Newspaper

This annotated bibliography will see issues associating to a male influence within a schoolroom environment and to detect whether or non it benefits kids ‘s acquisition. Why is there a deficiency of male instructors in the twenty-first century? Do male instructors deliver a better acquisition experience than female instructors?

“ male instructors in early instruction ” “ male instructors ” “ pupil reaction to male instructors ” “ male influence in school ” “ learning males in school ” “ work forces in the schoolroom ” “ work forces in early instruction ” .

Education Resource Information Centre ( ERIC )

Searched for “ male instructors in early instruction ” in ERIC. Full text version was non available. Full article provided by SciVerse database through a journal hunt on Strathclyde Universities SuPrimo.

This subdivision of the diary identifies positive statements for the enlisting of work forces in early instruction. The research was compiled in three bunchs of statements: benefits for society, for the instruction business and for the infant pupils.

This first statement declares that with an increased figure of males in the instruction profession that there would be an altered attitude to premises in relation to gender functions and duties. This is briefly conveyed ( Cameron & A ; Moss 1998 ) that differentiates between male and females in relation to childcare – contradictory of sensed stereotypes.

Additionally, the following bunch argues that with more male input in the profession there would be an addition in the position and of instructors ( Lyons et al. , 2003 ) and besides would better workplace kineticss and staff interrelatedness. Besides there is grounds that supports work forces keep higher paid administrative places that could potentially be transferred to the learning profession.

The 3rd statement is that work forces can assist develop kids ‘s attitude for a diverse hereafter. By exposing kids to non-traditional buildings they can get down to go more compassionate and morally right.

Searched for “ work forces in the schoolroom ” in ERIC. Full text version was non available. Full article provided by Wiley Online Library through a journal hunt on Strathclyde Universities SuPrimo.

This diary identifies adult females as a menace to the development of immature males as they override the masculine impact that is attempted to be conveyed. Evidence supports the deficiency of male instructors in simple schools with merely 9 % being male.

Some school kids have no male influence in their lives and urgently necessitate an influential figure to larn and draw a bead on from. Male instructors besides supply concrete subject within the schoolroom but besides can understand immature male behaviorism. Males are besides, more austere doing kids more alert within the schoolroom and they besides are able to link with pupil, in bend bettering acquisition.

Michael Gurian ( Hein, 1998 ; Peterson,1998 ) claims that male childs learn through a “ masculine nurturing system ” which revolves around “ regard. Male childs can derive regard from an older/wiser male and this has to be earned. If a male child acts unsuitably the higher ranking male will loss regard for that person and it is up to the person to accomplish it back. This relationship has a inclination to be around males – therefore it would be good for male influence to be in school community.

Lack of male influence both in and out of school physiques up a inclination for Acts of the Apostless of force and other offenses. Without a powerful influence in a kid ‘s development their natural maleness is free to make what it wants. Without positive counsel immature male could easy fall in to the incorrect paths and may non hold good ethical motives and could arise against what is really good.

This diary continues to look at different facets of what makes a function theoretical account and what it has been based on.

Lexis Nexis UK Newspaper database article

This newspaper article presents an statement that there is a demand for male primary pedagogues. The article cites that there is a astonishing sum of female instructors in relation to male instructors with 360,485 male childs aged 4 – 10 holding attended a school with no qualified male presence. Within these statistics 61,060 of the pupils are having free school repasts due to low income – highlighting that the job is countrywide.

There is a deficiency of male influence within primary students taking to claims that excessively many male childs are holding small or no interaction with males before making high school. With a altering nature within places there potentially may be pupils who reach early maturity and holding no male influence – making a ‘distorted ‘ position of society. Professor John Howson at Oxford Brookes University agrees stating: “ If you ne’er acquire a opportunity to interact with one gender, so you are non acquiring a rounded instruction ” .

The article continues, speaking about how immature professionals can be persuaded to come in the instruction profession and how bad imperativeness and other influential factors can do this hard.

Internet Research Article

This article was produced by a pupil at an American University who was bring forthing an Action Research Project on the deficiency of male instructors in a schoolroom. The survey identifies that the National Education Association ( NEA ) , revealed that less than one-quarter of all instructors were male. Recent surveies show that the deficiency of male instructors is due to low wages and issues associating to gender stereotypes.

The paper is garnering research on the deficiency of a strong male function theoretical account in schoolrooms holding a harming impact on a kid ‘s sustainable development. Male instructors are viewed as function theoretical accounts ( Martino, 2008. p.192 ) . “ Recuperative Maleness Politicss ” are a agencies to change stereotypes and convey back a male influence into the schoolroom. This is significantly of import for immature male childs as they look for a function theoretical account, person to draw a bead on to.

Gender besides plays an impact on schoolroom direction techniques which differ from male and female. Males within a schoolroom have a better impact in relation to females as kids respond to bids from a male more instinctively ( Kesici, 2008 ; Bryce & A ; Blown, 2007 ) .

The article continues to detail the sum-up of the pupil ‘s research and his program of what he is traveling to make to garner relevant grounds.

Andersonian library Book

This book analogies ‘ that maleness is an indispensable facet of a kid ‘s development – kids should be able to see that there are many alternate ways of seeing the universe from a gendered position. Male function theoretical accounts are critical: with many an increasing figure of one-parent households a dominantly female influence disenable male childs to specify what it means to be a male child ( Neall, 2002 ; Pollack, 1998 ) .

A job arises with a chief female influence on a immature male: what if in seeking to move like a male, a child Rebels against the influence of a female and acts the complete antonym. He may hold decided that the right behavior for work forces is ill-mannered, angry, noisy and vocal. This acts as a cardinal defect to a feminist position within a school environment ( Mac and Ghail, 1994 ) .

A male instructor can besides impact originative subjects such as art in a positive mode. By giving the kids a mechanical point of view the pupils took it in on their pace and completed a undertaking as holding thought about it alternatively of a stereotyped female originative expressional side.

The book is all about the manner boys learn and how they can be influenced and taught in different ways.

Online Library Article

This subdivision of the diary explores the different issues that affect work forces within a schoolroom environment. It looks at influential factors such as salary, household reaction and pre-conceptual stereotypes of being male and a member of the instruction profession.

The goes on to look at the advantages and disadvantages of holding a male influence in a schoolroom. Children can profit both straight and professionally from a skilled, good educated male instructor. There are two analogies that back this up both giving grounds that male pupils have wholly altered behavior, assurance and ability with the impact that a male presence has had on the persons. Besides experiments have revealed that pupils are more watchful and concentrate on a adult male within a category – therefore would larn more.

However, male instructors have a inclination to experience stray and uncomfortable being in a female dominant environment. This was besides apparent from one of the focal point groups the research workers carried out: one individual declared that some pupil ‘s parents were non happy with a adult male assisting their kids with toilet demands and another instructor disclosure that he feels judged when a kid harmlessly sits on his articulatio genus. To try to decide this ‘touch ‘ issue the group devised a procedure of constructing positive relationships with both pupils and parents in an effort to attest this issue.

This article concludes by placing a demand for a declaration in the manner male instructors are perceived within the schoolroom.

Comparison

Sternod and the Bittner, Cooney partnership both conducted research into what portion a male instructor dramas in the development of an early twelvemonth ‘s pupil. Sternod declares that there is a despairing demand for a male figure in the successful development of kids, particularly boys. The laterality of female staff overruling the really few male instructors highlights a defect in the instruction system with a deficiency of right gender stereotype instruction. Cooney and Bittner look at the learning profession and how it affects work forces. They besides explore the influence a male has on the schoolroom and how it can be perceived by others.

Bittner and Cooner found that work forces may experience uncomfortable and uneasy with a schoolroom when kids are trying to be fond and ‘touchy-feely ‘ – non due to the males personal edginess but by the fact that in today ‘s milieus that would be judged by others and seen as incorrect. This provides grounds in favor of female instructors as they are conveyed as loving and lovingness. This stereotype besides differs from sternods article as he argues that adult females are the 1s doing the deficiency of full development chances of kids.

Particularly, Sternod looks at male childs larning through a “ masculine nurturing system ” where regard is indispensable. Male instructors can utilize different methods of learning kids and have fluctuations in schoolroom behavior direction which differ from females. This method gives male instructors a measure up on females as they have an about point system with male pupils and that the pupils will take to affect -work harder- their male instructor. This strong personal instructor pupil relationship contradicts Cooney and Bittner as they argue that male instructors can non hold a strong relationship with pupils.

It is deserving observing that both research workers agree that there is a demand for more male ‘s instructors within the learning profession. They merely somewhat differ on the methodological analysis in which should be set in topographic point to further better male standing in the schoolroom and for the development of kids.

Decision

A male influence within the learning profession decidedly has an impact on how kids are educated, the manner kids are educated and the effectivity of schoolroom behavior direction.

Without surrogate, new methods of educating our immature people there would be a deficiency of effectual instruction manners that push and develop kids to endeavor to what they can go. A male function theoretical account is critical in guaranting that kids understand the difference between muliebrity in being a miss and maleness in being a adult male. As it is chiefly female instructors in early phases so kids develop more feminine properties and hence deficiency in maleness which is particularly refering for immature male childs.

If there was no male presence so at that place would non merely be a deficiency of confident important figures but there besides would be an underlined defect in a kid ‘s gender stereotype instruction. A adult male in a schoolroom gives kids a modern point of view that kids aspire that anyone can make anything they want – non all instructors are females, non all pilots are male.

There is grounds that supports males have a better controlled schoolroom with kids holding a inclination to hold better behavior in the pretension of a male. It could be the fact that kids are scared to how a male may respond to bad behavior or it could be due to the regard that the kids have for the pedagogue. Young boys normally behave better around older males as they are seeking to affect them and derive regard.

Personally, I think that without males in the instruction profession there would be a batch less compassionate and credence within this modern, of all time altering epoch. Male teacher partly maintain kids up-to-date with altering tendencies within society and hence do the coevals of tomorrow more diverse and accepting. Besides without the first male instructor to animate the following coevals at that place wouldn’t be draw a bead oning instructors such as me.

This case opens with Mike Bellobuono considering certain financial options for his company Bagelz. To franchise or no to franchise?  Mike was evaluating the franchising option after meeting Fred Delucca the founder of Subway.  Delucca has been sweetening the franchise option with the offer to finance it along with support from his legal and advertising efforts for Subway.  The advantages of the franchise option was to be able to face the competitors of Balegz namely Breugger Bagels and Manchester Bagles.

The former was franchising and posed the threat of locking out certain geographical locations for Bagelz and Manhattan Bagels has been enjoying significantly increased capital by going public. The cons of franchising starts with the company owners initial decision for remaining company owned and they did not want to be an extension to Delucca’s Subway sandwiches. Secondly franchises are known to cause legal issues frequently and the sales are heavily dependent on its reputation and any perceived health concerns would cause the sales to plummet by as much as 35% as was the case with Jack in the Box.

Mike’s due diligence prior to switching his career from lawn service to the food industry indicated a 2.5% (Exhibit B) growth in the food industry and it was tempting for him to try out a business in this billions of dollar industry. Neither Breugger Bagels nor Manhattan Bagels wanted to venture to Connecticut to sell their products writing Connecticut off as a place that would not show sustainable growth.  Mike was however inclined otherwise and his bagel chef produced better tasting bagels than wither Breuggers or Manhattan’s bagels.

Mike and Jamie went into partnership with Joe and Wes only after careful evaluation of the scenario that a partnership gave Mike a lot of leeway and control on the direction of the stores as well as the fact that Mike believed their bagels tasted better and they had better product variety.  The partnership between Mike, Jamie , Wes and Joe was mutually admired and productive.  Joe was a great salesman as evident by the anecdote about him filling up a restaurant by his antics.  They all wanted control on the quality of the products and the operational efficiency of all their stores and they ensured it by paying a visit to each of their stores everyday.

The Bagel Industry started out from being an ethnic food item to a national food item the consumption of which promises to grow at the rate of 60%.  In order to remain a fully owned company and function as a chain operation they may be able to serve Connecticut only and that turf was already getting bombarded with competitors like Manhattan Bagels and Breugger Bagels. So franchising does give them an option to spread their wings geographically and expand into areas that would not have been possible.  However going with Delucca may not be the only option as they are aware of the fact that subway franchises are like “buying a very demanding and low paying job” and other subway stores can open next door!  So it may be feasible for this team to franchise with other partners whose growth and nature of the business can allow Bagelz keep its identity and complement another franchise such as Boston Chicken.

Companies that franchised also needed to adhere to US and federal Trade Commission guidelines of disclosure. Selling a franchise does need a lot of paperwork which are both expensive as well as tedious such as the ones shown in Exhibit D.   Some other factors for consideration were that Bagels were sold most as breakfast items at present and breakfast accounted for 65% of the bagel sales.  They were known as a lower calorie alternative to doughnuts but selling bagels as other meal options was clearly not exploited yet.  Selling to Supermarkets was also looked into as option where bagels sales were at 211.0 Million dollars and were expected to grow at 4%.  Fresh bagels promised to be at a growth of 17% however their sales were half of those at the supermarkets.  Selling to Supermarkets would address their geographic limitation problems as well as the problem of loosing their identity as long as their product can compete with Lenders and Sara Lee’s bagels which were the leading frozen bagel sellers at the supermarkets.

Kurt Bauer was inclined towards entrepreneurship and had some criteria of what kind of businesses he wanted to get into.  The criteria was that the business would need low start up capital,  would have the opportunity to break even soon, have low variable costs going forward, low asset intensity, proven idea, as opposed to a brand new idea and the business, would have high market potential.  The current opportunity with his partner Ludwig Schmitt being evaluated is starting a publication called What, When, Where magazine to address the lack of informative periodicals in Europe that will help Westerners that want to set up business in Europe.  Ludwig’s partner was Nicholas Andrchevski and they went into a 50/50 partnership for this magazine which would be put together based on the western model with the revenues being 80% advertising driven and 20% on subscriptions.  The primary advertisers targeted were restaurants, car rentals, hotels etc that would cater to the western business persons.

Exhibit C discusses the publishing opportunity in Eastern Europe.  Historically the Eastern Bloc publishing was tightly controlled by the state who would tightly control the material that the public was allowed to read as a result there were only a few publishers and even fewer publications to read. This was not the case at the present time and the news stands were ready for publications  especially in the areas of magazines and newspapers.  The distribution was however still controlled centrally and the government would tell the publisher how many subscribers there were and how many magazines to print.  The size of the publishing industry is 1 billion dollars and that of the printing industry is at $2.7 billion.  The table of data with country analysis shows the publishing market is the highest in Poland with a potential growth of  5% followed by Czech with a growth of 2%.  The segment analysis shows magazines and newspapers to have the largest size with low to medium distribution risk.

Similar to the West the Newspaper and magazine market was broken down into books, magazines, news papers, news letters and other specialized publications.  In Poland there are between 10 and 20 news papers with wide variety.  This has also seen many entrys and exits from the market which indicates that Ludwig may make a quick exit if things do not work out.  The books section has seen many western publications mostly German publications translated for the Polish readers.

The distribution system however still has long ways before it can be called similar to a distribution system in the West.  Distribution systems become worse as one travels east in Europe.  The prices have risen significantly but the printing costs are attractive as publications in Poland, Hungary and Czech republic are printed in Eastern Europe.  The production process of a magazine includes design and layout, printing and distribution.  Much of the design and layout remains unchanged and advertising was then fitted into the pages that remained after the center page city map and other stories.

Kurt also started evaluating the Online Financial Information Service and the recent growth of the stock market in Eastern Europe made this idea very attractive with the total capitalization in Poland at 3 billion and the daily volume at 200 million.Reuters and Telerate were in these markets however with limited services only on the stock prices.  There was no database of the publicly traded companies and no one provided online financial information services.  The fund managers got their information from newspapers and word of mouth.  Kurt has evaluated the capital needed and the resources needed.

The online service meets most of the criteria set by Kurt in terms of low asset intensity, a tried idea and relatively short time p to break even. According to Exhibit E stock market explosion was predicted thus increasing the need for online information.  Total  number of companies listed so far are only 40% of the total companies of the world.

The limited services of Reuters and Telerate opened up opportunities for Kurt which was supported by Kurt’s own information from local investors and fund managers. While Kurt lacked experience in managing information services he was confident that he can start up shop in Eastern Europe.  Kurt started approaching other people such as Reid who agreed to serve as an adviser.  Kurt was reassured by Rubin that the start up costs for online services was low and this was supported by other sources that Kurt met with.  Kurt needed a partner in Poland and for this he considered Sokol who was formerly with the Warsaw stock exchange. Kurt got things moving when he returned with Reid and a programmer  Jae Chang.  Reid was in agreement with Kut’s opinion on Sokol and his partner as well.  Kurt was also able to raise capital from his Uncle and was hopeful that it will be supplemented by his parents as well.  With 50K from his Uncle, 50K from his parents and 30K from his brother and himself Kurt was confident to get off the ground with this idea. Read also under what circumstances should a company’s management team give serious consideration

Startups are evaluated based on the ongoing revenues it generates, the growth of the revenues and the capital invested in the beginning.  Given the qualified individuals that are on the prospective management team Kurt should definitely consider the online financial services option instead of going into business with Ludwig.

Lightwave Technology Inc.

In summer of 2003 entrepreneurs Kinson and Weiss are found revisiting whether or not to pursue IPO for their company Lightwave Technology.  They had considered this earlier in 2001 when the economic downturn happened and the company restructured its operations to be competitive. Due to the company’s unique and proprietary capabilities they were successful in their turn around. The illumination industry was valued at 79 billion dollars with 17 billion in lamps and 62 billion in fixtures and the entire industry was dominated by some large players such as GE, Philips and OSRAM Sylvania who controlled 90% of the market together.

Lightwave started with Kinson’s savings and invention after he took his invention to Vegas and won over customers with his youthful personality and innovation.  Lightwave carefully positioned itself with its products to standout among the major players.  It rapidly expanded and soon opened an European sales office in London.  It also chose to remain lean by outsourcing its manufacturing . Exhibit 3 talks about the target markets.  They include the Commercial and Civic architecture where Lightwave’s lighting systems are used to show off architectural features. Lightwave products are also used in the hospitality industry(such as in hotels, casinos, cruises and nightclubs), retain and merchandising, Entertainment events and theatrical productions, TV Production, Electronic Signage and Corporate identity(signage and point of sale designers love the aesthetic flexibility offered by Lightwave products), Residential architecture and Exhibits, displays and museums.  Lightwave operated in the low price and high volume market.  Kinson was always able to raise finances to support Lightwave and he had raised about 31 million.

The industry considers Lightwave as a success which is a significant win for the upcoming IPO and they were wary of ventures with the big players of the industry like Philips Lighting joining up with Agilent technologies and this was their plan for the summer of 2001 which was thwarted by the 911 terrorist attacks.  The restructuring helped the company get back into the growth track and the income statements show a growth of revenues by around 200% since 2000 although the net income has been showing projected profits only in 2003 and 2004.

The two options that Kinsen and Weiss  should evaluate is to go public at this time or to go with private financing that they have been able to survive with.  The IPO would give them ample capital to use their creativity and their unique products and influence the illumination industry as a hold.  This would be a great time to go with the IPO because of their current patents and they should do the offer ring before the expiry of the patent so that with the new capital they are able to make most of the opportunity at hand. Kinsen and Weiss should increase the range of products to make the most of the market and expand operations further into the European markets.

Roxanne Quimby

Roxanne Quimby is the founder of the company called Burt’s Bees(BB) and it recently relocated its manufacturing facility to Raleigh, NC from Maine.  BB manufactures products and handmade crafts from bees wax.  Quimby was second guessing herself on the move to Raleigh and was weighing in the options on whether she should move back to Maine or not where BB would never grow beyond 3 million in sales and Quimby thought that BB could do much more.  Quimby’s past included steps like alienating herself from her well established family and not having any job prospects upon graduation thus living under the poverty line.  Quimby received her entrepreneurial abilities from her father who would not support her unless she raised some money herself.  In 1984 Quimby decided that she needed to make some changes in her life.

Like Quimby, Burt Shavot was also un-ambitious and freelanced as a photographer.  Shavot and Quimby became fast friends out of kindred spirits and Shavot taught Quimby book keeping .  Quimby decided to create crafts out of the bees wax that she discovered at Shavot’s place.   Selling these at school fairs were encouraging and with $400 of the savings BB was formed.  BB enjoyed early success and had sales growing from 81000 in 1987 to 3 million in 1993.  Quimby hired more employees and the operation was based out of Maine.  The company was not only profitable but it was completely debt free.  Quimby was debt averse and liked unpredictability.  Her personality required all the buyers to pay within 30 days or she would turn them away.

The main reason for moving from Maine was the increased costs of running the business out of Maine.  The costs included high transport costs,high payroll taxes and lack of expertise.  BB’s employees were moms on welfare who had great attitude but no skills.  Quimby struggled for time as hers was divided between poring waxes into moulds and managing the operations.  She did not have any time to focus on stretagic decisions.  She chose Raleigh as it was centrally located and But also agreed on the move.  In North Carolina she had to deal with skilled labor which was also more expensive than the ones in Maine.  Roxy had to revisit her product line and wanted to focus on skincare products.  Quimby also considered taking on additional partners to help the company grow.

The options that Quimby faces the options on remaining in North Carolina and dealing with new product line and growing the company as she had always dreamt about.  BB’s growth would be stunted in Maine due to the constraints it imposed.  Though selling was also an option, Quimby would probably not succumb to that as she is dedicated to her business and would like to see it grow.

Midwest Lighting

This is a case where the two partners cannot amicably resolve their differences about their company and have to part ways by agreeing on the means of dissolving their partnership.  The partners had differences since 1996 however they started being disruptive since 2004 and were negatively impacting the employees productivity.  By early 2005 the situation was worsening further as evident by the fiasco at the executive committees annual meeting where there were loud disagreements.  These were contributed by differences of opinion as well as some amount of politics.

Midwest Lighting Inc (MLI) was formed as a partnership between Daniel Peterson and Julian Walters in 1956 and it manufactured custom engineered fluorescent lighting fixtures used for commercial and institutional purposes. Richard Scott was Paterson’s new partner after Daniel Peterson bought out Walters’ share. Sales in 2005 were approximately 5.5 million dollars and profits just over $144,000.  The product marketing position was to solve the lighting problems for engineers and architects.  The market for MLI’s products are competitive and the bids are often from multiple companies as well.  MLI owned its manufacturing unit in Pontiac.  The net sales were increasing since MLI expanded its sales geographically even during a weak construction market.  Jack Peterson and David Scott enter the companies with their respective fathers in 1987.

Initially they were all managers and worked amicably even though there were spirited discussions on certain issues.  In 1988 Jack Petersen started another computer company which rented space and administrative and support services from MLI.  In 1989 the sons were awarded 50% of the voting shares and were made partners in the company. Due to the demands of Jack’s new computer company the relationship between Jack and David weakened and there were issues with the cost analysis as well as some polices. The finance manager left MLI and went with the computer company in 1995 when it was sold and this aggravated the conflicts between Jack and David.  Jack was the president of the company where as David ran the manufacturing outfit.  The pressures of growth needed faster and more efficient manufacturing which was not David’s opinion.  Finally in 2005 the problem needed a resolution and both Jack and David were considering on how to value the company.

After the financial statements were created in a hurry to help the valuation Jack had also looked at common valuation techniques which values companys at between 5 and 10 times their after tax earnings.  Jack felt that it this was adjusted to reflect the market value of the assets then the new plant that was added would increase the book value aby at least $250000 more.  On the personal side each party had to decide on the financing needed to buy out the other half.  They were both conservative and never had any significant debts.  The risks were that if they tie up all their assets into the company should something go bad then they will have nothing to fall back on.  Jack was keen on paying a high price for the company because he felt that his MBA and management skills will allow him to manage the company.  He also felt the need to be aggressive based on his fathers advise of not being emotional over the business deals.  David can also raise the money with some help as he does not personally have the assets to raise the money.  David will not be able to run the management of the company because of his lack of education in the area.  So, it looks like Jack may be able to buy out David’s share even if he stays aggressive in his approach and value the company conservatively.

Undertaking 3

1 ) Mix of Selling Activities

1. Branding

Lets clients cognize what merchandise the company will bring forth with different manners and Sons. The definition of stigmatization is making a name, logo or a design that merely identifies and differentiate merchandise from others.

Purpose:

A successful stigmatization can set up trust and builds trueness between clients and the company, communicates the company values which mean the values of the company distinguish their merchandises from other rivals and the quality of their merchandises.

2. E-mail selling

E-mail selling aids by directing messages via electronic mail to the clients to allow them cognize what merchandises will be sell in the market.

Purpose:

Provides personalized services to clients. Email selling can update clients every clip about the cargo of their purchased merchandises. Email selling besides enables to advance merchandises and services at the same clip.

3. Banner adverts

Graphical adverts which can be either on in writing or text messages that are shown on web pages. When clients clicked on the either of the adverts, it will travel on to new page and straight off unfastened to the advertizer ‘s place page. Banners are normally in formats such as GIF, JPEG or PNG. Banners are of import because they can advance, purchase and sell their merchandises utilizing this advert.

Purpose:

Banner advertisement can be used really efficaciously to advance a merchandise or service on the web. This will bring forth gross revenues when the concern is introduced to a immense audience. Banner advertizements will do more profitable for clients that have its ain alone qualities that can hike on-line gross revenues.

4. CRM

Besides known as Customer Relationship Manager. CRM is an information industry that provides a company utile and relevant information to clients in order to hold a good known relationship between the company and clients in an organized manner. The information provided must fit with the clients ‘ demands.

Purpose:

CRM has the undermentioned intents such as cognition direction which enables for employees to hold valuable information in what action to do, Database consolidation is to interact a client recorded in one topographic point to assist and advance client support service and Integration of channels and systems which is to react to clients through a channel of their pick such as electronic mail, phone and online chatting.

5. Search engine optimisation

Search engine optimisation is a manner for hunt engines to happen and rank a site higher than other web sites in response to a hunt question and therefore helps clients easier to happen the site that they wanted.

Purpose:

Search engine optimisation will assist the site to advance their merchandises and services by seeking the company ‘s site. Every clip clients type the keyword of the site, the ranking of that site will travel higher. This will enable to utilize the hunt engine to the advantage in order to acquire needed traffic.

6. Per chink advertisement

Pay per chink advertisement is besides known as Cost per chink or Pay per Ranking. Pay per chink advertisement allows clients to name the site that searched at the top of the hunt engine consequences by typing for the merchandises or services they wanted to utilize. The higher clients visit the site, the higher the advertizement will be shown in the list. Customers will pay when they click on and link to the site.

Purpose:

Pay per chink is a signifier of advertisement that engage websites with links of the company on other web sites. Every client chinks on the advert, certain of amount will be charged to the clients. This will assist the company to derive much more net income from ecommerce.

2 ) Reasonable attacks to online selling activities.

1. Registering with as many hunt engines

The intent of registering with as many engines is to let holding a better line in with the hunt engine. This can be really valuable tool in seeing where to travel in spread outing the company ‘s web site into the market.

2. Clear stigmatization and promotional bundles

The intent of clear stigmatization and promotional bundles is that they give consumers a freedom of pick in taking their merchandises, offer a step of protection to clients because they can easy place the provider which they are fond of.

3. Use of streamer advertisement theoretical account

The intent of use of streamer advertisement theoretical account is to construct consciousness, sell something, and thrust traffic to an advertizer ‘s web site.

4. The usage of forum

The use of forum is a good manner to acquire back links and traffics but members must lend to the forum in order to be active in the site and non merely spamming the forum with the company ‘s links. Giving relevant and elaborate information, clients or members of the forum might be interested to look into out the nexus.

3 ) Offline selling demands:

I. Direct selling is a method where advertizers approach clients straight face to confront with the merchandises or services for roll uping an sum of information about their clients and clients.

II. Mass selling is a maximal exposure of advertisement merchandises to clients. Merchandises that many people want will be introduced to a immense audience.

a. Magazines

Magazines might and can be expensive but magazines are really utile because it focused on the advertisement to the clients which they might be interested to cognize about the advert.

B. Direct Mail

Direct mail can be utile because the mail is straight sent from the company to clients instantly for their wants and demands. Roll uping information from clients by detecting references on their cheques and inquiring them to make full out information cards.

c. Newsletters

Newsletters presents can be really influential and powerful message to clients because it provides layout and design and they can bring forth really interesting newssheets in a really cheap manner.

d. Newspapers

By puting advertizements about the company ‘s concern in newspapers can be really utile and may convert clients through the advertizements because newspapers ever have been read by people every twenty-four hours. This method is really effectual.

4 ) Plan addresses both bing and new clients

In order to retain clients online or offlines, the undermentioned factors should be taken into consideration:

1. Developing profitable clients

In order to set up profitable clients, the company must continuously be pulling new profitable clients in the industry sectors and they must besides active retain the profitable current clients and re-establish dealingss with past clients.

2. Profiling clients

Customer profiling is based on demographic, psychographic and geographic features. The description of clients must include income, business, and degree of instruction, age, gender, avocations or country of abode.

3. Specifying clients

For retaining clients, the company must specify their possible clients. To be successful, the company must be able to carry clients more easy and when the company able to carry them, it is easier clip to hold concern with clients.

4. Deciding targeted group

Targeted group will be decided by the company which clients will establish on their age and gender. Each group will be able to prove their merchandises which may be a positive manner to derive client ‘s trust and do even more net income.

5 ) Compile prospective clients in the group

a. Plan to turn to bing clients

I ) Offer trueness

If the company plans to do the bing clients loyal to them, they must offer them a particular deal such as take downing the monetary value in order to do them happy and loyal.

two ) Tell-a-friend option

The company can state the bing clients to advance their site and concern to their friends in order to derive more loyal clients.

three ) Offer pre or station gross revenues services

Offering pre gross revenues services to clients, the company must be able to research and program new merchandise before giving out to clients in order for them to do a suggestion and do a better merchandise for them to be happy.

four ) Considering monetary value factors based on clients need.

Reducing monetary values on the merchandises that the clients ever need will be able to retain the bing client ‘s trueness.

B. Plan to turn to new clients

I ) Mailing list

Mailing list such as direct mail is an effectual manner to convey a message or a manner to publicize and advance a new specific merchandise to big audiences in order to derive new clients.

two ) Offers

Offers will be given to clients such as take downing the monetary value as considered by the company for a chosen merchandise that might acquire the client ‘s purpose.

three ) Memberships

New clients will be offered full rank for them to acquire the latest intelligence and information about new merchandises of their demands.

four ) Easy payment services

New clients may be able to utilize their recognition cards if they are buying their merchandises online because it is easier for them to pay without any transit required.

6 ) Sphere name

Company name is called “Arts and Crafts online”

The best sphere name that have been chosen is artscrafts4u.com

Reasons on why this sphere name is the best:

1. This sphere name is short and easier for clients to retrieve the site.
2. This sphere name may be interesting for clients in order for them to see the site more frequently.
3. The sphere name can pull clients in doing concerns.

Everyday someone is looking for a job. Whether that person is a recent graduate, a person laid-off from work, or a person that wants a different job, their diligent search turns into a carefully planned search for employment. It is important that a person knows how to search effectively for a job. There are three effective ways to look for a job: use a variety of resources, do a resume, and go on interviews. One way a person can look for a job effectively is to use a variety or resources, such as the newspaper, the Internet, or the local Job-Service Agency.

The newspaper can be used to help find a job by looking at the job listings in the classified ad sections. The job listings in a newspaper vary depending on what is listed. One can find the classified ads by using the newspaper s index, which is located in the front of the newspaper. Another resource that can be used is the Internet. The Internet contains many search engines that can be used to find a specific job. One can even apply for jobs over the Internet. A person can also use the local Job-Service Agency to find a job.

A Job-Service Agency can help the unemployed person find a job in the area where he or she lives. The Job-Service Agency tries to match ones skills with the jobs that are available. Generally, when a person writes a resume, he or she should avoid using the words I and My; be meticulous; and be able to keep track of where one submits his or her resume. Since a resume is about ones work history, the words I and My should not be used. Writing the words I and My for every statement is repetitious and clutters the resume with unnecessary words.

It is perfectly acceptable to write a resume with incomplete sentences. A person must also be meticulous and look for errors in the resume. A resume should never be submitted with typos and other blatant mistakes. When a person sends a resume with many mistakes, this implies that one does not pay attention to details or has poor communication skills. In addition, when submitting resumes, it is important to keep track of where they are sent. This is a good idea, so that one does not submit his or her resume more than once at the same place.

Being organized is a crucial step in writing and submitting resumes. When going on an interview, attire, body language, and manners count. First impressions are very important. Ones overall appearance is the first thing that an interviewer notices. A person should dress neat and in a professional manner. In addition, one should be aware of his or her body language. Being alert and answering questions in a timely and polite way is important. The tone of voice, posture, and gesture gives clues about ones manners. A positive attitude along with good manners can have a lasting impression. Manners count.

No one wants to work with someone who is rude and disrespectful. In summary, if a person uses a variety of resources, do a resume, and go on interviews this will help one effectively find a job. It is essential that a person know how to effectively find a job, so that one becomes successful in his or her search. When a person does know how to find a job effectively, it will be hard for them to find a job. This will often lead to a person not finding a job at all. Therefore, if one uses these three effective ways to search for a job carefully, he or she will have no problem finding a job.

The price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. In other words, it measures by how much the quantity demanded will vary if there is a change in price. If a small decrease in the price of the product causes a huge increase in the quantity demanded, then the product is said to be price elastic. When the demand is price elastic, a fall in price will cause a huge increase in the quantity demanded so that total revenue rises. If the price is increased, then total revenue would fall (Hoag, 2006).

On the other hand, if a small decrease in price causes a very small increase in the quantity demanded then the product is said to be price inelastic. When the demand is price inelastic, a fall in price will cause a minor increase in the quantity demanded so that the total sales revenue falls. If the price is increased, then the total revenue rises (Hoag, 2006). For example, the price of a newspaper is $5 and the quantity demanded per week is 100 newspapers. Suppose we decrease its price to $4, then the quantity demanded increases to 110 newspapers per week.

To calculate the price elasticity of demand we’ll divide the percentage change in the quantity demanded by the percentage change in price. The percentage change in quantity demanded would be 10% and percentage change in price will be 20%; therefore, the price elasticity demand will be 0. 5. As the elasticity is between 0-1 this shows that a newspaper is price inelastic. If the elasticity had been greater than one, the product would have been price elastic. The factors that affect the price elasticity of demand are: 1. The number of substitutes available

If a large number of substitutes are available then the demand is likely to be price elastic. However, if fewer substitutes are available then the product is said to be price inelastic (Hoag, 2006). 2. The time period available The longer the consumers have time to react to a change in price the more likely they are to find cheaper substitutes. Therefore, prices tend to be price elastic in the long-run (Hoag, 2006). 3. The proportion of the income spent on the product Products like newspapers tend to price inelastic because they constitute only a small part of a person’s income.

Products that are price elastic tend to constitute a large part of a person’s income, therefore a small change in price causes huge change in quantity (Hoag, 2006). 4. The degree to which the product is a luxury or necessity. Necessities tend to be price inelastic, while luxuries tend to be price elastic (Hoag, 2006). Conclusion A simple conclusion we can get from our report is that when the demand is price elastic, total revenues increases with a decrease in price, whereas when the demand is price inelastic, total revenue increases with an increase in price.

As we can see from the above calculations that the demand for newspapers is price inelastic, we can conclude that decreasing the price of newspapers is not a good idea as it would lead to lower revenues. I recommend that the price of the newspaper should be increased to increase revenues. Although it might slightly decrease the number of quantity demanded, most customers won’t mind the increase as newspapers make up a very small percentage of their total income. This way the revenue would increase. References Hoag, A. J. (4th Ed) (2006). Introductory Economics. World Scientific

Politico-economic influences on the media Politico-economic factors that affect media include the idea of media ownership, media market and financial support. The manner in which the media operates is heaped by their owners, market environments and financial support. In this environment, the media manufactures culture content that sustain the system ‘capitalism’. (Curran Bibb: Chomsky, 2003). The media is in the business of maximize profit Just like any other business organization in capitalism. Williams, 2003; Machines, 2003; Moscow, 1996, Hexagonally, 2007) Machines (2003) and Williams (2003) argue that Economic factors/market forces impact on the media in ways in which it becomes an industry, the media therefore, operates as an economic institution in the business of cultural production. Owners of media too can affect the media to only air their political biases. Edward Herman argued in the early sass that there were five politico- economic filters through which news passed before it was presented in the mainstream media.

First is the size and ownership of the mass media. Here issues such as media convergence, concentration and the free market come in. Depending on the media ownership patterns, the bosses can choose to sponsor or fund some programmer while neglecting others. This will affect the operation of the media as some of the programmer neglected may not be considered s important and might even be forced to be pulled out of the programming schedules. However, media can take a stand on issues by using the opinion columns and programmer to present the view of the public.

Belles and Chadwick (1992) expounded on the free market idea by stating that “A free market brings with it a free press that supplies the diversity of opinion and access to information that a citizenry requires in order to act in a democratic, responsible manner. The free market, journalism and democracy form an interdependent trinity of institutions in an open society. On the downside, a free market brings about the oligopolies structure of global media, where a small number of people or organizations have a disproportionately high level of influence or control over the world’s media.

As a result of competition, increasing costs and mergers, the number of media has dropped sharply with many major cities being served by only a few daily papers like Political, Cultural, Economic and Legal/ Administrative Factors Affecting the Process and Structure of Mass Media in Kenya By Graham whether concentration discourages diversity of opinion and ultimately leads to the management of the news by media corporations. Free market oligopoly means that bigger media organizations take over smaller ones, hence fewer organizations control more of the world’s media.

Media organizations abide by the same free market principles where media content is a commodity to be sold. This highlights the diminishing importance of public service media. Secondly, advertising as the primary income source of the mass media funded and approved by these primary sources and agents of power. Television and all media is generally audience driven; the larger the audience, the higher the rates charged for commercial time and the rater the profits. Critics have charged that this situation reduces hard news coverage and requires flashier packaging of the news.

For example, local TV stations give considerably less airtime to political news than to the weather report, sport scores, and human interest stories. Indeed, the line between news and entertainment programming is becoming increasingly blurred. Growing numbers of young viewers say they receive their political information from comedy programming like Churchill and formerly Redisplays. Thirdly is the dependence of the media on information provided by government, easiness and experts funded and approved by these primary sources.

Fourth, ‘Flak as a means of disciplining the media. “Flak” refers to negative responses to a media statement or program (Criticism, condemnation, censure or hostility). If flak is generated on a large scale, it can be uncomfortable and costly for the media. Flak is mainly through political structures through the government and the personalities in power, and this tends to dictate the media’s content. This can either be through the use of censorship, harassment of Journalists, regulation or even economic sanctions.

This can also be in the form of State oligopoly, where we have state controlled media and heavy censorship, where dissenting voices are forced to operate from the underground press. The Political environment and climate of a country can affect how media operates. First, the Government can make sanctions that affect the media house directly. These sanctions can include taxation, regulations on publications, cost of news print and this is with the main intention to prevent media from having so much control and freedom on what they produce or broadcast.

Politicians being public figures and news makers, do give the media issues o dwell on. For example the media in Kenya has been focusing on the political campaigns and more the presidential campaign that was aired in all radio and Television stations. The focus of discussion after the debate was on the content of the arguments made by the presidential aspirants. Fifth is ideological control. Politics is full of propaganda, which is manipulation of public opinion.

Propaganda is generally carried out through media because it is capable of reaching a large number of people and effectively persuading them for or against a cause. Politicians wrought their influence in the media can influence public opinion by their messages. The five filters narrow the range of news which are covered by the mass media and particularly limit ‘big news. ‘ News from the establishment sources meets major filter unrecognized groups is at a disadvantage in terms of sourcing, cost and credibility. Such news may also fail to comply with the politics and the interests of advertisers and major sources of flak.

Other political factors affecting media structure and composition are: Mistrust Funding from politicians Ownership and politics in decision making Recruitment Censorship – Manacled Kibbutz and the National Cohesion and Integration Commission (NCSC) Gate keeping and employment Politics and editorial policy Political environment and reporting Cultural factors Mass media forms the main channel of cultural representation and expression and the primary source of images of social reality and materials for forming and maintaining social identity.

Everyday social life is strongly patterned by the routines of media use and it is infused by its contents through the way leisure time is spent, lifestyles are influenced, conversation is given its topics and models of behavior are offered for all contingencies. Culture is the way of life off community. Culture can be: a) societal culture or media/]aeronautics culture e. G. : Preconceived and widely accepted notion that journalists are drunkards and womanliness in Kenya. The media plays a pivotal part in the transmission of cultural values within a society; this is known as the colonization role of the media.

Many theories have been advanced on how the mass media affect the people, especially children in formative years. For example, the hypodermic needle theory insists that humans will consume whatever comes from the mass Edie wholly without interrogating it. Media affects culture and the cultures of a people also affect the process and structure of media. The kind of mass media products that a society consumes is affected by the values in that society. Within the Kenya society the TV channels have programs whose casting is affected by the acceptable values in the Kenya society.

Certain programs with violence and a lot of sexual undertones are not expected to be aired at certain times. This is why movies with such tendencies are programmed to be aired late at night after minors are expected to have gone to bed. Certain movies even though they can be shown in other world markets can be censored by the Kenya Film Classification Board based on the level of violence, nudity, sex, profanity and drugs use in the film. This happens as the culture of Kenya does not glorify these acts.

The content in the programs provided is also affected by the culture or expectations of the viewers. The Kenya TV viewer is accustomed to watching soap operas, mostly foreign Just before the main news at 9. 00 p. M. This is a trend that started at one TV station and all the other major channels followed suit as these soap operas seem to peep viewers glued on the screen enhancing the channels’ ratings, translating into pm last only 1 hour and the English news bulletin of 9 pm lasting 2 hours? Is this favoring foreign culture at the expense of local? Ђ Poor pay of Journalists leading to corruption and giving/taking bribes Hiring of less qualified personnel The culture of a society also influences the content provided by the mass media. Looking at the programming in the TV stations, there is a lot of local programming today. The demands by the viewers of the content acceptable and known to them is riving the content producers to come up with local shows sometimes in local languages especially Swahili. The appetite for local content amongst the Kenya population also shows that they want to watch what they are in touch with.

More Kenya are seeing the influx of foreign programs in the market as foreign intrusion and propagating of cultural imperialism and it is such thinking that ignites the development of local content for the TV industry. The news being run in the media is affected by the culture of the people. The way the news appears in the News papers or on TV and Radio depends a lot whether the item an be treated as news. Political reporting takes a lot of time during the news hour. Politicians have celebrity status in Kenya and any news on them is very interesting.

News papers always carry headlines on politicians or political parties. Sometimes the Kenya media almost borders on political sensationalism because it seems newspapers sell of such days and people listen to more radio and watch more TV. The organizational culture of a media house will also influence the structure and process of mass media. The editorial team and their mandate as per their Job descriptions will affect a lot what is eventually seen in the mass media. If an editor gives his or her team freedom of choice in topics and angles of looking at features, then the audience will be treated to a variety of views.

If, on the other hand, an editor is strict on what topic he wants to be captured and under what nuances, political or otherwise, he wants it to be covered, then the public or the audience have to make do with what they are given. This means the subjects featured depend on the organizations and its beliefs. This is the gate-keeping role of the media. The editors who are also traditional gate keepers can be placed strategically through the influence on the political will so as to effect the will of some personalities.

With the right people in place, the media owners or political personalities will be sure that nothing negative against them will pass through the editorial desk. Similarly, political influence in the employment or promotion of staff also does affect the structure of media. With the right people in place, politicians or media owners can be sure that their agenda will carry the day and they will get favorable coverage while watering down that of their opponents. Professionalism is not at all times considered when ring or promoting staff as political influence, might override the former.

The celebrity culture in the world today affects the structure and process of news and mass media content. Kenya urban youth have embraced the celebrity culture and keenly follow on the trends set by the celebrities. Kenya media houses have also employed this same tactic to attract the audiences. Celebrity media personalities personalities who never stepped into school of Journalism and do not understand the basic rules of the profession, but they strut the media industry with the authority of seasoned Journalists.

The irony of their acceptance is easily solved. It is because the audience loves their mien and what they know does not matter. The social media has affected the social culture of the people and this is how we end up with these personalities in the media industry. Examples abound in our media today; Jalapeño, Churchill are Just a few. Regulation of radio and television Practically from its inception, the broadcast media has been subject to regulation. During the early days of radio, stations operated on the same frequencies and often jammed each other’s signals.

The Federal Radio Act (1927) set up licensing reoccurred to allocate frequencies under the premise that the airwaves belong to the public. The current regulatory framework was established by the 1934 Federal Communications Act, which established the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), which regulates the industry in several ways. It limits the number of radio and television stations a company can own, has rules governing public service and local programming, and reviews station operations as part of licensing process.

Under the ‘Equal time rule,’ stations are required to give all candidates for political office access o airtime on the same terms. The fairness doctrine obligated broadcasters to present conflicting points of view on important public issues, but the FCC abolished the doctrine in 1987 with the support of President Ronald Reagan for two reasons: 1) it was considered a violation of freedom of the press, and 2) competition in the broadcast media ensured diversity of opinion.

In recent years, the FCC levied significant fines on broadcasters for profanity and indecency. Attempts by the Congress to regulate the content of the Internet have not passed Supreme Court view. In America, newspapers and magazines are largely protected from government interference by the First Amendment. For example, in 1971, the Nixon administration attempted to prevent The New York Times and The Washington Post from publishing the Pentagon Papers, which are classified documents on the American policy in Vietnam.

The Supreme Court refused to block their publication, noting that prior restraint was a violation of freedom of the press. The press cannot print stories that are known to be false or are intentionally damaging to a person’s petition, however content is also controlled by obscenity statutes. In Kenya, the Kenya Posts and Telecommunications Corporation (KIP) Act, Cap 411 , Laws of Kenya, Section 86, vested authority to the defunct KIP to manage the entire radio frequency resource and issue radio communication licenses.

Thus broadcasting service providers who wanted to use the radio frequency resource were subject to KEPT in terms of assignment of frequencies. Following the repeal of the KIP Act and enactment of the Kenya Communications Act of 1998 (AKA 1998), the Communications Commission of Kenya (KC) was created. KC took over the mandate of management of radio frequency spectrum as well as assignment of the frequencies, including broadcasting. Proposed KC as the converged regulator for the CIT sector.

This was realized when the Kenya Communications (Amendment) Bill 2007 was passed by parliament, effectively enacting it into law. It includes legal provisions to make KC a broadcasting regulator. The current broadcasting licensing mechanism is a two stage process involving the Ministry of Information and Communications and the Communications Commission of Kenya (KC). The Ministry issues broadcasting remits whereas Cock’s role is confined to the technical role of assigning broadcast frequencies based on these permits and availability of spare broadcasting channels REFERENCES Belles, A. Chadwick, R. F. (1992). Ethical Issues in Journalism and the Media. Rutledge, Clientèles. Com. The Structure of the Mass Media and Government Regulation. 7 Jan 2013 . Herman, E. (1999). The Myth of the Liberal Media, New York: Peter Lang Publishing. McLain, D. (2005) Mass Communication Theory, Sage Publications Ltd. Report of the Task Force on Migration of Terrestrial Television from Analogue to Digital Broadcasting in Kenya (2007)

1. “The activity of attracting public attention to a product or business, as by paid announcements in the print, broadcast, or electronic media. 2. The business of designing and writing advertisements. 3. Advertisements considered as a group: This paper takes no advertising.” TAKEN FROM DICTIONARY.COM One of the many ideas behind advertising is to create awareness of a particular new product. To do this effectively the designers of the advert use various techniques. These include a varied selection of colours, images and text. Personally, I find that the most effective adverts are the ones that contain a deeper meaning. I am going to analyse various adverts to see how the designers employ these methods to advertise their products.

PEUGEOT 607: This is an advert taken out of the newspaper ” The Sunday mercury” and it is an effective advert that advertises the manufacturers new model Peugeot, the 607. If we look firstly at the newspaper this advert is printed in we can understand the type of audience the manufacturers are aiming the new car at. The Sunday Mercury is a newspaper written to appeal to the more business-like tabloid readers. So naturally an advert printed in a newspaper such as this will be aimed at the more sophisticated reader. Close analysis of the advert shows themes that support this idea.

The message of this advert involves the idea that this new model car is upgraded model, which is more suited to the sophisticated driver. The advert itself mainly comprises of a giant image. This suggests that the advert was designed to grab the attention of the reader of the newspaper. The advert shows the picture of the product, the car. But also there is a puzzling image of an attractive female. The idea is that the image of the female grabs the attention of the reader. This advert appears to be aimed at the male readers. This is evident in many ways. For example, the driver of the car is male, which implies that more males would prefer this car rather than females.

Also the advertising tactic is also male orientated. The female figure used is to attract the attention of the male readers. The impression given of by these little subtleties is that the advert is aimed at a higher percentage of male readers than female. The use of colour is interesting. As you can see refreshing tones are used. They signify the pleasure in driving the vehicle. The drive almost becomes magical as the colours used are mystical themselves. This creates the whole magical atmosphere in the readers mind. As the advert is aimed at males, the image of the female is used to grab the attention of the readers.

At this point the advert has successfully gained interest of the reader towards the advert. Notice how the image of the female is very puzzling. Again this is another tactic used by the designer of the advert. As a tactic it is successful as it forces the reader to look elsewhere in the advert in order to find solutions to why the image is puzzling and what is the message behind it. As the advert has been printed in a newspaper the reader has time to think about the advert and analyse in greater detail than if a driver-by saw the advert on a billboard. The advert is laid out with this fact in mind.

This is evident as the text is very small, only a person who looks at the advert for a long period of time would be able to read the text. The colours used for the text still follow the pattern of cool and refreshing tones. However, it doesn’t stand out. I feel that the advert was designed this way because the designer didn’t want the text to be the first noticeable thing in the advert. The reason behind this is because in order for the advert to be effective, the interest of the reader needs to remain on the advert. So a larger image is an effective way of grabbing the attention of the reader whilst a slightly puzzling image is effective in keeping the attention of the reader focused on the advert.

The message of the advert relieves he reader of the puzzle behind the image of the female. The female and the text refer to the manufacturers product, which is on the other side of the advert. At this point it becomes noticeable that there are no buildings, no animals or trees in the advert. It is just a plain road with a mysterious skyline. This is a visual metaphor. The idea is that driving this vehicle is like being in love. Time around you stops and it is just the car, which you love and the road. The female represents a figure similar to the character Cupid. She is holding a bow and her sheath contains arrows.

However she hasn’t fired an arrow at the driver in order for him to fall in love with the car. This is because the driver has fallen victim to the charms of the car. This is the idea behind the advert. Once the reader has understood these ideas the message has become clear. However, if the advert is analysed more carefully, the little techniques used by the designer become clear. For example, I noticed how there is clear film of smoke covering the road. I understand this to be an attempt to create a more heavenly atmosphere. Also the road doesn’t appear to be going to any particular direction, just back to its origin.

Again another tactic employed by the designer. It emphasises the fact that the driver, bound by his love of the car doesn’t care about his destination as long as he can just drive the car. This is a very effective advert in order to emphasise a new product, which is aimed at the male members of society. The intentions of the designers were to advertise this new model and also interest a more sophisticated market to the classy edition of the car.