Punishment

There are several institutions at play in modern day American culture function inning similarly to the witchcraft among the Cezanne people. For instance, within my culture, the Government dictates who punished when confronted with a crime. While The Cezanne place e the blame on witchcraft.

Both use justice in a sense to place blame for an unfortunate happy inning, whether it be decided by an oracle, or common law. Whether it be a judge or an oracle, a sentencing verdict is decided in both cult rues. The ways of American law may be seen as more civilized, and the Cezanne may seem tab 00. The methods of the poison oracles, which included the envenoming of animals to observe t heir deaths and make assessments, is vaguely similar to the tests done on rodents, and other animals in research labs.

Both of which can and have been labeled unorthodox in the past. Its SAA d in The Cezanne culture that witches may have caused harm unintentionally, and that sorcerer s do so intentionally. Also, related in our society is the psychopath. Some believe that you are both with an instinct to kill without selector, while others believe that you are strictly Think about the ways in which members of your society are compelled to bee eave in socially acceptable ways. How do these differ from one another?

Members of today’s society are expected to behave in socially acceptable way due to fear of retribution. For example, due to the impending threat of prison, or other capital punishment, a crime would usually not be committed. These means of socially behaviors differ from each other greatly. To contrast American Culture who mainly have regular criminals with faulty intentions, The Cezanne only have sorcerers with a vendetta against the victim. The Cezanne can only speculate whom they argued with has hexed them.

They also have ways to reprimand, although their old unethical forms of punishment, such as tying individuals to ant hills have been done away with. Both measures were used as a basis of r social control. Is there a “logic” to The Cezanne belief in witchcraft and the casualty of misfire nun? Within The Cezanne culture, there is a logic behind their belief in witchcraft an d the casualty of misfortune. While reading a section from Culture Sketches by Holly Peters Golden, the quote from an Cezanne man put many aspects of The Azans De thought process into perspective.

After a man had hanged himself, due to an altercate on with his brothers the man stated only crazy people commit suicide; if everyone who was angry with their brothers committed suicide there would soon be no people left in t he world; if the man had not been bewitched he would not have done what he did do (19 37;. 71 v Personally, this quote opened my eyes to the ways that someone raised in HTH complex civilization would make sense of a tragedy. It is very en lightening to s e the says brains execute different ideas based on your upbringing in different par TTS of the world.

Do you employ logic that is similar or different when explaining negative even Are there several different “systems of logic” that may be invoked, depending on the circumstances? Tend to enjoy logic that is differs from my own, when negative events are bee Eng explained. In other words to seeing an event occur from another’s viewpoint I n their own words. Hearing logic that is not the same as your own on sensitive topics with out prejudice, and seeking knowledge where you may be ignorant allows a differed t system of logic.

Depending on the circumstances, there are several different logical systems t hat may be invoked. When those involved are from different backgrounds, with u unlike views, and beliefs to base their opinions upon. Most logical people would never take witchcraft into question, perhaps they would say that it was an accident. But being raise Diana community where sorcery is common practice, you would not think any differ entry. What you are taught from a young age in your community resonates into the ways t hat the person you will becomes handles misfortune.

“Mariner’s Sin, punishment, redemption and his penance” “If men could learn from history, what lessons it might teach us. But passion and party blind our eyes, and the light which experience gives us is a lantern on the stern, which shines only on the waves behind us. ” This is one of the famous quotes by Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834). In his one of the magnificent work, “The Rime of the ancient Mariner”, Coleridge has been able to prove his quote mentioned above. The decision made by the young and excited Mariner to kill the albatross helping them and the consequences which was faced by the entire sailing crew.

Mariner, the main character not only was sorry for what he did, he also went through a series of transformation making him understand his sin. He then suffered all his life searching for redemption. Mariner was all around the places to redeem his sin. Not only he suffered attacks from his haunted past, he had to let everyone know about his deed just to feel relaxed. Mariner killed someone who helped the entire crew survive the icebergs they were in after the storm stroked them. The albatross who flew with the boat, was decided to be a help from the god himself, resulting in all the sailors trying to pet the bird.

As all the crew possessed positive aura when the iceberg cracked and they again were in the open sea covered with fog. Something evil consumed mariner heart and he killed the bird with his crossbow. The entire member was cursing him for his deed at first, but when the fog started clearing out everybody was praising the Mariner. Entire crew who was turning away from Mariner for what he did was now agreeing on the sin committed. This now makes all the crew full of sin, which was not be in their favor. Soon their situation turned worse, the breeze stopped, and they were in the middle of the ocean without any movement.

Without any water, “Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink. ” suddenly entire crew was begging for water. It’s a human nature to be happy and sad depending on the situation he puts himself in. When there are good things happening then they all forget about the harm it can cause. Coleridge proved the human nature on this poem. When the sin was committed, one tends to agree with it, until it has any negative effect. When god started wrath upon them, entire crew turned to Mariner to curse him again for what he did.

In ones normal life, one always tries their best to blame someone for the sin they have helped in. God will always punish the one who have committed sin as like in the poem. As the entire crew was involved in the crime, soon they start to get punished. They start to see the wrath from the god in form of different unnatural ways in the grip of nature. The sun was getting really hot. “Down dropt the breeze, the sails dropt down… ” “All in a hot and copper sky, The bloody sun at noon. ” Hot and dry, and without water the sailors were in dire need of help.

Even putting the albatross’s cross around the mariner did not help anything. They could see the slimy and gross creature with legs making entire crew suspicious about their future. After the passing of the mysterious ghost ship, all the members start dying one by one. As if the sin committed by the mariner, was all the reason for the death. The Ancient Mariner is punished mentally by the spiritual world. The Mariner feels responsible for his crews suffering (along with the Mariners own suffering) as the penalty for killing the albatross.

The Mariner is punished by being forced to watch his crew be released and knowing he must suffer further (he must suffer alone): “The souls did from their bodies fly, They fled to bliss or woe! And every soul, it passed me by, Like the whizz of my cross-bow. ” The Ancient Mariners physical and mental punishment continues and he becomes the living dead. The Mariner is forced to feel constant pain and has the constant urge to tell others (who he knows must hear his story) his story in order to momentarily relieve his pain: “That agony returns: And till my ghastly tale is told, this hurt within me burns. God plays in mysterious ways. Although Mariner is getting punished as his colleagues are dying one by one and all he can do is just look at them cursing him. To make mariner responsible for their misfortune they hung an albatross cross around the neck so that the mariner will see that every time and feel the pain and agony felt by the entire crew before dying. Mariner was getting punished also he possessed the guilt, but still god was testing him. Even in the worst situation ever faced by the mariner, god had a plan from which he could escape his guilt.

The mariner’s own sense of guilt is enhanced through the consequences he faces in the physical world, as a result of the powers of the metaphysical world. That is the powers of the spirits in the poem, allow for severe contrasts in the physical world, which in relation to the mariner’s sense of guilt, are reflective of his own unsettled mind. “.. More horrible than that… I saw that curse, and yet I could not die. ”He was in great pain. Soon the mariner was in a condition of a living dead person. He was alive, but for no good.

Soon he realizes he needs help from the god, but the presence of the negative aura makes that impossible. “I looked to heaven, and tried to pray; But or ever a prayer had gusht, A wicked whisper came, and made my heart as dry as dust” Soon that night when he again sees the slimy creatures, he finds those creatures to be really wonderful and a part of god’s creation. He then understands every creature in this world is equally loved by their creature i. e. god. After realizing that his necklace of albatross fell and he was able to pray to god. The selfsame moment I could pray; And from my neck so free The Albatross fell off, and sank Like lead into the sea. ” With the help from god, he could hear the curious and knowledgeable voice; he has to do a lot of penance in the future. Waking up after he fainted, he found it was raining; slowly he regained consciousness, and finds that his curse has been lifted, his entire crew members were alive filled with good souls and it was making the boat to move. “Then like a pawing horse let go, she made a sudden bound; It flung the blood into my head, and I fell down in a swound. When he reached towards his home, he was approached by the pilot and his young crewmate, also accompanied by the hermit. The hermit might have been sent by the help of god for the information about the penance to be done by the mariner all his life. The boat on which mariner was lying started to get fall in the ocean like the albatross fell when it was shot. Amazingly mariner was still floating on the ocean. When they make back to the shore, Mariner immediately starts asing for redemption.

As the mariner closely associates the hermit with religion, to act like a priest, upon seeing the man, the mariner believes it is he who will free him from sin. “It is the hermit good! / He singeth loud his godly hymns that he makes in the wood . He’ll shrieve my soul he’ll wash away the Albatross’ blood”. The mariner intends for the hermit to wash away the albatross’ blood, and thus, his, sins. The hermit does allow this to happen – “Oh shrieve me, shrieve me holy man! The hermit crossed his brow. ‘Say quick’, quoth he, ‘I bid thee say — what manner of man art thou?  The mariner is gripped with a compulsion to tell his story to the hermit. This is how the hermit offers the mariner redemption. As soon as he tells the story to hermit he feels really good. He is then told to tell his story to people who need to hear his tale to get off the pain that persists until he tell the story. “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” teach us to love all the creation of the god. Submission to god is the only option for all people to enjoy their life. It is really foolish to take an instant decision and face the consequences for ever.

Only people, who love God’s creation i. e. men, birds, and animal and everything created by god, can pray well and gain a place in heaven. The poem also encourages people to be faithful to god. Redemption and somewhat penance may be the only way for anyone to get rid of his sins. It is up to us to decide what action are sins and what are not. There will be objects and situation which will make it harder for one to decide, but correctly analyzing and choosing ones action is the only way not to do any sin, which is far better than to penance all over one’s life like the mariner in the poem.

Citation: -Stillinger/Lynch. Samuel Taylor Coleridge. “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. ” The Norton anthology of English Literature. New York. 2006. Print -“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”. Wikipedia. Ed. Web -Shmoop Editorial Team. “The Rime of Ancient Mariner”. Shmoop. com Shmoop University, Inc. , 11/4/2012. http://www. shmoop. com/rime-of-ancient-mariner/summary. html. – SparkNotes Editors. “The rime of the Ancient Mariner. ” SparkNotes. com. SparkNotes LLC. 2006. http://www. sparknotes. com/poetry/coleridge/section1. rhtml

Spanking imposed on a child can have a harmful or helpful effect on a child’s upbringing ABSTRACT Spanking a child is one of the most controversial and talked about disciplinary method in today’s society. Rules and laws have changed to govern the way we discipline our children in our homes, schools and public places. Research has shown a mild correlation between pking and long term physical, mental, emotional and sexual abuse on a child, while other research displays no long term effect on a child except to say that there should be a noticeable distinction between abuse and pking.

Statistics have shown that many parents believe in pking child when deemed necessary, while others believe that pking can be seen as a form of child abuse and that there should be other positive alternatives other than pking. A more in depth perspicacity of the effect of pking depends upon social views of pking, cultural norms, sexual dangers, the racial color line, affects in early and later life, behavioral problem, the different styles of pking as well as the circumstances behind a pking.

This research paper will lelucidate these views and issues as well as the status of current research, the methodology limitations and the belief of teaching a positive alternative discipline technique to parents. Acknowledgements There are many people that I would like to acknowledge in my overall achievement of my degree. 1st I would like to GOD for giving me the strength to continue being a full time single parent, a full time working person and a full time student. I would like to acknowledge my father; he was the brains behind most of my projects as well as the push to succeed.

My children, who I endured most of the torment in my life for and last but not least, my future husband Quentin that have always given me the strength to take on the world. TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………………………………………………Page ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………… …iii Chapter I: Introduction…………………………………………………… ………………6 Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………………. …… 6 Assumption of the Study……………………………………………………………. ……. 6 Definition of Terms………………………………………………………………………. 7 Methodology……………………………………………………………………………… 7 Chapter II: Literature Review…………………………………………………………….. Chapter III: Methodology…………………………………………………………….. …21 Subject Selection and description………………………………………………………. 21 Instrumentation………… ……………. ………………………………………………….. 22 Data Collection Procedures……………………. ………………………………………. 22 Data Analysis……………………………………………………………………………. 23 Limitations………………………………………………………………………….. …… 23 Chapter IV: Results…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 25 Chapter V: Discussion……… ……………………………………………………………27 Limitations………………………………………………………………………………27 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………. ….. 8 Recommendations………………………………………………………………………………………………. 29 References……………………………………………………………………………….. 30 Appendix A: Pagination…………………………………………………………………. 33 Appendix B: How to Thrive in Graduate School……………………………………….. 34 Appendix C: How to survive the Research Paper Experience……………… ……………35 Chapter 1: Introduction Statement of the Problem While many of us were pked as a child, our definition of pking varies among each individual. What was done in one household could have been different in the next household but the message came across the same.

There have been many debates over pking, some feel that it is okay to pk a child, some who feel that a child should never be pked and finally there are those who feel that a child should only be pked for a particular reason. Some people feel that pking can have a long term effect and those who feel that pking will have no effect at all. Purpose of the Problem The purpose of this problem is public awareness. Many people do not know what pking does to a child’s physical, mental, emotional or sexual state.

I would also like to learn what the expert’s say about and if it will have a long term effect on my children. Assumption of the Study There are many assumptions about pking that are published and unpublished. It is assumed that pking will cause long term mental and sexual effects on a child. It is also assumed that pking cause no effect on a child at all. Some experts can challenge that there is a fine line between pking and beatings. It is my assumption that pking could and could not do short and long term on a child, depending on the type of pking as well as the time limit for each pking.

Definition of Terms Spanking – To discipline a child utilizing a belt, paddle for the purpose improvement. Time Out – To place a child in a certain spot (i. e a corner) for a specific amount of time as a disciplinary method. Limitation of the Study The limitation of this study is determines by those that pk, as well as the potential harm from this pking. Methodology Two studies were conducted for this paper. The first is a study I conducted through collages and family members to determine if their pking will pose harm to their children. This method was conducted using the Likert Scale.

The second study was conducted by Dr. Slade and Dr. Wissow to determine if race / ethnicity was a factor in pking children and behavioral problems. Chapter II: Literature Review Spanking has a long history since the beginning of time. It was noted that in Ancient Greece, it was customary for childless women to visit the temple of Juno in Athens, to be cured of sterility by the priests of an. The women had to lie face down on the temple floor, and be whipped with a lash made of goat’s hide (our world). The Roman’s also told a story where naked men danced in the streets beating every woman they came across.

The girl was placed across the knees of the ‘sponsor’, and then the girl’s bottom was bared and strapped to the accompaniment of clashing cymbals. This pking is alleged to last until the 16th century when the wife of the heir to the throne of France was childless. It was decided that a pking would be administered daily to the princess. After a long period, she gave birth (our world). Spanking in the spiritual realm were a factor. The church even defined different types of whipping; superior whippings on the back, while inferior referred to the naked buttock.

Priests used whipping as a means of expiating sins. It was common for women, after confession, to retire to a priest’s room and have her bare bottom birched while resting on a specially designed kneeler (our world). Proverbs of the bible quotes different versus pertaining to pking a child. Proverbs 13:24 says “he who spares the rod hates his son, but he who loves him is careful to discipline him” (NIV). Proverbs 23:13 says “withhold not correction from the child: for if thou beatest him with the rod, he shall not die” (NIV).

Proverbs 23:14 says “Thou shalt beat him with the rod, and shalt deliver his soul from hell” (NIV). These verses of the bible are what most people use as an excuse when they decide to discipline their children. Pope Adrian, the first was the one that finally put an end to pking in the church. Catherine de Medici was famous for her lust in see in women bare bottom whipped. She personally pked them on the buttock with the palm of her hand, with great blows and fairly rough handling (our world). Spanking was not only a Europe event. In the United Stated, it was widely accepted for parents to pk their children.

Dorothy Spencer published her Spencer Spanking Plan. In this plan she said that it was meant to result in marital bliss. It clearly defined when a man could pk his wife, and when a woman could whip her husband (our world). Eventually pking became associated with erotic fantasy. Parenting across the globe has changed from year to year. Spanking varies depending on the different parenting style: 1) The Martyr. This parenting style generally gives the child what they want. They often try to please the child to make the child fill fulfilled.

With this type of parenting style, children are less likely to receive a pking. 2) The pal parenting style is often displayed as the parent being a friend instead of an authoritative role in the child’s life. The children generally do what they want with little intervention from the parent. With this type of parenting style, there is little chance of a child receiving a pking. 3) The Police officer of drill sergeant style of parenting is usually punitive or authoritative. This parenting style generally punishes for small offenses thus making pking very likely. ) The teacher parenting style is pleased when the child asks for advice or opinions. With this parenting style there is a slight chance of pking. 5) The booster or the promoter is a parenting style where the parents are proud of their children accomplishments. This style of parent’s shows emotions when the children do not live up to their expectations. There is a chance for pking in this parenting style due to the high expectations of the parents. 6) The snoop is a parenting style by parents that are generally hard on their children. They have a lack of trust for their children.

They listening to phone conversations, follow them, search their bedrooms and hire private detectives. This parent will likely pk their children if the child gets caught in a lie. The types of pking administered to a child can determine what type of effects positive or negative a child will sustain early and later in life. I can remember a time when my mother use to pk my sister and I with what ever she had handy. Different types can vary from hands, belts, strap, switches, paddles whips or some household items such as a shoe, brush or slipper.

There are three different models associated with pking: 1) Domestic model is the type of pking that is usually administered by parent or guardian. 2) Judicial model is the type of pking that is administered authorities figure such as a prison guard. This type of pking is also common in boot camps and juvenile facilities. 3) Educational model is pking that is administered in schools. Although many parents do not grant permission for their child to be pked in school, there are 23 schools in the United States that still offer Corporal punishment.

Spanking a child is done 90% of the time in one of two positions. The child is either laid across the knee of the parent or the child is made to stand in one position and is administered the licks. Other ways to administer a pking to a child is called the diaper position. The child is laid on a flat surface and held legs up, by the ankles, and hit with an open hand upon the bare bottom (Wikpedia, 2007). Another position of pking would be the child bent over a piece of furniture and touching their toes (Wikipedia, 2007).

Spanking is also given over a diaper (usually merely to emphasize humiliation, but not to cause pin), over clothing, over undergarments, or upon the bare buttocks depending on the amount of pain or humiliation intended; the latter is greater increased by witnesses, such as the household, the class, or even a school assembly (Wikipedia, 2007). There is greater responsibility when disciplining a child. Many parents feel that it is necessary to pk a child for the child’s well being, other’s feel that because they were pked as a child, they will pk their children.

There are many things that need to be done to establish a relationship with your child; some include teaching a child to listen and building a bond between parent and child. If a pking is in order there are a number of things that have to be considered (1) the number of swats to give a child and (2) how hard the swats need to be. There are advocated that are for and against pking. The advocates for pking feel that pking is up to the parent stating that parents have the right to raise their children in the way they consider most appropriate.

They also hold there is little evidence that moderate pking is harmful. Many believe that discipline problems among children have recently increased, and partially attribute the increase to the decline of both parental authority and the use of pking (Wikipedia, 2007). Other people feel that pking causes no long term harm or damage. It has been argued that when parents and children are engaged in a prolonged struggle for authority, the anger, bitterness that result can cause emotional estrangement that far outweighs any possible negative effects from moderate pking, while a sound pking would “clear the air.

Some advocates for pking comes from a behaviorist point of view, and argue that as pking is a form of operant conditioning, the child associates certain behavior with the physical pain and/or humiliation caused by pking. Since a child’s learning process may be less complex than that of an adult, they claim that children are more likely to be influence by such a conditioning (Wikipedia, 2007). Advocates against pking such as the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP, 1998) recommend that parents be encourage and assisted in the development of methods other than pking for managing undesired behavior (AAP, 1998).

They goes further to say that the more children are pked, the more anger they report as adults, the more likely they are to pk their own children, the more likely they are to approve of hitting a spouse, and the more marital conflict they experience as adults (AAP, 1998). The Natural Child Project list several reasons not to pk a child (1) Hitting your child teaches then to become hitters. (2) The child is simply responding in the only way he can. (3) Punishments distract the child from learning how to resolve conflicts. (4) Spare the Rod and Spoil the child 5) Punishment interferes with bond between parent and child. (6) Punishment can escalate to more frequent and dangerous actions against the child. (7) Anger and frustration becomes stored (8) Physical punishment gives unfair message. (9) Physical punishment gives message that hitting is an appropriate way to express feelings (Hunt, 1997) Some negative effects of pking is some children will have anxiety disorders, drug and alcohol problems, antisocial behavior and depression were more prevalent among adults who had been pked as children.

Other problems are that it is easy for a parent to lose patience; light swats can escalate after repeated failures at curtailing inappropriate behavior (Blaker). Some positive effects include stirring the children in the right directions, making a child know right from wrong, kids will understand once they get older that they parents really care about their well being and the direction of their lives as a result of the pking, and most of all pking is a form of direct discipline. When to pk and the circumstances surroundings pking is important knowledge.

It is okay to pk a child when the child lies, steals, is disrespectful or disobedient or simply when the parent gets upset because they cannot take it anymore. A recent MSNBC article outlined some of the reader’s comments on their opinion about pking. Rhonda feels that it all depends on your child. You have to match the discipline to the child. Spanking should be used as a last resort when nothing else works (MSNBC, 2007). Although Rhonda feels that pking should be used as a last resort, Sherry from Charlotte, North Carolina says that pking is a personal decision to be made by the parent (MSNBC, 2007).

While Chris from Omaha, Nebraska feels that not hitting, not slapping but pking works. Spanking is a controlled form of discipline, not an emotional outburst, or reaction to being angry – this is called hitting. There is a huge difference between pking and hitting and those who use pking as an effective disciplinary measure will have no problem defending the practice (MSNBC, 2007). I agree with Chris, pking should not be done out of anger but as a mean of punishment to teach the child a lesson, or prevent the child from repeating the current situation.

Bryan from Lake Worth Florida believes that it is a parental question that should be left up to the parent. They are the responsible ones, after all (MSNBC, 2007). Bryan has a good point; parents should be the ones that dictate when and how a child gets a pked. Parents have been given the smaller end of the stick when it comes to their children. Finally Greg from Alabama feels that Spanking is the only effective method of child discipline. There is a difference between hitting and pking, yet most experts think they are the same. Spanking is biblical and ordered by GOD.

If God says it is OK we should listening (MSNBC, 2007). While Greg believes that pking may be the only effective discipline, it also depends on the child and how pking effects them. Cultural norms can play a big role when it comes to pking. In the United States many people view pking as a form of discipline, while some view it as an abusive model that may very well turn that child into an aggressive individual. Researchers from Duke University and other University around the world, conducted research to determine if culture plays a role in how parents pk their children.

Of their results they came to the conclusion that mothers in Thailand were least likely to physically discipline their children, followed by mothers in China, the Philippines, Italy, India, and Kenya, with mothers in Kenya most likely to physically discipline their children (Science Daily, 2005). They also found that more frequent use of physical discipline was less strongly associated with child aggression and anxiety when it was perceived as being more culturally accepted, but physical discipline was also associated with more aggression and discipline regardless of the perception of cultural acceptance (Science Daily, 2005).

Jessica Lansford, Ph. D. , a research scientist at the Center for Child and Family Policy at Duke University also says a particular parenting practice may become a problem only if parents use it in a cultural context that does not support the practice (for example, if they migrate from one country to another)(Science Daily, 2005). Other negative effects of pking are that it can create an association between pain and sexual pleasure. The buttock can be a child’s sexual sense of the human anatomy. Spanking also trespasses on one of the body’s most private and sexual areas – the buttock (Johnson, 2002).

The sexual nature of the buttock is explained not only by their proximity to the genitals, but also by their high concentration of nerve endings which leads directly to sexual nerve centers. Hence, the buttocks are a major focus of sexual signals (Johnson, 2002). They also go to say pking can interfere with a child’s normal sexual and psychological development. Slapping them can trigger powerful and involuntary sensations of sexual pleasures and a child who buttock are pked may experience deep and lasting sexual shame (Johnson, 2002).

There are a large majority of experts that believe that children should not be pked especially girls. According to Jordan Riak, a retired school teacher and the executive director of Parents and teachers against Violence in Education, when a girl is pked by her father or paddled by a male school teacher, she is being trained to submit. Risk also go to say when a school district permits teachers to paddle girls it is setting those girls up to be victims of future male authority figures, whether it be a boyfriend, husband or employer.

Many of the experts associate pking with sexual desires. Race and gender have a very big influence on pking children. Does it make a difference who the child receives a pking from? It is noted in the making of the slave that a woman pking a boy teaches the boy to become submissive. “She would have a limited protective tendency toward her independent male offspring and would raise male offspring to be dependant like her. Nature had provided for this type of balance. We reverse nature by bullwhipping to the point of death.

By her being left alone, unprotected, with the male image destroyed, the ordeal caused her to move from her psychologically dependant state to a frozen, independent state” (Lynch, 2005). In this independent state, “she will raise her male and female offspring in reversed roles. She will train him to be mentally weak and dependant, but physically strong” (Lynch, 2005). Because of this black children and male children are much more likely to be hit at home and school and pking of boys tend to be more severe, more frequent and more aggressive than girls.

Ironically, the research shows that while corporal punishment is counterproductive for all children, it is even more counterproductive for boys than girls (Wikipedia, 2007). Spanking is more common among low income parents, in the South, for boys, and by mothers, especially white mothers (those under age 33). Overall, older parents are less likely to use corporal punishment than younger parents (Day et al. , 1998; Straus and Stewart; Walsh, 2002). Parents that choose to pk their children have to know how young a child should be when they first start receiving pkings.

A survey was conducted and it indicated that 94 percent of Americans pk their children by the time they are 3 or 4. About 36 percent of parents discipline their infants by slapping their hands or leg, pking their buttock, pinching, shaking, hitting on the buttock with a belt or paddle, or slapping the infants face. More than half of the parents hit their children hit at age 12, a third at age 14, and 13 percent at age 17. Hitting a child with a belt or paddle is most common for children aged 5 to 12. (Straus and Stewart, 1998). There are many factitious beliefs when it comes to pking.

Some of the fact and fictions are: (1) Spanking is an effects way to manage behavior. Spanking is not a way to stop a child from misbehaving. It will only make a child misbehave more and can develop many problem because of the pking. (2) I got hit when I was a kid and I turned out okay Because some people who were pked turned out to live good and health lives, not all are so lucky. (3) If we don’t pk our children, they will grow up to be rotten. A child being rotten does not come from a lack of pking. There are many children who grow up rotten while being pked. 4) The bible says Spare the Rod and Spoil the child and I must obey God. The bible also says that children should honor thy mother and thy father, which could the reason that they are so many delinquent children and serial killers. The bible is used as a support tool for the dos and the don’ts when it comes to disciplining children. A similar method could just as well been used to justify slavery, suppression of women, polygamy, incest and infanticide. Basically to use the bible to pk is just an excuse (Block, 2007). Spanking imposed on a child early in life can have tremendous effect on a child’s psychological state.

The National longitudinal Survey of young Mother-Child Sample conducted a study on 1,966 children younger than two. The results of this study confirmed that behavioral problems do not affect children until after the age of 4 in certain races. White non Hipic families have the higher number of behavior problem associated with affects of mental, physical and behavioral problems as a result of pking. Experts feel that pking is no more effective than any other discipline. They feel that pking is a short-term solution. Murray A.

Straus, a professor of Sociology at the University of New Hampshire and co-director of that’s school Family Research Laboratory says it is no more effective than many other forms of discipline such as time outs, that work just as well in the short run and have no negative long term effects (Straus). Diana Baumrind, a research psychologist at the University of California feels that pking is no more or less harmful than a mild scolding, timeout or other developmentally appropriate level and kind of punishment (MSNBC). The American Academy of Pediatrics is against pking children.

They feel that pking children has potential side effects. Paul Frick, a researcher at Fisk University in New Orleans says that pking and hitting can lead to later emotional and behavioral problems. Even children who are only smacked occasionally are more likely to show signs of depression or lower self – esteem (MSNBC). My personal view of pking is that it should be administered only when warranted. Children should not be pked when a parent had reached a boiling limit. I believe that if children are not pked they have a higher chance of developing disrespectful tendencies.

Spanking not only curbs a child’s attitude but it makes them more respectful to adults and authority. Society places labeled on children that misbehave and often blames the parents, but at the same time parents that pk their children are often ridiculed by their peers and society. I believe that other alternative methods should be tried before a pking is given but if the other means do not work, then pk the child. Because pking is one of the renowned topics discussed annually, Interviews as well as surveys are also conducted annually.

ABCNEWS conducted a poll on if most Americans approved pking; they found that by a public result by a 2-1 margin, many people approve pking. In their study they found that 65 percent of Americans approved pking, they also found that 50 percent of parents pked their children while 45 percent do not (ABCNEWS). ABC says that there is a regional difference among southerners and the rest of the country. 73 percent of southerners approved of pking children compared to the 60 percent elsewhere. This ABCNEWS poll was conducted by telephone Oct 25-29 in a random sample of about 1015 adults.

The use of interviews makes a big difference in gaining public opinion and expert opinion. I conducted a survey of about 16 people on Feb 16 to get public (co workers, friends and family) opinion on if they believe that pking harms or helps a child. These subjects were selected by race, age, marriage status, children or no children. 100 percent of the subjects believed that children should be pked when appropriate or to teach a lesson, they also feel that it is appropriate to use belts and a verbal warning should be given before rendering a pking. 0 percent of the respondents believed that child delinquents were pked as a child while the other 50 percent believe that they were not. 100 percent of these subjects were pked as a child and believes that if a child is pked they will not grow up aggressive, hit others, feel humiliated or become angry. There were no considerable differences in those who feel pking will have a harmful long term effect. Those opposed to pking children believes that there are other methods for discipline children. Preventing or discouraging bad behavior is also more effective than punishing the child.

Preventing measures include avoiding situations that may cause trouble, distracting the child with positive activities, ignoring minor transgressions that have few consequences and rewarding good behavior. Placing children in “time out” is the most effective way to manage disruptive behavior once it has occurred. Parents should consistent and fair in their interactions with children and should invest “time in” i. e. , special time each day devoted to the relationship. (Walling). The future of pking is determined by those that utilize it. Many people believe that pking will some day be banned.

Many lawmakers have introduced bill that may potential change the way we pk our children. California Democratic assembly woman Sally Lieber introduced a bill that would outlaw this behavior with children under 4. If the bill becomes law, that parent in the parking lot could be charged with a misdemeanor punishable by a year in jail or a fine of up to $1,000 (MSNBC). Until we as Americans are forced to give up the practice of pking, pking will remain one of the most controversial and researched topic. Chapter III: Methodology While many of us were pked as a child, we continue to pk our children for the reasons we see fit.

Spanking children could pose some behavioral problems for some while no problems at all for others. There have been many debates over pking; this chapter will address the studies conducted to verify if pking poses any threat to children. It is determined that at least 94% of children have been pked in the last year. A National Survey administered by the Commonwealth Fund found that 11% of parents reported pking their child 6 to 11 months of age, 36% reported pking a child 12 to 17 months and 59% reported pking a child 18 to 23 months of age (Slade and Wissow, 2003).

Dr’s Slade and Wissow conducted research by race to determine if pking associates itself with behavioral problems in children under 4. Subject Selection and Description Using information from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Mother-Child (NLSY-MC), participants were selected using multistage stratified samples of dwellings, and group quarters. In the beginning, there were about 75,000 dwellings, over sampling African and Hipic Americans and disadvantaged white. This selection focused on children under 21 in the home environment and child development.

Starting in 1986 and continuing every two years thereafter, the NLSY-MC had 4845 children, 2879 were excluded for because of follow up interviews or had not yet attended preschool or elementary school. Other exclusion included missing values of child behavior and the use of pking (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Of the exclusions of the study, 28. 2% vs. 23. 0; P 119, which stated that 10% children in this range have more frequent and more severe behavior problems than the other 90% of children in the United States (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Data Collection Procedures

The data collected for the procedure were used using a likelihood ratio statistics to test the null hypothesis that probit model coefficient estimates were the same for the three ethnics / sub samples. Rejections of this hypothesis were used to determine if separate analyses by race/ethnic worked better for the data. The number of pkings was entered into the probit models as a quadratic term by pking frequency and square of pking frequency. Past research showed that the relationship between pking and behavioral problems is nonlinear, with larger marginal effects observed at greater pking frequencies. Slade and Wissow, 2003) Data Analysis During this study, models were used for each variable using full sample and 3 sub samples (white, African Americans and Hipic Americans). The purpose of separating the samples was for the association of race and physical discipline of child behavior problems. The change in children who exhibited the outcome of change represented the estimated effect of a 1-unit increase in value of children who had BPI of >119 or those that displayed behavioral problems in school.

For the dichotomous variable, the marginal effect change in value from 0 to 1 of children with those outcomes (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Some measures could have been correlated; the samples included 1 child per mother. Out of the 1540 samples used, 75% of mothers had one child, 21% of mothers had two children, 2% had three children and . 4% of mothers had four children used in this study. Limitations Dr. Slade and Dr. Wissow encountered several limitations white conducting this study.

First, the father of the children and other adults were not conducted, so there is not way of determining if the pkings were administered by the mother, father, or both. Second, they found that the limitation of this data to be influenced because of the magnitude associated between pking and behavioral problems. Third, there is no available information available on other forms of punishments used on these children. They believe that other forms of punishments may also lead to other behavioral problems. Other rating behavioral problems by mothers but were not confirmed by an independent observation.

Fourth, fewer than half of the obtained samples were in the Hipic Americans and African Americans sub samples that limited associations of pking and behavior problems which apply only to 8% to 13% of the overall sample. Fifth, many children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Mother-Child Sample (NLSY-MC) were excluded from this study because of missing information representing 59% of eligible children. Many of the participants did not attend follow up interviews which makes the samples more bias toward African American and Hipic Americans. These biases might have reduced the magnitude of the association of pking frequency and behavioral problems are likely to have been relatively more common among low-income whites whose children were excluded from this sample” (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Chapter IV: Results The results of the study show differences (p < . 05) among the three sub samples. They indicate that the white non Hipic respondents were from a higher socioeconomic background than those of the black and Hipic backgrounds. Income factors were higher for White families ($46,400), followed by Hipic families ($35,200) and Africa American families ($26,300).

Comparing all three groups white mothers were more likely to be married (87. 8 % vs. 45. 5% and 75. 0%). They were more likely to have completed at least 12 years of schooling (46. 7% vs. 38. 2% and 31. 7%), were older, and were more likely to read to their children (68. 2% vs. 39. 1% and 40. 1%). African American mothers compared to white mothers, white mothers were pked their children less often than black mothers, they were more likely to display positive interaction with their children, they were less likely to have parent-teacher meeting about child behavior, and they were less likely to have BPI scores of >119.

African American mothers compared to Hipic mothers, Hipic mothers were more likely to be married (75. 0% vs. 45. 5%), and they were less likely to pk their children (2. 7 times vs. 4. 0 times) (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Associations of pking and behavior problems were positive and significant with children that required parent-teachers conferences (x2 = 9. 807, P = . 007) and with the children that have BPI scores of >119 (x2 = 8. 901, P = . 012). This association differs among the three races. The white families showed that there is an significant and positive correlation with behavior problems and pking (x2 = 17. 68, P < . 001), African American families being slightly positive and found not to be statistically significant (x2 – . 666, P = . 717), Hipic families was negative and found not to be statistically significant (x2 = . 010, P = . 995). These results show that African American children and Hipic children were more likely to have behavioral problems when they were not pked. White children who were pked more frequently also displayed higher behavioral problems than those of Hipic and African American children (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Chapter V: Discussion / Findings

Several important factors emerged from this paper as well as the different studies conducted for research on this topic. Overall, most parents not only reported using pking as a means of controlling their child’s behavior but believes that pking could pose no long term harm to their child as a result of pking. In my study that I explored the association of pking children to long term mental, physical, and sexual behaviors. I found that most of the respondents agree that they have pked their children when warranted, they also believes that pking their children was a way to control future behavioral problems.

In the study conducted by Dr. Slade and Dr. Wissow, they explored the associations of pking frequency before age 2 with children risk of developing behavioral problems. Among the children in their study, there were substantial predictors for the children developing behavioral problems especially at schools. They addressed several possibilities that may be associated with the differences among the racial groups. They believe that pking is greatly accepted among the African American group which means that they view pking as less harsh and fair.

In White families, where pking is not used too often, children before the age of 2 could lead to other developmental problem for the child and problems for the parents. African Americans children were found in all studies to pose a higher risk for behavioral problems. Limitations As stated before there were several limitations encountered while conducting research on this paper. The only limitations that I encountered with my study were how often a child should be pked, what a child should be pked with and the difference between a pking and a beating.

The way I was pked as a child, I would never pk my children that way. My mother basically used anything close to her hands to hit or throw. I got pked with extension cords, broom sticks, hands, pans, clothes, tree branches and shoes. These limitations did not have an impact on this paper and the research that was conducted. It gave me a better insight as to other people opinion and what others thought about effective disciplinary actions that should be imposed on a child. The limitations of the study conducted by Dr. Slade and Dr.

Wissow was the (1) not knowing the adults that pked the child, (2) a magnitude of behavioral problems an pkings, (3) no available information on the forms of punishments used, (4) the overall samples used for research were limited and (5) 59% of the participants were excluded from the study. Conclusions The findings of this research are simple. Effective discipline works for different individual. If a child is pked they will grow up no less rotten or worse than a child who was not. A child can be pked for different reasons using different methods. Spanking of long term effects draws a line of pking and beatings.

For us that were pked as a child, we felt that we grew up without any problems. Some people feel that pking does physical, emotional, mental and sexual harm to the child that is being pked. The way a child grows up and the life they lead is not determined by the numbers of pking that child receives. There is no knowledge or proven fact that pking harms or helps a child, there is only personal and expert opinion. Recommendations As I conducted research on this topic, I thought of several recommendations that could be done to curb not only public opinion but the right for parents to pk their children the way they see fit.

The public opinion could be one of the harshest opinions that a parent has to encounter. There is a fine line between beating and pkings; it is the public responsibility for self awareness. It is up to the public to research and acquire information about pkings before passing judgment. Parents need to know the potential associated risks for pking children, as well as the upsides and downsides of pking children. Parents need to also try other alternative methods before imposing a pking on a child. References A Short History of Spanking. (2007). Retrieved June 15, 2007, from http:ourworld. compuserve. om/homepages/moonglowDC/Letters/History. htm American Academy of Pediatrics. (1998). Guidance for Effective Discipline. Pediatrics, vol. 101. n4:pp723-728. Bradley , RH, Corwyn RF, McAdoo, HP and Coll CG (2001). The home environment of children in the United States part 1: variation by age, ethnicity, and poverty status. Child Dev,72:1844-1867 Baumrind, D. (1996). A blanket injunction against disciplinary use of pking is not warranted by the data. (The Short – and long -Term Consequences of Corporal Punishment: Proceeding of a conference, February 9 and 10, 1996 in Elk Grove Village, Illinois). electronic version] Pediatrics, v98. n4:pp828(4). Benokraitis, N. “Raising Children: Prospect and Pitfalls. ” Marriages and Families. Changes, Choices and Constraints. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005. 5th ed. Blaker, K. Spare the Rod, Spoil the child? The Negative Effects of Spanking—and Some Healthy Alternatives. Mothering. Retrieved June 12, 2007, from http:/www. mothering. com/articles/growing_child/discipline/spare_the_rod. html Block, N. (2000). Abandon the Rod and Save the Child [electronic version]. The Humanist, 60. 2: p5. Block, N. (2007). Discipline at Home (EPOCH – USA).

Spanking Fact and Fiction. Retrieved June 13, 2007 from http://www. stophitting. com/disathome/factAndFiction. php Campbell, S. (2002). Spare the rod to spare the child? Corporal Punishment remains popular in America, despite associated risks. (Parenting). (Brief Article) [electronic version]. Psychology Today, 35. 5:p26(1) Clayton, V. (2007). Discipline debate: Spanking gets a timeout. Proposed Calif. Law reignites battle over best way to deal with unruly tots. Retrieved June 12, 2007, from http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/16929303/print/1/displaymode/1098 Colvard, K. (1996). Spanking and triage. The Short – and long -Term Consequences of Corporal Punishment: Proceeding of a conference, February 9 and 10, 1996 in Elk Grove Village, Illinois). [electronic version] Pediatrics, v98. n4:pp807(2). Corporal Punishment takes research hit. (Behavior). (Brief Article). (2002). Science News. 162. 5:p77(1). Huffman, B. (1995). Use of pking as discipline by mothers of young children. (includes editor’s note) (adapted from Pediatrics) (Tips from other Journals). [electronic version]. American Family Physician. V51. n6:pp1586(2). Hunt, J. (1997). Ten Reasons Not to Hit Your Kids. Retrieved June 13, 2007 from http://www. aturalchild. org/jan_hunt/tenreasons. html Johnson, T. (2002). The Sexual Dangers of Spanking Children. Retrieved June 13, 2007, from http://www. nopk. net/sexdngrs. htm Kirchner, J. (1998). Childhood pking and increased antisocial behavior. (Tips from other Journals). American Family Physician. V57. n4:pp798(1). Lemonick, M. (1997). Spare the Rod? Maybe. (how pking affects children later in life). [electronic version]. Time. V15. n8:pp65(1). Lynch, W. (2005). Willie Lynch letter: Making of a Slave. Retrieved June12,2007 from http://www. finalcall. com/artman/publish/printer_2167. shtml Rice, M. (2001).

Experts” Spanking Harms Children, Especially Girls. Women’s E News. Retrieved June 12, 2007 from http://www. womensenews. org/article. cfm/dyn/aid/662/context/archieve Slade, EP. , and Wissow, LS. (2004). Spanking in early Childhood and Later Behavior Problem: A Prospective Study of Infants and Young Toddlers. Pediatrics. Vol. 113. n5 Spanking Leads To Child Aggression And Anxiety, Regardless Of Cultural Norm (2005). Science Daily. Retrieved June 12,2007, from http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2005/11/051114110820. htm Spare the Rod. New International Version Bible Retrieved June 13, 2007 from http://www. bible. com

Spurgeon, D. (1999). Study leads to a call for an end to pking. The Western Journal of Medicine. P381 Straus, M. (1996). Spanking and the making of a violent society. (The Short – and long -Term Consequences of Corporal Punishment: Proceeding of a conference, February 9 and 10, 1996 in Elk Grove Village, Illinois). [electronic version] Pediatrics, v98. n4:pp837(6). Straus, M. (1998). The Behavorial Mearsurement Letter. Behavioral Mearsurement Database Service, v5. n2:pp3. To Spank or Not? Readers talk back. Many parents stand up to experts and support a smack on the bottom. (2007). Retrieved from http://www. msnbc. msn. om/id/17010115/print/1/displaymode/1098/ Walling, A. D. (2000). Discipling Children Without Spanking. American Family Physician. 62. 10: p2344. Wellbery C. (2005). Effects of pking in early childhood. (Tips). [electronic version]. American Family Physician. 71. 6:p1188. Appendix A: Pagination Appendix B: How to Thrive in Graduate School There are several things that could be done to thrive in graduate school. The first is dedication. If you are not dedicated to school, there is no chance that success will happen. The second are goals. In order to accomplish the task of completing graduate school, goals must be set and completed.

Graduate school takes determination. If success is not determined by those that strive to succeed, there is no chance of completing graduate school. Time is another important factor in completing graduate school. A person must know how to manage their time for school and personal issues. In order to survive graduate school, a person must want it. Appendix C: How to survive the Research Paper Experience Since I have survived several research paper experiences, this being the hardest, I believe that in order to survive this experience take a lot of time and discipline.

I found it to be difficult with finding the best material for the paper. Some of the materials were 30 or more pages, which must be read through to get accurate information. Researched papers are detailed and defined with information that could possible have future use. There must be a dedication to ensure that the paper is completed and turned in on time and a second pair of eyes on the paper to ensure no mistakes are made. Surviving a research paper is somewhat frustrating especially if time does not permit but once the paper is completed there is a sense of fulfillment. ———————– 2 4 13

Justice at Last If someone commits a crime of stature do you believe it has to be justified by death? Capital punishment, better known as the death penalty, is a legal process in which a person is put to death by the state as a result of their actions and the crime committed. Today there are more than thirty states that allow punishment of this matter in the U. S. What happened to the rest of the states who have abolished this procedure? What was the reason for abolishment?

If someone deserves to receive this harsh sentence for a wrongdoing, as in purposely taking another person’s life, it is completely acceptable for that man to lose his life as well. Today there are too many murder victims whose lives are taken by criminals who have such little regard for our justice system, due to the leniency in punishment for these crimes. A prime example of this scenario is the criminal trial of People of the State of California v. Orenthal James Simpson, also known as the O. J Simpson murder case. In this controversial trial professional football player O.

J Simpson was accused of and tried for the murder of his wife Nicole. Simpson hired and spent millions of dollars on an elite defense team in which he hoped would acquit him of the charges he was clearly guilty of. After a year of investigating and reviewing evidence, Mr. Simpson was found not guilty for the murder of his wife Nicole Simpson. Women’s rights groups along with people across the United States were outraged. It is cases that are handled in a manner such as these and with such an inappropriate outcome that forces the public to become so frustrated with our legal system and government.

State officials must realize that there is no way to justify the murder of another human being without an extreme punishment including the death of any person who commits that crime. Human rights groups often debate whether or not the death penalty should be allowed. In fact, according to a recent 2011 Gallop poll, 61% of Americans agreed that the death penalty should be kept in effect. Countries that are becoming more democratic have been eager to abolish the death penalty since capital punishment is viewed as a human rights issue. They argue that it is not necessary to control crime by inflicting death.

Instead, the charged should be properly punished with an alternative punishment such as imprisonment, which could properly isolate criminals from the community and put off offenders from committing crimes. But what about the families who are left with these horrific experiences? Is it fair that they have to live in fear of the chance that the man who has killed someone close to them could one day be let out of jail and back into society? In August of 2001, Richard Philips found his eighty-eight year old mother, Ruth Philips, dead on the floor of her apartment.

Ruth Philips who was actively involved with her local church had not shown up for services that morning and after failing to respond to phone calls, her son knew something had been wrong. After crime scene investigation units had rummaged through her apartment for details relating to the crime, they found fingerprints belonging to Jerry Terrell Jackson and concluded that he had been Ms. Philips murderer. Ten years later, on Saturday August 21, 2011 Jerry Jackson was put to death by lethal injection for the rape and murder of Ruth Philips.

For ten years the Philips family had been put through a psychological hardship that no individual should have to endure. The family needed to seek counseling for extreme depression and the fear of the tragic event happening again haunted them. Dating back to Babylonian law, the Code of Hammurabi included the rule “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. ” If this rule were still implemented today, the trial would have been able to conclude in a more timely matter causing the pain and psychological effects to be much easier for the Philips family to overcome.

Those who debate against capital punishment often argue that it violates the 8th amendment, cruel and unusual punishment, and do not understand what is being accomplished by implementing this sentence. They dispute that once in prison criminals have the chance to change and ultimately become a “productive citizen of society. ” The point being made is fairly simple to understand. Capital punishment is a form of retribution that provides the victim’s family a sense of closure that some kind of punishment has been dealt out to the criminal.

It would reassure the people close to the victim that it would not happen again and could also give them the feeling that the death has been avenged. Capital punishment is one of the most commonly debated arguments when discussing our legal system because of how strongly opinionated people are on both sides. The point being that Punishment by death is the ultimate sentence and in no way can it be reversed. But why feel such remorse for these horrible people who have taken the lives of innocent human beings? The death of any one person is a very serious matter and should not be handled lightly.

Arguing that someone who has killed an innocent person should have the chance for survival and even worst, the chance for parole is foolish and lacks common sense – If you take an innocent individual from this world you deserve to be deleted from all existence as well.

No exceptions. 1. “The Death Penalty,” Briefing report, American Civil Liberties Union, at: http://www. aclu. org/DeathPenalty/ 2. “Death Row U. S. A. – Summer 2002,” Death Penalty Information Center, at: http://www. deathpenaltyinfo. org/  3. “Velma Barfield – The Death Row Granny,” About. om, at: http://crime. about. com/ 4. “Execution a no-win situation for Governor,” The Guardian, at: http://www. smh. com. au/daily/content/971220/world/world5. html   5. “Executed in Virginia,” The Washington Post, at: http://www. washingtonpost. com/local/jerry-terrell-jackson-executed-in-virginia-for-murder-of-88-year-old-woman/ 6. “O. J Simpson Civil Trial,” U. S. A Today, at: http://usatoday30. usatoday. com/news/index/nns25. htm 7. “The 8th Amendment,” The Legal Dictionary, at: http://legal-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/8th+Amendment

Prison Overcrowding Harms Everyone March 18, 2009 Com 220 Axia College of University of Phoenix Did you know that the USA with 5% of the world’s population has 25% of its prisoners, making it the world’s no#1 jailer? The most recent statistics from the Department of Justice states that 1 out of every 30 men between the ages of 20 and 34 has been jailed. Most likely, every person in the USA has either been incarcerated or knows someone who was. At the start of 2008, 2,319,258 adults were being held in prison or jail and this number keeps growing.

Because of the immense population of inmates, most facilities are overcrowded. To make room for all these inmates, correction departments have resorted to housing prisoners in tents, hallways, and gymnasiums. Below is a picture from USA Today of inmates being housed in a gymnasium. Locking up so many people in these overcrowded conditions creates serious emotional, physical, and mental problems for inmates and causes prisons to be even more dangerous. Due to these conditions, the prisoner winds up worst upon release than when they came in. (Smolowe and Blackman 1994)

In addition to the overcrowding problem, there is a huge financial strain to keep these facilities operating. To incarcerate only California’s prisoners, it costs more than $7. 6 million dollars a day. While funding for education and public assistance decreases, the prison budget maintains growth. One would think that for all the important resources we take money away from to invest in prisons, we would see some positive results, but unfortunately the USA has the highest crime rate in the world. Locking up so many people causes serious overcrowding problems making rehabilitation next to impossible.

Overcrowded prisons harm the rest of the population by breaking apart families, spreading diseases, and wasting valuable resources on a system that is not reducing the crime rate. (Clark 1994) The overcrowded prisons have a negative and dangerous impact on its residents’ physical well-being. Deadly and infectious diseases like HIV, hepatitis, and tuberculoses commonly exist in America’s prisons. With very few doctors available, many prisoners are not even aware that they are infected and go untreated. Every year, more than 1. 5 million inmates are released back into the society, infected.

Once released, they spread these deadly diseases to their families and communities. As long as prisons remain understaffed, inmates and the rest of society will suffer. (USA Today) Insufficient staffing makes it impossible for prisoners to go through a detailed screening process. The monitoring, screening, and managing of vulnerable or problematic inmates are rarely maintained. Many times dangerous and mentally ill prisoners, untreated and undiagnosed, are put into the main population where they have a negative effect on other inmates as well as themselves.

Prisoners are no longer put into facilities that best match their needs; instead they are squeezed into whichever facility has room. This environment is conducive to violence. Many times prisoners are assaulted and even raped by others because staff is not readily available to control the situation. Besides an increased chance of being victimized, research has shown that understaffed jails have more suicides than ones that are properly proportioned. (Haney 3-4) Overcrowding has created a dangerous atmosphere that has forced staff to focus on keeping order rather than worrying about meeting prisoners’ basic needs.

Overcrowding has caused many staff members to fear for their personal safety and to look at prisoners with disdain. They are equipped with many lethal and non-lethal weapons to keep them safe and in some jurisdictions rifles and shotguns are carried inside cell blocks. In California, armed guards are kept inside housing units and authorized to respond to inmate disturbances with lethal force. Even while theses inmates sleep, they are kept under gun surveillance. (Haney 11) Education and work programs conducive to rehabilitation are being done away with to pay for room for more prisoners.

These programs are necessary because the majority of prisoners are illiterate. A study conducted back in 1992 concluded that about 70% of prisoners were functionally illiterate or illiterate. The Bureau of Justice reported that in the 1990’s, 40% of the prisoners had no job assignments at all, that 40% had menial prison duties like laundry, and only 7% were involved in some type of industry program. This means that little is being done to help prisoners make a smooth transition back into society. Once released, prisoners will have a record that any future job prospects will frown upon.

Without any kind of job training it is unlikely that ex-convicts will ever get hired. Many times, released prisoners who are faced with this dilemma, go right back to prison because they resort back to the same illegal practices of receiving money that got them arrested in the first place. When programs are taken away, it tends to increases the violence and frustration amongst inmates. (Haney 5, 7-8) Many people find it hard to sympathize for inmates who are victims of violence, bad health care, or rape because the victims are criminals and many people believe they deserve to be punished.

I have heard many people make light of the current prison conditions by telling jokes about Bubba violating men in the shower that drop the soap. What many people do not realize is that it is not just hard core rapists and murderers populating the prisons, in fact, about half of the prison population is serving time for non-violent crimes. Now-a-days one can be incarcerated for certain motor-vehicle infractions and there have been numerous occasions of innocent people being incarcerated. The following chart depicts the types of crimes prisoners were serving time for, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics for 2005. USA Today NID) (Haney 4) Mandatory sentencing is a major contributing factor to the prison overcrowding problem and should be eliminated. Aaron Clarence is a perfect example of why mandatory sentencing should be done away with. Aaron was a 22 year-old college student when he was sentenced to life in prison without parole for a first-time nonviolent drug conviction. The local U. S. attorney charged Aaron with dealing crack cocaine, drugs that he never even touched. What did he do? He accepted $1,500 to introduce a couple of drug dealers and one of the dealers robbed the other.

Aaron was pulled out of class months later and charged because one of the dealers claimed Aaron was a big-time drug dealer. No other evidence besides the testimony of the dealer, who benefitted by getting a reduced sentence for his testimony was given. Aaron is spending the rest of his life in prison. (Saunders 2004) The conservative approach to crime, investing in new prisons and jailing our way to a lower crime rate is not working. Now is the time that we realize that this approach is unaffordable and does not decrease the crime rate. Now is the time that different strategies to reduce over crowdedness are looked into.

Barbara Flicker argues that a more thorough screening process to determine who to incarcerate or not, needs to be implemented at each stage. The prosecutor, judges, jail administrators, and probation officers should use other resources besides prisons like: unconditional release, third-party custody, a treatment center, bail, probation supervision, electronic surveillance, or work-release programs for non-violent and lesser crimes. Now is time that we stopped punishing all the different types of crimes that are out there by the same method.

Many times drug offenders are locked up in the same facilities as pedophiles and are serving more time than them. (1990) (Smolowe and Blackman 1994) The current prison system is in desperate need of change. Prisons are supposed to be a deterrent to crime but this not the outcome. Now is the time that people realize that what goes on in prison affects everyone in society. About 95% of prisoners will be released back into society at one point. We need to ask ourselves, “Do we want these people released back into our communities without any kind of rehabilitation or worse off than they started out?

Are people being sentenced to life for committing a misdemeanor fair? Is it right to deprive money from schools and the community to finance a system that does not work? ” If your answer to these questions is no, then now is the time for action. Discussing the situation is the first step. Many people openly discuss the school system and other facilities that our tax dollars contribute to, and overlook the prison system which takes much more money to run. Many people are unaware of the overcrowded conditions or mandatory sentencing until someone they care about is affected. People need to be made aware in order for change to happen.

Read about outrageous prison sentences like Aaron Clarence’s that have been handed out. Write to a local politician explaining concerns about the problems in our current prison system. If nothing is done, and this lock-them-up trend continues, half the adult population will experience the inside of a prison or jail. (Will 1998) Reference Page Clark, C. S. (1994, February 4). Prison Overcrowding. CQ Researcher, 4, 97-120. Retrieved March 6, 2009 From CQ Researcher Online Flicker, B. (1990 February). To Jail or Not to Jail. ABA Journal. Retrieved February 13, 2009. From Business Source Campus Database.

Haney, Craig. Prison Overcrowding: Harmful Consequences and Dysfunctional Reactions. Retrieved February 13, 2009. From http://prisoncommission. org/statement/haney. craig. pdf. Rising prison problems begin to trickle into society. (nid) USA Today. Retrieved February 13, 2009. From Master FILE Premier Database Smolowe, J. , & Blackman, A. (1994 February 7)…and throw away the key. (cover story). Time. 143(6). 54. Retrieved February 13, 2009. From Master FILE Premier Database. Saunders, D. (2004 November 28) Free Clarence Aaron. The San Francisco Chronicle (CA) retrieved March 5, 2008 from http://www. ovember. org/Blakely/Saunders11-28- 04. html. Will G. (1998 July 20) A jail break for geriatrics. Newsweek p. 70. Retrieved February 13, 2009. From Master FILE Premier Database. Peer Review Checklist* What is the main point of this paper? | The main point of the paper is the overcrowding of the prison system. | What is the greatest strength of this paper? | The greatest strength of this paper is all the information provided. The statistics give the reader a chance to actually absorb numbers. | What material does not seem to fit the main point of the paper or does not seem to be appropriate for the audience? I think that all the information fit well into the paper. The statistics were there to represent the prisoners; you provided detailed information on what all the overcrowding did to the staff and others in the prison. You showed cause and affect of what the overcrowding did to the prison system. | Has the author sufficiently addressed counterarguments? Explain your answer. | I think the author sufficiently addressed the counterarguments represented in the paper. I would of like to of seen if there was any suggestions to fixing the problem though. | Where should the author add more details or examples?

Explain your answer. | Suggestions on what they could do to fix the problem. Also a few updated statistics. The statistic from 1992 is little old. I would of liked to know if the prisoners are more alliterate now or then. | Where is the writing unclear or vague? | I found the writing to be clear. I did not find it unclear or vague. | What is your favorite part of this piece of writing? | I enjoyed the whole paper. I did not find myself liking one part better than the other. I enjoyed the whole paper. | What other comments can you provide for the author? I found the paper extremely informative. There was a large amount of information that I was not aware of. I would have to suggest that some of the paragraphs like the opener seem to be really long and there is a lot of information in them. I think if you broke them into smaller paragraphs it would make the information stronger for the reader. | *Adapted from Reinking, J. A. , Hart, A. W. , & Von der Osten, R. (2003). Strategies for successful writing: A rhetoric, research guide, reader, and handbook (6th ed. ). Boston: Prentice-Hall/Pearson Custom Publishing.

1. I don’t think that Jack Bass “entrapped” his students; it just was an excuse for covering the guilty of cheating on the exam for students. Those students should know that cheating on the exam wasn’t fair for any other students who were be honest during the exam and result a failing grade which will be entered and averaged into the final semester grade or get a “F” in the courses that depends on college’s protocol.

2. All students cheating on the second exam should be punished equally no matter whether they reported Scantron errors on the first exam or not. Professor Bass didn’t have any evidence showing that students who had improperly changed answers on the second exam were the students reporting Scantron errors on the first exam. If Bass doubted that students changed incorrect answers to correct answers after returning the Scatrons, those students would argue against Professor Bass’ doubt that the Scantron machine incorrectly graded?

3. Students received punishment regardless of how much incorrect answers were changed by students, because cheating was cheating. The degree of cheating behavior is the determination of degree of punishment other than the quantity of changed incorrect answers. The cheating behavior in this case wasn’t severe that compared to cheating with telecom instruments and asking someone else to take the exam for all the students involved in the cheating incident, so they should receive same degree of punishment.

4. The decision to allow D.R. to simply withdraw from the accounting course wasn’t proper and fair. Comparing the Scantron returned by D.R. and the copy of his Scantron, he did change two answers on his Scabtron which did prove that he was cheating on the second exam, so he should accept the same sanction letter as other students who were involved in the incident other than withdraw from the course without an sanction letter; no exception for him. He said Professor Bass instructed the students to change the wrong answer, but it sounded illogical because it violated Professor Bass’s intention that protect the integrity of the grades that he assigned in his course. If I were the dean of students or Professor Bass, I would suggest the chancellor that D.R. should receive severe punishment, like the sanction letter wouldn’t be remove from his file following within three semesters even if he were not charged with any other incidents of academic dishonesty.

Brittney Tutton Southwestern Illinois College Abstract This study is based on the effect of positive reinforcement on exercising more regularly. I wanted to try and exercise at least 30min – 1 hr everyday within one weeks period of time. In trying to do so I used positive reinforcement to increase to time I used to exercise more each day. I studied myself for this case and I am a 21 year old female who attends Southwestern Illinois College. Over a seven day baseline period I noted that I never exercised at all, unless you count the time token to walk to y car and or from one class to the next.

Over the seven day treatment period I exercised more being that I couldn’t watch TV unless I completed at least 30mins of exercise. So if I wanted to watch an hour of TV I had to exercise at least 30mins and this was very successful for me. The use of positive reinforcement in this study was easiest for me and worked to help me exercise more. In the future when applying behavior modification to help me exercise more I may try something different to help me increase the timed used to exercise daily.

Instead of using a privilege as a reward I can switch it up and use something I really want, such as a new pair of shoes as a positive reinforcement to continue to get me to exercise more regularly each day. Keywords: positive reinforcement, baseline period, treatment period, behavior modification For my behavior modification project, I wanted to increase how much I exercised. My goal was to exercise at least 5 days a week for at least 30mins a day. The reason I chose exercising for this project is because I believe it’s something I needed to do ore of to stay healthy and fit.

The reasons I think I have trouble exercising regularly is 1) I am so busy with school and school work, I made myself believe I didn’t have time to. 2) I procrastinate a lot and would always put it off for later and end up never doing it at all. I plan on using positive reinforcement to increase how much I exercise daily. My short term goal is to exercise at least 5days a week for at least 30mins long. My long term goal is to increase the time spent exercising each day from 30mins to 1 hour long and to start eating healthier as well. Methods

My operational definition for my target behavior is exercising more, to exercise at least 30mins a day. Positive Reinforcement will be my treatment. Whenever I want to watch television I have to complete 30mins of exercise. I will use positive reinforcement by rewarding myself 1 hr of television if I exercise for 30mins. Procedurel For 2weeks I collected data for this study. For 7 days I collected data before I used behavior modification to change my non exercising habit. For another 7 days I collected data in the treatment phase where I started using positive reinforcement henever I exercised.

Baseline phase. During the 7 day baseline phase I recorded how much I did or didn’t exercise each day. I did not reward myself for exercising and I didn’t punish myselt tor not exercising at all. I wrote down and kept track in my notebook how much I did or didn’t exercise each day. Treatment phase. During the 7 day treatment phase, I rewarded myself 1 hour of television if I exercised for at least 30mins. Results During the baseline phase I spent zero minutes exercising a day. I did not exercise at all. During the treatment phase I exercised an average of 45min a day.

I met my goal of exercising more regularly at a minimum of at least 30mins a day. Summary During the treatment phase of this study I met my goal of exercising more every day for a minimum of 30mins by using positive reinforcement. I plan on continuing this and using positive reinforcement to help me exercise more each day and increase my time spent exercising. I also would like to try to start eating healthier to lose weight and I will use positive reinforcement to do so. I am going to try new rein forcers for exercising more and eating healthy, such as a pair of new shoes when I reach my oal.