Heat

Wake up, Awaken every tingling inch of your body to engage in an experience so saturated with nirvana that you’d think you were dreaming. The ocean sparkling like a gallery, putting its most prized gems in the reach of the common man. The sun shines like a perpetual red carpet, spread out across the entire beach. Absorb the sun. Taste the tranquillity. Savour the serenity. A slow burn scorches your feet, but there’s always a price to pay even for the unexplored nirvana exposed in it’s purest form.

The heat merely pushes you forward by means of a slow blistering pain. Seeing through the veil of sunshine, you spot a series of rocks huddled together, forming a cliff; the very cliff that you will release yourself from. Release your demons, forsake them, and cast them into the sea. No more writhing sense of loneliness. No more craving for a deciphering of your soul. The real world does not exist here, neither do your problems.

All that exists now is the sunshine that warms you up from the harsh cold of life.

The serene sight of a thousand diamonds scattered over blue plains.

The smell of salty seas will soon to leave you dripping and soaked with euphoria.

You hear the seas calling with its thundering waves.

The sacramental sea of happiness gently cleanses all your traumas. Though you don’t seem to be the only one who stumbled on this goldmine, you are the only one that can comprehend its beauty. You were chosen, to feel the exquisite chills down your spine that none of your peers ever will.

Welcome to your very own pseudo-narcotic experience. Side effects may include a possessing urge to never leave.

You may leave the experience, but it will never leave you. Preying on your mind, this memory will be your most constant cause for procrastination. Transfixed and hypnotised, you make yourself a primitive bed-like stage of consciousness as you cross the bridge of clarity, built with time. As you watch the sky turn from merry to melancholy; from illuminating blue to mesmerizing orange and before it gets a chance to turn pitch black, you hear the sound of a barrage of cleansing bullets.

Stretch out your hands, open your mouth, embrace nature in its truest form. Prepare yourself. The rain creeps up into you, injecting you from all sides with a high you’ve never felt before. As you lie on the cliff, embracing Mother Nature, free of troubles, the sun takes refuge. Behind the blanket of clouds at first and gradually the supposedly everlasting bed of light disappears beyond the horizon.

The waves crash through the silence of the dead night like a wrecking ball through the crumbling pillars of tranquillity. Every wave crashing down is yet another chant calling for you to be enveloped in the mysticism of a nocturnal paradise. Every raindrop to bless your tormented skin is another reason for you to stay. Your feet reap the reward for bearing the burden of heat soothing itself in the cool soothing sand. So soothing, you couldn’t dream of achieving this in a hyper-real lucid dream.

The rain had done its job, showering its blessings on you, making yourself one step closer to transcending into a state of consciousness that acts as nothing less than a gold-mine of serenity. You rise up, and let go of everything that you’ve ever known. All that guides you now, is animalistic instinct. You’re literally soaked in bliss and this will be a moment that you remember, your tongue tasting the rain and your feet embracing the cold mix of hard rock and sand. Unclench your fists; let the colour come back to your palms. And holding your hands out to all of the Earth, you run.

Your feet thudding and leaping between tiny gaps between rocks, spaces big enough to let your foot get trapped there; yet, unsurprisingly, nothing happens. And reaching the peak of this sacramental cliff, your adrenalin reaches inhumane levels as you take one last dive into the never-ending abyss of serenity.

You wish you could slow down the sensation that travelled ferociously through your entire body as it welcomes the cold water.

Mere words can only do so much to describe it;

and this is where it’s magnitude of peacefulness is one undefined by vocabulary.

Introduction: The term fabrication applies to the cutting, bending, forming, and welding of Individual pipe components to each other and their subsequent heat treatment and nondestructive examination (N DE) to form a unit (piping subassembly) for installation. The term installation refers to the physical placement of piping subassembly, valves, and other specialty items in their required final location relative to pumps, heat exchangers, turbines, boilers, and other equipment; assembly thereto by welding or mechanical methods; final NEED; heat treatment; leak testing; ND cleaning and flushing of the completed Installation.

Depending on the economics of the particular situation, fabrication may be accomplished in a commercial pipe fabrication shop, or a site fabrication shop, where portions of the piping system are fabricated into subassembly or modules for transfer to the location of the final installation. As a general rule piping NAPS 21/2 (DNA 65) and larger for nuclear and fossil power plants, chemical plants, refineries, industrial plants, resource recovery, and generation units are most often shop fabricated.

Piping NAPS 2 (DNA 50) and smaller Is often shop fabricated where special heat treatment or cleaning practices may be required: otherwise it is field fabricated. Pipelines and other systems involving long runs of essentially straight pipe sections welded together is usually field assembled. In recent years, the infusion of new bending technologies, new welding processes, new alloys, fracture toughness limitations, and mandatory quality assurance (QUA) programs have made piping fabrication and Installation much more complex than In the past.

Greater emphasis Is being placed on written procedures for QUA and quality intro (ICQ) programs, special processes, and qualification and certification of procedures and personnel. Improper selection of fabrication or installation practices can result in a system, which will not function properly or will fail before its expected life p. Accordingly, fabrication and installation contractors must work closely with the designer and be aware of the mandatory requirements of the applicable codes, the unique requirements and limitations of the materials, and those of the fabrication and installation techniques being applied.

Codes and Standards Considerations: A great many codes and standards apply to piping. It is incumbent on the fabricator and/or Installer to be familiar with the details of these codes and standards since some codes have the force of law, As an example, the SAME 331. 1 Power Piping Coded is referenced by SAME Section I Power Boilers: for piping classed as Boiler External Piping. The latter that is law in most states, contains rules for code stamping, data reports, and third-party inspection. Piping under SAME Section 1113 also has legal standing. Most other piping codes are used for contractual agreements.

Most codes preference SAME Section for nondestructive examination methodology and SAME Section XIX for welding requirements. Each of the codes covers a deferent piping practices, some have mandatory requirements, while others only have recommendations. Heat treatment requirements may vary from one to another. The manner in which the code-writing bodies have perceived the hazardous nature of different applications has led to differing NEED requirements. Generally, the codes are reasonably similar, but the owner, designer, fabricator, and installer must meet the specifics of the applicable code to ensure a satisfactory installation.

It is essential that the designer be very familiar with the code being used and that purchasing specifications for material, fabrication, and installation be very specific. Reference to the code alone is not sufficient. In the design, a particular allowable stress for a specific material, grade, type, product form, and/or heat-treated condition was selected. The specifications issued for material purchase and fabrication must reflect these specify to assure that the proper materials and fabrication practices are used. It is also incumbent upon the fabricator and/or installer to be very familiar with the applicable code.

Each project should be reviewed in detail. “Standard shop practices” may not always produce the desired result. Communication between the designer, fabricator, and installer is essential. All should be familiar with the various standards used in piping design. Most piping systems are composed of items, which conform to some dimensional standards such as SAME 836. MM and SAME 836. MM for Pipe, 816. 57 for flanges, etc. The Manufacturers Standardization Society (MS) and the American Petroleum Institute (API) issue other dimensional standards.

The Pipe Fabrication Institute (IF) publishes a series of Engineering Standards, which outline suggested practices for various fabrication processes. These standards give excellent guidance for many aspects of piping fabrication not covered by the codes. The American Welding Society (SAWS) publishes a number of recommended practices for welding of pipe in various materials. Materials Considerations: Piping systems are fabricated from a great variety of metals and nonmetals, material selection being a function of the environment and service conditions. Materials must inform to the standards and specifications outlined in the governing code.

Some codes such as SAME Section Ill impose additional requirements on materials beyond those in the material specifications. All fabrication and installation practices applied to these materials must be conducted so as to assure that the final installation exhibits all of the properties implicit in the design. For example, hot bending of certain austenite stainless steels in the assassination range will reduce their corrosion resistance if they are not subsequently heat-treated. Accordingly, a heat treatment to restore these properties should be specified.

Aspect 1:Problem: What is the molar enthalpy of formation of magnesium oxide? Variables: Manipulated: None Responding: None Controlled: Isolation of calorimeter, concentrations of substances involved.

Aspect 2: Background Information: Assumptions: Specific heat capacity of water, we assume that the acid has the same qualities as water including heat capacity, and we assume the enthalpy of formation for magnesium oxide from the data booklet for theoretical value.

Hess’s Law: Hess’ law states that the energy change for any chemical or physical process is independent of the pathway or number of steps required to complete the process provided that the final and initial reaction conditions are the same. In other words, an energy change is path independent, only the initial and final states being of importance. Waste disposal and safety: Corrosive substance which causes severe but delayed burns. DO NOT INGEST. Avoid Inhalation. Dispose of as instructed by the lab technician or the teacher.

Apparatus Diagram: Figure from Inquiry into chemistry textbook

Materials:

• 1. 00 mol/L HCl(aq)
• MgO(s) powder
• Magnesium ribbon
• Simple calorimeter
• 100 mL graduated cylinder
• Scoopula
• Electric balance
• Thermometer
• Sand paper

Procedure:

1. Mg(s)+ O2(g) MgO(s)
2. MgO(s)+2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq)+H2O(l)
3. Mg(s)+2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq)+H2(g) 4. H2(g)+ O2(g) H2O(l) + 285. 8kJ

Part 1: Determining ? H of Reaction (2)

• 1. Set up the simple calorimeter refer to figure 9. 16 above. Using a graduated cylinder, add 100 mL of 1. 00mol/L HCl(aq) to the calorimeter.
• 2. Record the initial temperature of the HCl(aq) to the nearest tenth of a degree.
• 3. Find the mass of no more than 0. 80 grams of MgO(s) powder. Record the exact mass.
• 4. Add the MgO(s) powder to the calorimeter containing the HCl(aq) swirl the solution gently, recording the highest temperature reached.
• 5. Dispose of as directed by the teacher.

Part 2: Determining? H of reaction (3)

1. Using a graduated cylinder, add 100mL of 1. 00mol/L HCl to the calorimeter.
2. Record initial temp. of hydrochloric acid to the nearest tenth of a degree.
3. If you are using magnesium ribbon, sand ribbon to desired mass. Determine mass no more than 0. 50 grams of magnesium. Record the exact mass.
4. Add the Mg(s) to the calorimeter containing the HCl(aq). Swirl the solution gently, recording the highest temperature, reached.
5. Dispose of as directed. DATA COLLECTION & PROCESSING (DCP)

Aspect 1:Recording Raw Data: Temperature of hydrochloric acid and mass of Magnesium oxide. Mass of Magnesium oxide (g). Initial Temperature (°C). Final Temperature (°C) 0. 7523. 5029. 50. The temperature of hydrochloric acid and mass of magnesium. Mass of magnesium (g). Initial Temperature (°C).Final Temperature (°C) 0. 4824. 0045. 00

Aspect 2: Processing Raw Data:

Enthalpy change of Magnesium oxide MgO(s)+2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq)+H2O(l) Q=mc? t ? t= 29. 50°C-23. 50°C? t = 6 °C Q= (0. 00075kg) x x 6°C Q= 0. 018855kJ/mol MgO Enthalpy change of magnesium reaction Mg(s) +2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq)+H2(g) Q=mc? t ? t=45. 00°C-24. 00°C? t= 21°C Q= (0. 00048kg) x x 21°C Q= 0. 0422352kJ/mol Mg ?HH2O = -285. 8 kJ/mol (given in data booklet) ?Hrxn = 0. 018855kJ/mol MgO + 0. 0422352kJ/mol Mg + 285. 8kJ/mol H2O ?Hrxn = – [285. 86109] kJ/mol MgO ? H system = -? H surroundings %error= x 100% %error= %error= -52. 48%

This larger surface area-to- illume ratio allows for a sharper more accurate melting point. 4. Approximately 20 crystals should be loaded onto the coveralls to ensure that the sample is heated evenly. 5. The temperature of the stage should be ICC below the expected melting point when you begin to heat 1-ICC per minute. 6. The melting point range would increase because the heat would not be able to properly penetrate the sample evenly. This would make the center of the large uncrushed sample have less exposure to the heat, and it would melt much slower than a small and evenly spread sample. . It is important because if the temperature is increased too rapidly at the elating point, the sample and the aluminum block will not be at the thermal equilibrium with the thermometer. 8. Rapidly heating the sample results In too high of a reading because the sample and aluminum bock are not at equilibrium with the mercury in the thermometer and this will result In a very high reading. 9. A mixed melting point analysis Is preformed to determine the identity of an unknown sample.

The unknown sample Is placed In the heating apparatus and heated using a true (slow) melting point. Once the melting point of the unknown Is determined, the known samples are mixed with the unknown to see which one matches the melting mint of the unknown. If the unknown sample and the known sample melt at the same temperature as the unknown then they are the same compound. If they melt before the melt point of the unknown then It Is an Impure compound exhibiting a depressed melting point.

This way we are able to Identify the Identity of the unknown. 10. A. B and C are the same compounds. B. A Is different from B and C. C. It would be very similar to the melting point of B + A since B and C are the same. Therefore It would be approximately 45. 1 – 53. ICC. Crushing the sample allows for greater surface area-to-volume ratio of the powder, equilibrium with the thermometer. . Rapidly heating the sample results in too high mercury in the thermometer and this will result in a very high reading. . A mixed melting point analysis is preformed to determine the identity of an unknown sample.

Enzymatic Activity of Salivary Amylase Ong, Janela Rose I. ; Paguia, Maria Tricia C. ; Placente, Dax Daven A. ; Posadas, Grace Catherine A. 3Bio3-Group 8 Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science University of Santo Tomas, Epa, Manila 1008 Abstract This experiment aims to examine the enzymatic activity and specificity of salivary amylase depending on the changes in pH and temperature; and determine the optimum temperature and pH of the amylase. EXPERIMENTAL In the enzymatic activity of salivary amylase, 1ml saliva, 9ml distilled water and 30ml of 0. % NaCl made up the enzyme solution. One percent starch in phosphate buffer pH 6. 7 was the buffered starch. The experiment was comprised of two parts. For the first part (effect of temperature), 2 ml of the enzyme solution was placed in a large test tube and labelled as 4?. In a separate large test tube, 2 ml of the buffered starch solution was added. Both test tubes were incubated for 10 minutes in an ice bath with a temperature of 4?. The two test tubes were IMMEDIATELY mixed after 10 minutes, and three-drops were QUICKLY taken from the mixture.

The three-drops of the mixture simultaneously added with two drops of iodine solution were dropped onto the first well of a spot plate and was labelled as the zero minute. Incubation should be continued and after a one-minute interval, three-drops of the mixture simultaneously added with two drops of iodine solution were dropped onto the second well of a spot plate and was labelled as one minute. The test tube of the iodine solution should not be exposed. It should be covered with a cork and wrapped around with aluminium foil. The same step of taking three-drops of the mixture simultaneously added ith two drops of iodine solution was repeated until a light yellow-colored solution was observed. Time should be noted. The first part of the procedure was not only focused on 4? but also other temperatures such as room temperature, 37? , 50? , 60? and 70?. All temperatures were incubated at the desired incubation temperature. The reciprocal of time (1/t, min-1) was plotted versus the temperature (T) and the optimum temperature of the amylase was determined. For the second part (effect of pH), 1 ml of acetate buffer with ph 4 and 1 ml of 2% unbuffered starch were mixed in a large test tube.

In a separate large test tube, 2ml of the enzyme solution was added. Both test tubes were incubated for 10 minutes in a 37? water bath. The two test tubes were IMMEDIATELY mixed after 10 minutes and three-drops of the mixture were QUICKLY and simultaneously added with two drops of the iodine solution onto the first well of a spot plate. This was labelled as the zero minute. Incubation should be continued and after a one-minute interval, three-drops of the mixture simultaneously added with two drops of iodine solution were dropped onto the second well of a spot plate and was labelled as one minute.

The test tube of the iodine solution should not be exposed also and it should be covered with a cork and wrapped around with aluminium foil. The same step of taking three-drops of the mixture simultaneously added with two drops of iodine solution was repeated until a light yellow-colored solution was observed. Time should be noted. The same steps for the second part of the experiment should be followed for other pH such as 5, 6. 7, 8 and 10 — using the appropriate buffer. The reciprocal of time (1/t, min-1) was plotted versus the buffer pH and the optimum pH of the amylase was determined.

• The scientific method- A continuous process use to collect observationsk form amd test hypotheses, make predictions, and identify patterns in the physical world.
• Biodiversity- the number of different species that coexist at a given place
• Dimitri Mendelev- Russian Chemist; created the Period Table of the Elements; 1st 1800s to arrange elements in such a way that the showed something about it properties. Elements made of atoms-Iron, Helium, Hydrogen

Creationism or creation science is the belief of the Judeo-Christians (Bible); Genesis; 2000+ yrs. The Earth is between 5-7000 yrs old. It’s the belief that it was created in 7 days. Science of Creation (most scientists believe) believes the universe is approx. 15 Billion yrs old. Earth-is about 4. 5 billio9n yrs old. No beginning and no end to this universe.

• Stem cells- embryonic cells that can become any cell in a living organism. Source; ambilical cord Adult stem cell-restricting-almost useless to work with; medical science impeded by someones belief system
• Work- force exerted over a distance

Power- work divided by time; how fast you do work. Power =work/time Energy= the ability to do work; we get energy from food; converts to calorie-> glucose; cell->work; plants also use glucose to live 2 types of energy- Kinetic-energy of motion Potential- stored (fat) Force-a push or pull from kinectic energy; gravity energy-> glucose

Trophic levels

1. Omnivores-eat both plants and animals
2. Carnivores-eat meat. ex. Lions, tigers,
3. Herbivores-eat plants, ex. Cows, horses
4. Plants- glucose
5. Decomposers-bacteria; worms, fungi, provide food to make soil rich

Acid rain- nitrogen, sulfur, ad carbon; coal + oil fired; electricity; generating plants; polluntants mix with rain; forms sulphuric acid; nitric acid; and carbonic acid- kills plants & trees; destroys auto paint, etc.

Photovoltaic cells- a device that converts sunlight (photons) into direct electric current

Short Answer

Global Warming

• CONS – temperature increasing; flooding; sea level rising; quit burning fossil fuels
• PROS – temp increasing during growing season which is what’s necessary
• Ozone layer is 20 miles or more up. It protects us from UVA and UVB rays.

Questions to ask when confronted with other kinds of psuedosciences

• Are the “facts” true as stated?
• Is there an alternative explanation?
• Is the claim falsifiable?
• Have the claims been rigorously tested?
• Do the claims require unreasonable changes in accepted ideas?

Peer review is a system by which the editor of a scientific journal submits manuscripts considered for publication to a panel of knowledgeable scientis wh, in conidence, evaluate the manuscript for mistakes, misstatements, or shoddy procedures.

Following the review, if the manuscript is to be published, it is returned to the author with a list of modiciations and corrections to be completed. Arrow of Time is The uniform and unique direction associated with the apparent inevitable flow of time into the future.  The 3 major polluntants that make up urban pollution are nitrogen oxides, sulfur compounds, and hydrocarbons.

In this regard, the paper is going to look at the different theories such as sex, drugs, and disaster.. Focusing on the theories used to determine the causes of extinction of these big mammals, one of the critical theories that Gould considers is sex. In this theory, it said that since testes function under low temperatures that are biologically friendly, the sudden increase in temperate during the cretaceous era may have caused the testes to become dysfunctional (Gould). As such dinosaurs disappeared from the earth due to lack of procreation.

Another theoretical approach asserts that around the same time, vegetation produce contained contaminated agents which affected the survival of the animals. Additionally, the occurrence of certain disasters such as comet hitting the earth may have created a shade of powder in the sky thereby suppressing the photosynthesis process and fundamentally lowering globe temperature, which made dinosaurs to vanish. On account of logos appeal, the author of the author chooses a previous study that was conducted during the sass. This study focused on one of the close relatives of the dinosaur.

The aim was to establish functional traits, especially those focusing on the biological attributes of the animal that can be associated with the dinosaur. In this regard, the study focused on the tolerance of the alligator to extreme heat. The study assessed the amount of heat that alligators can absorb and how this can affect their existence. As such, using an example of an alligator, Gould shows that temperature can cause them to loose the functionality of their physiological system, which is critical for maintaining their temperature.

This implies that these creatures have experience suffering during the experience and this causes them to become dysfunctional. Still on the logos appeal, the study also focused on the experience of large mammals such as the dinosaur when there are extreme temperature fluctuations. Gould asserts that large mammals that have fairly small areas can release heat through a gradual process that enables them to maintain constant temperatures. This only takes place when there are ordinary fluctuations of weather conditions.

The author uses a logical appeal to convince the reader that the dinosaur hat became extinct years back had a hefty size, which was too big to be affected by temperature fluctuations. The author uses the study to support his claims. Gould also asserts that large dinosaurs lived in favorable climates where temperature was normal. In this regard, the author recommends that any rise in universal temperatures before the Cretaceous annihilation may have caused the dinosaurs to warm up than their premium tolerance.

Since they were bulky, this surplus heat may not have been extreme to kill or even to hamper functionality of the great beasts. However, Gould seems to agree with the previous theoretical position regarding the impact of temperature on testes. Earlier, it was suggested that they work best within a slim range of temperature. As a result, this surplus heat may have sterilized all the male dinosaurs. As such, they were unable to procreate successfully and give rise to future off springs.

On ethos appeal, the author brings into light the truth about the drug overdose theory, which claimed that dinosaurs disappeared because their nutrition was interfered with the growth of these bitter and toxic plants. The author agrees that indeed blossoming plants did not develop until tardy in the dinosaurs’ regime. He adds that the shrubs produced pungent amino-acid-based alkaloids. However, to claim that these plants could have poisoned the dinosaurs and caused them to disappear was unethical. Gould claims that majority of mammals are able to use their instincts and taste preferences to avoid eating poisonous plants.

Even though the plants may have been bitter, mammals have livers that are able to produce antidotes to attack the poison. Indeed, this claim makes sense because it is unethical to overlook the biological functionality of the body and its ability to protect the body against toxins. The original study by Siegel claimed that dinosaurs could neither accommodate the flavor of the bitter plants nor cure the food they ingested. Indeed, the only way these animals may have been poisoned was through an overdose. Is there such evidence of an overdose?

On pathos appeal, the author attempts to appeal to the emotional centre of the reader by looking at the outer space probes that have a deep association on the literature of dinosaurs destruction, The argument rose yet again in 1979, after a long pause, when the father-son, physicist-geologist squad of Luis and Walter anticipated that an asteroid, some 13 km in thickness, struck the ground 66 million years ago. The strength of such a crash would be massive, greater by distant than the Jumbo tonnage of all the world’s nuclear arms.

In trying to rebuild a scenario that would elucidate the synchronized disappearing of dinosaurs on terrain and so many creatures in the aquatic the team proposed that a gargantuan grime shade, caused by particles blown up in the illusion would so dim the earth that photosynthesis (growing of vegetation) would stop and temperatures drop abruptly. The single-celled photosynthetic marine plants, with existence cycles calculated in weeks, would expire completely, but land plants might stay breathing throughout due to the capability of their seeds.

Dinosaurs would die by malnourishment and glacial atmosphere; miniature, warm- blooded mammals, with added humble necessities for food and better guideline of body hotness, would yelp through. Indeed, the author figuratively brings out the Lloyd destruction in a way that makes it look like an end of the existence of living things. The reader is left with a vivid image of a humongous object flying from the outers pace, coming at a great speed, and hitting directly on the habitat of dinosaurs.

As such, the reader is able to associate this story to similar stories such as those found in the bible, for example, the destruction of the Babylon city. In conclusion, the author does a great Job of analyzing the theories by focusing on the background information, present belief system, application of science, and reality. The theories proposed by the scientists give rise to a number of questions such as how could we likely settle on whether the idea that the rise of temperatures caused testes of the dinosaurs to become dysfunctional and consequently unable to give rise to new offspring?

Can this be applied in consideration to the biological realities that we know about? Indeed, this theory carries weight to make a logical appeal to the reader. Could they keep away from the high heat by staying in the shade or caves? On the other hand, the article leaves the reader wondering whether the dinosaurs had a pacific diet that they relied upon and whether this disappeared at the time the bitter shrubs were sprouting.