petty theft. On the final day of my research there were five stories involving African Americans and two involving whites. From my research it was proven to me that African Americans appeared consistently twice as much in the media as whites. The same types of crimes were repetitive also. Those crimes being murder, robbery, and rape.

This time, however, a new factor was relayed, unemployment. Now a new stereotyped was assessed to African Americans, laziness. The significance of this research was to show that repetition of negative actions by African Americans does occur in the media. Because these situations occurred over and over again, the receiver can form stereotypes of African Americans. In the United States of America Africans make up 12% of the population (Marger 227). Even though this equates to over thirty million people, black and white America still live very separate lives.

Because of our separateness, what we know about each other is often what we see on television shows, news broadcasts, and read in newspapers. But not because the television industry aims to entertain and news focuses on the extremes, people who have done very bad things or very good things, the white majority perceives African Americans as talented as Michael Jordan or the only ones committing crime and rape in our neighborhoods (Marger 165). The typical, hardworking, African American family is overlooked because it is not “news”.

Since negative images and stories stick out and are soaked up more by the receiver, the good images of African Americans in the media are easily overlooked. There are many instances where there are good news stories about blacks such as helping in the community, saving people’s lives, and doing other good deeds. The problem is the bad outweighs the good. This statement was proved through my research when I viewed the evening news. Chideya describes it perfectly when he says, “Black America and white America still live separately.

What we know of one another is often secondhand, passed through a filter – the filter of the media” (77). The final reason why stereotypes of African Americans are perceived by white society is because the media is always present. It’s not like you can just completely isolate yourself from all types of media. Virtually no matter where you go, you hear or receive the media in some way. Whether it is through television, newspapers, books, magazines, or music, it is always there. Even if someone walks up and tells you what they heard or read from the media, you are affected by it.

Especially if the media involves negative stories or images involving African Americans. If the media is everywhere you go, there is no way escaping the constant bombardment of negative occurrences where African Americans are present. Finally, the reasons described above are very important. “Fancy” language used to describe African American stories, the number of times blacks are in the media, the non-interaction of whites and blacks in society, or the media being present everywhere you go, all contribute to the white majority developing negative stereotypes of blacks.

All of theses reasons cause you to remember the bad things African Americans have done and allow yourself to think harshly of them. I have one question for you. If you don’t believe what I have presented in this essay, then where do you get your information from? If you don’t say some type of media, whether it is a book, television, a newspaper or a magazine, then you are a liar. Think about it.

So the question is asked, “What will you do personally to improve the image of Black Males in America? ” I believe by breaking the stereotype of black males will be a start on changing or improving the image of African American Males. With stereotypes, It tends to put a heavy label on Individuals which becomes holders to success. So, the Image of black males according to different sources such as, the news, and media in general, from displayed actions of some Individuals; claims to think that black males have lack of male role models, simple-minded, behavioral issues, negative influences, and the list goes on and on.

I know that, not everyone is alike in life. Everyone has a designated path they choose to follow and with those choices becomes your future. I strongly believe that every African American Male has the ability to be notwithstanding to critical Judgments and prove critics wrong. To improve these barbaric analyses there should be a metamorphosing program that helps black males finds out who they are and help them obtain desired goals. Which we do have but the organizations are few. This program could be a very beneficial set to the communities and most importantly the individuals striving for success.

In society we see media presenting African American Males as animals, want-to-be gangsters, rappers, living In low social economical environments, and vice seeking. It is not totally the media fault for the poor representation of blacks in America but, It Is a start towards where the vain message is occurring. Some black males even uphold or even take pride of stereotypes as if they have accomplished something significant. While on the topic of black males being portrayed by the media, I’m not too sure on why the media focuses their attention on the negative inducing news but, generally bad news makes good news for a newscast.

As for what I’ll do, I will set myself up as demonstration to show how black males can fight off stereotypes and criticism. Despite of home situations and obstacles I try to put my best foot forward towards where I can accomplish my dreams. I believe my life would be a good example of fighting off stereotypes. During elementary, middle school, and the beginning of my 9th grade year In high school I was classified as Special De. This label put me In a session where I doubted my self esteem and that I would amount to anything.

My parents and as well as my grandparents instilled in me that no matter what label someone put on you or what they classify you as, you have to prove them wrong. So I began to improve my behavior, the way I carried myself, grammar, and just generally who I was. On the journey to creating a new me I found that there were a lot of people around me and who I hung around who influenced my behavior. These where the people I needed to eliminate myself from life. By eliminating them, I created ace within myself. With that peace I started to think cumulatively.

I started to not render myself to them willingly and not get focused on how I appeared to people. That’s probably a main concern with the youth today. Many youth, preferably African American males are at cosmetic levels. Cosmetic pertaining to how they look to others that they forget their mall goals and focuses. So this gave a good demonstration for me. Sometimes examples are the only way some people can accumulate Ideas. Succeed. I also believe that changing the mind and attitude of black males will improve the image.

Altitude is descried as, the height of an object or point in relation to sea level or ground level or Just great height. So if black males were to change their minds and attitude then their altitude would go to greater heights. Due to circumstances such as financial situations, environments we live in, and etc. Black males tend to not think highly of achievement. So we have to change from a fixed mindset to a growth mindset. As we approach a challenge we might encounter a voice that says, “Are you sure about this? You probably aren’t fit for it. What if you fail – you’ll be a failure. ” As this voice inside us tries to set us back, we need should take it as a setup. It is an advantage on our part because, we have the chance to take negative criticism and turn it into positive criticism. How we interpret challenges, setbacks, and criticism is totally up to us. We can interpret them in a fixed mindset as signs that are fixed abilities and talents need improving. Or we can simply interpret them in a growth mindset as signs that we need to ramp up our strategies and effort, stretch our self, and expand our abilities.

So as we approach a challenge, our fixed mindset says, “Are you sure you can do it? ” The growth mindset answer says, “I’m not sure I can do it now, but I think I can learn to with time and enough effort. ” Over time our mind becomes completely under our submission and will. Whether we take on challenges wholeheartedly, learn from set backs and try again, hear negative criticism and act on it in our own hands. We have to learn to tune the distracting voice out and overcome it within. So having a growth mindset means that you believe your personality, skills and traits can be changed.

Social media has had the ability to advance the world. In short amount of time, we have revolutionized so much such as receiving the news and communication. Due to social media, the way that we learn about and respond to anything affecting our world has changed. We have the ability to do so much like learn about new diseases in a few clicks. Social media is not just a place to observer a friend’s profile and see what they are up to. It is also a large source where people can come together.

Huffington Post mentions that, “Interestingly, social media as a medium for connecting, organizing and communicating is powering and spreading democracy far better than billions of dollars of aid or war in corners of world very resistant to such change.” Social media creates a large platform where a community can quickly, make an impact on the world and for a cause.

Technology is constantly advancing every day. In this time of social media, we have both social media activism (or digital activism) and hashtag activism. It is much easier today than it was to before to spread awareness on an important social issue. Using both hashtags and social media helps to easily spread and raise awareness. Another post from Huffington Post states that, “Hashtags have the power to bring attention to and mobilize a large population.

Petitions, protests, letters to politicians and those in power are disseminated through social media.” InMyArea has mentioned a few of the many hashtags that have brought awareness over the course of a few years. “Social media’s role in activism can be credited to areas like these Abilene-Sweetwater, TX – #OccupyWallStreet Los Angeles, CA – #OscarsSoWhite Boston, MA – #ALSIceBucketChallenge Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN – #BlackLivesMatter #Charlottesville, VA”

Social media activism includes raising awareness by using a variety of websites such as Facebook, Twitter, etc. By doing this, the world gets the opportunity to learn more about causes and movement as well as their needs. Most social media platforms have certain algorithms that will promote the most popular hashtags, doing this helps to bring critical social matters to the spotlight. Phycology Today mentions that there are, “four important ways that social media is redefining activism and advocacy.”

First is that social media can change public awareness. Second, is that “social media distribution means we are getting information from someone in our network.” Third being that social media networks cross different platforms and creates a quick impact that gives it urgency. Lastly, social media development has changed the impression of communicating by modifying our expectations about participation.

Social media has the amazing ability to provide the platform to anyone with access to the digital world and gives them the opportunity to call for change. The platforms that social media provide give people and communities the opportunity to create events to anybody almost anyone. The internet has always been a platform that has given anyone to form new communities and share resources. There are an increased number of groups who are now turning to practical tools, which allow them to create unified platforms to increase social change. There are several different tools used by online activists being online petitions, social networks, blogs, micro-blogging, cell phones and proxy servers. One of the other major characteristics of social activism is that it is almost always a non-violent form of protest.

American Press Institute showed that 69% of millennials get their daily news while 85% say that “keeping up with the news is at least somewhat important to them.” It is true that this generation access their news differently, they do access their news regularly to keep up with any new information and things that are changing around them. Referring back to the study, a large portion of millennials did post recently about a topic they cared about on social media.

Although it can be hard to keep up with at times, it is crucial to be aware of everything that is going on in the world. With social media frequently being updated every second of every day, people are easily able to obtain constant knowledge. Social media platforms have become more than just a way to share how you are feeling. Due to social media, people are no longer limited to just receiving their important news from one only one source. Social media has been able to advance the spread of awareness as well as the pace at which we can help as a community. Social media is a powerful enough tool for raising awareness. It gives everyone voice while it can also connect us all to a large variety of backgrounds, and cultures.

The Consumer News and Business Channel, or CNBC is a channel for business news owned by NBC Universal, a subsidiary of General Electric, and broadcast over satellite and cable which first aired in the late 1980s. The launch of the network was of historical significance to the television industry, insofar as it was the first network launch on cable not owned by a major cable operator, (Carter, 1989) such as the Turner-owned CNN, and its direct competitor for ratings the older Financial News Network, a California-based non-cable news channel covering similar ground as CNBC.

However, not long after the FNN experienced a major scandal in accounting and auditing, CNBC purchased and assimilated the network, significantly increasing its broadcast share. (Associated Press, 1991) Since then, the brand has expanded into Asian and European markets and has grown to become one of the most expansive news outlets for business news and financial reportage.

At present, CNBC’s programming includes documentaries, investigative reporting, infomercials as well as some non news content in the form of game shows. Like most, business channels, it sports a rolling ticker at the bottom of the screen to provide viewers with real-time updates on stock exchanges, news summaries and weather updates. Some of the programs include Mad Money, a fast-paced stock advice show involving prop-based humor; an international business affairs program known as Worldwide Exchange and Power Lunch, a trend-watching program which focuses on people and events in business.

Currently, CNBC emphasizes a more personality oriented approach to reportage, as epitomized by the popular host of Closing Bell, Maria Bartiromo, who is a regular personality of stock market related programming recognized for her striking looks, as well as the attention-grabbing theatrics of Mad Money’s Jim Cramer, both of whom are used for coverage outside of their respective programs.

However, in 2007, CNBC has come to recognize another competitor in the field of business news: The Fox Business Network, a spin-off of Fox News Channel, which has staked its reputation on personality-based news reporting as well. As such, News Corp., Fox’s parent company seeks to repeat its success with the Fox News Channel but within the broadcast territory of CNBC. The question remains whether CNBC can assert itself in the face of the increasing brand cache of Fox in current affairs programming.

REFERENCES

Carter, B. (1989, April 10) “NBC Walks Into A Cable Minefield.” The New York Times.

The Associated Press (1991, May 26) “Purchase of FNN Boosts NBC’s Cable-Market Share.” The Seattle Times.

Garofoli, J. (2007, October 14) “Fox Business Network gets ready to battle CNBC.” The San Francisco Chronicle.

Arguments based on emotion work in different media by getting the audience to feel a sense of what the advertiser is trying to convey. The effectiveness of these arguments differ based on the promoter and what they are trying to present. For example, if the promoter is trying to get a message across through a book, they have to include something that might interest readers. Unlike books, if they are trying to advertise something through television, they include something that might interest people who like watching T.

V. , such as “couch potatoes” etc. The approach for magazines is different. If someone is already reading a magazine they are in for ads therefore it is much easier to grab their attention. However, arguments based on emotion vary significantly on websites. You can go from a positive response to an extremely negative response in a few seconds, therefore you must be careful. Certain things an ad might portray may go against what someone believes and will instigate hate” comments which technically may not deserve that type of classification.

Others may be able to receive the emotion the ad is trying to present and therefore the ad can be successful. Newspapers are an emotionally colder source than television news in my perspective because when you are watching the news, the reporters can sound a little enthusiastic, delivering the news in a hopeful manner. When reading the newspaper, you can only Interpret It how you envision It and so If the tone of the paper Is depressing, then It would be emotionally colder.

The second step is to compose your message, keeping foremost in mind the need to adapt to your audience. After producing a first draft, the writer completes the message by revising after reviewing the content, editing clarity and style, producing the document by considering format and design decisions, proofreading, then distributing the message.

1. Optimizing Your Writing Time Generally, the writer should dedicate half the allotted time to planning, about a quarter to writing, and about a quarter to completing the message.
2. Planning Effectively Don’t rush the planning step, as it will save you time later. Planning reduces antecedents as you write The first consideration in planning a business message is the purpose.
3. Defining Your Purpose The general purpose of any business correspondence is to inform, to persuade, or to collaborate with your audience.

Informing an audience requires little direct interaction: the writer has maximum control of what is being imparted. Persuading an audience requires some active participation from the audience: the writer must adjust his message according to the feedback from the audience. Collaborating with an audience requires maximum participation from the audience: thus the writer’s intro is minimized. The specific purpose of a business message identifies what you hope to accomplish and what your audience should think or do.

There are four important questions the writer should consider to test the purpose of a business message:

• Will anything change as a result of your message?
• Is your purpose realistic?
• Is the time right?
• Is your purpose acceptable to your organization?

Developing an Audience Profile

The next step in analyzing your tuition is to develop an audience profile. There are six important considerations in developing an audience profile:  Identify your remarry audience. Make sure you address the needs of key decision makers. Determine audience size and geographic distribution. Determine audience composition. Look for similarities and differences in culture, language, age, education, organizational rank and status, attitudes, experience, motivations, and any other factors that might affect the success of your message.

Gauge audience members level of understanding. Include enough information to accomplish your purpose. Unreason announce expectations Ana preferences. What medium will be most appealing? How much detail is necessary? Forecast rabble audience reaction. Anticipating the audience’s response enables the writer to deal with resistance effectively.

With a clear picture of your audience and their needs, your next step is to gather information. Sometimes this takes the form of formal research, but sometimes, depending on the subject, informal information gathering is sufficient. Among the effective ways to gather information informally are the following: Considering other viewpoints Reading reports and other company documents Talking with supervisors, colleagues, or customers Asking your audience for input.  Uncovering Audience Needs One of the most important maxims in professional communication is to anticipate the audience’s questions and to have the answers ready at hand. Often those questions are readily apparent: the audience will have asked them directly by contacting the company or organization.

Sometimes, however, the request is vague; the consumer may not be able to explain what he or she wants or may not even know what it is. In these instances, the writer should attempt to clarify the audience’s need by asking questions to narrow the focus. Sometimes it is necessary to anticipate questions the audience might not even have thought of yet. Providing the answer to a question before it has been asked is frequently an excellent means of establishing goodwill with a business customer or client.

Providing Required Information

After the audience’s needs have been defined, they must be satisfied. A familiar means of making sure all the necessary information is included in a business message is to use the Journalistic approach – to ask the questions who? What? When? Where? Why? And how? About the text of the message in order to insure that no important information has been left out. Anytime one of these questions has not en answered, the writer should consider providing more detail.

• Be Sure the Information Is Accurate. It is essential not only to anticipate and answer all the audience’s questions but also to answer them correctly. Providing incorrect or misleading information can result in the company’s being held culpable and possibly being sued. The writer should always confirm information that is being supplied to make sure that it is correct and that he or she has the authority to release it. Outside sources, especially on the Internet, should be checked for accuracy and currency. Any numerical information, specially dates and financial calculations, should be checked and double-checked.
•  Be Sure the Information Is Ethical. Ethics is a paramount issue in the professional world, thus any information provided in a business message must conform to high standards of honesty and sincerity. An example of an unethical message is one in which pertinent information has been omitted. Of course, organizations often have sound reasons, legal and otherwise, for not including every detail about a business matter. In these instances, the best course is for the writer to provide as much information as he or she believes to be omelet and then offer to provide more if required.Honest mistakes are made in ten Dustless world, Ana ten tentacle course AT Acton Is to correct teem as soon as possible.
• Be Sure the Information Is Pertinent. Just as the writer must be sure to include as much information as can be provided, he or she must be careful not to overwhelm the audience with irrelevant information or too much detail.
• After collecting the necessary information, the writer should ascertain the best way to adapt the message to the purpose and audience.

This step entails choosing an appropriate communication medium, the form through which you will communicate your message: oral, written, visual. And electronic (which often combines several media types).  Oral Media Primary are face-to-face conversation, interviews, speeches, and in-person presentations. Their advantage is the opportunity to interact with your audience.  Written media take many forms. Memos are used for routine exchanges of information within an organization.

Letters are used to correspond with recipients outside an organization. Reports and proposals come in a variety of lengths and are usually longer than memos and letters. Traditional business messages rely primarily on text, but more and more people are discovery the power of messages where visual elements dominate. Visual media include any formats in which one or more visual elements play a central role in conveying the message content. ‘ Electronic media include electronic versions of both oral (e. G. Telephone calls, teleconferencing, bedposts), written media (e. G. , e-mail, IM, blobs, websites, and wise), and visual media (electronic presentations, computer animation, and video. Multimedia refers to the use of two or more media to craft a single message.  When Choosing Media The first consideration in choosing the appropriate medium is media richness – the medium’s effectiveness in  conveying the message in more than one informational cue (visual, verbal, vocal), ( facilitating feedback, and establishing a personal focus.

The richest communication medium is face-to-face conversation, which provides the opportunity for immediate feedback and enables both speaker and audience to convey emotional responses. Multimedia presentations are also rich, with the ability to present images, animation, text, music, sound effects, and other elements. The leanest media are those that communicate in the simplest ways, provide no opportunity for audience feedback, and aren’t personalized. A second factor to consider when choosing media is message formality because you media choice will affect your style and tone.

A third factor is media limitations. Every medium has limitations; for example, while face-to-face communication is one of the richest media, it is also the most restrictive because both you and your audience have to be in the same place at the same time. A fourth factor is the intentions of the sender. Your choice of medium influences your audience’ perception of your intentions, A fifth factor is the urgency and cost of the message. The last factor to consider is the preferences of the audience, which is sometimes affected by the culture. For example, the U. S. Canada, and Germany emphasize written messages, but Japan emphasizes oral messages. Organization can make the difference between the success or failure of a message. Poorly organized messages are often characterized by the following: taking too long to get to the point, including irrelevant material, getting ideas mixed up, and leaving UT necessary information. Good organization is essential in a business letter in three key ways: it helps your readers understand your message, it helps your readers accept your message, it avoids wasting the reader’s time.

Even more important, a well-organized message is easier for the reader to understand and thus respond to positively. Organization, combined with diplomacy, will enhance the writer’s and the organization’s credibility. Saving the reader’s time is another important consideration, for, as noted above, time is money. A well-organized message is concise and relevant, providing only what the reader wants or needs to know.

Defining Your Main Idea

The subject of a business message is sometimes called the topic, and the statement or assertion the writer makes about the topic is called the main idea. Often the main idea is easy to impart, but in messages in which the writer is trying to persuade an audience or in which there is bad news to convey, the writer needs to develop a main idea that will establish a good relationship with the audience by focusing on common interests and advantages. Once the writer has determined the main idea, he or she should limit the scope of the message. Scope means the range of information, general length, and the amount of detail. Two considerations in determining and limiting the scope are time available and audience’s expectation.

No matter what the scope is, the message should consist of only a few main points – maybe a half dozen or fewer. ‘V. Choosing Between Direct and Indirect Approaches After you’ve defined your ideas, you’re ready to decide the sequence you will use tap present your points. You have two basic options: Direct approach (deductive) – When oh have a receptive audience, start with the main idea supported by the evidence. Indirect approach (inductive) – When you have a resistant or skeptical audience, start with the evidence, building your case before presenting the main idea.

If the audience is likely to be receptive, the direct approach works better. On the other hand, if the audience is resistant to the message, the indirect approach – saving the main idea until last – is advised.

1. Routine and Positive Messages. The most common types of business correspondence are routine and positive messages. These messages are direct and easy to understand. The main idea should be stated immediately and then developed by evidence in the body or the message.
2. Negative Messages. Negative messages, on the other hand, require the indirect approach. The opening of a negative message should be a bit indirect, with the bad news stated in the body and Justified by the reasons for it. This approach is not considered unethical or manipulative; it is simply a matter of considering the feelings of a reader who is about to be let down and trying to make the situation a little easier.
3. Persuasive Messages. Persuasive messages are perhaps the most challenging of business correspondence. An audience that has to be persuaded is not naturally receptive, and thus the writer must get ten reader to consoler something contrary to Nils or near Inclination.

Persuasive messages begin by capturing the reader’s attention and then stimulating interest in it. The main idea then offers a solution to the problem or gratification of the need. The message ends with a call to action and a cordial closing. The writer must provide the appropriate structure in which to present ideas and supporting evidence. An outline is an excellent and sometimes indispensable tool for trucking a business message. Using outlining software provided by your word processor, follow a consistent scheme of headings and subheadings to identify major points.

Another way of structuring a message is to create an “organization chart” with main ideas and subordinate ideas arranged visually by divisions according to priority. Start with the Main Idea The main idea helps you establish the goals and general strategy of the message, and it summarizes two vital things:  what you want your audience members to do or think, and  why they should do. State the Major Points Support you main idea with the major points that clarify and explain your ideas in concrete terms.  Each of these key points must in turn be supported with evidence; the more evidence provided, the more likely will the audience be persuaded. And it is a good idea to vary the types of details, using statistical data, examples, description, narration, authoritative references, and visual aids.