Statistics

Introduction

Moroccan Kingdom is an Arab developing country situated on the extreme north-western corner of Africa. Because it is one of the rare Arab countries that don’t have oil and gas resources, Morocco’s economy is mainly based on agriculture and industry. Indeed, these two sectors cannot constantly provide the Moroccan government with needed and expected incomes; besides, they are unable to solve Morocco’s crucial social and economic problems such as unemployment and poverty.

The country’s strategic geographical situation and unique natural assets encourage the whole society to see tourism as the future economic sector that society can rely on. Consequently, the government sacrifices a great budget and energy to develop tourism. Moreover, it has established new agreements with many countries to bring investors and create a beneficial competition. The government’s biggest challenge, from which the whole society expects a lot, is the attraction of 10 million tourists by 2010.

The challenge of receiving 10 million foreign tourists by the year 2010 is a big national project that, if realized, will have a great impact on all Moroccan, among them AH Shawano University (AU’) and Affair community. In fact, AH-J and Affair community constituted the main source of this research. The main purpose of this research paper is to investigate whether Morocco, with its set strategies, will be ready to receive 10 million tourists by 2010. This challenge has en the hope of all Moroccan since the famous speech of the king Mohammed the sixth in 2001.

It was chosen to explore this topic because of its importance to the economic and social life in Morocco. Moroccan believe that, if the country could development. 4 The challenge that the Moroccan government made about receiving 10 million tourists by the year 2010 brought up a set of assumptions that needed to be discussed. The first assumption about this issue was that some of tourism negative impacts on society, such as sexual tourism, will increase in many cities all over Morocco, especially in the touristy ones. Another assumption was that insecurity will spread in the country.

Additionally, many Moroccan are pessimistic about the government’s ability to achieve this goal. This research paper has some important concepts that need to be explained and clarified in order to have a better understanding of the topic. The one that was frequently used because of its importance in this study is the word “challenge” which is defined as “Something needing great mental or physical effort in order to be done successfully, or the situation of facing this kind of effort” according to Cambridge Dictionary.

Another incept is “infrastructure”, which means “The stock of basic facilities and capital equipment needed for the functioning of a country’ according to Workbenches dictionary. In addition, “entertainment industry’ is another word that means “An industry which consists of a large number of sub-industries devoted to entertainment. “(Wisped Encyclopedia). Another unclear term in this research paper is “Gross Domestic Product (GAP)”. According to Wisped Encyclopedia, The GAP of a country is defined as “The market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time”.

This paper was set out to answer the following research question: Is Morocco ready to receive 10 million foreign visitors by 2010 and, if so, what are the possible effects of this on the economic and social life of the country?

Literature Review

Today, Morocco is halfway through its nine-year programmer to increase tourists’ number to 10 million by the end of the decade, a challenge introduced by the King Mohammed VI in January 2001. The purpose of this literature review is to investigate some of many studies that were conducted about tourism development.

Thus, the first part of it compares the Moroccan natural and cultural assets with those of other countries. The second part talks about the strategies that were settled by some countries in order to improve their tourism sector. Finally, this part of the paper copes with giving both economic and social impacts of tourism development. In the majority of developing countries, tourism is mainly based on natural and cultural assets. For instance, “Most of foreign visitors to South Africa indicate that the wildlife is what attracted them to South Africa and that it had exceeded their expectations. (Sandman, 2001). Also, “Cyprus has long been a popular tourist destination because of its physical and climatic characteristics” (Sharply, 001). Another example is Malta which is one of the most popular Mediterranean tourist destinations because of some important factors such as “The temperate winters and subtropical summers, complemented by long daily hours of assets of countries which is the case in Singapore where “tourism is based on urban historical quarters reflecting a multicultural population” (Change, 1999).

Similarly, Moroccan tourism is mainly based on natural and cultural assets because of its strategic geographical situation. For instance, Morocco is known by its 3500 km of coastlines that include many beautiful sandy beaches, and its unique Mediterranean limited and multicultural population. Natural assets are fundamental but not enough to attract tourists and develop tourism sector. Thus, countries have to set well-studied and fitting strategies to get profit from their natural assets.

Taking the example of Mexico, “In the sass and 1970, tourism promotion policies in developing countries focused primarily on providing infrastructural support for largesse, enclave- like projects in order to meet the demand of an ever-wealthier international clientele that was anxious to spend its leisure time abroad. ” (Brenner, 2005). This example illustrates the importance of infrastructures in developing tourism sector.

Sharply (2001) stated that Cypriot tourism authorities, whilst accepting that tourism has become the primary engine driving the economy, proposes a number of policies designed to overcome many of current challenges at the same time as providing a stable foundation for the future development of tourism. Making challenges is essential for the development of tourism in any country. Cyprus and Morocco are good examples that illustrate this idea. Nowadays, Morocco tends to set strategies to meet the challenge of attracting 10 million tourists by 2010. Tourism development affects the whole country, especially its economic and social sectors.

As an example of economic impacts, the Kruger National Park in South Africa had a significant impact on the development of the tourism industry in the province. This industry is currently a significant sector in the Mulligan economy in terms of both contribution to production and employment, (Cayman, 2006). As Gun and Vary (2002) stated, “Through the development of tourism, more people will be employed, obtain incomes, new tax revenues will be received, and new wealth will accumulate” (p. 105). In another example, tourism is a proven employment sector in Canada. In 2004, Ontario tourism generated $21. Billion in annual revenues and accounted for approximately 486,000 Jobs. (Ontario, n. D). On the other hand, tourism development has also social impacts on the country. For instance, in Malta the impacts 7 of the natural and sex tourism were characterized by some negative effects. According to Merrimack (2001), the most important impact was the growing awareness of the dangers of skin cancer and AIDS. These bad impacts can affect negatively the progress of tourism sector in Malta. However, tourism development can also have a positive impact on the social life in any country.

One of the most important positive impacts of developing tourism is that it can reduce discrimination and prejudice among people. As Golden and Ritchie (2003) stated, “One to one interaction between hosts and guest can break down stereotypes, or the act of categorizing groups of people based upon a single dimension” (p. 303). There is considerable body of researches that have been conducted on tourism development in many countries. The possible impacts of it on the economic and social sectors in Morocco. Moroccan tourism development mainly relies on meeting the challenge of attracting 10 million foreign visitors.

This research project investigated whether Morocco can meet this challenge or not and the possible outcomes of it on the economic and social life once this challenge is met. Methodology Design Approaching the Moroccan challenge of attracting 10 million tourists by 2010 required conducting analyzing and predictive research. First, investigating whether Morocco is ready to receive 10 million tourists by 2010 necessitated doing an explanatory research; analyzing information from efferent perspectives to end up with better understanding of the issue was necessary.

Second, the future impact of achieving this challenge required predictive answers which were mainly supported by other countries’ experiences on tourism sector like Spain, 8 focusing on how increased tourism affected their economic and social sectors. Thus, a comparison of the Moroccan economic and social conditions could be done to see if similar results have any chance to take place in Morocco. In exploring the issue, the study used both quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative methods instituted an efficient way for gathering information necessary for statistics needed to reinforce the research.

It was an appropriate way for approaching the two sides of the issue that deal with studying the probability of meeting the challenge and its effects on Morocco. Using qualitative methods in this investigation was also important because it afforded additional data for accomplishing the study; it was more suitable for investigating the first part of this Moroccan national project than the second one, for the fact that it was a source of detailed information about the actual situation of tourism in Morocco.

Subjects

An interview was held with two faculty members of Business Administration School because they constituted a more appropriate and relevant source for needed information, especially because of the fact that they have expertise in economic issues in Morocco of which tourism is a part of. Concerning the surveys, two types of surveys were developed; one for exchange students and the other for Moroccan students. In this research, exchange students were considered as tourists, because they are foreigners who travel in Morocco in their free time as any tourists.

The second survey group was Moroccan students. They were chosen because of the fact that they have been living in Morocco and aware of national issues. Concerning the sample size, it wastes due to the small number of students in the summer session which is approximately 300 students. Also, this number of surveys has an acceptable 9 percentage of errors which is approximately 10%. The sample was randomly selected; 25 surveys were given to exchange students and 75 surveys to Moroccan students, either males or females from all levels of studies.

In fact, 49 surveys were returned back: 12 surveys of exchange students and 37 surveys of Moroccan dents. Procedures The team members were separated into two pairs. Each pair was responsible for collecting data about the issue using one specific method either interview or surveys. These two methods have been chosen to collect data because while surveys were an easy and a quick method to collect statistical data. The first pair was responsible for conducting the interview and recording it. Two members of the team were required to talk to the faculty members during their office hours.

Interview questions were developed depending on the position of the interviewees. It included 6 general questions about the three main parts of the topic that cope with the possibility of meeting the challenge 2010, the strategies adopted in promoting tourism in Morocco and its predicted impacts on the country. In addition, some sub- questions were included to give more specific details about the subject (Appendix 1). The second pair handed out the surveys at random to AH-Jell Moroccan and exchange students during lunchtime and whenever they meet them on campus.

The majority of survey questions prepared for AH-Jell Moroccan students had the purpose to collect answers about the following issues: does Morocco have the ability to host an increased number of tourists; strategies that will facilitate meeting the 2010 challenge and possible impact of increased numbers of tourists. The surveys contained 10 closed and open-ended questions. For 10 one remaining question, subjects were asked to rank their response on a scale of 1 to 3. Concerning survey questions for exchange students, they also consisted of 10 closed and open-ended questions with one question that needed to be ranked from 1 to 3.

These questions mostly focused on the experience of exchange students as visitors to Morocco (Appendix 3). Results After handing on 37 surveys to AH-Jell students and 12 surveys to exchange students, and holding an interview, many valuable results were found about the topic of the Moroccan challenge to attract 10 million foreign visitors by 2010. These results satisfied both the research question and the assumptions about the issue. Surveys Among 25 surveys that were distributed to exchange students, 12 surveys were returned. These students were considered as tourists in order to evaluate their opinions about tourism in Morocco.

Moreover, some students had other suggestions about what Morocco needs to develop to realize Vision 2010. Some of upgrade resort-beach areas which attract people. – To create more entertainment industry. Concerning the impact of this challenge if achieved, 100 % of students surveyed (N=12) thought that it will have a positive impact for several reasons: It will help the country to progress and develop positively and will upgrade the standard of living and influence in the world. It will bring in a lot of money to Morocco and help the economy.

Exchange students were also asked about what will attract 10 million tourists to visit Morocco. Figure 2 illustrates the results gotten for this question in which students were supposed to choose at least one answer between four elements: Moroccan culture, Moroccan landscapes, Moroccan coastline and Moroccan architecture. 5% of exchange students think that Moroccan citizens’ role in meeting this challenge is to be helpful, 67% of them think that they should be friendly while 75% of them think that they should be open-minded. However, only 33% of them claim that Moroccan should avoid begging. In fact, 83 % of exchange students find that Moroccan outside AH-Jell are helpful, 75% of these students find Moroccan kind people.

The exchange students had different attitudes concerning safety in Morocco before and after coming. 7% of students stated that they had some concerns about safety and security in this country; however, after they came to Morocco, 92% of students feel that they are in a safe country. In this survey, exchange students were asked whether they want to come back to Morocco or not. All students surveyed want to come back to Morocco except two students who were indifferent. The main reason for coming back to Morocco, that the majority of subjects (83%) gave, is the beauty of the country including the good weather, beaches, landscapes, and its culture.

In addition, two students (17%) intend to study here and do research about Amazing 15 culture, while the two indifferent students want to see other places before coming back to Morocco. As the exchange student survey results illustrated, 50% of them mound some problems while they were traveling in Morocco. For instance, the language barrier is the major problem of these students since the majority of Moroccan do not speak English. While 50% did not find any problem during their journeys in Morocco. Concerning Moroccan’ surveys, 37 surveys were returned among 75 surveys hand out to AH-Jell Moroccan students.

Since this research project first investigates Moroccan capability to meet this challenge, one of the surveys’ outcomes showed that 22 Moroccan students out of 37 (60%) believe that Morocco will be able to meet this challenge and 15 students (40%) disbelieve on this capability. Concerning the aspects that Morocco needs to develop the most in order to meet this challenge in which students can choose more than one answer, almost all of the respondents agreed that the infrastructure are the ones that need to be developed the most.

Quality of service and hospitality came in the second place with 70% of voices. Moreover, 54% of the respondents said that air-links have to be developed and only 5% thinks that hotel capacity has to be improved in Morocco. Some respondents suggested other aspects to develop. For example, they said that Morocco needs to enhance the rate of foreign investments, develop administration, improve the Moroccan mentality, develop Justice, ethical concerns and health issues, and also enhance the service provided to visitors in order to attract and retain them.

Furthermore, that will increase the income of the country, and the Gross Domestic Product (GAP). Concerning the social sector, some students stated that the huge coming of foreign tourists will have a very big effect on young people’s behavior and mentality. Also, they said that the social layers and different people from different countries may create problems such as insecurity, and cause the disappearance of Moroccan culture. However, some of them had a positive view of the impact of this challenge over the social sector. They stated that people will be more tolerant and mutual respect for individual differences will occur.

For the political sector which was the least 17 selected, some respondents said that by meeting this challenge, Morocco will change its political relationships with other countries, especially the ones from which the tourists come. Moreover, they claimed that there will be more secularism in the regime and the 10 million tourists might serve as an implicit means of public relations to promote a good image for Morocco. Concerning the question that investigated if Morocco needs foreign investors or not to meet this challenge, 22 Moroccan students out of 35 answered yes and 13 answered no.

The respondents that answered yes to this question gave many reasons for their choice. For instance, they said that Morocco needs foreign investors because they have more experience, can bring foreign currencies, will create lots of Job opportunities and are also a source of more capital and expertise. They also said that Morocco is a poor country that cannot afford all the needed money for this huge project, the Moroccan capacities are limited, Morocco lacks the know-how and capital and also they need foreign investors in order to follow the international norms.

For the respondents who answered no to this question, they also gave their reasons for doing so. They said that Morocco should first use its own energies because that will encourage young people to make investments. It should also be responsible for this challenge and employ Moroccan investors.

When AH-Jell Moroccan students were asked about the role of the Moroccan population in meeting this challenge, 36% of them said that Moroccan have to be open-minded, 23% chose avoid begging as an answer to this question, 22% said that Moroccan must be lawful to tourists and only 18% said that they have to be friendly. Some students wrote in the “other” option that Moroccan have to avoid over-pricing products and services, stop looking at people from other cultures, avoid stealing from tourists and do not get tourists involved in fraud.

Another point in this survey deals with whether Morocco can assure being a safe place to visit by 2010 or not. According to the results, 85% of the Moroccan students said yes to this question and no more than 14% said no. Figure 8: Ranking of the Most Attractive Cities for Tourists 100 80 60 40 20 0 First Second Third Marched Acadia Organza Other N= 37 The chart above illustrates that the respondents chose Marched as the most attractive destination for tourists with 82% of the voices. The second choice was the city of Acadia with 61% votes.

In the third place comes Organza with 39% of the voices. For the other cities, students chose among Sibilance, Assessors, Fez, and Meekness. Moreover, other respondents proposed Tangier as a good destination for tourists even if the survey did not include it. Students were asked to choose more than one answer in the expectations about the season that will recognize the largest number of tourists. According to students’ answers, 83% said that the summer is the season that will recognize the largest number of tourists.

After that comes the spring season then winter, and finally fall season with only three votes (8%). 20 Interview An interview was conducted with two faculty members from the School of Business Administration, who are experts in Tourism. First, the professors were asked about their opinions of the new Moroccan policy of promoting tourism, and they think that it is a good idea in the sense that tourism is a big industry that can have positive benefits on the country’s economy. In addition, they were asked a question about whether they are pessimistic or optimistic about meeting the challenge 2010.

As an answer, they claimed that they are both pessimistic about the number of tourists expected; they don’t believe that Morocco will receive 10 million tourists by 2010 because of many reasons. Some of these reasons are that Morocco needs to make serious projects and to make the industry more professional. However, these faculty members are both optimistic about the progress of tourism in Morocco.

Forecasting is a planning tool meant to help management in their attempts to cope with the uncertainty of the potential events. Forecasting with indices is used for numerous reasons, especially in business. There are two common methods of forecasting, there is the quantitative method and then there is the qualitative method. The quantitative methods are based on more numerical data; these are typically statistical methods done by collecting data. Team D has computed a forecast based on the Summer Historical Inventory Data with an explanation on how the results were detained.

The University of Phoenix has found Itself in a lot of trouble with the law, with law suits being filed against them left right and center; an overwhelming amount of crystals has been aimed at the Institution from the employees to students, who Indicate there Is trouble brewing In the Institution. In this paper we will look at how the trend of admissions has been affected and predict the future of registrations in this university (Summer Historical Inventory Data).

According to Institution of education sciences (2010), the year 2000 University of Phoenix had 4,783; the enrollment after this sky rocketed and in fall 2006, the total number of students enrolled were 165,373, in 2007 fall, the number of students was 224,880, in 2008 fall the number was 301 323, In the fall of 2009, university of Phoenix had one of the highest enrollment rates in North America with the online program having an intake of 380,232 students.

Projection statistics all indicate that enrollment of students Is on the Increase as the years pass by, the need for education Is growing ND all factors considered like gender, age and attendance all show that the likelihood of a fall In enrollment in universities granting degrees Is highly unlikely. University of Phoenix has been no exception to the rule as by 2009 the numbers have been increasing (Institution of education sciences, 2010).

The rate of part time students NAS particularly Increased, as many people opt Tort tans Upton as opposed to being full time students. The university has experienced changes in administration and has really focused on getting more and more students; the methods they have seed however have raised eyebrows as it is one of the highest profit raking institutions and burdens students with heavy loan repayments (Scott, 2009).

While there have been concerns raised about the university, as far back as 2006, the numbers have kept rising especially because the offer classes online, though their many campuses and other hybrid programs online, such schedules are flexible and appeal to many who may not have the time to attend campus regularly; Students can get their associates, bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral degrees (Online degree reviews, 2011). Opinions from many people who have been through the university are however likely to affect the enrollment rates.

In 2011, the general enrollment has gone down by about 30% by most statistics and with the malpractices that are coming to light this rate is likely to continue, as the needs of the students do not seem to be met adequately and many end up feeling they got a raw deal (Scott, 2009). University of Phoenix has certainly perfected the art of getting the numbers to the school with many people employed to ascertain this, however the problems begin to how after the students begin school as they most often do not get the full details of what they are getting themselves into (Online degree reviews, 2011).

In this paper, am going to discuss the different types of research, provide examples f what sort of study is appropriate for each type of research and I will also discuss how these types of research can be used in the human services field. Scientific Research Method What Is the scientific research method? I had to ask myself this question several times before I came to the conclusion of what Is actually Is. There are SIX steps In the scientific research method that will help you get to the bottom of your research with a proven conclusion versus a conclusion that is based solely on a hunch.

According to chapter 1 in our reading, scientific research means to embrace all branches of science; the applications of this approach vary from one research discipline to another. Researchers in disciplines as varied as psychology, biomedicine, business, education, communication, economics, sociology, anthropology, physics, biology, and chemistry all use some variation of this approach. (Orison, 2008, Para. 1) There are six steps to scientific research these include these steps Include (1) stating what the problem is.

By discovering what the problem is then you can go to step (2). Gather information, it is very important to gather the appropriate information needed to (3) come to a hypothesis. After you come to a hypothesis then you will need to (4) test your theory. (5) After you are done testing your theory you will need to analyze your data that you have taken. It Is very important to follow these steps otherwise you may come to an Incomplete conclusion In the data you are researching.

Quantitative and Qualitative Research Quantitative research is a type of educational research in which the researcher decides what to study; asks specific, narrow questions; collects quantifiable data from participants; analyzes these numbers using statistics; and conducts the inquiry in an unbiased, objective manner. Qualitative research is a type of educational research in which the researcher relies on the views of participants; asks broad, general questions; collects data consisting largely of words (or text) from participants; describes and analyzes these words for themes; and conducts the inquiry in a subjective, biased manner.

Quantitative research began in the late 19th century and dominated educational inquiry for most of the 20th century (see De Lancashire, 1988, and Traverse, 1992, for an expanded discussion). It is remarkable how similar quantitative research is today with its beginnings during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. I en Minimal Ideas Tort quantitative research came Trot ten Pensacola silences, such as physics and chemistry. Just as atoms and molecules were subject to predictable laws and axioms, so also were patterns of children’s behaviors in schools.

Following this line of logic, early quantitative researchers began identifying educational patterns by assessing or measuring individual abilities, collecting scores (or numbers) from individuals, and employing procedures of psychological experiments and large-scale surveys. In the history of the development of quantitative research, three historical trends are present: statistical procedures, test ND measurement practices, and research designs. Today, qualitative research presents an alternative to the traditional form of quantitative research.

However, its historical use in education is more recent than that of quantitative research. The ideas for qualitative research developed in the late sass and early sass in fields other than education. For example, qualitative studies of the poor in Great Britain and Europe, anthropological reports about indigenous cultures, and the fieldwork of sociologists in inner-city Chicago and with immigrants all appear in social science search up through the sass and sass (Bogged ; Bikini, 1998).

There are several different ways that both of these research types can be used in human services. The first can be used to track statistics for demographic purposes, this could be helpful if you are writing a grant or applying for some type of business loan. Qualitative research can be used when you are trying to see what kinds of human service needs are necessary in a particular region. Conclusion There are different ways to do research, these include the scientific ways meaning you follow the six steps to come to a conclusion and test your theory to make sure hat it works for you.

The dependent variable, U. S. Foreclosures Filings, is used in the cause and affect relationship presented wrought the project. The following independent variables will be used to determine the most significant factor in U. S. Foreclosure filings. This data is collected every month from more than 2,200 countless by RealtyTrac@. Realty’s@ compiles this nationwide data and reports a count of the total number of properties with at least one foreclosure filing reported. Primary Independent Variable: a.

Rising Unemployment Rising unemployment rates is the primary Independent variable because I believe that as the national employment rate continues to rise so will the number of foreclosure filings. The data used to represent the relationship was provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and collected monthly. The first resource that solidifies my belief comes from commoner. Com. Less Christie describes in the article, “Mounting Job Losses Fueling Foreclosures,” the correlation between unemployment rates and the rise In U.

S. Foreclosures. He explains that the more individuals lose their jobs the more the delinquency trend will continue. (Christie, 2008) In the article, “2008 Foreclosure Filings Set Record,” Stephanie Armor recognizes the relationship between Job loss and foreclosure lings. She clarifies that even though Interest rates decreased, the number of those filing for foreclosure continued to rise between 2007 and 2008 resulting in an 81% increase.

The former federal deputy Housing Commissioner under President Clinton is quoted saying, “with foreclosures continuing to rise and the economy in a downward spiral, It’s not surprising you see Increased foreclosure because of Increased unemployment. ” (Armor, 2009) Independent Variables: a. Divorce (XX: DIVORCE)- Divorce is another leading cause in the number of the family and they then run the risk of foreclosure. This data was compiled through the Center for Disease Control and Prevention & National Center for Health Statistics.

I really appreciate the way you listed the steps in selecting random samples. I did not come across any steps or rules to obtain a simple random sample. The lottery Is a form of simple sampling. It does not use any method to select numbers other than the population number set. Consecutive numbers can be drawn or number far apart from each other. I would like to know more about the difference between the type of random sampling used in lottery draws versus the sampling method steps you scribed.

The only type of selection process in the text book definition states simple random sampling uses selection of elements from the selection frame (Burns, 2011). References Burns, N.. Grove, S. K. , & Gray. J. (2011). Understanding nursing research: Building an evidence-based practice. Maryland Heights, MO: Elsevier/Saunders. Your post brings up the very important fact that the sample size need to be large enough to represent the target population (Ramsey, 2011).

Target population size eyeing too small is a common problem with random sampling as you have described with Autism ratios. If there were more states Involved with the CDC Autism survey, the results may differ. The question or research being done may not need a large population as well. Random sampling need to have a large enough size, must represent the target population and must truly be random (Ramsey, 2011 Ramsey, D. J. (2011). Statistics for dummies. Hoboken, N. J: Wiley.

Cluster sampling Is a productive way to obtain random sampling of a very large population. National restaurant chains test new menu items In this way. When I lived in Ohio, it was a big test market area. Supposedly the population of Ohio was thought to be representative of Midwestern people. Area restaurants such as McDonald’s, Taco Bell, and Domino’s introduced new menu items in this area to survey their popularity. I do not know what type of demographic data was used to determine that Ohio residents were representative of the Midwestern population.

It was nice to get to try the new menu Items before the rest of the country. The first McDonald’s salads and Domino’s try at breakfast pizzas were yummy. The Taco Bell French fries didn’t make it. This was a good example of being part of a large cluster sampling process without ever knowing it. I think you covered all the different types of sampling very thoroughly. I am not sure the term census Is a type of random sampling. Census Is usually a method of attempting to collect date from an entire population (Ramsey, 2011).

Here are five tips drawn from my trailing programs for making your ext Powering business presentation more effective. Start with Structure First I always start my workshops by suggesting that presenters plan their presentation on paper before they sit down at the computer. Start by defining the goal of the presentation – what you want the audience to do, feel, understand or act on when you are done. Next, describe where the audience is today in terms of their knowledge, trust of you, attitudes and roles in the organization.

Once you have the starting point and destination, you can now plan the route that you will use to take he audience through your presentation. Using sticky notes to lay out the main ideas and supporting data is a good way to see the entire presentation at once. Now you can decide where visuals will add to your message and what those visuals should be. Use Colors & Fonts that are Easy to See You don’t need to have a graphic design background in order to design slides that are visually appealing. Decide on a simple standard look for your slides so that the audience has visual consistency throughout the presentation.

Select background and ext colors that have enough contrast so that the text will be easy to read. Instead of guessing at whether the colors have enough contrast, check the colors with the Color Contrast Calculator. For any text, research tells us that a sans-serif font, like Arial or Caliber, is easier to read when projected, so use one of these fonts. For font size, It depends on the size of the screen and the size of the room (you can see a detailed chart based on visual acuity calculations here). But if you use fonts that are 24-32 point size as a minimum, you will usually be safe.

Use Visuals Instead of Text Slides Audiences don’t want you to read slides full of text to them – surveys show It Is the most annoying thing presenters can do. So use visuals Instead of paragraphs of text. Use graphs to illustrate numeric data. Use diagrams to show processes or flows of Information or goods. Use pictures to show a person, place or object. Use media clips to bring the views of others Into your presentation. There are many more visuals that you can use. If you need a method for creating visuals, see the five-step KICK method In my book The Visual Slide Revolution.

Practice and Rehearse Creating your presentation at the last minute Is not a good Idea because It does not allow you to practice and rehearse. Practice Is when you sit with your presentation and mentally review what you are going to say and how you want the flow to work. Practice is not enough, although many presenters think it is sufficient. You must also the only way to check your words, your visuals and whether the message is as clear as you want it to be. It is also the only way to truly check your timing to make sure you don’t run over the allotted time. End Your Presentation with Next Steps

In my opinion, the single worst way to end your presentation is with a slide that has the word “Questions??? ” in big bold text on it. This type of ending invites your audience to question everything you have Just said and does not move them the last step towards the goal you had set for your presentation. As I have recommended to many of the presenters I have worked with, end your presentation talking about the next steps that you want the audience to take to use the information you have provided. Invite discussion of the next steps if there is time, but end with a strong all to action so the audience is clear what they are to do next.

Without a call to action, the audience is likely to do nothing further, and your presentation goal will not have been achieved. By using these five tips, your next Powering business presentation will be more effective because you will provide a structure for your message and deliver it in a way that the audience will understand it. The success of your presentation is mostly determined before you ever get up to speak. Take the time to prepare using these ideas and look forward to many successful Powering business presentations.

RC Servo C36R, C40R, C55R User’s Manual V1. 0 Apr 2009 Information contained in this publication regarding device applications and the like is intended through suggestion only and may be superseded by updates. It is your responsibility to ensure that your application meets with your specifications. No representation or warranty is given and no liability is assumed by Cytron Technologies Incorporated with respect to the accuracy or use of such information or infringement of patents or other intellectual property rights arising from such use or otherwise.

Use of Cytron Technologies’s products as critical components in life support systems is not authorized except with express written approval by Cytron Technologies. No licenses are conveyed, implicitly or otherwise, under any intellectual property rights. ROBOT .

INTRODUCTION

Radio Control (RC) hobby servos are small actuators designed for remotely operating model vehicles such as cars, airplanes, and boats. Nowadays, RC servos are become more popular in robotics, creating humanoid robot, biologically inspired robot, robotic arm and etc. This is because its’ ability to rotate and maintain and certain location, position or angle according to control pulses from a single wire. Inside a typical RC servo ontains a small motor and gearbox to do the work, a potentiometer to measure the position of the output gear, and an electronic circuit that controls the motor to make the output gear move to the desired position. Because all of these components are packaged into a compact, low-cost unit, RC servos are great actuators for robots.

HOW RC SERVO MOTOR WORKS

Servos are controlled by sending them a pulse of variable width. The signal wire is used to send this pulse. The parameters for this pulse are that it has a minimum pulse, a maximum pulse, and a repetition rate. Given the rotation constraints of the servo, neutral is defined to be the position where the servo has exactly the same amount of potential rotation in the clockwise direction as it does in the counter clockwise direction. It is important to note that different servos will have different constraints on their rotation. 20ms Pulse Width (0. 5ms-2. ms) The angle is determined by the duration of a pulse that is applied to the signal wire. This is called Pulse Width Modulation. The servo expects to see a pulse every 20 ms. The length of the pulse will determine how far the motor turns. For example, a 1. 5 ms pulse will make the motor turn to the 90 degree position (neutral position). However, the exact correspondence between pulse width and servo varies from one servo manufacturer to another. 1. 5ms is not necessarily neutral or middle position. The position pulse must be repeated to instruct the servo to stay in position.

When a pulse is sent to a servo that is less than 1. 5 ms the servo rotates to a position and holds its output shaft some number of degrees counterclockwise from the neutral point. When the pulse is wider than 1. 5 ms the opposite occurs. The minimal width and the maximum width of pulse that will command the servo to turn to a valid position are functions of each servo. Different brands, and even different servos of the same brand, will have different maximum and minimums. Generally the minimum pulse will be about 1 ms wide (some servo is 0. 5ms) and the maximum pulse will be 2 ms wide (some servo is 2. ms). Caution: Over range of the pulse will damage the servos. Another parameter that varies from servo to servo is the turn rate. This is the time it takes from the servo to change from one position to another. The turning rate and torque value can be check at product specification section.

PRODUCT SPECIFICATION

Cytron Technologies offer great range of RC servo motor. With the combination of various gear type, speed, torque and voltage, users are free to choose the suitable RC servo for project development. Of course, it can also be used for RC application. Below is product specification for Cytron RC Servo motor.