Pregnancy

Background of the study

Teenage pregnancy is the pregnancy that occurs under twenty years of age. In Uganda, the teenage pregnancy rate stands at 31% according to the Uganda Demographic Health Survey of 2006 (UDHS, 2006). Regarded as the most troubling aspect of adolescence, teenage pregnancy is gradually on the increase and about 60-70% of teenagers are sexually active and due to this in most parts of Africa 70% of girls have ever been pregnant before or are pregnant (Arkutu, 1995).

According to the population and housing census of Uganda of 2002, 24. 7 million people (57%) are below the age of 18 In a study carried out in 1991 by Bagarukayo in kabala district among primary school pupils between the age of 11 and 18,59% with in that age bracket were sexually active,36% had already engaged in sexual intercourse for the first time, about 45% had already engaged in sexual intercourse more than once between the ages of 16-18.

In Uganda, little change in curbing teenage pregnancy has been realized, more so several countries in Africa report 40% of girls getting pregnant before the age of 18(UNICEF report, 2001). This is a problem that cuts across the developed and the under developed countries, and although there is a decreased number in the rate of teenage pregnancies, the number of those who conceive during their adolescence stage remains high. Teenage pregnancy has been attributed to low self esteem and alcohol abuse.

Later or early adolescence has affected girls more negatively than boys in that girls who are physically mature are generally less satisfied with their appearance and body image hence feel out of place among their female and male counterparts hence low self esteem, depression and anxiety(Brooks Gunn and Ruble,1983,Simmons and Blyth,1988) More so adolescents who are developmentally advanced especially after their first menstrual period have a poor and less interaction with their parents and tend to isolate themselves and only identify with their peers which may put them at a high risk of alcohol abuse, engaging in early sexual intercourse resulting into pregnancy in case their peers engage in risky behaviors (Rita. L. Atkinson, Richard. C. Atkinson).

Problem statement

Low self esteem is greatly associated to alcohol abuse and teenage pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy may be a result of many other factors but more especially alcohol abuse and low self esteem hence leading to adverse consequences for the for the young mothers who are not biologically and psychologically ready to bear and take care of children at a young age.

Many teenagers engage in risky sexual behaviors more especially under the influence of alcohol which can easily be accessed by any one on the Ugandan market, adolescents with a problem of low self esteem often take alcohol as a scapegoat to this problem making them easy targets to their male peer friends.

Purpose of the study

The study is to find out the significance of alcohol abuse, self esteem and teenage pregnancy Objectives of the study To examine the relationship between alcohol abuse and teenage pregnancy among adolescents To examine the relationship between self esteem and teenage pregnancy among adolescents To examine the relationship between alcohol abuse and self esteem among adolescents

Significance of the study

This study will provide guidance to other students and researchers who want to carry out research in the same field The study will be used by both government and non government organizations for intervention Since the target population will comprise of mainly teenagers in primary and secondary schools, the information will be of use to teachers and head teachers in offering career guidance Scope of the study Geographical scope The study will be carried out at Naguru teenage center in Kampala.

Conceptual scope

The study is limited to the significance of alcohol abuse, low self esteem and teenage pregnancy Conceptual frame work Conceptual frame work showing the significance of alcohol abuse, low self esteem and teenage pregnancy Alcohol abuse and teenage pregnancy Risky behaviors like alcohol abuse lowers one’s inhibitions hence affecting judgment which increases the chance of taking further risks, hence teens who abuse alcohol are more sexually active and more likely to take risks when engaging in sex.

Risks taken may include failure to use protection against pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases, for example condoms. More than one third of teens who have engaged in sexual intercourse say they have not used any kind of protection especially when under the influence of alcohol than when sober. About two thirds of high school students that have just joined report having tried alcohol at least once, 25% of those already in high school report to have engaged in heavy drinking (Lauren Mann, 2012).

Self esteem and teenage pregnancy

Low self esteem is viewed as a risk factor for teens who get involved in risky sexual behaviors which may lead to pregnancy and in other cases low self esteem comes as a result of early pregnancy.

A girl who gets pregnant while still at school or home suffers a lot of psychological problems and embarrassments which in turn lead to low self esteem like insecurity, self doubt, and fear. Girls who are deprived of parental love tend to feel devalued and neglected hence they tend to look for the love from somewhere else hence getting into sexual relationships that may lead to pregnancy Alcohol abuse and self esteem Psychosocial problems like poverty, loss of a job, are challenges that lead to loneliness, anger and depression which also lead to social conflicts and low self esteem. This may lead to use of alcohol as an escape route of such feelings. Alcohol may offer a relief to such problems thus with the continued use, it may lead to using it in more often and in large amounts. (Alistair Modey,2012).

Sociological imagination is defined by C. Wright Mills as the “vivid awareness of the relationship between experience and the wider society”. It is the process of looking at your own life in the context of your society or community. This paper is looking at teenage pregnancy and the impact on society, and will provide a sociological imagination analysis of the individual and social impact. Being an un-married and pregnant teenager can be an incredibly challenging and scary experience especially if that child does not have a support structure.

The national Campaign to prevent teen and planned pregnancy (NCPTP) reports that 3 out of every 10 children under the age of 20 become pregnant at least once, and 67% of those new families are in poverty, of which 52% are on welfare (“the national”, n. d). Being a teenage mother comes with a plethora of issue for the individual and for society. Teenage mothers lack a level of maturity that comes with age and experiences, they may try to hide the pregnancy, not take care of themselves and continue with risky behavior that could jeopardize the health of the infant and the mother.

Their lack of maturity may led them to believe that everything will be alright, that they can be a great mother, that their boyfriend will eventually see the light and step up to the plate. But this is rarely the case, more often than not the child is born of low birth weight, premature or with other health conditions. Those children will probably suffer abuse, perform poorly in school and use the welfare system to help support themselves; it can become a vicious and publicly expensive cycle that is very difficult to break.

A teenage mother from a lower class broken family may have a completely different experience than that of an upper class family. She may experience poor nutrition, neglect and herself be the result of a teenage mother. A lifestyle of this nature may also lead to self esteem issues, drug use and other criminal behaviors. It is not uncommon for young women in this scenario to be a member of a family on welfare, and it may actually seem normal to them to become pregnant early and to go on welfare.

What we experience in our lives become normal for the small society around us and sometimes it is very difficult to move outside that circle, especially if there is abuse or a financial challenge holding them there. She has no life experience or a proper understanding of the responsibilities involved in raising a child. She is just following in the footsteps of those around her. This lack of maturity, education and vision limits how she views the impact on society.

She is so caught up in her world with limited exposure outside her environment that the negative impact on society may not even cross her mind. The costs of the programs she uses like welfare need to be paid by someone, and that someone is the tax payer. In 2010 463,000 children were in foster care and it is more likely that the teenagers in foster care will end up as teenage parents; those children are also more likely to end up in foster care themselves (“teen pregnancy”, 2010).

In 2004 the taxpayers needed to pay 2. 3 billion dollars to cover these costs (“teen pregnancy”, 2010). If you take this one step further and look past the total costs and go down to the individual that pays their taxes to support these programs, you may see more and more family struggle to cover the bill. It would benefit all involved if more effort was placed on education and programs to help control teenage pregnancy, and maybe we should all take a look at how sexual our society has become.

References
Teen pregnancy and child welfare (2010, August). Retrieved on April 30, 2011 from, http://www.thenationalcampaign.org/why-it-matters/pdf/child_welfare.pdf The national data to prevent teen and unplanned pregnancy (n.d). Retrieved on April 29, 2011 from, http://www.thenationalcampaign.org/national-data/default.aspx

I believe that abortion is a woman’s right in Africa.  The decision should be up to the individual woman without any outside influences from society. (2003, Thomas) Lynn M. Thomas explains how “Social controversies for women in Africa are looming presenting a risk of death” because of the laws in the country which ban women from having abortions, in which the issue of reproductive rights in Africa is an important aspect of women’s rights and is one of the central issues in human rights debated in various regions in Africa.

The problem of reproductive rights is therefore linked to larger women’s rights issues in that sex and reproduction are often used as ways of oppressing women in various cultures.     Reproductive rights therefore refer to the issue of choice and the right for women to decide for themselves – particularly with regard to their bodies and the important aspects of pregnancy and childbirth.

One study on this issue states the problem in the following way. “The Right to choose is just one aspect of a much larger issue of reproductive rights – women’s right to control their own bodies and reproductive lives,” according to Smith. ( Smith, 2004)

The right to abortion should be an African woman’s choice and right .  Women‘s reproductive rights and human rights in general, is the right to have an abortion, if she chooses and it essentially is a women’s prerogative.  We will discuss the right of a women and why she must  choose for herself, as well as be legally available to get an abortion in Africa..

For too many years, women who live in Africa have been giving birth to children in which many of them could not afford.  Women were never asked if they wanted to give birth to the child and never given the choice if she wanted to remain pregnant.  It was always assumed that if she got pregnant, she would carry the child without ever considering the possibility of aborting the fetus. A women should also have the full legal right with regard to choosing to have an abortion or not and this right should not be predetermined by society for cultural reasons, but by the woman who will be responsible for carrying the fetus.

Very often the issue of abortion is treated as if it is a separate aspect and not related to the context of the more “acceptable” view of the legitimate rights of women.   Very few people question the right of the woman when it comes to the issue of abortion but the issue of abortion on the other hand carries with it negative associations and connotations and have become a very cultural issue.  However, abortion is an issue that should, of necessity, be viewed in the larger context of women’s rights because the woman is the primary caretaker of the child, if she chooses to give birth, she is the person who must decide if the child can be properly cared for.  In impoverished nations, such as Africa, it should be especially legal since the living conditions are so bad.

Reproductive rights, as the essential rights of women over their own bodies and sexuality, are not something separate from other issues relating to gender rights where the central arguments put forward in this regard, that it is the woman that must make this choice and not a society that is dominated by a cultural view on abortion. It is the woman who offers her body as a vessel necessary for the growth of the unborn child, not a nation’s, such as

Africa, who doesn’t offer assistance for the growth of the child and therefore he leaves the woman to be solely responsible for the development and care for the child.  Since women are the ones who carry babies for nine months, African officials shouldn’t have a right to deny the woman the freedom to make a conscious choice, therefore, they shouldn’t be able to judge the African woman’s decision or her views concerning abortion.

It should also be noted that the issue of reproductive rights for women is a complex and convoluted area of moral and ethical discourse.  However the central fact is that the history of reproductive rights is intimately linked to the history of women’s rights and cultural issues in general, which have become prominent in society.  To speak of reproductive rights is to ask if it is safe for a woman to give birth in a nation that is sometimes incapable of aiding in the growth of the child.  Reproductive rights are sometimes compromised because of a nation‘s views on the subject.

The issue is debated differently from traditional point of view since many Africans believe that it is always necessary to give birth without considering the harmful effects that the pregnancy may cause.  The African woman has to make the choice of if she will carry a child for nine months of her life or if he will be solely responsible for the child’s care, both emotionally and financially since African men have often in the past, denied that they were involved in the child’s development and they certainly have never had to make the choice of carrying a child to full term.

One of the central arguments in favor of the right to abortion for women is that in many societies women are subjected to horrendous oppression and discrimination in terms of sexual role and norms. (2003, WHO) One example that is often quoted is that of Africa.  Many women in African countries have no control over their sexual and reproductive rights.  If, for example a husband contracts HIV/AIDS, in some cultures the wife cannot refuse to have intercourse with him – even though this would endanger her personal health and infringe her sexual rights.  In effect many women in the world have no say or control over their bodies and sexuality. This relates to the issue of abortion in that the right to undergo an abortion is an extension of these reproductive and human rights that should be accepted as ubiquitous in all societies.

Another issue that is often quoted in defense of women’s abortion rights is that, a large number of poor and working-class women die when abortion is illegal. According to the World Health Organization, 78,000 women around the world die from unsafe abortions every year. Abortion is every woman’s right. This aspect is also highlighted by the fact that the problem of deaths due to abortions usually occur among the poor, oppressed or disenfranchised women of the world.

This fact does not apply only to the less developed regions of the world according to (Rosenbaum, 2001) who says, “Women in Africa are at risk.” These cases are usually among the Black or Hipic populations. With the high poverty rate for African women , it is not unreasonable to believe that the abortion rate would be high among these races. Abortion is every woman’s right, and should be closely looked at more closely when it comes to abortions in countries who offer little or no help to the mother.

In many countries in the world abortion is forbidden and can result in prison terms for women.  It is often the case that reproductive rights are denied in countries which are usually poverty stricken and with poor human rights records. Approximately 25% of the world population lives in countries with highly restrictive abortion laws, which is quite common in Africa. These are the countries where abortion is most restricted according to the law. “In Africa, women still are not allowed to obtain an abortion,” says Stuart Rosenbaum. (2001,Rosenbaum)

It therefore follows that allowing women their reproductive rights and providing for legalized abortions could save suffering and lives in these counties. This rationale also applies to the high incidence of rape in many countries where abortion is illegal.  Many women suffer both physically and economically as a result of laws that do not provide for the right to abortion as a fundament human right.

While there is the ethical argument that the unborn fetus also has rights, this is an aspect that must be considered in terms of the rights of the mother as well.  It must be admitted that the issue of the rights of the unborn child presents intricate and complex problems, which involves many often confusing and convoluted definitions of what constitutes life.  A comprehensive study in this regard is The House of Atreus: Abortion as a Human Rights Issue is explained, (Bohan, 1999). The author tells us that “No society that truly believes in human rights can fail to recognize the right to life of the unborn. Human rights are, by definition, rights which inhere in one simply by virtue of being a human.”

Notwithstanding these arguments, the problem of abortion rights finds its proper context in the general view of cultural regards. Therefore the question of abortion rights should be seen in the context of social oppression and other forms of societal discrimination of women.  The traditional view of women is for the African woman to get pregnant, carry the baby for nine month and then to give birth without ever questioning the option of abortion.  These cultural values do not recognize the importance of women’s health and well-being, and they do not ever take into consideration that the woman may die during childbirth or that she may give birth to a child who is born into poverty conditions and may die from starvation or illness. The topic of abortion should be discussed in Africa and offered as an option to the woman who has the right to choose abortion if she sees that it is necessary.

The argument for abortion rights for women should be linked to the larger issues and related to aspects in society that are all interconnected.  As one study suggests, the legalization of abortion rights is closely linked to issues such as class, race and economic discrimination, especially in Africa. “Abortion should be legal in Africa… because statutory bans on abortion during the twentieth century were selectively or arbitrarily enforced in ways that intentionally discriminated against poor persons and persons of color,” according to (Graber, 1996) and those rights should be given to every woman in Africa, so she can make her individual decision of if she will be giving birth to her child or getting an abortion.

Graber,Mark. (1996) Rethinking Abortion, p. 6

Rosenbaum, Stuart E. (2001) Pro-Life Verses Pro Choice, The Ethics of                          Abortion, p. 173

Thomas, Lynn M. (2003) Politics of the Womb, University of California                                     Press, p. 17

World Health Organization, (2003) Technical and Policy Guidance for                            Health Systems, p.6