Pollution

February 2nd, 2023

Consumer Protection Law of Uae

Consumer protection law of UAE in united Arab Emirates

A new federal consumer protection law has been promulgated. Under which a consumer protection committee formed to monitor the prices of consumer goods. The provisions of the laws advocate the principle of healthy competition and fighting monopoly and commercial fraudulence. The new legislation is complementing other laws concerning civil procedures, commercial fraudulence, commercial agencies, industry organization and trading in precious gems and metals.Disregarding any provisions of these laws could lead to violation of other related laws and this itself is enough to ensure strict enforcements. The law No: 6 of 2006 covers and tackles issues relating to the rights of consumer, responsibilities and liabilities and specifying penalties to be imposed on people for selling substandard goods.

Under the law, a consumer protection higher committee will be constituted under the chairmanship of the Minister of Economy. The Committee will also comprise of representative of the Consumer Protection Societies.The Committee formation and determination of its powers will be decided by a resolution of the cabinet. In case of a crisis or extraordinary circumstances in the market leading to price hikes, the minister will recommend procedures to curb such price increases and protect consumer’s interests. A new Consumer Protection Department (CPD) will also established at the Ministry of Economy (MOE) with a mandate to supervise the execution of the general policy for the protection of consumer in cooperation with the authorities. The Key responsibilities of CPD includes:

To supervise the implementation of policies designed to protect Consumers in cooperation with the concerned authorities in the State.
To coordinate with the concerned authorities in the State in order to cope with the unlawful commercial practices detrimental to the Consumer.
To coordinate with the concerned authorities to heighten Consumer awareness in the State about the commodities and Services, aong with having the Consumers acquainted with their rights and the methods of the claims thereof.
To monitor Price movements and curb Price increases.
To achieve the principle of the honest competition and fight monopoly.
To receive complaints from Consumers and refer them to the concerned authorities or otherwise take the necessary action(s) prescribed in the Department’s mandate. A Complaint may be filled directly by the Consumer or through the consumer protection association, when such acts as the representative of the particular Consumer.
To publish and distribute the decision and recommendations designed to raise Consumer awareness.The key responsibilities of the (CPD) includes increasing the consumer’s awareness, monitor the movement of prices and control their increase, combat monopoly, to receive consumers complaints and adopt appropriate action.

The law states that the Provider shall upon offering any commodity to consumers shall prominently display in the cover of the commodity or on the packet a label the particulars of the product including date of production,or packing, net weight, country of origin, expiry date, compnents and specifications of product etc.The Provider shall also prominently display the price of the product either in the label or at the place where the commodity is displayed. The consumer shall also have the right to receive a dated bill for the product with paticlulars such as price, type etc. The laws warrants the conformity of the product or the service provided to the consumer with the declared and approved standardized specifications. As per the law, the supplier is prohibited to display or promote counterfeited commodities that would inflict damages or losses on consumers.According to the new law, a consumer will be entitled to be indemnified against personal or financial damages in accordance with the general rules in force. Any agreement in contravention therewith be null and void.

Concerning commercial and trade agencies, the law says that each commercial agent or distributor shall honour all guidance provided by the manufacturer or the trade agent of the commodity. The law also obliges the provider to provide for repair, maintain or provide service to the product after sales and to replace a product if a defect is found in the product within a specific time period.The law also confer legal capcity to CPD to represent the Consumers before the Courts and any other body prescribed by law. Without prejudicing the rights of the parties to go to the Court, the department can also proceed with any settlement to protect the consumers’ interest. According to law, those found guilty of violating the provision will face a fine of not les than Dhs. 1,000/-. In case a supplier or a distributor fails to unequivocally warn against the hazards associated with use of the commodity or the service causing damages penalty will be not less than Dhs.0,000/-.

The new law is a milestone in serving the interests of the consumers in protecting their basic rights against unfair trade practices, unscrupulous exploitation etc and their right to seek redressal against such practices. The law guarantee the consumers right to be heard and to be assured that consumers interests will receive due consideration at the appropriate forum. Environmental Law in the UAE The body of Environmental Law in the UAE comprises Federal Laws and Local Orders issued at municipal level within certain of the Emirates.The UAE also recognises certain international conventions and protocols. A list of the Laws is provided in the appendix to this article. In this article we deal broadly with the provisions of Federal Law No of 1999 for the Protection and Development of the Environment (“Law No. 24”) which forms the backbone of the Environmental Law within the UAE. We also deal more specifically with Environmental Impact Assessments, the procedure relating thereto and the institutions charged with the responsibility for implementing the Law. Law No. 24.

The objectives and general principles of this Law are the following: Protection and conservation of the quality and natural balance of the environment. Control of all forms of pollution and avoidance of any immediate or long-term harmful effects resulting from planning for economic, agricultural or industrial development or other programs aimed at improving life standards. Co-ordination among the FEA, competent authorities and parties concerned with the protection of the environment and conservation and consolidation of environmental awareness and principles of pollution control.

Development of natural resources and conservation of biological diversity in the UAE and exploitation of such resources with consideration of present and future generations. Protection of society, the health of human beings and other living creatures from any activities and acts which are environmentally harmful or impede authorised use of the environmental setting. Protection of the UAE environment from the harmful effects of activities undertaken outside the region of the UAE.Compliance with international and regional conventions ratified or approved by the UAE regarding environmental protection, control of pollution and conservation of natural resources. Law No. 24 and the Executive Order published pursuant to Cabinet Resolution No. (37) of 2001 deals comprehensively with all aspects of environmental protection relating to projects; the marine environment and pollution thereof; liability and compensation for environmental damage; rotection of drinking and underground water; air pollution; disposal of hazardous waste; disposal of medical waste, pesticides, agricultural fixers and fertilisers; nature reserves; the protection of wildlife, as well as the penalties imposed for contravention of any provisions of the aforesaid.

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) According to Law No. 24, any entity that wishes to undertake a project within the UAE which may have an impact upon the environment must apply to the Federal Environmental Agency (FEA) or the relevant competent local authority for a license.The FEA in co-ordination with the competent authority undertake the evaluation of the environmental impact of projects. The procedure is as follows: The applicant shall attach with his application a complete statement on the project or activity intended to be undertaken including all information required in accordance with the Executive Order and forms included therein. The FEA in coordination with the competent authority shall decide on the application within a period not exceeding one month from the date of submission of the application.The applicant shall be notified of the decision and reasons for rejection of his application if rejected. The period stated above may be extended by one month if the need arises.

Owners of projects or establishments approved by license shall undertake the regular analysis of waste and monitor the properties of discharge and pollutants generated from such projects, including degradable materials and keep monitoring records as well as send reports with the results to the FEA and the competent authorities. Federal Environmental Agency (FEA) The Federal Environmental Agency was established pursuant to Federal Law No. 7) of 1993 for the Establishment of the Federal Environmental Agency.The Law sets out the objectives of the FEA being inter alia: To protect and develop the environment: To determine the necessary plans and policies to safeguard it from damaging activities, particularly Appendix The Environmental Laws in the UAE and International Protocols Federal Laws Federal Law No. 7 of 1993 for the Establishment of the Federal Environmental Agency (as amended by Federal Law No. 30 of 2001). Federal Law No.24 of 1999 for the Protection and Development of the Environment and its Executive Order. Federal Law No. 3 of 1999 concerning Exploitation, Conservation and Development of Living Aquatic Resources. Federal Law No. 1 of 2002 for the Regulation and Control of the Use of Radiation Sources and Against Their Hazards Federal Law No. 11 of 2002 for Regulating and Controlling the International Trade in Species of Wild Fauna & Flora. Abu Dhabi Local Environmental Laws Law No.

16 of 2005 pertaining to the Reorganisation of the Abu Dhabi Environment Agency. Law No. 21 of 2005 for Waste Management in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. Law No. 28 of 2005 which is a Law Establishing the Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture & Heritage.The above local laws, reference to the federal laws and the protocols can be found on http://www. ead.ae/en Dubai Environmental Laws Local Order No. 61 of 1991, a local order issued by the Municipal Council still governs environmental law at a local level. Federal Law will prevail in the event of conflict and contradiction. Local Order No. 11 of 2003 regarding Public Health and Safety of Society has replaced the specific provisions in Local Order 61 of 1991 relating to public health. Local Order No. 11 of 2003 supersedes Local Order No.

1 of 1991 in parts only (with the exception of specific provisions relating to public health and safety). We were informed by the Head of the Environment section in Dubai Municipality that a new Local Order will be issued soon. This local order will complement Local Order No. 11 of 2003 and replace Local Order 61 of 1991 in its entirety. The above local orders can be found on the below link: http://vgn. dm. gov.ae/DMEGOV/dm-legislation-localorder-a; and http://vgn. dm. gov. ae/DMEGOV/dm-legislation-order2004-a

There were also amendments issued in 2004 to the Local Order No. 11 of 2003.This Local Order and its amendments can be found on Dubai Municipality ‘s website in Arabic. Please see the above links.

The Municipality is currently finalizing the Executive Regulations for Local Order No. 11 of 2003 as well as a separate Local Order to be drafted for Occupational Health and Safety in Dubai . Local Order No. 7 for the year 2002 on Management of Waste Disposal Sites in the Emirate of Dubai. Local Order No. 8 of 2002 regarding Sewerage, Irrigation and Water Drainage in the Emirate of Dubai. The DM’s technical guidelines and circulars can be found on the DM’s website.

Sharjah Environmental Laws Sharjah has issued Environmental guidelines pursuant to Law No. 24 of 1999 relating to specific industries, which are as follows; Environmental Guidelines for the Paint and Varnishes Related Industries. Environmental Guidelines for the Aluminium Industry. Environmental Guidelines for the Plastic and Melamine Industry Environmental Guidelines for Laundries. Environmental Guidelines for the Jewellery Industry. Environmental Guidelines for the Electroplating Industry. Environmental Guidelines for Garages and Car Wash Facilities.

February 2nd, 2023

Microbial Degradation of Phenols

Table of contents

Introduction

Organic pollutants are chemicals that are hazardous to human health. Most of them are extremely toxic at very low concentrations, persistent, can be transported over long range as air pollutants, bio-accumulate in human and animal tissue, and biomagnify in food chain.

Phenol and its derivatives are tox

Organic pollutants are chemicals that are hazardous to human health. Most of them are extremely toxic at very low concentrations, persistent, can be transported over long range as air pollutants, bioaccumulate in human and animal tissue, and biomagnify in food chain.

Phenol and its derivatives are toxic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants that have a hydroxyl group attached to their benzene ring structure. They have been used extensively for a number of industrial processes such as in the production of resins, coke, manufacturing plastics, colour, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, coal mines, steel and in aluminum industries. Phenol is also released from natural sources during the decay of lignocellulistic materials, from tannins and amino acid precursors (Abu-El-Haleem et al., 2003). These accounts for its increasing concentrations in the environment as wastewaters from these industries are not properly treated before discharge. It is classed as a priority compound (EPA, 2009) because of its toxicity at very low concentrations and possible accumlation in the environment (Shokoohi et al., 2006). Concentrations of about 1 mg are known to be toxic to some species of aquatic organisms and even lower concentrations cause problems of taste and odour in drinking water (Nair, 2008).

Organic pollutants are chemicals that are hazardous to human health. Most of them are extremely toxic at very low concentrations, persistent, can be transported over long range as air pollutants, bioaccumulate in human and animal tissue, and biomagnify in food chain.

Toxic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants that have a hydroxyl group attached to their benzene ring structure. They have been used extensively for a number of industrial processes such as in the production of resins, coke, manufacturing plastics, colour, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, coal mines, steel and in aluminum industries. Phenol is also released from natural sources during the decay of lignocellulistic materials, from tannins and amino acid precursors (Abu-El-Haleem et al., 2003). These accounts for its increasing concentrations in the environment as wastewaters from these industries are not properly treated before discharge. It is classed as a priority compound (EPA, 2009) because of its toxicity at very low concentrations and possible accumlation in the environment (Shokoohi et al., 2006). Concentrations of about 1 mg are known to be toxic to some species of aquatic organisms and even lower concentrations cause problems of taste and odour in drinking water (Nair, 2008).

Various methods have been employed in the treatment of phenol in industrial wastewater. They include chemical oxidation, solvent extraction, adsorption, and incineration. The high cost for treatment and the increased potential of forming even more persistent and hazardous by-products are the major problems associated with using these methods (Loh et al., 2000). Biological processes remains a safer means of removing phenol from wastewater because of the complete minieralization of the compound (Movahedyan, et al., 2009). It is also cost effective in that those organism that can degrade phenol also utilize it as a carbon and energy source. Certain microorganisms capable of degrading phenol in wastewater are inhibited by high concentrations as a result, the rate of degradation is low (Abu-El-Haleem et al., 2003).

The role of bacterial communities in the success of most bioremediation activity has led to the increased phenotypic and genetic analysis of communities to find common or wide-spread degraders. In other to optimize suitable conditions necessary for biodegradation of phenols, identification of microorganisms from natural environment endowed with this capacity is required. Conventional culture based methods are time consuming, very low in sensitivity and can only be used in isolating 1% of the total environmental samples (Movahedyan, et al., 2009). Some researchers have suggested that enrichment methods be applied to mixed microbial populations in order to increase the activity of the cells to degrade phenol (Yang and Lee, 2007). Although the effectiveness of culture dependent methods have been debated, they are still indispensible when detailed analysis of bacterial group is required (Watanabe et al., 1998).

Molecular tools such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis ARDRA, Terminal-Restriction fragment length ploymorphism (T-RFLP) have been applied recently to study changes observed in microbial communities as a result of pressures within an enrichment process. (Watanabe, 1998; Yand and Lee, 2007). The advantage of these molecular methods is that they have higher specificity and sensitivity, less time consuming, and larger population of organisms are observed at once (Movahedyan, et al., 2009).

Aim and Objectives

The aim of this research is to identify and compare the phenol degrading capacity of bacterial communities from different activated sludge plants.

Objectives

To determine the common bacterial communities (and their relative abundance) capable of degrading phenol from the different activated sludge.
To evaluate the effect of temperature on the variability of the bacterial communities and phenol degradation.
To determine the effect of immigration on the structure of bacterial communities.
To ascertain the effect of inocula enrichment on variability within the bacterial community.

Regulation of chemicals

Regulation of chemicals became more prominent in the 1960’s with the global realization that chemicals can cause irreversible harm to human health and the environment. In determining the effect a chemical has on the environment, it is necessary to assess the chemical’s fate in the environment, in particular, its persistence and bioaccumulation potential. These assessments are done by laboratory testing (Goodhead, 2009). A number of laboratory standard methods, such as the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO standards), United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) testing guidelines, and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) have been developed to assess the biodegradability of chemicals. These tests are used to predict the effect of biodegradation on the fate and transport of these chemicals in the environment (Paixao et al, 2006).

The OECD guideline is the most widely accepted guidance document for the testing of chemicals. It provides guidelines for determining the fate and effect of a chemical in the environment and the probability of the chemical to undergo degradation in the environment. These testing procedures consist of a series of standardized tests starting with the screening of chemicals to determine their degradability. The first part of these tests is the screening test also called the ready biodegradability test. In RBTs, the test substance serves as the sole carbon source, which is diluted in a medium containing a relatively low concentration of biomass, incubated at 300C for 28 days. This is to allow for sufficient time for the organisms to adapt to the test chemical (OECD, 1993).

In ready biodegradability tests, the basic factors which affect the reliability of the results are the inoculum, the source of the microorganisms for the test, and its state of acclimatization and adaptation (Paixao et al., 2006). Although issues such as inoculum pre-treatment have been addressed in a number of studies carried out by Vazquez-Rodriquez et al. (2007), Goodhead (2009) and Paixao, et al (2006), an important factor that has not been studied so much is the incubation temperature. Currently, RBTs are carried out at 30oC; this also might have its own effect on the variability of the bacterial community involved in the biodegradation process. It is common knowledge that temperature slows down the rates of chemical and biological reactions in living organisms. Changes in temperature affect the composition of the bacterial population (Erdal and Randall, 2002) and may also affect the efficiency and kinetics of the degradation process.

Biodegradation of phenols

Microbial degradation is the most dominant elimination mechanism of organics from the environment. Persistence of xenobiotics represents a real risk for ecosystems as well as for human beings. Therefore, the knowledge of the biodegradability of these xenobiotics is one of the most important aspects of understanding their behaviour in the natural environment and during the biological treatment of wastewater

To date, a number of phenol-degrading bacteria have been isolated, and their phenol degradative pathways have been studied. Aerobic degradation of a phenolic compound is known to be initiated by its hydroxylation to form corresponding catechols (Harayama et al. 1992). This step is catalyzed by phenol hydroxylase (phenol 2- monooxygenase, EC 1.14.13.7), which is considered to be the rate-limiting step in the degradative pathway (Hino et al. 1998). Two types of bacterial phenol hydroxylases, the single-component type and multicomponent type, are known; among them, multicomponent phenol hydroxylase (mPH) is considered to be the major enzyme in the natural environment (Peters et al. 1997; Watanabe et al. 1998; Futamata et al. 2001). Several genes coding for mPHs have been cloned and sequenced from phenol-degrading bacteria . All these mPHs are similar in their enzyme structure; they comprise six subunits, among which the catabolic site exists within the largest subunit (approx. 60 kD). Some of these enzymes have been found to exhibit different substrate specificity for substituted phenols (Teramoto et al. 1999). To date, a number of phenol-degrading bacteria have been isolated, and their phenol degradative pathways have been studied.

Aerobic degradation of a phenolic compound is known to be initiated by its hydroxylation to form corresponding catechols (Harayama et al. 1992). This step is catalyzed by phenol hydroxylase (phenol 2- monooxygenase, EC 1.14.13.7), which is considered to be the rate-limiting step in the degradative pathway (Hino et al. 1998). Two types of bacterial phenol hydroxylases, the single-component type and multicomponent type, are known; among them, multicomponent phenol hydroxylase (mPH) is considered to be the major enzyme in the natural environment (Peters et al. 1997; Watanabe et al. 1998; Futamata et al. 2001). Several genes coding for mPHs have been cloned and sequenced from phenol-degrading bacteria.

All these mPHs are similar in their enzyme structure; they comprise six subunits, among which the catabolic site exists within the largest subunit (approx. 60 kD). Some of these enzymes have been found to exhibit different substrate specificity for substituted phenols (Teramoto et al. 1999). (Watanabe, 2002)

Microbial degradation is the most dominant elimination mechanism of organics from the environment. Persistence of xenobiotics represents a real risk for ecosystems as well as for human beings. Therefore, the knowledge of the biodegradability of these xenobiotics is one of the most important aspects of understanding their behavior in the natural environment and during the biological treatment of wastewater.

References

EPA, (2009). National Recommended Water Quality Criteria. Office of Water (4304T) United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. pp 4-17. <http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/waterquality/standards/current/upload/nrwqc-2009.pdf> Accessed on: 14th March 2011.
Erdal, U. G. and Randall, C. W. (2002). The effects of temperature on system performance and bacterial community structure in EBPR systems. Enviro 2002/IWA 2nd World Water Congress, Melbourne, Australia.
Goodhead A. K. (2009). Towards Rational Risk Assessment: Improving biodegradation Tests through an Understanding of Microbial Diversity
Loh, K. C., Chung, T. S., and Ang, W. F. (2000). Immobilized-cell membrane bioreactor for high-strength phenol wastewater. J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE, 126 (1),75-79.
Nair, C. I., Jayachandran, K., and Shashidhar, S. (2008). Biodegradation of Phenol. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 7 (25): 4951-4958. <http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB> Accessed on: 11th March, 2011.
Paixao, S. M., Saagua, M. C., Tenreiro, R., Anselmo, A. M. (2006). Biodegradability Testing Using Standardized Microbial Communities as Inoculum. Environmental toxicology. 21(2): 131-140.
Sloan WT, Lunn, M., Woodcock, S., Head, I., Nee, S. and Curtis, T. P. 2006) Quantifying the roles of immigration and chance in shaping prokaryote community structure. Environ Microbiol 8:732–740.
Watanabe, K., Teramoto, M., Futamata, H., and Harayama, S. (1998). Molecular detection, isolation, and physiological characterization of functionally dominant phenol-degrading bacteria in activated sludge. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. Vol. 64, 4396-4402

February 2nd, 2023

Feasibilty study of a proposed new Thames river crossing

Table of contents

Introduction

Thames River is the longest river in England and second longest river in United Kingdom. The significance of the river is that it flows through the London. It starts from Thames head in Gloucestershire with an elevation of 110m and ends at Thames Estuary, Essex with an elevation of 0m. The length of river is 346km. It consists of 214 bridges and 17 tunnels which are very helpful in development. These bridges and tunnels are helpful in providing good transport facilities to the public and also for the supply of goods and cargo. By this the bridges and tunnels play vital role in development and also they are helpful in creating great opportunities for the development of industrial areas, education and also increase in the number of jobs.

Thames gateway is a largest gateway in Europe. It is a largest regeneration programme. Thames gateway is of 40 miles starting from the estuary from canary wharf in London to south end in Essex and Sittingbourne in Kent. It is a very best place to invest, work and live.

The world first under water tunnel was constructed in the Thames River.

And the latest tunnel constructed on Thames River was Dartford tunnel.

Our proposal is to connect the A130, Canvey Island in Essex with the M2/M20 in Kent. In order to reduce the traffic volumes on the existing bridges and tunnels and also for providing the better transportation facilities for the public a proposal of new river crossing across the river Thames is made.

The United Kingdom government wants to construct a new river crossing. Some of the other organisations are also helping in constructing a new crossing they are Kent council, Essex council, department for London (DFT), Thames gateway south Essex partnership (TGSEP). The main aim of these organisations is to develop and help in getting more number of jobs and in the construction of new homes in the future.

Although there are two existing routes which are Queen Elizabeth 2 bridge and the other is Dartford tunnel which are serving the same purpose. The new proposal is made to get more benefits to the people and also to meet the traffic volumes in future.

Bridge is the best solution for the new river crossing.

Cable stayed bridge with approximately 4.5 km length and a dual carriage way and also the new roads should be constructed in order to link the existing routes. The length of the new roads is approximately 3 km.

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES:

Environment plays a major role in construction industry.

Environmental issues are to be considered carefully before the construction process is going to start and also the environmental impact assessment is to be done to the particular area where the construction is going to take place.

After the environmental impact assessment done then only the project is to be started it should not start before it.

The environmental issues which are to be considered for the new project

Geological considerations

Ecology problems

Land contamination

Landscape

Water pollution

Noise pollution

Air pollution

Traffic and transport considerations.

The construction process involves the emission of co2.

The construction process is responsible for air pollution because construction works generates dust largely because of the materials which are useful for construction contains more number of dust particles.

And also by the use of diesel, petrol, demolitions, burnings these all involves in air pollution. This air pollution causes damage to the public in their healths.

The construction process is also responsible for noise pollution because of the machinery, vehicles and also the other useful equipment for the construction creates lots of noise that makes people to face lots of problem. By these health problems arises.

Water pollution is also arises due to construction because the use of diesel, petrol, toxic materials, chemicals, solvents, cleaners, paints everything which are used in the construction process involves in water pollution. The polluted water cause great damage to the aquatic life and also to the other animals. The polluted drinking water may cause damage to human lives.

Use of sustainable materials:

We can reduce the wastages in the construction process by using sustainable materials. The following are some points considered.

Shortage of raw materials is to be considered

Consider the ecological damage caused by the extraction of raw materials

Consider the amount of energy consumed at all stages

Consider the amount of water consumption.

FINANCING AND EVALUATION OF A PROJECT:

Finance is the most important and the key factor in the construction process. In order to maintain or run a project finance is badly needed.

The generation of finance can be made from different sectors such as public or private sectors.

In this type of proposals the public sector involvement is more because in order to make public more comfortable with the services provided.

And the private sectors also involve largely gaining more profits.

Finance from government

Funds from private sector

By the contributions from different organisations.

Economic evaluation:

Better solution is to be adopted in order to provide good service and to balance economically.

Cost benefit analysis is to be adopted.

Generation of extra revenue from taxes.

RISK ASSESSMENT:

Risk assessment is the process of evaluating that a specific site poses risk to human environment or to human health. The purpose of all hazardous waste site remediation is ultimately to render a site safe for human or ecological populations. Consequently, risk assessment, as the process used to measure the effectiveness of the remediation process, is critical to all hazardous waste-site work.

Risk assessment depends upon the following:

Finance: It is the most important in the process, make sure of the finance.

Site investigation: It is to be done properly before the project is to be started.

Estimation of the project: Proper estimation should be done.

Proper use of code: The code should be used properly if not it leads to great damage.

Design criteria: we should follow the design criteria properly in order to avoid delays and loss in the projec

Health and safety: It is the most important thing in the entire process. It deals directly with the public we should be more careful and follow the rules strictly to provide good safety measures.

Environmental impact assessment: First we have to consider the environmental issues and the proper environmental impact assessment should be made properly in order to avoid delays.

Natural hazards: If the natural hazards take place the project gets disturbed depending upon the severity of the hazard. If it is less small amount of loss occurs if it is more the project takes more time and money to reconstruct.

Land acquisition: It is to be done properly in order to avoid delays and loss in the project.

Quality of work: The quality of work is to be maintained properly in order to avoid damages to the structures and delays in the work.

Transportation concerns: Proper transportation facilities are to be made before the project is going to start in order to make the work continue with out any risks or problems.

Proper management: The proper management should be there in order to avoid risks and delays and also the proper running of project.

FEASIBILITY PROGRAMS:

Depending upon the volume of traffics, surveys are to be made.

Time based traffic surveys are to be made to know the volume of traffic and proper design is to be prepared.

Automatic data collection surveys are to be made.

Parking surveys are to be done.

Pedestrian traffic surveys are to be made.

Proper investigations are to be made depending on the studies and the required information.

Site investigation is to be done properly in order to avoid further delays.

Proper maps of the site are to be gathered.

Suitability of site is to be considered depending up on the investigations. Because to adopt the proper suitable methods which can be suitable for the project.

Availability of materials is to be considered properly on the site.

Consider the design parameters properly in order to maintain the standards of the project.

Soil classifications are to be considered and type of soil is to be considered in order to safe guard the site from failures.

Ground investigations are to be made in order to study the entire required information.

Geological considerations should be followed properly.

LOCATION OF THE PROPOSED BRIDGE:

The proposal for a new river crossing across the Thames River. A bridge is going to be constructed which connects a link between A130, A13 near a round about in Canvey island and A228 passing through A226 and joins with M2 which builds a link to M20, Kent.

The attachment shown below is the location of a proposed bridge on the Thames River.

The proposed bridge length is approximately 4.5 km.

BUDGET COSTS FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKS:

Considering the cost of the proposed bridge. It can’t be estimated exactly as it is a proposal and it can be estimated approximately with the comparison of the other bridges which are already constructed and also with the help of some other books and the information available on the websites some data is collected and the approximate estimation of the bridge is made.

The funds can be raised from different sectors like public and private sectors.

The approximate cost of the proposed bridge is ?3.8 billions along with the connecting roads.

REFERENCES:

1)` http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames#Summary

2)http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/157989.pdf

3) http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=O7klw-QUraEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1996&dq=sustainable+methods+of+construction&ots=PH3J0dqGGU&sig=z-YFjDsYfDNRQR-GEdff9YuzB-0#PPA2007,M1

4) http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=povFlfv82O8C&dq=risk+assessment

5)http://www.rta.tkk.fi/Kurssit/240/Risk%20Assessment%20in%20Construction%20Schedules.pdf

6) http://www.nltdc.co.uk/

7) http://www.dur.ac.uk/~des0www4/cal/roads/si/si.html

8) http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?hl=en&tab=wl

9) http://www.sustainablebuild.co.uk/

10)http://www.ciria.org/service/Home/AM/ContentManagerNet/HomePages/CIRIA_1502_20080929T115140HomePage.aspx?Section=Home

February 2nd, 2023

Competitors and comparison with our product

This field has a lot of big companies putting research and development money down to create the newest technology. There are many other companies in this country that are trying to break into the market. This company can be found using the sight Windystry. This search engine can find hundreds of companies in this country. The top three world companies in this market are GE power, Vestes, and Enercon. This chart shows the areas in which Silent Air will be able to lead the market based on our current designs.

Silent Air leads in the categories of sound out put because of the new design that we are using. Silent Air product is cheaper because of this smaller design it will cost less to manufacture and construct on sight. The rest of the categories, especially efficiency, are a part of our development plans. The market is all very close with efficiency values; there is not a distinct leader. Because Vestes has the largest market share currently they are able to give their customers more efficiency because they have the most field-testing.

The maximum wind speed is also something we will keep in mind, and is also a very close field of competition. We are not interested in competing for the largest Swept area, as Enercon built an E-126 with a turbine diameter of 126 meters. This massive size has implications in maintenance cost as well as sound output. Trying to compete on this field would be taking Silent Air away from our core competency, and it would be difficult to succeed in this growing market.

As an upcoming wind turbine manufacture we see a great opportunity to fit into a growing market. Of the top 10 wind turbine manufactures, only 1 of them is based out of the United States; GE energy ranking in at 4. GE energy is an energy company that focuses on many different sources of energy, and therefore cannot dedicate the time and resources to wind turbines that our company will be able to. As a strict wind turbine designer and supplier, we will be able to provide a quieter more efficient turbine to our customers and all at a better price.

Our plans are well beyond the market in the United States, and as a worldwide distributor there is still a very large void in the market. The current 1 supplier, Vestas, installed 35,000 Mega Watts worth of power in 2009, while 2, Enercon, only installed 19,000 Mega Watts. This shows that there is huge opportunity for a wind turbine dedicated company to make a huge impact on the market. Vestas is one of the major companies we will be competing with along with GE energy. Not only is it the current leader, but also in 2008 they expanded their United States headquarters.

Where this company and all of the others seem to lack is that they focus strictly on the quantity of wind turbines they sell, and don’t pay enough attention to the noise pollution that their products create. Our company will put a large emphasis on reducing the noise pollution, thus making our product an easy sell, helping us to drive towards the top of the market rapidly. Though there are many companies that contribute to the wind turbine market, most of them are very small divisions of general energy companies.

So as a company focused strictly on wind turbines, and the research and development of them there is a great amount of business to market us towards. Another, competitor is Windustry which promotes progressive renewable energy solutions and empowers communities to develop and own wind energy as an environmentally sustainable asset. Through member supported outreach, education and advocacy we work to remove the barriers to broad community ownership of wind energy. Regulations & Codes that affect our product We need to adhere to Federal Regulations

All regulations from the Federal Government must be followed prior to following the State of Maine Regulations. Hence, we need to adhere to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) which requires our company to provide a quantitative estimate of the impact of the project on sound levels at identified noise sensitive areas. Along with that the ( Maine Department of Environmental Protection (MEDEP) needs us to establish a quantitative sound limit for our Silent Windmill projects in Maine. We would need to provide an hourly sound level limit that applies to our new facility property boundaries and nearby locations.

The operational Sound hourly must be equivalent to the sound levels resulting from facility operations, this we would need to limited to 75 dBA. Under FERC the project managers must identify all noise sensitive areas such as schools, hospitals, or residences. Hence, before putting up any windmills we’d need to do a land survey. FERC stipulates the use of the day-night sound level and limits attributable to a facility. So the day-night sound level can have 10 decibels added to sound levels occurring during nighttime hours between 10 p.m. and 7 a.m. We need to adhere to City of Calais, Maine Regulations

Our companies’ windmills noise level generated will not be objectionable due to volume, intermittence, beat, frequency, or shrillness. Existing Noise Levels establish existing acoustic conditions near the terminal site; hence we need to perform a sound monitoring station to satisfy MEDEP regulation. The station would measure sound levels with meters the must meet type 1 performance requirement of the American National Standard Specification for Sound Level Meters. Noise Monitoring Locations will be set up so our windmill location is six miles southeast of downtown Calais.

Hence a long term sound monitoring base must be established. This is to prevent noise from Noise Sensitive Areas which we must control noise to between 50dBA and 60dBA Noise Mitigation calculation must be predicated by Silent Air Co. to meet the maximum sound levels from facilities must comply with all FERD and MEDEP sound limits. Business Model The mission statement of our company is “Creating efficient energy for a quiet future”. This mission describes the goal of our company briefly. We want to take noisy windmills and control the noise to a low level.

The Product/market scope of our company is to attract large energy producing companies on a state-by-state basis and state governments. We understand that we will not sell these things to everyday people. These turbines cost millions and the government actually seeks alternative energy sources nowadays. Our basis for differentiation from the other companies out there is the reduction of noise production by 10 dB (half the noise) while keeping high energy production/efficiency. This way we can compete with giants like GE or other manufactures.

Strategic Resources that makes us stand out is our Engineering knowledge of acoustics, mechanics, and electronics. Also a rising public desire for clean, efficient energy can get us into the market if people believe in our idea. Our target consumer is going to be State governments and large energy production companies. Lots of states like Maine, Massachusetts, and California are looking into green energy and us going in at this time is perfect. We’d like to have a sales representatives and advertisements in magazines about renewable energy.

Some magazines can include Popular Science and IEEE Spectrum. We want to price the mode at a manufacturing price of $1. 1 million and a sales price of $3. 5 million. Our suppliers will be a U.S.A. based manufacturer. And our partner company would most likely be General Electric Licenses & Permits A lot of research has gone into the requirements to get Silent Air Co. started. We will be located in Maine, and have found all of the licenses and permits that will be required for our start-up. Title 13-C of the Maine Business Corporation Act, as well as Title 13, c.

22-A of the Maine Professional Service Corporation Act and Title 5, c. 6-A of the Model Registered Agents Act dictate the different permits and licenses we will have to obtain. All of the licenses and permits required are very basic permits for a typical start-up company. We will need to obtain a Business License, Federal License, and a Sales Tax License. Some of the permits required are a Fire Department Permit, an Air and Water Pollution Control Permit, a Sign Permit, as well as generally Health Department Permits and clearance for business zoning.

To ensure that nothing sneaks through on us, we will have a lawyer who specializes in Business Law to check everything over for us and be sure we are on the right track. We have been in contact with Joseph Cassidy Esq. and though we do not have a contract set with him yet, he has been very helpful in assuring us that we are on the right track so far, and he is dedicated to us staying on track. Having all required permits and licenses is very important and is not something that we will overlook. Licenses Businesses require lots of licenses and our company must adhere to lots of things.

Being that it needs to be manufactured, shipped, tested, and guaranteed to work properly we have lots of forms to fill out. All the forms above are related into opening a business in the state of Maine. Looking through these form we can see that lots of money is needed and forms to be completed. All these forms must be completed since it is under the Title 13-C of the Maine Business Corporation Act, Title 13, c. 22-A, Maine Professional Service Corporation Act, and Title 5, c. 6-A, Model Registered Agents Act. Permits

Permits are necessary for lots of things when starting a business. For example we need a fire department permit so we can be ensured during fire damages, an air and water permit, sign permit, county permit, state permits, and health permits. Most of these permits are placed to control certain variables a company might not have thought about. Finance Critical Considerations Going into the wind turbine business there are a number of things that we will need to consider for ethical and environmental concerns to make sure we are a responsible, friendly, green company.

One of the main concerns of ours is keeping the noise level to a minimum with our product. Our product promises a windmill that is silent during normal operation hence replacing noisy windmill farms problem of noise. So what if something goes wrong and the windmills become noisy? Maine Department of Environmental Protection (MEDEP) – establishes the quantitative sound limits for new projects in Maine. Hourly sound level limits apply at the facility property boundaries and nearby locations.

The operational Sound at hourly equivalent sound level resulting from facility operations is limited to 75 dBA. So we need to insure that our Silent Windmill never goes above that value. Many people will be affected by noise issues if the were to arrive, which is why it is so important we don’t let that happen. Since this issue is on a much larger scale than one consumer being unhappy we need to keep the state of Maine happy along with nearby neighboring towns and cities. A noise issue that may arise not only bothers the windmill farm owner but residents that may be a mile away.

Hence, we need to consider the towns, cities, and the state of Maine, along with the federal government when it comes to noise operations. The restrictions can be even tougher to meet in different areas, and we are committed to meeting any challenges that we are faced with in this regard. Under FERC the project managers must identify all noise sensitive areas such as schools, hospitals, or residences. A limit of 55DBA requirement during the daytime hours, the existing noise levels established from existing acoustic conditions near the terminal site, perform sound monitoring to satisfy MEDEP regulation.

Hence we will build a Noise Monitoring Location our windmills are location six miles southeast of downtown Calais. Hence a long-term sound-monitoring base must be established. Noise Sensitive Areas we must control them to satisfy a noise to between 50dBA and 60dBA. Looking at alternatives and consequences of a noise issue our company decided that we will monitor our windmills from a noise monitoring location six miles away to ensure all noise is in accordance with regulations and actually silent.

This station will be unmanned but equipped with a monitoring system capable to collect data and send the results to our company. All noise issues will be then dealt from our central monitoring station within our company headquarters. This will ensure we have a minimal effect on noise pollution in our area. Another concern we will take into serious consideration in our business plan is being sure we are friendly to local wildlife, both with our headquarters and with the product we sell.

A common concern regarding the environment is the protection and safety of the local wild life, and in particular, local birds. If a bird were to fly in to one of the blades of the turbine, it could be detrimental for the bird, which is a dilemma we aim to eliminate. Because we cannot control where our customers put up the wind turbines after we have sold them, we will offer animal protection education, as well as incentives for customers who excel in the safety of their local wildlife.

We plan to educate our customers via pamphlets and brochures about the local wildlife as well as the impact that there participation with our wildlife protection efforts can make. Some of the incentives we are prepared to offer to our deserving customers is a % discount on our products. To show that we are dedicated to the protection of the wildlife, we are also going to donate a portion of our profits to local wildlife protection agencies, so that this money can be used for habitats and other things that the agencies see fit for the protection of the animals.

These measures will ensure that we keep the wildlife fresh in our customers mind, thus minimizing the danger to the wildlife. The final main concern we will keep in mind through this process is the pricing and affordability of our product. Wind turbines are big ticket items, there is no getting around that, but there are a number of things we can do to ensure we remain a viable option to our customers. We need to be competitive so that we don’t lose business to our competitors, but we need to make enough revenue to have an attractive payback period and rate to our investors.

Since we are placing our corporation in the state of Maine we could start with talking to the state’s official offices along and let them know that the windmill farms would end up paying for themselves after a short amount of time since they could then start cutting back the prices of energy in the state. With the state of Maine and the federal government we can consider where they think would be the best place to place have the wind farms in order to produce the best output for quality of energy.

An alternative that we can make or change is the materials of which each mill is made out of, and to use cheaper parts to build with. But with that option it brings into account the fact that they may not last as long and they won’t be as effective as they would be if we used the original material. They might be cheaper but another issue is that they may fall down or get damaged in stronger storms and then we would have to rebuild which costs more money. As a company we are dedicated to keeping all options open to remain fair and competitive.

We understand that the market is constantly changing, and we will need to be able to adjust with it. All options will remain open, and our dedicated Research and Development teams will be able to keep up with the growing and evolving market. Conclusion With the passage of time and the advent of globalization, there is increasing research and development put into information technology enabling better production and provision of more sophisticated products.

The use of technology is constantly evolving and companies are expected to be agile in order to create and maintain a competitive advantage over its rivals. Silent Air co. aims to benefit its consumers with the latest advancement in technology. As suggested by the mission statement of company,” efficient energy for a quiet future” Silent Air co. plans to provide the optimal solution when it comes to the provision of wind turbines which would benefit, not only the consumers but also the society as a whole by eliminating noise pollution while performing efficiently as an energy producing agent.

We would like to conclude this report with a notion that this is not the most comprehensive analysis report but it surely covers what had seemed important to us without any disrespect to any other issues or concerns that were probably missed due to shortage of time or lack of resources. The major aspects of the business, its legal constraints and financials were elaborated in the report giving a gist of what this company is offering to its customers and how. In order to present this report the following components have been addressed,

Executive Summary 2 Introduction 3 Company Name Product Organization Chart Drawing Project Planning 7 Competition Regulation & Codes Business Model Licenses & Permits Finance 9 Estimated Cost Capital Critical Considerations 11 Conclusion 12 Appendix 13 We hope that this attempt comes up to the expectations of the competent authority and certainly wish that if not whole then some areas covered in this report give a true picture of the comprehensive structure and composition of this business.

February 2nd, 2023

Proper Waste Disposal

Table of contents

First of all, I would like to thank my wonderful parents whose support has inspired me greatly in making a willful choice in doing my best.

I appreciate the skills that they have imparted to me to upon doing this research and their editing of my work has been of great help. Also, I would like to thank the library of Trinity College for being a good source of books which had aided me in writing the main body of this research. Very special thanks to my fellow classmates who have been readers to my research paper and who have pointed out my mistakes.

I would like to thank them for exchanging ideas with me and for helping me deal with the arduous publishing process of paper. I doubt that I won’t be able to express my appreciation to them fully, but I owe them all my gratitude. I would also like to acknowledge my friends for being the ones who have motivated me to develop focus, as well as self-confidence. Without their support and understanding, I would not have accomplished this research paper.

Lastly, I must acknowledge my beloved teacher, Ms. Nancy Ramos, for being the greatest help I would ever need in this research. Without her skills and assistance in writing this, I won’t be able to finish this research. And without her, this research wouldn’t have been made possible.

Abstract

Improper ways of disposing are common nowadays. Therefore, researches about proper waste disposal and waste management are of great interest. This study shows how the collection, transport, processing, recycling, and monitoring of waste materials can be as important as can be.

Its immediate objective is to inform the readers, the community, and the society about how properly disposing of our waste materials can change lives. To come up with a research output, some books were used as a good source of materials and some people who worked for the government’s waste management had been interviewed. Also, observation of wastes all around Metro Manila had been done for a good source of evidence of whether or not people dispose of their wastes properly.

As a result, the knowledge of waste disposal will be imparted not just to any special figure or anyone who works for the government management, but also to any citizen, may it be a student or a teacher, or a parent or a child, just like you. I, therefore, conclude that it is important and beneficial for everyone to know how to dispose their wastes properly to contribute to the improvement of our Mother Nature. Hopefully, this research may be of good use to better understand how our wastes affect our atmosphere greatly. IntroductionIn the early pre-industrial times, wastes compose of ashes from fires, woods, bones, bodies, and vegetable wastes.

They are disposed of underground to serve as compost and contribute to the soil’s improvement. But only small amounts of ash, broken tools, and pottery were excavated by the archeological digs. Everything was repaired and reused and populations were smaller before. The change from nomadic hunter-gatherer to farmer meant that wastes could no longer be left behind. Because waste could no longer be left behind, it had become a big issue. Reusing and recycling became an everyday routine since the industrial revolution, wherein materials became more available than labor. There was a reuse system of bronze scrap operation 4000 years ago in Europe where they discovered that composting started in China.

Reusing and recycling is widely recognized in the form of salvage, the usual tradition until the Rag-and-Bone men. Conventionally, salvaged materials included leather, feathers, and textiles. Feeding vegetable wastes to farm animals is also considered as a form of recycling, and as well as using green wastes as fertilizers. Soon after, some activities for improvements were done such as the melting down and re-casting of gold, the salvaging of timber, etc. But as the populations in cities had increased, the space for disposal had decreased. And because of that, societies had developed waste disposal systems. Proper waste disposal reduces the impact of waste into the atmosphere by observing the proper methods of disposing of.

Because improper disposal of our wastes imposes cost on others, waste disposal has been a big political issue. Dirty disposal methods such as dumping are big problems nowadays. Though the easiest among any method, it creates health risks for the public. Waste disposal was not always observed and monitored properly; therefore, everyone must comply with the methods used in order to achieve environmental advantages. Achieving this awareness in proper waste disposal is important to lessen the waste we dispose of improperly.

Discussion

Waste disposal is either disposing our wastes in the water, on land or anywhere. Waste is usually managed where it can prevent the releasing of pollutants in our environment.

Before disposing of our wastes, it is a must that they may be classified according to its physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. By classifying them according to consistency is the major way of classification; whether it is liquid waste, solid waste, or sludge. Liquid wastes must be less than 1% solid. On the other hand, solid wastes must contain less than 70% water. Sludge is another classification of waste materials; being somewhere in between a liquid and a solid. It must contain 3 and 25% solid and the rest is made up of water. Hazardous and Non-hazardous Wastes One must also know how to differentiate the waste between hazardous and non-hazardous.

Hazardous wastes are possible threats to public health and the environment. To certify that the waste is really hazardous, one must observe the following factors attributed by the waste material: ignitability, reactivity, corrosivity, and toxicity. It is said to be ignitable when a waste contains liquid with a flashpoint of less than 60o C or 140o F.

The waste is also ignitable if it is a solid that burns spontaneously, flammable compressed, an oxidizer, and a material with National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) or Hazardous Materials Identification System (HMIS) flammability hazard rating of 3 or 4. But if the material tends to be unstable at normal temperatures and pressures, it is a hazardous waste that is classified as a reactive.

Examples of this are explosives and cyanide or sulfuric bearing wastes. (“Waste Types” p.1) A corrosive substance, on the other hand, is a substance that will permanently damage another substance or surface whenever it comes in contact with it. To people, it can cause damage to the eyes, the skin, and tissues under the skin. Inhaling corrosive substances can also damage the respiratory gastrointestinal tracts. Lastly, hazardous wastes can be considered as toxic wastes. Toxic wastes are poisonous. They spread easily and can contaminate bodies of water. These wastes can pose a long-term risk to the public health and environment.

In disposing of hazardous wastes, bear in mind those we should recover and dispose of waste without endangering human health and harming our environment.If factors of hazardous materials were not determined, it must then be a non-hazardous waste. Non-hazardous wastes do not pose any threats to the public health and environment. They can be in the form of sewage wastes, cesspool wastes, food industry wastes, vehicle wash, drain cleanings, etc.

Solid and Liquid Wastes When disposing of liquid wastes, there are certain ways in order to prevent pollutants to the storm drain systems. These include the Erosion Control, Sediment Control, Tracking Control, Wind Erosion Control, Non-stormwater Management Control, and lastly, the Waste Management and Materials Pollution Control. Practicing effective erosion control can help in the prevention of water pollution and soil pollution.

Sediment control is designed to keep eroded soil in a construction site, so as to not let any nearby bodies of water to wash it off. This is done to reduce water pollution. Lastly, wind erosion is the control wherein water or any dust palliatives is applied to lessen dust created by construction sites. (“Liquid Waste Management” pp. 1-4) Landfills However, when solid wastes are being disposed, they are usually thrown in landfills. Pavoni, Heer Jr.&Hagerty (1975) defines landfills as: Landfilling of solid wastes is a method of waste disposal which has been practiced since very early times.

As a general rule, it is still one of the most economical waste disposal techniques in current use. It is often referred to as the only final solid waste disposal method since, unlike incineration or composting, it is not a processing operation which yields a residue or end product which requires disposal. The wastes deposited in a sanitary landfill are considered to be ultimately ‘eliminated’; the landfill is their ultimate destination.

Because of this, landfilling of solid waste material is in some ways a very undesirable procedure; many potentially useful materials which could be recycled are buried in the earth and lost. Disposing of waste materials in landfills is commonly done by waste management. This involves the burying of wastes in abandoned places such as quarries, mining voids, and borrow pits. It is a must for landfills to be properly arranged in order to prevent the scattering of garbage everywhere, the growing of undesired vermin, and as well as the multiplication of the growth of liquid leachate.

And even though we get certain benefits from the usage of landfills and though it had been a helpful place for waste burial, it was proven that landfills may contaminate drinking water. Also, the byproduct of landfills is gas. And these organic wastes break down anaerobically. The produced gas may develop foul odors, may kill a high percentage of vegetations and crops, and lastly, the most trivial of all, it may be a greenhouse gas. (“Landfill” p. 2)

Greenhouse Effect

Greenhouse gases are gases that happen to be the reason of the so-called greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases generally clouds the earth and keep it about 33 degrees Celsius warmer than it would be without these gases present in the earth.

They are generally known as warmers of our world. There are many compounds in the earth that act as greenhouse gases. These gases allow sunlight (relative shortwave energy) to reach the earth’s surface without hindrance. As this energy produced heats the surface, longer wave energy is reradiated to the atmosphere. (“Greenhouse Effect” p. 1) The greenhouse effect usually occurs brought by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and nitrous oxide. But some gases are man-made which includes the chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), hydrofluorocarbon (HFC), perfluorocarbon (PFC), and the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).

Concentrations of these gases had risen due to different activities done by man. As the population of human and the reliance upon fossil fuels had increased, the release of these gases had also increased. Though carbon dioxide reacts naturally with the atmosphere, but because of the obstruction of man in the carbon cycle by burning, mining, etc, we move carbon from solid to its gaseous state, leaving the earth with atmospheric concentrations. “Greenhouse Effect” p. 1) The production of carbon dioxide is achieved from the terrestrial biosphere. But as mentioned, human activities had intervened in the natural cycle of carbon production through the burning of coal, oil, natural gas, and wood. Carbon dioxide is the first greenhouse gas which had increased in atmospheric concentration.

Earlier industrial revolution concentrations were steady and stable at 280ppm. But nowadays, there are at around 380ppm, increased by 30%. Atmospheric concentration has fluctuated due to the extent of landmass and vegetation from the northern hemisphere.A great drawdown of carbon dioxide happens in the spring and summer season in the northern hemisphere as plants convert carbon dioxide. Then, it would again be released during the fall and winter when plants undergo decomposition. (“Greenhouse Effect” p. 2) Incineration But aside from disposing our waste materials through landfills, incineration is also commonly used.

Pavoni, et al. , (1975) states that: Incineration is a controlled combustion process for reducing solid, liquid, or gaseous combustible wastes primarily to carbon dioxide, other gases, and a relatively noncombustible residue. The residue is usually deposited in an accompanying landfill (generally located in a distant spot) after recovery of any valuable materials. The carbon dioxide and other gases generated through the combustion process are released to the atmosphere. Incineration is known to be the second oldest form of waste disposal. And until the present time, it is still practiced. Certainly, the discovery of fire had brought to men different kinds of advantages.

From the advantages, the fire obtained led to primal incineration as a disposal practice. Until the present time, men relied greatly upon waste fire.Most of them ignored the consequences of burning wastes. But, established communities can no longer ignore this open burning because rather significant production of air pollutants is related to uncontrolled burning. (“Incineration” p. 2) For several years, incineration of wastes consisted of open burning in pits. The use of fire wagon was once an innovation during the early industrial times.

The wagon was pulled by a horse through medieval towns so people in the cities can just toss their wastes in it through upper story windows onto this moving bonfire.People’s interest on this brilliant innovation grew. And so, in the late 1950s, a proposal of enclosed mobile incinerator was approved. The incinerator was to be used for the reduction of domestic and demolition wastes in a number of districts. Two American engineers, Hering and Greely, have explained the historical developments of incinerators. (Pavoni, et al. p. 59)

Certain arguments about the usage of incinerators had been done, although it does contribute to the reducing of wastes. It had been a controversial method of waste disposal due to certain issues such as gaseous pollutants, etc. Incineration is very common in some countries like Japan, wherein their lands are very scarce. Because of that, they need not too much area of landfills. Waste-to-energy (WtE) or Energy-from-waste (EfW) are widely used terms for facilities that burn wastes in furnace to make, produce, or generate heat, steam, and/or electricity. Combustions in incinerators are not always perfect and highly recommended because there had been concerns about micro-pollutants in gaseous emissions from incinerator stacks. But aside from the facts argued about, this method produces heat that can be used as energy.(Pavoni, et al. . 162)

Innovations in Disposal

Although traditional methods of disposal are used (composting, sanitary landfills, and incineration), they are not fully practiced without following the three R’s, also known as the Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle method. Inadequate markets for compost have practically stopped composting as a feasible disposal technique. Also, the volume reduction provided by incineration necessitates the need of a larger landfill for residue disposal. The sanitary landfill method is also weighed down by an increasing scarcity of adequate land areas. (“Innovations in Disposal” p.224)

Accordingly, there is a need for an upgrade in such methods or other innovations to develop proper waste disposal. Innovative disposal methods are as follows: aside from the widely known three Rs method, proposals have included both new methods of disposal; medium-temperature and high-temperature incineration. According to Pavoni, et al. (1975), “A new development in incineration, the so-called ‘high-temperature incineration’ process, consists of combustion and fusion of wastes at temperatures between 3000 and 3300o F, which is 1200 to 1500 o F higher than combustion temperatures in conventional incinerators.

However, medium temperature incineration will most likely to be available. Older community solid waste incinerators are medium temperature incinerators and the use of these facilities is encouraged as a short-term measure, rather than less safe options, such as inadequate discharge to a landfill. Waste Management Hierarchy Waste hierarchy refers to the widely known Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle method, which classify waste management according to their appeal in terms of minimizing our wastes.

The aim of waste hierarchy is to encourage citizens to generate a minimum amount of waste.Extended producer responsibility (EPR) is the strategy made to support the addition of all costs associated with products throughout the life cycle into market prices. This simply means that manufacturers are required to be responsible and hold account for their products. (“Waste Managing Concepts” p. 6) Lastly, the Polluter pays principle is states that any pollutant party shall pay for the impact damage caused to the environment. With regard to waste management, they are required to pay for the appropriate disposal of waste. (“Waste Managing Concepts” p.6)

Conclusion

The best way of disposing our wastes properly may vary in different techniques, may even cause pollution, and may even recover materials and energy. Preferably, the so-called Incineration method is the best way for hazardous wastes, organic wastes, and combustible miscellaneous wastes. By doing so, ashes can be used as nutrients, too. Not only can we dispose through the use of incineration, but we can also classify our wastes by their kinds: biodegradable and non-biodegradable. Recyclables should be reused intact if possible, processed on board if that is cost-effective, or compacted and shipped to recycling plants on land otherwise.Also, recycling has many advantages in our environment. It uses less energy while causing less pollution and it reduces the waste disposed in landfills.

In the 18th century, the disposal of waste wasn’t always monitored. However, since then, our trash has become more complicated. We have many different types of wastes and it is a must that they may be disposed properly to prevent contaminating our environment. Nowadays, our natural sources have become scarcer and scarcer. That is why, putting the three R’s into action is the most efficient and forward-thinking approach to waste. And so, one must learn the proper ways of disposing of and pass it on from generations to generations.

February 2nd, 2023

Historical aspect and development of tourism in Paris

Introduction

This essay will firstly analyse the historical aspect and development of tourism in Paris. Secondly it will also identify the positive and negative aspects of socio-economic, cultural and environmental impacts. Finally it will explain an academic model related to Paris. In particular, it is worthwhile to know exactly the meaning of the terms tourism, recreation and leisure. Recently, The World Travel and Tourism Council had made an approximate judgement that, the tourism has become the world largest activity and industry within the business market. But an understanding of tourist waves is important for dealing with the environmental and the social effects of tourism and also to secure the lucrative viability of the tourism industry and to plan for new development.

In addition the tourism can be defined as an entire place of people, businesses, and places with a purpose, to self associate in a common way, to discover a travel experience in a multidimensional activity. Economically it is vital to describe the tourism as a demand or a supply, which can be stated precisely in terms of the motivations or other typical moral strength of travellers. From some conceptual argument, it can be seen as an activity for persons moving from an area to another. For instance, the tourism can have both direct and indirect effect and displacement effect, but in most of case, it is locally and economically beneficial Cooper et al (1998).

To begin with, in the light of recent national media attention regarding tourism, it seems that a touristic region have to be more attractive to persuade visitors in many of its different aspects, such as historical, regional image and many thing to discover. Historically, Paris has a long standing past of more than two and halves millennium, during which it grew from small people to multicultural inhabitant, and also the history of Paris was most dominated and divided into dynasties and kings such as, the Capetians, the Valois, the Bourbon who had built many castle and monumental status. Geographically, Paris is the capital city of France and one of the famous cities in the world.

This city has gone past through so many bad moment and the better days. Firstly, the imperial period which was dislike because of its political instability and corruption. Secondly, the French revolution event which took place in 1789, however, its universal aspiration will made France the country of human right. Thirdly, the bloody wars which the City welcomed as an opportunity to obtain revenge for the battle lost in 1870 and left the city brutally damaged. Finally, the better days came when Francois Mitterrand was elected as president of France in 1981 which brought so many changes to the city’s appearance and the political aspect and also made Paris to attract many artiste and intellectual from all over the world.

When considering Butler’s Tourist Area Life-Cycle Model, which particularly talk about the tourism Exploration, Development, Decline, Rejuvenation, it seemed that the tourism in Paris had started in about 1848, when the rail network came into effect, the city became one of the most visited destinations and the public were most attracted by its museums and monuments, especially the Eiffel tower which was built later in 1889 and also since its construction it has been visited by more than 200 million peoples, then come the Basilique du sacre Coeur and Notre Dame de Paris, with more than 12 millions visitor a year and also the Disneyland Paris has been visited by more than 14millions visitors in 2007 followed by the Louvre museum which is the famous and the largest and also it has so many art displays, moreover many hotels and restaurants in Paris depend on the tourism. Pioch (2002)

Unfortunately, due to the global economic crisis, the tourism in Paris had decreased significantly during 2008 and also in 2009 the demand for visitor in Paris had slowed down due to the Swine flu outbreak, miraculously that demand bounced back at the end of 2009 as France came out of recession, but that recovery was still showing some negative effects but now things have come back to normal.

Nowadays, Paris is still one of the most visited cities on earth, because of its , romantic cafes, spectacular monument, the old churches, the art galleries. Its transport system and communication are so sophisticated to facilitate people to get place such as the Charles de Gaulle airport and the Euro-Disneyland as well as a number of sports events that attracted worldwide TV coverage. In addition the majority of People, who came to visit Paris, are from Germany, Belgium, Netherlands and most British tourist travel by car and through channel tunnel.

It is clear that, the tourism always plays a vital role within the economic aspect of the world and a considerable activity of global value and also a high influential position. For many years, Paris can be classified in the top tourist destination, particularly as regards the hotel and catering sectors. Briefly, among the sectors which contribute to Paris success in tourism are : Its country is the largest in western Europe, it is also unique in its altitudinal and latitudinal position, its culture has been largely imitated, its French language is most spoken worldwide, France is among the world’s leading economic powers due to is technological advance. Furthermore, a touristic destination must be attractive and give reassurance to the tourist as their security and safety will make the location more desirable to the comers. Jenks (1998).

Apparently, Paris is one of the beautiful and a vibrant city in Western Europe, with an estimated population of more than 2 million, its development history, started with a major industrial change in methods creation of railway network, which has brought an unknown flow of many people to the capital in the early 1840. Even though, It seems nearly hard not to see tourist studies as an enthusiastic and an interesting course these days, as It has grown very quickly. Indeed, the core reason is that the tourism studies, has been dramatically dominated by a general plan of action and the industry sponsored by priorities and perspectives, made by people whose the disciplinary provenance do not contain the necessary tools to examine and scrutinise a complicated cultural and social process which is spread out.

Despite the lack of resource in the tourism studies, there is a large sort of conceptual and concerning approaches to tourism which should be rigorously monitored as it is no longer a typical consumer product or a style of consumption. However, from its beginnings the tourism had broken relatively away from its minor and short time ritual of actual national life to be a significant model. Nowadays the tourism has become such a relevant aspect to social life worldwide to which its recent agenda have to reflect this rising significance. Moreover, people have been able to experience new aspects of identities, their familiarisation with nature and their personal relations and also to use the relevant cultural competence of their dream and mind to travel. Boniface et al (2005)

Apparently the tourism industry has to be made as flexible as possible, as suggested by Miossec’s Model of tourism Development, which looks more structural and practicable with any kind of tourist in the sense of actual evolution and the development of the destination. In addition the beneficial impact of it model can be classified in particularly as follow: transport, saturation, and tourist’s behaviour. It is wise to understand why the tourism is among the fastest developing part in the global market, as any kind of industrial development will always bring so many positive and negative impacts in which it takes place. However, as longer as the tourists tend to visit a place to consume the supply, inevitably the tourism Industry activityhasto be associated with positive effect such as the local economic activities boost. Firstly, there will be a high demand on transport and Paris has the most sophisticated transport in the world, which serves its local residents which means, in Paris the transport has much developed these days than in the past.

Furthermore Paris has improved its transport network, the road are well build to facilitate the traffic and many more, some network train serve Paris and Charles de Gaulle airport and also the Disneyland park. The tourist can use taxis, buses, metro to reach their final destination and to discover many places. Secondly, hotels and restaurants may employ extra new staffs to satisfy their customer needs, all local shops will take advantage, leisure and cinemas will have the frequentation of their customer raised, exchange office will also benefit from the foreign currency, which means, enhances taxation and licence revenues will generate employment for local people.

In addition, each year the tourist in Paris bring 8.5 billion Euro to the economy at same time the local council earn more or less 30 million Euro, from the tourist tax. For instance, the tourism is always much more helpful to the economic growth of Paris, however it is necessary to take into account the beneficial impact occasioned by direct productive activity. In meantime, the economic impacts linked to tourism development, can sometime be direct or indirect and also the tourism activity which require a massive quantity of the production of supply from different range of industries, including those who are not directly supplying tourist service and goods. Moreover, the tourism in Paris has also its negative aspects; such as the saturation impact which will affect the environment and the nature. Pearce (1995)

Dramatically there will be an overgrowing population and a huge pressure on urban life, which create the desire to change or to move in to a different area, a high level of the religious beliefs, sudden change in behavioural patterns and high level of crime. Although, the environmental stress created from the tourist activities, can always be considered in terms of their negative effects by local resident. In spite of this issue, the impact may be direct or intern which can be forcibly caused by the political involvement of some countries in war and it can also be a terrible nightmare with a catastrophic concern or even a serious threat to some state, especially the terrorism, which has became now an imminent threat worldwide; constitute a serious menace not only to the tourist but also to the travel companies. Youell (1998)

The real scope of environmental impacts must not be underestimated, as most forms of industrial progress impacts upon use of land, energy consumption and other direct or indirect forms of physical impacts are critical. In addition the panoramic environment, whether it is artificial or natural, it is one of the most fundamental parts of the tourism productivity. However, as soon as the tourist travel to a destination, the environment can change inevitably or even being modified either. However, tourists have also a considerable impact on the wildlife and their wastes constitute a vital concern of polluting water and the atmosphere, particularly at some coastal areas and mountains. In order to consider the physical impact of tourism in Paris, it is important to establish its effects on the natural environment especially, an immediate change in floral and faunal composition, natural resources, pollution and erosion. In the other hand, the built environment is also impacted such as the urban environment, visual impact, car park, litter, infrastructure and a competitive restoration. In fact, there is a wide range of environmental impact which can be used or being expanded to allow a careful study or to facilitate future development planning used for resources. Ryan et al (2005)

In the other hand, the tourist must be fully aware of what makes Paris worth visiting, regarding its culture, lifestyle, panoramic views such as Eiffel tower and the public area, while rude behaviour such as pickpocket and threat rising from local people may result the tourist to change their mind or cancel their visit. Given that, basic motivations for tourist are highly concerned with cultural and social experiences, such as meeting new people and visiting different cultural sites, from that point the tourism can have positive impacts on travellers. Also a large number of people within the can benefit from the social and the cultural impacts of tourism in so many ways, which means they can take advantage by mixing people from diverse culture, with different kind of lifestyle and also from their linguistic different backgrounds. In the other word, the tourism can improve the quality of human life especially to the local residents, by offering and sharing with them the programme of social and cultural events. The culture of Paris is today marked by socio-regional and cultural aspect of different tendencies, which consists of beliefs and values learned through the socialisation process and interactions between member of the society and also the personal influences such as languages and religions. However, the behaviour of tourist in Paris may appear irrational within the space of a few minute. This has become an obligation to know how to react to the new priorities of tourist and this involves re-thinking the role of management, strategy, organization and marketing.

In conclusion, the tourism industry and the environmental preservation have, to improve the strategies with an integral part of many development programmes, which will be treated with much respect than it was during the beginning of this century. In fact, the environmental indicators in Paris should not be limited to what should be done, but instead what action people should take just in case. However, the physical plan and the visual aspects can take place together, with a strict measures created to protect the economic benefit of tourism in line with environmental policy. Although this stage required the government of most countries worldwide, to implement the project that can be monitored in terms of its future environmental impact and the integration of its economy.

Likewise, the environmental and the economic impacts is essential if tourism strategies and choices of the destination arewell informed and steps taken, to prevent tourism development exceeding the capacity of the destination. Furthermore, not all of Paris’s areas are attractive, due to their bad reputation, which constitute a slight loss to the local council. Nonetheless, the tourism will be much more influenced by a number of tourists disappointed by their experience and also the changing world situation or the impacts of globalisation. Along with these changes, are other influences which can have moderate impacts or considerable impacts and also possible detrimental effects to people such as the soil, water, air, peace and quiet, landscapes, cultural sites and many more. Therefore, as long as the tourism grows in Paris, much complex system and transport network will expand dramatically, which bring the rejection of the tourism by the local citizen and protecting the environment can give a shape to tourism. Cooper et al (2005)

Bibliography

Boniface, B. Cooper, C (2005) The Geography of travel and Tourism 4th ed. Butter-Heinemann, London.

Cooper, C. Fletcher, J. Gilbert, D. Wan hill, S. (1998) Tourism Principles and

Practice 2nded. Addison Wesley Longman, New York

Cooper, C. Fletcher, J. Fyall, A. Gilbert, D. Wan hill, S (2005) Tourism Principles

and Practice 3rd ed. Pearson: Harlow

Jenks M G (1998) impressionist Paris: the Essential Guide to the cite of light

Libra Journal V 123 Iss 12 Pg 119

Pearce D (1998) Tourist Development, Harlow: Longman

Pioch, N ( 2002) Web Museum, Paris [ online]

http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paris/hist/ Accessed on 20th Nov 2010

Ryan, C. Page, J. Stephen, Aicken M (2005) Tacking Tourism to the limits Issues, Concepts and Managerial perspectives. Netherlands

Youell R (1998) Tourism, Longman Singapore

February 2nd, 2023

Global Regulatory Regime for Environment

Table of contents

Introduction:

The environment surrounding us is precious and of high importance for every individual, yet people and processes are causes of the highest amount of harm to the environment. As the areas surrounding us get filled up with waste, chemicals, noise, pollution, and other harmful gases, it becomes increasingly difficult to live in such areas. Moreover, these areas lose their natural beauty. Harmful chemicals, pollution, and the inappropriate disposal of waste material also causes severe harm to the forestry and the trees surrounding an area and leads to the reduction of clean air or oxygen prevalent in the area. Thus, people and other living things must succumb to breathing in carbon dioxide and other harmful gases. Such polluted environments are not only harmful to the betterment of the planet but are also highly toxic for human beings, animals, plants, and all living organisms. Thus, substantially reducing the quality of life for living things and their prospects for leading a healthy life (Gerlagh & Mathys, 2011).

While much of the pollution and harm to the environment is caused by individuals during the course of living in their own homes through the use of toxic chemicals such as body sprays, hair sprays, cooking oils, the use of their cars, inappropriate disposal of waste and lack of recycling; a large amount of harm to the environment is caused by businesses and industries. Businesses adopt processes of production and research and development which may lead to the accumulation of high amounts of waste material, release of toxic chemicals, inappropriate disposal of recyclable material, and large emissions of smoke and pollution from factory areas amongst many other forms of harming the environment. (Fredrikson,1995).

Businesses, in the process of mass production, are likely to harm the environment in substantial ways besides the smoke and pollution emissions from factory areas. Other common ways of bringing harm to the environment include using non-renewable resources in production without proper planning and control. Cutting down trees to build industrial and shopping areas is also another form of harm to the environment. Businesses and industries may also use parts of endangered species in order to facilitate their production process or as an input into their products. Animal testing is also a common method used by businesses which often gives rise to substantial levels of criticism. However, many or most of these effects are necessary or inevitable when businesses indulge in production and research processes. (Antweiker et al, 2001). Yet, many can be controlled to a large extent. However, businesses are unwilling to put in that extra amount of effort and money to ensure that their processes and the materials they use are environmentally-friendly (Grieg et al, 2005).

Corporate Social Responsibility:

Corporate social responsibility is another highly popular business practice that many businesses now aim to implement either to fulfill their own personal vision regarding the type of impact they should have on the environment or because they want to ensure that their reputation remains clean and high in the eyes of their consumers. Often, applying socially responsible techniques leads to higher levels of investment or cost as close consideration must be made when choosing appropriate materials, applying appropriate processes, and implementing other supervisory and control procedures. However, many consumers and the media, especially in developed countries, demand that organizations act in an ethically acceptable and socially responsible manner. This includes caring for the environment and ensuring that their business processes do not cause excessive harm to the environment. This is often done by controlling the amount of emissions coming from a factory, controlling the types of inputs that are put into products, using recyclable material and encouraging recycling, helping the preservation of endangered species and refraining from using animal testing, and implementing an appropriate waste disposal procedure amongst innumerous other actions (Landes, 1998).

However, while corporate social responsibility practices may be a norm in developed countries, they may be considered a luxury in the Third World. With many other problems plaguing the people of such countries, there is no control over the manner in which the environment is harmed in Third World countries. Waste is often disposed of outside factory gates or in empty land sites in residential areas without considering the filth and diseases that such waste material contains for the people living in nearby areas. Water and air is highly polluted in industrial and factory areas as business owners are mainly concerned with their own profit and are not concerned about the well-being of people surrounding that area. There are no regulations or control on such practices which force individuals living in such countries to live sub-standard or low quality lives. The amount of noise pollution caused by businesses is highly negligible as that is only the beginning of the environmental problems prevalent in these countries (Toffel et al, 1998). Oil spills and highly dangerous chemicals are often found in areas around factories and in other landfills which are often a cause for death to people or children who are found in those areas. Recycling is not highly practiced in organizations in Third World countries and there is no regard for the proper use of non-renewable resources (Bierman, 2003).

Global Regulatory Policies:

There is a very strong need for proper regulation in order to control the manner in which businesses and industries affect the environment around them and the manner in which they dispose of their waste materials. This is a prevailing problem in many parts of the world and is also an existing problem in developed countries. There are still many businesses who have not succumbed to following appropriate environmentally friendly practices. Depletion of the ozone layer, losing the fertility of soil, and permanently polluting the environment with antioxidants are just some of the highly harmful effects that can exist because of the malpractices that businesses engage in. In order to prevent the occurrence of such effects, there needs to be a proper regulation system in place. As the problem of harm to the environment is a global issue as it is highly important for the whole planet to remain free from harm, there may be a need for a global regulatory regime or policy to govern the environmental practices of businesses (Cassesse, 2010).

Global regulatory policies are often used to govern other aspects of human existence such as the relationship between countries, human rights, trade, and other such areas which involve practices worldwide. Global regulatory regimes are often made with a consensus of all the countries involved and require the assent of their leaders to implement such policies within their own country. Different countries are likely to have different policies regarding environmental control, and have their own set of laws which govern their particular borders regarding how to prevent environmental damage. However, there have been occurrences of international treaties in which numerous countries participated in order to mutually attempt to bring benefit to the environment (Abbott, 2012).

Previous Environmental Laws:

Law governing the environmental aspect of society is known as environmental law. Many such laws have been passed in the United States in the past such as the National Environmental Policy (1969), the Clean Air Act (1970), the Clean Water Act (1972), and the Endangered Species Act (1973). The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 aimed to ensure that all activities whether federal or private must be assessed and evaluated on the pretense of their effect upon the environment and their subsequent influence upon the surroundings around them. This meant that any project in the United States excluding those performed by the President or Congress were to be assessed to ensure that they did not cause immense harm to the environment. This act was implemented when concerns for the environment began to increase and people became more conscious of the effects that their actions caused upon the environment. The Clean Air act of 1970 aimed to ensure that the air remained clean and emissions and the release of gases was controlled in order to prevent toxic emissions or the release of a high amount of antioxidants Industries and factories were given permits in order to control the amount of emissions they could release and they were heavily penalized if they exceeded the specified amount of emissions allowed to them. There were also days on which emissions were not allowed from factories and businesses were made to seize production in order to let the air remain clean for specific periods of time (Avant et al, 2010).

While the above mentioned laws were specific to the United States, there have been laws which governed the whole world at large. Some of these laws are known as customary laws and have become such common practice that it is considered necessary for all countries to be bound by them. These laws are often upheld by authorities such as the United Nations. Such laws are usually laid out after world conferences in the United Nations and examples include the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, World Commission on Environment and Development, United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. and the World Summit on Sustainable Development. Protocols are also made between countries which are subsidiary agreements made from the main treaty. These smaller agreements govern certain aspects of the main agreement and put forward additional requirements that must be followed in addition to the main agreement. Some of the most popular protocols include the Kyota Protocol and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Bierman & Bernd, 2009).

Accordingly, many international organizations are also made which seek to implement such environmental goals of which some of the most popular ones include International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Hence, there are many platforms for making international laws and global regulatory regimes in order to promote the environmental cause. Moreover, such actions have been taken before and there are many laws in place governing such issues. (Keohane, 2010).

Benefits and Prospects of Adopting a Global Regulatory Regime:

Hence, the prospects of adopting a global regulatory regime are quite high as many countries are now mutually concerned regarding the environment and the effects that businesses and industries have upon their countries. Moreover, due to high awareness levels and a lot of media coverage, individuals, businesses, and specifically multinational organizations seek to focus upon the implementation of safe and fair practices for the environment and seek help and support in this regard. There are organizations and international committees which work for this cause and serve as a platform to bring many countries of the world together to discuss important issues Accordingly, as it is often said that brainstorming and consultation can lead to better solutions, the adoption of a global regulatory regime allows the leaders and prominent personalities of the world to mutually decide what is beneficial for their country and the world at large (Keohane, 1984).

As the whole planet technically belongs to all individuals and the actions of one country are likely to affect the whole planet, it is also important for there to be a mutual consensus regarding the practices prevalent in different countries across the globe. For example, the USA’s excessive use of aerosol sprays has depleted the ozone layer and this has eventually affected global warming in the whole world. In the same manner, the excess of pollution in the air and other toxic chemicals affect processes such as rain, global warming, and the prevalence of clean water for multiple countries who share borders and water facilities through the use of rivers. Hence, while one country may adopt principles to govern the environmental aspect in their own country, they may not be completely aware of the effect that practices in their own country are having upon other countries and vice versa. Thus, it may be more beneficial to discuss these problems together and on a global platform in order to come up with mutually feasible solutions (Scott, 1998).

Accordingly, the feasibility and previous implementation of a global regulatory regime for the environment may be high, yet it is a highly difficult procedure and program to successfully implement and ensure that it is abided by. Thus, there may be several problems associated with the adoption of a global regulatory regime and the attempt to implement it in all countries of the world (Wilson, 1991).

Problems with the Adoption of a Global Regulatory Regime:

One of the most troubling problems of adopting a global regulatory regime or attempting to implement it is the setting up of an authority to ensure implementation and supervise the regime. It is literally impossible for a regulatory committee to be physically present in all parts of all countries governed by the regime, thus it becomes nearly impossible for such committees to supervise and check whether the laws governing this regime are followed in all parts of all countries. Accordingly, it is not possible or easy to maintain a proper check and balance on the laws governing this global regime and it is not possible to detect offenders easily. If there is no proper way to uphold the regulations in the regime, the regime is likely to be highly ineffective (Wilson, 1991).

Moreover, there needs to be a proper way to punish countries which do not follow the regime properly and do not uphold the laws described in it. It may be highly difficult to decide upon a punishment for such countries and even more difficult to implement such a punishment. It may also be easy for countries with higher levels of influence to avoid punishment. Another very tantalizing aspect is to decide upon the judiciary who will preside over such cases and maintain a fair and balanced system. This is highly difficult to implement on a global scale (Sim & Teoh, 1997).

The costs associated with implementing the system and maintaining a committee for check and balance purposes will be quite high and may be considered unnecessary by many countries. This may also be considered a waste of time and effort by many world leaders and it is highly difficult to arrive at a mutually agreed upon decision. Moreover, the drafting of policies governing the global regulatory regime is likely to be a highly rigorous process which is likely to take a lot of contemplation, argument, and debate. There are not likely to be many occasions on which all countries agree or cooperate and such procedures cannot be forced upon countries which do not agree. Treaties are made by mutual consent and obtaining mutual consent is likely to be the major problem prevailing in the implementation of such policies (Feigener, 1997).

Many countries argue and debate for long periods of time concerning the applicability of customary laws towards themselves. Many countries want to be free from having to abide by such laws and put up issues in United Nations meetings. Hence, if the application of customary laws becomes a matter of debate, the adoption of a global regulatory regime is likely to become a matter of intense or perhaps never-ending debate (Sadiq & Governortori, 2010).

There are costs associated with the implementation of environmental controls and these costs are likely to be high. Hence, all countries may not be willing to implement these costs within their respective country as it may be burdening upon their budget and they may have other concerns for which to allocate their national budget to. Due to the associated costs, many countries refrain from indulging in environmentally friendly practices and this includes countries such as the United States of America. Moreover, many world leaders may consider these extra costs to be unnecessary and burdensome for the economy. It will obviously take extra expenditure on the part of each country separately in order to ensure that regulatory practices are implemented within their own country. Hence, many leaders consider this to be unnecessary expenditure and do not express their consent to indulge in such excessive expenditure.

One of the most important reasons for the difficulty in adopting a global environmental regulatory regime is that the circumstances of all countries are different. While the citizens of some countries are educated and aware of the need for an environmental cause, the citizens of other countries are not aware of such problems and have other bigger problem plaguing their nation. Moreover, while some developed countries have the resources and equipment needed to implement environmental controls, other poorer nations of the world completely lack such facilities and cannot support such regimes.

Environmental problems affecting different countries are also of diverse natures but it is widely known that developing countries require even more regulatory controls than developed nations as the atmosphere in their countries is highly dangerous for the citizens of the country and leads to many deaths annually. Moreover, awareness programs and other initiatives are required in such countries in order to at least make the situation satisfactory if not excellent. However, these goals and others concerning the environment seem to be a long way away from being fully achieved (Baumgartner & Winter, 2013).

Conclusion and Recommendations:

While it is not easy to adopt a global regulatory regime, countries can hold annual conferences in order to discuss environmental issues and attempt to mutually solve the environmental concerns arising (Nielson & Jensen, 2013). Countries who do agree upon implementation of environmental controls can sign treaties and agreements in order to make the implementation of such procedures official. They can also attempt to have talks with the leaders of other countries and provide support for the successful implementation of environmental controls and regulatory regimes in these countries. Support can be through manpower, delegations, or financial aid in order to help other countries conform to the laws governing environmental concerns. However, countries who do not agree upon the implementation of such controls cannot be forced to consider them (Henri & Jornalt, 2010).

Serious offenders or countries which are severely damaging the environment can be reprimanded through boycotts from other countries, cutting off of trade, foreign aid, or through other means. However, it is necessary to consider the country’s circumstances before such severe consequences are applied and talks should be carried out in order to solve such issues (Fuerist & Mcallister, 2011).

Hence, a global regulatory regime can be applied towards some countries of the world but is extremely difficult to apply on all countries of the world and can be considered impossible to some extent.[1] However, there are manners in which countries can take initiatives as a combined body to help the environmental cause and promote the campaign against environmental harm caused by industries and businesses worldwide (Tessitore et al, 2010).

References
Abbott, K. (2012) The Transnational Regime Complex for Climate Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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Antweiler, W., B. Copeland, & M.S. Taylor. (2001) “Is free trade good for the environment?” American Economic Review. 91. pp.877–907
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Grieg-Gran, M., I. Porras, & S. Wunder. (2005)”How can market mechanisms for forest environmental services help the poor?” Preliminary lessons from Latin A .Influence of International Environmental Bureaucracies. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press
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Keohane,N. O. (2010) Thinking about Leadership. Princeton: Princeton University
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Tessitore, S., Daddi, T., & Iraldo, F. (2010) “The link between environmental and economic performance: evidence from some eco-innovative industrial clusters”. International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development. 12 pp. 124-144
Toffel, M., Short, J. & Ouellet, M. (2012) “Reinforcing Regulatory Regimes: How States, Civil Society, and Codes of Conduct Promote Adherence to Global Labor Standards.” Harvard Business School Technology and Operations Management Unit Working Paper 13.
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Pollution

Consumer Protection Law of Uae

Consumer protection law of UAE in united Arab Emirates

Microbial Degradation of Phenols

Introduction

Phenol and its derivatives are tox

Aim and Objectives

Objectives

Regulation of chemicals

Biodegradation of phenols

References

Feasibilty study of a proposed new Thames river crossing

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES:

FINANCING AND EVALUATION OF A PROJECT:

Economic evaluation:

RISK ASSESSMENT:

LOCATION OF THE PROPOSED BRIDGE:

BUDGET COSTS FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKS:

Competitors and comparison with our product

Proper Waste Disposal

Abstract

Discussion

Greenhouse Effect

Innovations in Disposal

Conclusion

Historical aspect and development of tourism in Paris

Global Regulatory Regime for Environment

Corporate Social Responsibility:

Global Regulatory Policies:

Sometimes it is hard to do all the work on your own